牛津初中英语语法 12页

7AUnit1一般现在时(is/am/are,do/does)的肯定、否定和疑问形式。例：Myhairislong.Catseatfish.Hegoestoschoolonfooteveryday.7AUnit21．人称代词——主格：I,you,he,she,it,we,they.在句中作主语。例：We/I/You/Theyhavelunchatschool.He/She/Itlooksatme.2．人称代词——宾格：me,you,him,her,it,us,them在句中作宾语。例：Theteacheroftenhelpsus/me/him/her/them.7AUnit31.时间介词at,on,in2.疑问词：what,which,who,whose,when,where,why,how3.some,any的用法7AUnit41．频率副词never,seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always2．Therebe结构表示“某个地方客观存在”。7AUnit5现在进行时is/am/are+doing表示正在进行的动作.7AUnit61.can,may表示“允许、可以”。2.顺序副词：first,then,next,afterwards,finally.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\n7BUnit11．方位介词：infrontof,between,nextto,between,opposite,on2．基数词：one,two,three,four,…3．序数词：first,second,third,fourth….7BUnit21.howmuch,howmany.表示“多少”，前者跟不可数名词，后者跟可数名词的复数。2.名词所有格:Millie’shome,Thetwostudents’homes....3.形容词性物主代词：my,your,his,her,our,their,its名词性物主代词：mine,yours,his,her,ours,theirs,its…4.定冠词the的用法:独一无二的，前文已提到过的。7BUnit31．动作介词：across,along,through,over,to,up,down,round,from2．一般将来时：will+动词原形，shall+动词原形（但只能用于we/I第一人称）is/am/aregoingto+动词原形7BUnit4一般过去时的肯定、否定和疑问形式。1．be动词的过去式：was/were2．do（实义动词）的过去式分规则和不规则两类。7BUnit51．用can/could表示“能力”“会”。IcanspeakEnglish.IcouldswimwhenIwasyoung.2．用can/could表示“可能”“可能性”。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\nIamfree.Icanhelpyou.Atthattime,anythingcouldhappen.3．感叹句Whatagoodgirl!Whatbadweather!Howniceitis!7BUnit61.祈使句的肯定形式和否定形式：Walkthedogat7:00.(Please)don’tchasethecat.2.情态动词should,oughtto&must的用法should(应该)/shouldn’t(不应该)，oughtto(应该)/oughtnotto（不应该）,must(必须)/mustn’t(不可以，不允许)。8AUnit11.描述性形容词，如：short,long,round,interesting,funny,slim,important,beautiful等。2．形容词的比较级和最高级①规则的bigger/thebiggestmoreimportant/themostimportant②不规则的worse/theworst3.表示“比较”的句式：as+形容词+as-----“和。。。一样”notas/so+形容词+as——“。。。。不如。。。”8AUnit21．比较两者间的数量用以下句式：more….than,fewer….than.,less…than例：Ihavemore/fewerapplesthanyou.(后跟复数名词)Ihavemore/lessfreetimethanhe/him.（后跟不可数名词）2．比较两者以上间的数量用themost,thefewest,theleast.例：Amyscoredthemost/fewestpointsofall.Danielhastheleastmoneyofthethree..otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\n3．用like&alike来比较。例：Myskirtis/lookslikehers.=Myskirtandhersarealike.4.用词组thesameas&bedifferentfrom来比较8AUnit31.and,but,or(或者)的用法。2.动词+todo这些动词有：plan,agree,want,decide,choose,hope,learn,prepare等。3．反身代词：myself,yourself,yourselves,ourselves,himself,herself,itself,themselves8AUnit4由if引导的条件状语从句1.用来描述可能出现的情况，主句时态用将来时，如：Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgotothepark..2．用来描述反复的、可预见的情况，主句时态用一般时。如：Iftigersarehungry,theyattackpeople.8AUnit51.用一般现在时表示“将来”。如：Thetrainleavesat9:00.2．用现在进行时表示“将来”，如：WeareleavingforShanghaithisevening.3．方式副词：quietly,gently,easily,well…往往由形容词+ly变成副词，如：quiet–quietly,easy—easily,possible–possibly少数副词和形容词同形，如：fast,early,long等。注意：good—well,near—nearly,hard--hardly8AUnit61.