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v宾语从句一.定义:宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子如:Hesaidthathewantedtobeateacherwhenhegrewup.二.宾语从句有三种类型:1.由从属连词that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义,连词that常可被省略。例如:Ihope(that)theywillhavefun.Marysaidthatshefeltsleepy.Can’tyousee(that)I’mabird?注意:(1)当主句的谓语动词是think,believe等时,宾语从句尽管要表示否定意义,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。如:Idon’tthinkhewillcome.我认为他不会来。(2)两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时,有时省去第一个从句的连词that,但第二个从句的连词that一般不可以省略。如:Hetoldme(that)theycouldnotdecidewhattodoandthattheyaskedmyadvice.2.由从属连词if或whether引导的宾语从句表示“是否(有,能,已经……)”等一般疑问句的含义。例如:Iwonderwhether(if)heliveshere.3.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,how,why等引导的宾语从句表示“谁,谁的,什么,哪(个,些),何时,何地,怎样,为什么”等等特殊疑问句的意义。除了连接词及被修饰的词提前以外,宾语从句用陈述句语序。\n例如:Tomaskedwhocouldgivethemessagetohermother.Doyouknowwhathesaidjustnow?Iwonderedhowoldhisbrotherwas.三.宾语从句的时态呼应:“主现则从任,主过则从过,客观真理一般现”1.当主句是现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句可以用所需要的任何时态。2.主句是过去时,宾语从句一般只能用过去时的某种形式;当从句叙述的是客观事实或一般真理时,宾语从句仍然用现在时态。3.情态动词must一般不用于过去时,但却可以用于主句是过去时的宾语从句中。四.宾语从句的语序1宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后)如:Iwanttoknowifhecancometomorrow2当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时,后面直接加谓语动词如:Sheaskedmewhohadhelpedhimv状语从句英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语。\n状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等,根据状语的功能状语从句可分为:时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句。一.时间状语从句:在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。时间状语的连接词:when(当…时候)while(当…时候)as(当…时候)after(在…以后)before(在…以前)assoonas(一…就)since(自从…到现在)till/until(直到…才)bythetime(到…为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。1.when当…的时候(一般情况下:主将从现)IwillbecomeateacherwhenIgrowup2.while当…时Hevisitedalotofplaceswhilehewastraveling.3.as在…的同时;一边…一边…Hesmiledashestoodup.4.after在…之后Helefttheclassroomafterhehadfinishedhishomeworktheotherday.5.before在…之前Mr.Brownhadworkedinabankforayearbeforehecamehere.\n6.assoonas一…就…(一般情况下:主将从现)Webegantoworkassoonaswegotthere.IwillwritetoyouassoonasIgethome.7.since自…以来到现在表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。MrGreenhastaughtinthatschoolsincehecametoChinathreeyearsago.(还可以用作介词,本句从句还可以用短语:sincethreeyearsago(自三年前以来)表示。)8till/until直到都可以作连词,连接时间状语,也可以作介词,与其它词构成介词短语,在句中作状语。Theywalkedtill/untilitwasdark.XiaoMingdidn’tleavehometill/untilhisfathercameback.9.bythetime到…为止(所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时)Bythetimehegetsthere,hisfatherhasalreadygone.BythetimeIgottoschool,theclasshadalreadybegan.\n用法辨析:1.when,while和as的区别When引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如:Whenshecamein,Istoppedeating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)WhenIlivedinthecountryside,Iusedtocarrysomewaterforhim.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)Wewereabouttoleavewhenhecamein.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:Whilemywifewasreadingthenewspaper,IwaswatchingTV.Ilikeplayingfootballwhileyoulikeplayingbasketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如:Wealwayssingaswewalk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”)Aswewasgoingout,itbegantosnow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)aswhenwhile都表示主、从句动作同时发生,三者差异如下:\nas表示“一边。。。一边"的意思when1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作"之前"或"之后"发生。2、when=andthen;atthatmoment(正在那个时候)3.常用于常见搭配中while1、用于时间较长时2、强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不可以。ltwasraininghardwhen(as)Igotthere.我到那里时,正在下大雨。(动作同时发生,when可换为as,但不能换为while,因为get是点动词.)WhenIhadreadthearticle,hecalledme.\n我看完这篇文章之后,她给我打了电话。(从句动作发生在主句之前,注意时态表达,只能用when)WhenIgottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.(当)我到了电影院时,电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后,只能用when,并要注意时态)Hewasabouttoleave,whenthetelephonerang.他正要离开,忽然电话响了。(此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达“正在”“即将”.while,as不能代替ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,while,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.他以为我在谈她女儿,然而,实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折,对比,when,as都不能代替它)Whilethealienwasbuyingasouvenir,thegirlcalledthepolice.外星人买纪念品时,那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句,从句的动作同时发生,while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词,因为它表示较长时间)MotherwasworriedbecauselittleAlicewasill,especiallyas(when/while)fatherwasaway.妈妈担心,因为小爱丽丝病了,特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as,when,while可通用)2.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。\ntill和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:Iworkeduntilhecameback.我工作到他回来为止。