表示原因的连词：because,as,since.(这些词放在原因从句之前，主句不能再用so.)otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\n2.表示命令、请求、建议的句式：tell/ask/order/advise/warnsb.(not)todosth.8BUnit1现在完成时1.结构：have/has+PP表示动作发生在过去但对现在仍有影响。2.肯定、否定和疑问形式3.常用的一些时间状语，如：already,ever,for,since,just,never,yet等。4.for+一段时间，since+过去的一点时间/用过去式的从句，相对应的主句动词要用延续性动词，如：leave---beaway,die---bedead,borrow----keep,buy—have,come---behere,join–-bein/beamemberof等。如：Hehasleftalready.Hehasbeenawayfortwohours.8BUnit21.过去进行时was/were+doing表示过去某个时刻正在进行的。2.肯定、否定和疑问形式.3.while和when在过去进行时中的用法：进行时+while+进行时过去式，while+进行时=when+过去式，进行时例：IwasdoingmyhomeworkwhilemyfatherwaswatchingTV..Thebellrangwhilehewasreadingbooks.Whenthebellrang,hewasreadingbooks.(以上这两句主从句前后可以互换)8BUnit3被动语态1．结构：be+PP时态变化都只改变be的各种形式2．肯定、否定和疑问形式otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\n3．不是所有的动词都有被动形式，如感觉动词:feel,smell,look,taste,sound和happen,takeplace等。4．主动形式表被动意义，如:Thisshirtsellswell.（详细见课件复习）8BUnit41.because,becauseof,so的用法。because+从句，becauseof+短语(but:whatyousaid),两者后都跟原因。so后跟结果的从句。同一句子中，不能同时出现because/becauseof和so.2．hope&wish的用法hope所希望的是有可能实现的，但wish所希望的是现在不可能实现的。如：Ihopeyoucancometomyparty.IwishIwerethePresident.3.主语hopetodosth.,主语hope其他人做某事，要跟从句。wish可用来向某人祝福，如：Iwishyouahappynewyear!8BUnit51.宾语从句(陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句)2.usedto&beusedto的用法usedtodo意思为：过去常常，过去曾。如：Heusedtobeateacher.Heusedtogetupearly.beusedtodoing/sth.意思为：习惯于做某事，如：Heisusedtothebadweather.Heisusedtogettingupearly.8BUnit6三个句型结构：1．It’s+形容词+that从句，如：otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\nItisnecessarythatwehelptheelderly.2.It’s+形容词+todosth.，如：It’susefultolearnEnglishwell.3.It’s+形容词+forsb(not).todosth.，如：It’snecessaryforustoprotecttheenvironment.9AUnit11.句式：Itis+形容词（性格）+ofsb.+(not)todosth.如：It’skindofyoutohelpme.2.句式：主语+be+形容词+enough+todosth.如：Theyarepatientenoughtowaitformefor2hours.3.句子的不同成分：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。9AUnit21．固定结构：wouldrather…than…宁愿。。。也不愿。。。如：Onsucharainyday,Iwouldratherstayathomethangoout.2．固定结构：prefer…to…宁愿。。。不愿。。。，比起。。。更喜欢。。。如：Ipreferredtoblue.Onsucharainyday,Ipreferstayingathometogoingout.3．不定代词：someone/somebody,anyone/anybody,noone/nobodysomething,anything,nothing,none作主语时为单数，形容词后置。9AUnit31.疑问词+todo如：Idon’tknowhowtodoit./whattodo.Wehaven’tdecidedwhentohavethemeeting.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\n2．句子种类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。3．宾语补足语。如：Wefindhimagoodboy/good.4.5种句子结构主语+谓语Millieisreading.主语+谓语+宾语Millieisreadingabook.主语+谓语+表语Millieishere.主语+谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语　Wegavehimabook.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补WecallhimTom.9AUnit41.介词短语：between….and….,from….to….2.连词：before,after,until/not…until3.连词：while&asWhile+进行时，进行时while/as+进行时，非进行时（短暂性动词）As+非进行时（短暂性动词），非进行时（短暂性动词）9AUnit51．过去完成时had+PP(过去分词)2．用should,oughtto,hadbetter,haveto,must表示建议。否定形式：oughtnottohadbetternot,don’thaveto/needn’t3.用whynot,whydon’tyou,perhaps来表示建议，要放在句首。9AUnit61．易混淆的单词：bring/take,hear/listen,see/look/watch,come/go2．有时态变化的间接引语。时间状语的变化（P103）疑问句变为间接引语时，要注意疑问语序要变为陈述语序、句尾标点符号。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\n9BUnit11.用can/could,may/might来表示允许。四单词正式语气递增。2.that引导的宾语从句。3．If/whether引导的宾语从句。9BUnit21．由疑问词引导的宾语从句。2．inordertodo&asaresult3.needtodo,need有时态变化，否定形式要用助动词do.does,did1.形容词的用法：形容词用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征。在句中可以作定语、表语，用于限定被修饰语的特征，如长短、大小、重量、颜色、高矮、胖瘦、新旧等，。Thelittlegirlisverypretty.这个小女孩很好看。--Iwantthatone.我想要那个。--Whichone?哪一个?--Thenewblueone.那个蓝色新的。CanIhavealookatthebigniceone?我能看一看那个大的漂亮的吗?2、人称代词：是用来表示人的代词，有单数和负数之分，有主格和宾格之分。人称代词的主格在句中作主语;人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语，是作动词或介词的宾语。主格：I,we,you,he,she,it,they在句子中作主语宾格：me,us,you,him,her,it,them在句子中作宾语HeandIareinthesameclass.我和他在同一个班级。Canyouseetheminthestreet?你能看见他们在街上吗?3、可数名词和不可数名词英语中名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。凡是可数计数的名词叫做可数名词;凡是不可以计数的名词叫做不可数名词。(1)可数名词分为单数和复数两种形式。可数名词前可以用不定冠词、数词或somemany等修饰。如：amanadeskanappleanorangesomebookssomechildrentowpens(2)不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不能用不定冠词、数词或many等词语修饰，但可以用somealittlemuch等词语来修饰。有时可以与一些量词短语搭配，这些量词短语中的名词一般是可数的，有单数形式，也可以有复数形式。如：somewateralittlemilkmuchfoodapieceotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\nofbreadtowbottlesofinksomeglassesofwater4、祈使句祈使句用来表示请求、命令等，句中没有主语，肯定形式由谓语或者谓语+宾语(+宾语补足语)构成，否定形式则在句前加Don’t.Standup,please.请起立。Don’tworry.别担心。can的用法：can是情态动词，表示“能，会，可以，被允许等”，其后接动词原形，否定形式为cannot，可缩写为can’t.ShecanspeakJapanese.她会讲日语。Ican’trememberhisname.我不记得他的名字了。Canyouspellyourname?你会拼写你的名字吗?5、现在进行时态：概念：表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作，也可以表示目前一段时间内或现阶段正在进行的活动。结构：由be动词(am,is,are)+动词ing构成，其中be动词要与主语保持性数一致。Maryisflyingakiteinthepark.玛丽正在公园里放风筝。--Whatareyoudoingnow?你现在在干什么?--I’mreadingEnglish.我正在读英语。Aretheydrawingthepicturesnow?他们正在画画吗?动词现在分词是动词原形变化而来的，规则变化如下：动词ing形式叫动词现在分词，其构成如下：1)直接在动词后加ingplay—playing,do—doing,talk—talking,sing--singing2)以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加ingmake—making,write—writing,have—having,take—taking3)以重读闭音节结尾的动词且词尾只有一个辅音字母，应双写这个辅音字母，再加ingrun—running,stop—stopping,put—putting,swim—swimming注意对现在进行时态的判断。判断一个英语句子用什么时态，主要看句子的时间状语，一般说来，每种时态都有与之相对应的时间状语。现在进行时表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。因此，这个时态最常用的时间状语是now;但有不少句子并没有now，只能通过提示语如look、listen等或者通过上下文来确定用现在进行时。Sheiscleaningherroomnow.她正在打扫房间。Look!Thegirlisdancingoverthere.看!那个女孩在那里跳舞。--Canyougoandplaygameswithme?你能和我们一起做游戏吗?--Can’tyouseeIamdoingmyhomework?你没看见我正在做作业吗?6、have/has的用法：1)谓语动词have表示“有”，有两种形式：have和has，前者用于第一人称(I,we)，第二人称(you)和第三人称复数(they)，后者用于第三人称单数(he,she,it)或单数名词。Ihaveanappleandhehastwobananas.我有一个苹果，他有两个香蕉。YouhaveanewEnglishteacher.