Ididn'tworkuntilhecameback.他回来我这才开始工作。3.由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时,表述为:现在完成时+since+一般过去时。但在Itis+时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:ItisfivemonthssinceourbosswasinBeijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。知识扩展1.Itis…since从….以来多长时间了Itisfiveyearssincewemetlasttime.2.Itis…+before…(。。。才。。。)ItwasalongtimebeforeIwenttosleepagain.Itwasanhourbefore(=until)thepolicearrived.\n二.原因状语从句:在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。连接词:由连词because,since,as引导,也可由for,nowthat等词引导1.Ididn’tgotoschoolyesterdaybecauseIwasill.2.Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.既然。。。3.Asyouareinpoorhealth,youshouldnotstayuplate.既然。。。4.Iaskedhertostaytotea,forIhadsomethingtotellher..用法辨析:because,since,as,for辨析1)because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或since。Ididn’tgo,becauseIwasafraid.Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.三、条件状语从句\n连接词:if如果,unless(=ifnot)如果不、除非(让步)1.Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgohiking.2.Iwillgotothepartyunlesshegoestheretoo.3.Youwillbelateunlessyouleaveimmediately.=Ifyoudon’tleaveimmediately,youwillbelate.条件状语从句:主将从现.Hewillnotleaveifitisn’tfinetomorrow.四、目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词sothat,so…that,inorderthat引导。结果状语从句连接词so…that,such…that,somuch/many…that引导。1.so…that如此…以至于Healwaysstudiedsohardthathemadegreatprogress.\n2.sothat以至于,以便于I’llrunslowlysothatyoucancatchupwithme.(目的)Iopenedthewindowsothatfreshairmightcomein.(目的)3.such…that如此…以至It’ssuchniceweatherthatallofuswanttogotothepark.4.inorderthat=sothat为了Weshallletyouknowthedetailssooninorderthatyoucan/maymakeyourarrangements.5.比较:so和such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用,形成固定搭配。soniceaflowersuchaniceflowersomany/fewflowerssuchniceflowerssomanypeoplesuchalotofpeople(somany已成固定搭配,alotof虽相当于many,但alotof为名词性的,只能用such搭配。)\n难点so+形容词或副词so+形+a(an)+单数可数名词so+many/few+复数可数名词so+much/little+不可数名词so…that与such…that皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句。Theboyissoyoungthathecan’tgotoschool.Heissuchayoungboythathecan’tgotoschoolso+adj/adv.+that,such+n.+that以上两种句型都表示结果so为副词,后接形容词,副词原型,可数名词前有many,few;不可数名词前有much,little修饰时,应采用句型:somany(few,much,little)+n.such为形容词,后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的,也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的,则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an).常见的形式是:sucha(beautiful)garden,such(nice)people.五、让步状语从句让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子连接词:though,although.,whether…ornot难点:though,although当“虽然”讲,都不能和but连用.\nAlthough/though…but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet(still)连用.所以thought(although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的.Wrong:Althoughheisrichbutheisnothappy.Right:Althoughheisrich,yetheisnothappy.虽然他很富有,然而他并不快乐.Right:Althoughwehavegrownup,ourparentstreatusaschildrenRight:Althoughwehavegrownup,ourparentsstilltreatusaschildren.尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩.although,though辨析although不能作并列连词,although不能作副词,放在词尾表示强调时要用eventhough.1、EventhoughIdidn’tunderaword,Ikeptsmiling.尽管【典型例题】1)___sheisyoung,sheknowsquitealot.A.WhenB.HoweverC.AlthoughD.Unless2)everif,eventhough.即使\nWe’llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.3)whether…ornot不管……都Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.nomatter从句结构:"nomatter+特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序"或"特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序"Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.替换:nomatterwhat=whatevernomatterwho=whoevernomatterwhen=whenevernomatterwhere=wherevernomatterwhich=whichevernomatterhow=however注意:nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。(错)Nomatterwhatyousayisnotusefulnow.(对)Whateveryousayisnotusefulnow.你现在说什么也没用了。(Whateveryousay是主语从句)\n(错)Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey’regiven,(对)Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey’regiven.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么v定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子,定语从句要放在所修饰的词后如:IhavemetthedoctorwhoisintheNo.1hospital.定语从句的连接词:1.连接代词:who、which、whom、whose、that2.连接副词:when、where、why选用连接词的关键是看先行词(定语从句所修饰的名词或代词)一、连接代词的选用:1.who指人,先行词为人,在从句中做主语YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.\n2.whom指人,先行词为人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。3.which指物,先行词为物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语,译成"...的"Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.指物时,常用以下结构来代替Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?介词+连接代词引导的定语从句连接代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+连接代词引导\nTheschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.注意:1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)2.若介词放在连接代词前,连接代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;连接代词是所有格时用whoseThemanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)3.“介词+连接代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities二、连接副词的选用:1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语\nIstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich./whereIwasborn.三、判断关系代词和关系副词的方法:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)例1.Isthisthemuseum___youvisitedafewdaysago?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld?\nA.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)四、介词+连接词用法说明1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。2)that前不能有介词。3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when,where和why互换如:ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?Thisisthereasonwhyhecamelate.Thisisthereasonforwhichhecamelate.五.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句举例:chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.\n非限制性定语从句举例:hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他的哥哥是当医生的,常鼓励他要考上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是:1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。(1)hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.(2)hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。\n另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思asisknowntoall,chinaisadevelopingcountry.heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.john,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.hehasbeentoparismorethanseveraltimes,whichidon'tbelieve.注意:当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用whichtomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.3.当先行次受such,thesame修饰时,常用asihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.thisisthesamebookasilostlastweek.注意:当先行次由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同sheworethesamedressthatsheworeatmary'swedding.\n她穿着她在mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导,而且通常可以省略。thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.(but=whodon't)定语从句只能用that的几种情况1.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用whoAnymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.\n2.当先行词被序数词修饰ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.4.当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用whoWangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting?5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?\nv同位语从句(一)一般来说,在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后,用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:advice,decision,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,promise,proposal,reply,report,suggestion,word(消息),problem,question,doubt,thought等。Theyweredelightedatthenewsthattheirteamhadwon.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。如:ThethoughtcametohimthatTommighthavereturnedthebook.(二)引导词1.ThenewsthatMr.LiwillbeournewEnglishteacheristrue.2.Hehasn’tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.3.Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.4.Ihavenoideawhattheboyisdoinginthenextroomnow.5.Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.6.IhavenoideahowIcangettotherailwaystation.7.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.\n小结:①that引导同位语从句时无词义,也不充当任何成分,但通常不可以省略,如句1;②whether引导同位语从句时意为“是否”,通常不能用if来代替,如句2;③连接代词who,what等可以引导同位语从句,如句3,4;④连接副词where,how,when等可以引导同位语从句,如句5,6,7。(三)that引导的同位语从句和定语从句①意义不同:同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容;而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比较:1.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.2.Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.②that的功能不同:that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句时,不仅起连接作用,而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较:1.DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeaCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.2.Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.③可否省略:that在引导同位语从句时,通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时,若在从句中作宾语,通常可以省略,若作主语则不可以省略。v主语从句\n1由连词that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义,在句中不做成分,不可以省。Thatyouwillwinthemedalseemsunlikely.你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。2用连词whether引导的主语从句:whether有含义(是否),在句中不做成分,不可以省。Whethersheiscomingornotdoesn’tmattertoomuch.她来不来都无关紧要。3用连接代词引导的主语从句(在由连接代词who,whose,whom,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever引导的名词性从句中,其连接代词在句中起名词性作用,担当一定成分).Whatyouneedismorepractice.你所需要的是更多的训练。Whateverwedoistoservethepeople.我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。4用连接副词when,where,why,how引导的名词性从句(其连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。)Whereweshouldleaveitisaproblem.注意\n1.it做形式主语,而将主语从句放在句末(尤其是当谓语较短时)。Thatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoall.=Itisknowntoallthatlighttravelsinstraightlines.众所周知光沿直线传播。(当what引导的主语从句表示“…的东西”时,一般不用it作形式主语。)错:Itisabookwhathewants.对:Whathewantsisabook.他想要的是本书。固定用法和译法(1)Itis+名词+从句Itisafactthat…事实是……Itisgoodnewsthat………是好消息Itisaquestionthat………是个问题Itiscommonknowledgethat………是常识类似的名词还有:apity;awonder;agoodthing;nowonder;surprise等。\n(2)Itis+形容词+从句Itisnecessarythat…有必要……Itisclearthat…很清楚……Itislikelythat…很可能……Itisimportantthat…重要的是……类似的形容词还有:strange;natural;obvious;true;good;wonderful;possible;unlikely;quite;unusual;certain;evident;worth-while;surprising;interesting;astonishing,etc.(3)Itis+过去分词+从句Itissaidthat…据说……Itisreportedthat…据报道……Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证明……Itmustbeprovedthat…必须指出……类似的过去分词还有:known;estimated;expected;believed;thought;hoped;noted;discussed;required;decided;suggested;demanded;madeclear;foundout,etc.。当“及物动词+宾语”较短时,也可用这种结构。ItshockedmethatPeterdidnottellanybodywherehewas.\n让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。2.只用whether不用if引导主语从句.v表语从句一.在复合句中作表语的从句,就叫做表语从句。表语从句一般放在系动词之后,结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。连系动词:be动词、表示持续的系动词(keep,remain,stay)、感官动词feel(摸起来,感觉),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来,吃起来)等、表示变化的系动词(become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,)、表终止的系动词prove,turnout(结果是,证明是)、seem,appear(看起来···)连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。Hehasbecomewhathewantedtobetenyearsago.他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。Hissuggestionisthatweshouldstaycalm.他的建议是,我们应该保持冷静。二.表语从句的引导词1.从属连词:that/whether/asif/asthough/as/because\n(1)that引导表语从句本身没有词义,在句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。Thatfactisthatmorethanseventypercentoftheearth’ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.连接词that一般不能省略,但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时,that可以省略。WhatIwanttodois(that)Icangouptohimandthankhim.我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。(2)whether引导表语从句表示“是否”,但不充当句子的成分。Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishourworkbytomorrowevening.if与whether均意为“是否”,但引导表语从句时,只能用whether,不能用if。(3)asif/though“好像”,引导表语从句时要注意语态.如果句中的情况与事实不相符,从句多用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去式;如果从句表示与过去事实相反时,谓语动词要用“had+过去分词”,如果从句表示将来的可能性不大,用would(might,could)+动词原形.LiLeiisnowinanewjacket.HelooksasifhewereanAmericanboy.(现在事实相反)Thegirlisgivingusavividdeionofthemoon.Itseemsasifshehadbeentothemoonmanytimes.(与过去事实相反)Itlooksasifitmightrain.(与将来事实相反)但是,如果asif/though引导的表语从句所表示的与事实相符,从句则用陈述语气。\nThecloudsaregathering.Itlooksasifisgoingtorain.(4)as引导表语从句Helookedjustashehadlookedtenyearsbefore.他看起来还与十年前一样。(5)because引导表语从句常用结构:This/That/Itis/wasbecause····ThatisbecauseIdon’tlikeChinese.2.连接代词:who/whom/whose/what/which/whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever,在表语从句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语。Tomisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.(what做表语)Theproblemiswhoisfitforthisjob.(who做主语)ThisiswhatIwanttotellyou.(what做宾语)Theproblemiswhoseworkisthebest.(whose做定语)3.连接副词:when/where/how/why,在表语从句中做状语。\nThequestionishowhedidit.问题是他是如何做此事的。Thequestioniswherewecanlive.问题是我们能住在哪儿。注意一.reason做主语或主语中包含事件的起因时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that来引导,而不用because;why引导主语从句做主语时,表语从句用that引导,不用because。Thereasonisthathegotuplate.Whyheislateisthathegotuplate.二.thatiswhy/because(1)Thatiswhy...是常用句型,其中why引导的从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说过的原因进行总结。Thatisthereasonwhy...与Thatiswhy...是同义的,“这就是……的原因/因此……”,但是从语法结构上讲Thatisthereasonwhy...中的why引导的是一个定语从句。Thatiswhyshefailedtopasstheexam.那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why在表语从句中充当原因状语)Thatisthereasonwhyshefailedtopasstheexam.那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why在定语从句中充当原因状语)(2)Thatisbecause···句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语,这也是个常用句型,意为“这就是因为……”。\nThatisbecauseIgotuplate.这是因为我起床迟了。(3)“Thatisbecause...”与“Thatiswhy...”之间的不同在于“Thatisbecause...”指原因或理由,“Thatiswhy...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果。Iwasangry.Thatwasbecausehedidn’tunderstandme.我生气是因为他不理解我。(表语从句强调原因)That’swhyhegotfiredfromthatfirm.那正是他被公司解雇的原因。(表语从句强调结果)三.Thereason(why…/for…)is/wasthat….···的原因是····Thereasonforhisabsenceisthathegotuplate.Thereasonwhyheisabsentisthathegotuplate.他缺席的原因是他起床迟了。四.使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝告、命令、计划含义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表示虚拟语气,should可省略。常见的词有:advice,suggestion,order,request,proposal,plan,idea等。Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)startearlytomorrow.