你们有了一个新的英语老师。Ithastwobigeyes.它有一双大眼睛。JulieandJackhaveanicecar.朱莉和杰克有一辆好看的车。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\n2)have/has句型与therebe句型的比较：两者都表示“有”，但用法不同。前者表示所属关系，即表示“某人或某物有什么”，而后者表示存在，表示“某地有什么”。Theyhavesomenewbooks.他们有一些新书。Therearesomenewbooksontheirdesks.他们桌子上有一些新书。Shehasalotofprettyskirts.她有很多漂亮的裙子。Therearealotofprettyskirtsintheshop.商店里有很多漂亮的裙子。3)have/has的否定句，一般要加助动词do/does，再加not构成，即donothave(don’thave)/doesnothave(doesn’thave).Shedoesnothaveasister.她没有姐姐。Wedon’thaveanyclassesonSaturday.我们星期六没有课。AnnandIdon’thaveabigroom.我和安没有一个大房间。4)一般疑问句由“助动词Do/Does+主语+have+宾语”构成，回答用Yes,…do/does.或者No,…don’t/doesn’t.--Doyouhaveabighouse?他们的房子大吗?--No,theydon’t.不，他们的房子不大。--Doeshehaveaneraser?他有橡皮吗?--Yes,hedoes.他有的。5)特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词+助动词do/does+have(+状语)构成。Whatdotheyhave?他们有什么?Whatdoeshehave?他有什么?Howmanytelephonesdotheyhave?他们有几部电话?7、介词用法：1)具体时间前介词用at。.Hegetsupathalfpastseveneveryday.他每天七点半起床。Shegoestobedateleveno’clock.她十一点睡觉。2)表示“在早上，在下午，在晚上”的短语中用介词in，且定冠词the不能省略;表示“在中午，在夜里”的短语中介词用at，不加冠词。inthemorning在早上，intheafternoon在下午，intheevening在晚上atnoon在中午，atnight在夜里3)表示“在某天”、“在某天的上午、下午等”的短语用介词on。WhatdoyouusuallydoonMondaymorning?星期一上午你通常做什么?DoyousometimesgoouttoeatonFridayevening?有时你星期五晚上出去吃饭吗?HewatchesDVDsonSaturdaynight.星期六晚上他看DVD。ParentstakechildrentoparksonJune1.六月一日，家长们带着孩子去公园。4)在this,last,next,every等词前面既不加介词，也不用冠词。Whatareyoudoingthisafternoon?今天下午你做什么?HevisitshisgrandmaeveryFriday.他每个星期五都去看望祖母。SheisgoingtoShanghainextMonday.她下个星期一去上海。8、一般现在时一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或表示现在的特征或状态。其动词形式是：动词原形(只有第三人称单数作主语时除外，要加-s)其疑问句和否定句需要用助动词do或does1)肯定句用行为动词原形表示Theygetupveryearlyeverymorning.他们每天早晨起来很早。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand\nIvisitmygrandparentsfourtimesamonth.我一个月去看望祖父母四次。2)否定句用don’t+动词原形来表示WedonotgoshoppingonSundays.我们周日不去购物。Idon’tthinkyoulikethiscolour.我想你不喜欢这个颜色。3)一般疑问句则是把助动词do提前至句首，后面动词用原形。回答时，肯定用“Yes,主语+do”;否定句用“No,主语+don’t”。–Dotheygotoschoolatseveno’clock?他们七点去上学吗?--Yes,theydo.--Doyoulikethisskirt?你喜欢这条裙子吗?--No,Idon’t.不，我不喜欢。一般现在时用来表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与以下的时间状语连用：often经常，always总是，sometimes有时，usually通常，everyday/week每天/周等。Heusuallygoestoschoolbybike.通常他骑车上学。Ivisitmygrandparentseveryweek.我每个星期都去看祖父母。Sheisalwayslateforclass.她总是上课迟到。MyparentsandIsometimesgoouttoeat.我和父母有时出去吃饭。Itoftenrainshere.这儿常常下雨。主语为第三人称单数时的一般现在时一般现在时态，当主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词也要是第三人称单数，后要加-s或-es。Helikesreadingatnight.他喜欢夜里读书。Sheusuallygoestoschoolbybike.她平时骑车上学。Thelittlecatdrinksmilkeveryday.小猫每天都喝牛奶。转换成否定句要加doesn’t，其后的动词用原形。Kellydoesn’tgetupearlyonSaturdaysandSundays.凯丽星期六星期天起床不早。Hedoesn’tfeelwelltoday.他今天感觉不舒服。转换成一般疑问句，句首用Does，其后的动词用原形。Doeshehavelunchatschool?他在学校吃午饭吗?Doesittakelongbytrain?乘火车要很长时间吗？otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand