初中英语语法(下) 39页

目录第十三讲------------------词类，词性变化第十四讲-----------------非谓语动词第十五讲------------------句子的分类及句子成分第十六讲------------------简单句和并列句第十七讲-------------------复合句（1）第十八讲-----------------复合句（2）第十九讲-----------------陈述句和疑问句第二十讲------------------感叹句和祈使句第二十一讲------------------被动语态第二十二讲---------------虚拟语气第二十三讲---------------倒装句第二十四讲---------------主谓一致otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n第十三讲词性变化单词可以通过加后缀进行词性变化，有些单词本身具有多种词性。下面是一些常见的词性变化规律1.名词形容词（1）n+ful=adjcare----carefulhelp-----helpful(2)n+y=adjsun------sunnywind------windy(3)n+ly=adjfriend----friendlylove------lovely(4)n+less=adjhome---homelesscare----careless2.动词名词（1）v+er/or=nteach----teacherwrite------writer（2）v+ation=noperate---operation（3）v+ing=nbuild----buildingshop----shopping3.形容词名词（1）adj+ness=nill----illnessbusy-----business(2)adj+th=nyoung----youth4.形容词副词Adj+ly=advcareful---carefullyquick---quickly1.MyuncleoftenreadsChina________afterdinner.(day)2.Help____tosomefish,everyone.(you)3.Septemberisthe_________monthofyear.(nine)4.Chaplinwasoneofthegreatest_______intheworld.(act)5.Thisbagmaybethat_________.(drive)6.TheSuzhouRiverisseriously______.(pollution)7.She’sthoughtofa_______wayofdoingthatthanever.(quickly)8.Scienceis_____tomakeourcountrystrong.(help)9.It’sa____season.Howheavilyitisraining.(rain)10.Mother’sDayisonthe_____SundayinMay.(two)11.FlyerwastheWrightbrothers’_______.(invent)12.Takesome_____,andyouwillfeelbettersoon.(medical)13.Themoreyousmoke,the_____you’llbe.(ill)14.Weweresurprisedthathecould______workoutthehardproblem.(easy)15.Bothhismotherandsisterworkas______.(wait)16.Everyyearalotof_____cometovisitthePalaceMuseum.(foreign)17.Alice’sfatherisafamous________.(science)18.Pleasedon’tgoout.It’sraining______.(heavy)19.Nobodywantstotakehisbus,forhedrivesso______.(care)20.The______Lessonisthemostdifficultamongallthetexts.(forty)21.Hisgrandmais______personamongthoseoldladies.(health)22.Todayourlifeisfullof_________.(happy)23.Afterfivehours’working,heateupallthedishes______.(hungry)24.Hemadethe___thatwediscussaboutit.(suggest)25.Itgavehim______toseesuchafinedayhesaid.(please)26.Hewasfullof___whenhesawhissonatthebusstation.(enjoy)27.Theyarefightingfortheir__________.(free)28.Doyouknowthe_________oftheriver?(long)29.Withthe_______ofourcountry,ourlifeisgettingbetterandbetter.(develop)30.Theoldmanwassoweakthathewalkedwith___________.(difficult)31.Atthe___________ofJuly,wewillhaveareadingcontest.(begin)32.Iheardofhissudden__________.Thismademeverysad.(dead)33.Thepolicetriedtofindoutthe________ofthecar.(own)34.Thestreethasbeenwidened,butitismuch_________thanbefore.(noise)35.Pleaseputthe___________sentencesintoFrench.(follow)36.Havethe__________comebacksafelyfromthesea?(fish)37.Wouldyouliketotellmesomethingaboutthecultureof_________countries?(west)38.Iwillneverforgetthe____________triptoBeijing.(please)39.Heshinedhisshoes__________.(bright)otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n1.What’syour___________sport?(favor)2.DoyouknowtheEnglish__________‘Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.’(say)3.________isapersonwhomakesmachinesorplansthebuildingofroadsandbridge.(engine)4.Iwillcomeassoonas___________.(possibly)5.Thefamous_________soldhis_____________foronemillionyuan.(paint)家长意见（签字）第十四讲句子成分及简单句类型概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。▲句子成分分类1．主语主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如：讲述“谁”Weworkinabigfactory.讲述“什么”Theclassroomisverybig.数词作主语Threeareenough.三个人就够了不定式作主语TooperateontheblindisoneoftheORBISDoctor’sjob.从句作主语Whatweneedisfood.我们最需要的是食物.▲在“Therebe…”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：Therearesomebottlesofmilkinthebox.▲在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：Itisveryinterestingtoplaythegamecalled“treatortrick”.Ittooktwoworkersaboutthreemonthstobuildthehouse.2．谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：Heisverygenerous.ShelooksverysmartandcoolWehavefinishedthejob.HecanspeakGerman.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n3．表语表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。形容词作表语Youlookyoungerthanbefore.名词作表语Myfatherisateacher.副词作表语Everyoneishere.介词短语作表语Theyareatthetheatre.不定式作表语MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.动名词作表语Herjobistrainingthenurses.从句作表语Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday.4．宾语▲宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：名词作宾语Heneverforgivesothersfortheirmistakes.代词做宾语Heoftenhelpsme.不定式作宾语Helikestosleepintheopenair.动名词作宾语TheAmericansenjoyedlivinginChina.从句做宾语Ibelievethattheycanfinishtheworkintime.▲直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：Webroughtthemsomefood.主谓间宾直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to或for。5．宾语的补足语otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语＋宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补Ifyouletmego,I’llmakeyouking.形容词作宾补Don’tmakeyourhandsdirty.副词作宾补WefoundLiMingoutwhenwearrived.介词短语作宾补Makeyourselfathome.省略to的不定式作宾补Isawagirlgointothebuilding.带to的不定式作宾补Theboyorderedthedogtoliedown.现在分词作宾补Thebosskeptthemworkingallday.过去分词作宾补Yesterdayhegothislegbroken.在英语中,常见的“宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构有：▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等。WecallhimJack.TheymadeLiLeitheirmonitor.▲“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：Doyouthinkhisideawrong?Wemustkeepourclassroomclean.Wecan’tleavehimalone.CanyougeteverythingreadyforthepartybeforeFriday?▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down,up,here,there,home,in,out,anywhere等。如：Lethimin/out.Mr.Lidroveushome.Whengotthere,wefoundhimout.▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如：Wefoundeverythingingoodorder.Weregardhimasourgoodfriend.Heopenedthedoorandfoundsomeofhisfriendsintherain.▲“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种：A要求带to的不定式otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\nThecoolwaterofthelakeinvitedustoswim.B要求不带to的不定式let,make,see,hear,watch等Thebossmadetheworkerswork12hoursaday.IoftenhearhimreadEnglishinhisroom.C单词help后可加to或不加toShesometimeshelpshermother(to)dohousework.▲“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。Isawthemplayingontheplayground.IheardMarysingingintheclassroom.▲“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。Ihadmybikestolen.Theteacherexplainedagainandagaintomakehimselfunderstood.▲形式宾语＋形容词WefounditimpossibletogettherebeforeSaturday.▲宾语+what从句Callmewhatyoulike.Mr.Lihasmadethefactorywhatitistoday.Themountainvillageisdifferentfromwhatitwastenyearsago.6．定语▲定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如：形容词作定语Theblackbikeismine.代词作定语What’syourname?名词作定语Theymadesomepaperflowers.介词短语作定语TheboysintheroomareinClassThree,GradeOne.不定式作短语Ihavelotstoeatanddrink.从句作定语ThetallboywhoisstandingthereisPeter.▲在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。▲修饰不定代词something,anything,nothing,something,anyone,somebody,anybody,nobody的定语必须后置。如：We’llgotohavesomethingEnglish.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\nIfyoudon’tknowtheanswer,asksomeoneelse.Doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme?▲介词短语作定语时要后置。如：Doyouknowtheboybehindthetree?Thestudentsintheroomareallmyfriends.Ithinkthepictureontheleftisbetterthantheoneontheright.▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置Whataboutsomethingtodrink?IhavenotimetotraveltoChinaisinAutumnorinSpring.注动词不定式作主语时，to后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。Doyouhaveanypieceofmusictolistento?▲nearby,below,downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：Weareatthetopofthehill.Canyouseethevillagebelow?Thepeopledownstairsarelisteningtoatalknow?Theytooktheboytothehospitalnearbyatonce.7．状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如：HediditcarefullyTheymissedmeverymuch.Withouthishelp,wecouldn’tworkitout.Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.WhenIwasyoung,Icouldswimwell.简单句的五种基本句型1.定义：如果句子只有一个主语或者并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语动词，这样的句子称为简单句。2.基本结构共有5种，分别是：（1）.主语+谓语(不及物动词)[S+V]如：Thechildrenareplayinghappily.孩子们正在高兴地玩。（2）.主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语[S+V+O]如：TheGreensenjoylivinginChina.格林一家喜欢住在中国。（3）.主语+谓语+表语[S+V+P]该句型谓语动词为连系动词。常见的系动词有：be(是)；get(变得),become(成为),turn(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎)等。如：①Hebecameafamousdoctor.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n他成为了一名著名的医生。②Theapplepietastesreallydelicious.苹果派吃起来真是好吃。（4）.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语[S+V+InO+DO]这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词for或to。如：①Myauntboughtmeacomputer.=Myauntboughtacomputerforme.我阿姨买给我一台电脑。②Ipassedhimthesalt.=Ipassedthesalttohim.我把盐递给他。（5）.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语[S+V+O+OC]如：Wemustkeepourschoolclean.　　　我们必须保持教室清洁。3.重点难点解析（1）．主系表在主系表结构中，只能作表语的形容词，常见的有：alone，asleep，afraid，alive，ill等。很多形容词既可以做定语，也可以做表语。　(2)主谓宾1)只能用不定式作宾语的常见动词：want，hope，wish，wouldlike，decide，agree，ask，can'twait等；2)只能用动名词作宾语的常见动词：mind，enjoy，keep，finish，can'thelp等；3)既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语，且有区别的常见动词：a.remembertodo.。。记住要做......(还未做)rememberdoing.。。记得做了......(已做过)b.forgettodo.。。忘了做......(还未做)forgetdoing.。。忘了做过......(已做过)c.stoptodo.。。停下来去做......stopdoing.。。停止做......d.goontodo.。。接下来去做......goondoing.。。继续做......e.trytodo.。。尽力做......trydoing.。。试着做......(看有无结果)　3)既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语，且无区别的常见动词：begin，start，like，love，hate等。(3)．主谓直宾间宾1)这种结构也可将间宾放到直宾之后，但间宾前需加介词to(对象)或for(目的)；　　例如：Theylentthebiketotheboy.2)需在间宾前加to的常见动词有：give，show，send，bring，pass，lend，tell，teach等；3)需在间宾前加for的常见动词有：make，buy，do，cook，sing，find等；4）变被动结构时，直宾或间宾都可以做主语，例如：Iboughtmybrotheranicepen.AnicepenwasotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\nboughtformybrother.Mybrotherwasboughtapen.(4)．主谓宾宾补1)带to的不定式作宾补；　　例如：Sheaskedmetocallhimagain.　　很多动词后面都可以有这种宾补。初中教材常见的这类动词有：ask，tell，want，wish，wouldlike，like，hate等。　　注：hope后不能接复合宾语　　2)不带to的不定式作宾补；　　例如：Weoftenhearthegirlsingthesong.　　能带这种复合宾语的动词为感官动词、短语动词和使役动词如let，feel，notice，help，make，have，listento，hear，see，watch，lookat，observe.　　注：①如果这种结构变为被动语态，不定式就必然还原to.　　②help后的不定式可以带to也可不带to.　　3)分词作宾补；　　例如：Heheardsomebodyknockingonthewindow.　　Ihadmybikemendedyesterday.我昨天让人给我修理了自行车。　　现在分词作宾补表示主动，且动作正在进行，过去分词作宾补表示被动，或动作已完成，也可以表示请别人做某事。能带分词作宾补的常见动词为感官动词：see，hear，notice，watch，feel及find，get，have(这三个动词为使役动词)等。　　注：在感官动词后，既可用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可用不带to的不定式构成复合宾语。现在分词表示动作正在发生，即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束，如例a；用不定式表示动作已发生了，即动作的全部过程已结束，如例b.如：　　a.Hesawagirlgettingonthebus.(意为上车的动作正在进行。)　　b.Hesawagirlgetonthebus.(意为女孩上车的动作已经结束了。)　　4)名词作宾补；　　例如：Wemustkeepitasecret.　　这类复合宾语只有在有限的一些动词后使用，常见的动词有：name，call，make，elect，think，find，leave等。　　5)形容词作宾补。　　例如：Youshouldkeeptheroomclean.　　常见的能跟这种复合宾语的动词有：make，keep，find，want，wish，like，see，think，believe，leave等。　　注：4)，5)类复合宾语中有时宾语不是一个名词或代词，而是一个从句、不定式或动名词，这时通常要用一个it来代替它(即形式宾语)，则把从句、不定式或动名词放到句子后部去。　　例如：　　①Theyfounditstrangethatnoonewouldtakethemoney.　　②Youwillfeelitagreatpleasuretalkingtoher.　　4.基础专练：otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n　　同学们看完以上的知识结构对简单句是否有一定的认识，赶快来做练习验证一下吧。　　一.用公式标出下面简单句的类型。1.AnnaspeaksRussian.2.DaddyboughtTomanewdictionary.3.KatecallshercatMimi.4.Pollylaughed.5.Lilyfeltcold.6.Thepicturelooksbeautiful.7.JimbroughtmemyEnglishbooks.8.Itisdangerous.9.Youmustwait.10.MrGreencan'tkeepthehousetidy.二．划出下列句子成分1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．7.---Iloveyoumorethanher，child．8.Teesturngreenwhenspringcomes.9.Theypushedthedooropen.10.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.11.Hewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisfriends.12.Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching13.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.14.HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong.15.Don'tgetnervous，helpyourselftowhatyoulike．16.Wewillmakeourschoolmorebeautiful.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n17.Hedidn'tcome．Thatiswhyhedidn'tknow．18.Sheshowedushermanyofherpictures.19.Theoldmanlivesalonelylife.20.Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown.第十五讲非谓语动词非谓语动词是指由动词变化而成，仍具有动词的性质与意义，但不能作为动词使用的词。通常有三种形式构成：1.由“to+动词原形”而成的不定式；2.由“动词原形+ing”而成的现在分词或动名词；3.由“动词原形+ed”而成的（包括动词的不规则变化）过去分词。一、动词不定式的主要用法“to+动词原形”1.Tofinishtheworkontimeisnoteasy.(作主语)（要准时完成这项任务并不容易。）注意：动词不定式作主语时，也可以用形式主语“it”，即It’snoteasytofinishtheworkontime.Hiswishwastobecomeateacher.(作表语)（他的愿望是成为一名教师。）Thereisnothingtoworryabout.(作定语)（没有什么可以担心的。）Herantocatchthebus.(作状语)（他跑着去赶车。）Iwanttoseethenewfilm.(作宾语)（我想要去看这部新电影。）Heaskedmetoopenthedoor.(作宾语补足语)（他要我把门打开。）注意：①动词不定式在作let,make,see,hear,feel,watch等使役、感观动词的宾语补足语时，不定式不带“to”例：Weoftenhearhersinginthenextroom.（我们经常听到她在隔壁房间唱歌。）但上述动词用于被动语态的句子中，动词不定式变成主语补足语，这时必须带“to”。例：Hewasheardtosinginthenextroomeverymorning.(明天早晨他总是被听到在隔壁房间唱歌。)②动词不定式作宾语时，也可用形式宾语“it”。例：Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.(他们发现及时准备好一切是不可能的。)2.动词不定式也可以和疑问词who,what,which,whether,when,how,where等连用，构成不定式短语。Howtogettheticketsisaquestion.(作主语)（如何获得票子是个问题。）Iwonderwhichtochoose.(作宾语)（我不知选哪一个。）Thequestioniswhotosendtheletter.(作表语)（问题是谁去送信。）二、分词的主要用法分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词与过去分词的区别在于：现在分词表示主动的、正在进行的动作，而及物动词的过去分词表示已经完成且被动的动作，不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成的意义。Doyouknowthebuildingbeingbuiltdownthestreet?　（作定语）（你知道在街的那头正在建造的大楼吗？）Thisisoneofthebuildingsbuiltinthe1960s.（作定语）otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n（这是六十年代造的大楼之一。）H*分词作定语可转换为定语从句Thenewsissurprising.（作表语）（这消息令人惊讶。）Wearesurprisedatthenews.（作表语）（听到这消息我们感到惊讶。）Weheardhersinginginthenextroom.（宾语补足语）（我们听到她正在隔壁房间唱歌。）I’mgoingtohavemyhaircut.（宾语补足语）（我将去剪一下头发。）H宾语补足语在被动语态中就是主语补足语。如：Shecanbeheardsinginginthenextroom.(While,When)Walkingalongthestreet,hemetwithhisoldfriend.（状语）（当他在路上走时，遇到了他的老朋友。）Seenfromthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.（状语）（从山顶看，这公园非常美丽。）H分词作状语可转化为状语从句或并列句。注意：1.分词作定语，如果是单个分词，则放在所修饰的名词之前，如：spokenEnglish,excitingnews;如果是分词短语，则要放在所修饰名词之后，如：thelanguagespokeninthiscountry,theboystandingthere2.分词作状语，表示原因、时间、条件时一般放在句首，如作为方式状语或伴随状态时，放在句首句尾均可。例：Readingtheletter,shecouldn’thelpcrying.（读了信，她情不自禁哭了。）此句分词作原因状语；Shesatatthetable,readingaletter.（她坐在桌边读信。）此句分词作伴随状态。3.分词作为时间状语时，可在分词前加上while,when或on表示“当…时候”，或“一…就…”。例：Whiletalkingwithherteacher,shefeltnervous.（当与老师讲话时，她感到紧张。）；Onhearingthegoodnews,shejumpedupwithjoy.（她一听到这好消息就高兴地跳起来。）4.当分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。Seeingthehouseonfire,heimmediatelyrantothephone-box.=Whenhesawthehouseonfire,heimmediatelyrantothephone-box.(当他看到房子着火，他马上跑到电话亭去。)Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.=Ifweweregivenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.（如果我们被给更多的时间，会做得更好。）5.有一类动词如interest,excite,surprise,please,disappoint,satisfy,tire等，它们的现在分词往往用来表示事物的性质；而它们的过去分词则用来表示人的感受。Iamveryinterestedintheinterestingstory.（我对这则有趣的故事很感兴趣。）Wearealltiredofsuchatiringquestion.（我们都对如此一个乏味的问题感到厌倦。）三、动名词的主要用法动名词是由动词转化而来，在句子中起名词的作用，但又保持动词的特征，可有自己的宾语或状语，构成动名词短语。Swimmingismyfavouratesport.（作主语）（游泳是我最喜欢的运动。）Talkingiseasierthandoing.（作主语）（说比做容易。）注意：动名词短语作主语时也可用形式主语“it”例如：It’snogoodgivinghimtoomuchmoney.（给他太多钱没有好处。）MyjobisteachingEnglish.（作表语）（我的工作是教英语。）Seeingisbelieving.（作表语）（眼见为实。）otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\nHeenjoyslisteningtothemusic.（作宾语）（他喜欢听音乐。）Thankyoufortellingmethetruth.（作宾语）（谢谢你告诉我真相。）Thereisanewswimmingpoolinourschool.（作定语）（在我们学校有一个新的游泳池。）Thiskindofwashingmachineisoutofdate.（作定语）（这种洗衣机已经过时了。）注意：1.由物主代词或名词所有格加上动名词可以构成动名词复合结构。例如：Doyoumindmyclosingthedoor?（作宾语）（你介意我关门吗？）Tom’slearningmathswellhelpedhimindoingbusiness.（作主语）（Tom学好数学帮助他做好生意。）但通常在非正式场合，可以用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，用名词普通格代替所有格。（这种结构在句首出现时除外。）Doyoumindmeclosingthedoor?IrememberTomgoingthere.2.动名词作主语时，该主语被看作是单数；并列的动名词作主语时，被看作为复数。Readingismyhobby.（阅读是我的爱好。）Sayinganddoingaretwodifferentthings.（说的和做的是两件不同的事。）四、非谓语动词中的几组区别1.动名词与现在分词的区别①作定语时的区别：现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的人或物正在进行的动作，可以用定语从句来改写；而动名词作定语时，表示所修饰的名词和性质及用途，不表示动作，可以用介词“for”来替代。如livingcells=Thecellswhichareliving.（living为分词）（活细胞）sleepingpills=thepillsforsleeping（sleeping为动名词）（安眠药）②作表语时的区别：动名词作表语表示主语的内容，具有名词的性质；而现在分词作表语则表示主语的状态及特征，具有形容词性质。如Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.（作动名词，也可以说成Collectingstampsismyhobby.）（我的爱好是集邮。）Hishobbyisinteresting.（作现在分词，interesting具形容词性，此句主语和表语不能倒过来讲。）2.不定式与分词的区别：①不定式与分词作定语时的区别：Themeetingheldlastweekisveryimportant.（过去分词held作定语，表示动作已完成）Themeetingbeingheldisveryimportant.（现在分词［被动式］作定语，表示动作正在进行）Themeetingtobeheldnextweekisveryimportant.（不定式［被动式］“tobeheld”作定语，表示未来将发生的动作。）②不定式与分词作状语时的区别：不定式一般可作原因、目的和结果状语，而分词可作时间、原因、条件、方式、让步、伴随等状语。但都需要注意句子的谓语动词与不定式、分词的逻辑主语的统一。★Inordertocatchthebus,heranfaster.Heranfastersoastocatchthebus.（他跑得更快为了赶上汽车。）注意:inorderto,soasto,inaneffortto等表示目的，注意soasto只能放在句尾，而inorderto句尾、句首都可放。★Sheissuchalovelygirlastobelovedbyeveryone.（她如此可爱，受到每个人的喜爱。）Hewastooexcitedtosayaword.（他太激动以至一句话也说不出。）so…asto,such…asto,enoughto,too…to等表示结果或程度。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n★Watchingthefilm,shewasmovedtotears.（时间状语）=When(While)shewaswatchingthefilm,shewasmovedtotears.（当她看电影时，她被感动得流泪了。）Nothavingbeentherebefore,hegotlostinthestreet.（原因状语）＝Ashehadnotbeentherebefore,hegotlostinthestreet.（由于没有来过这里，他在街上迷路了。）分词所作的时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等状语，可以该成各自的状语从句。注意：only+分词与only+不定式的区别“only+现在分词”的意思是结果只是；“only+不定式”意思是想不到、反而并没有料到的结果：Heliftedarockonlytodroponhisownfoot.（他搬起石头，想不到砸了自己的脚。）Hedied,onlyleavingdebts.（他死了，只留下一身债。）③不定式与分词作宾补时的区别：不定式作宾补表示动作已经完成，强调动作发生过的这一事实，强调由此行动而产生的结果；而现在分词作宾补强调动作的过程即动作正在进行。Ifoundhimcomingintothebuilding.=Isawthathewascomingintothebuilding.（我看到他正在走进大楼。）Ifoundhimcomeintothebuilding.=Hecameintothebuilding,andIsawthat.(我看到他走进大楼。)注意：如在句子中出现often、seldom、usually等频度副词，表示动作的经常性，而不是动作正在进行，所以通常用动词不定式。3.不定式与动名词的区别：①从含义上不定式表示具体某一次的动作，而动名词表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯。Savingmoneyisimportant.（存钱是重要的。）Tosavemoneynowisimpossible.（现在存钱是不可能的。）Myfavouratesportisskating.（我最喜欢的运动是滑冰。）Thefirstthingforustodoistoimproveourpronunciation.（第一件我们要做的事是改进发音。）Iloveswimming,butIdon’tlovetoswiminthisdirtyriver.（我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢在这条脏河里游泳。）注意：当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。例如：Toliveistostruggle.Seeingisbelieving.②关于不定式与动名词在用法上的几点规定☆只能用不定式的单词或词组（句型）⑴Itisimportant,Itisnecessary,Itisfitting,Itisadvisable……等“Itis+adj.+(forsb./ofsb.)+不定式”的句型中⑵在动词decide,wish,hope,promise,manage,arrange,choose,plan,desire,learn,want,ask,intend,attempt等后用不定式作宾语⑶疑问词加上不定式结构，如whattodo,whentogo,wheretostay等⑷在介词but,except,than,besides等后面，用不定式作宾语注意：当在but,except,besides介词前有一个实意动词“do”时，用不带“to”的不定式。例如：Ihavenochoicebuttostay.（无实意动词“do”用带“to”不定式）Ihavenothingtodobutwait.（有实意动词“do”，用不带“to”不定式）注意：不定式不能直接做动词order,warn,invite等的宾语，只能做这些动词的宾语补足语。即ordersb.todo/warnsb.todo等☆只能用动名词的单词或词组（句型）otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n⑴在It’snousedoing,It’snogooddoing,It’sawasteoftimedoing等句型用动名词。⑵在动词suggest,avoid,enjoy,admit,consider,escape,excuse,permit,allow,finish,mind,practise,risk,miss,advise,imagine等动词后面用动名词作宾语。⑶在词组：can’thelp,can’tstand,burstout,giveup,feellike,keepon,setabout,objectto,beusedto,devoteto,lookforwardto,stickto,payattentionto,insiston,persistin等后面用动名词作宾语。注意：permit,avoid,risk,allow,advise,forbid等动词后带宾语补足语时只能用动词不定式。例如：Theteacheradvisedreadingmorebooks.（advise+宾语）Theteacheradvisedustoreadmorebooks.（advise+sb+宾语补足语）Youshouldn’triskdoingthat.（risk+宾语）Youshouldn’triskyourlifetodothat.（risk+sb+宾语补足语）（你不应该冒生命危险去做那件事。）☆既能用不定式，又能用动名词的单词有：begin,start,continue,afford,propose,cease等☆用不定式作宾语表示具体一次动作；用动名词作宾语表示一贯爱好，倾向的单词有：hate,love,like,prefer等☆用动名词作宾语以主动表示被动；用不定式的被动式作宾语表示被动，在含义上完全相同，这些单词是：want,need,require例：Thebikeneedsrepairing.=Thebikeneedstoberepaired.（这辆自行车需要被修理。）Thedininghallwantscleaning.=Thedininghallwantstobecleaned.（这个仓库需要被打扫。）☆不定式作宾语与动名词作宾语意义完全不同的单词⑴remember+todo记得要去做某事，动作还未发生。remember+doing记得做过某事，动作已经发生。且rememberdoing=rememberhavingdonePleaseremembertolockthedoorwhenyouleave.（在离开时记着要锁门。）Iremembergivinghimabirthdaypresentlastyear.（我记得去年给过他生日礼物。）⑵forget+todo忘记要去做某事，动作没有去做。forget+doing忘记做过某事，动作已经发生，但忘记所做的事。且forgetdoing=forgethavingdoneIforgottoposttheletter.（我忘记寄信了。）Iforgotclosingthedoor.（我忘记把门关掉这件事。）⑶regret+todo对要发生的事表示抱歉、遗憾，事情还未做。regret+doing对于发生过的事表示后悔。且regretdoing=regrethavingdoneIregrettosaythereisnowineinthebottle.（我很抱歉瓶里没有酒了。）TomregretshavingtoldMarythesadnews.（Tom后悔告诉了Mary坏消息。）⑷stop+todo停下正在干的事，转而去做另一件事。stop+doing停下手上正在干的事。Tomstoppedtohavearest.（Tom停下来休息一会儿。）Whentheteachercamein,thestudentsstoppedtalking.（老师进来时，学生们停止讲话。）⑸try+todo设法、努力、尽力去做某事。try+doing尝试做某事。Hetriedtowinthefirstprize.（他尽力想得第一。）Sincenooneansweredatthefrontdoor,hetriedknockingatthebackdoor.（既然没有开前门，他试着敲后门。）⑹mean+todo打算，有意图去做某事。mean+doing意味着，意思是。Ihadmeanttocallyou,butIforgotyourphonenumber.（我打算打电话给你，但忘了电话号码。）Missingthebusmeanswaitingforanotherhour.（错过这班车意味着再等一小时。）otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\nExercises用非谓语动词填空1)Thepolicemanagedatlast_______(find)the_________(miss)child.2)Doyouknowthegirl_________(dress)inwhite?3)Isuggest_________(park)thecarhere.4)Tomrealizedthat_________(argue)withherlikethatwasuseless.5)________(arrive)atthestation,hefoundthetraingone.6)________(be)theremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.7)Everythingseems________(go)smoothlynow.8)Themeeting_________(be)over,thestudentsleftthehall.9)Anumberofproblemsremained_________(unsolve).10)Time_________(permit),we’llgooutforawalk.11)Thatwinterhesetout_________(write)hissecondnovel.12)Thateveninghesetabout__________(write)thereport.13)Themanwascaught__________(steal)abike.14)Ican’thaveyou___________(quarrel)witheachotheralldaylong.15)Iremember_________(tell)thenewsbefore.16)Theteacherhadme_________(repeat)hiswords__________(make)surethatIunderstoodwhat___________(do)next.17)Thelake,withgreentreesandbrownmountains__________(surround)it,lookslikeabigmirror.18)Heshuthimselfintheroom,withallthewindows__________(close)andthedoor___________(lock).19)~Didyougetthewall_______(paint)?~Yes,IhadTom_______(paint)it.20)It’snogood_______(pretend)_________(know)whatyoudon’tknow.21)If________(give)enoughtime,wecoulddoitbetter.22)Becauseofhis_______(break)English,hefoundithardtomakehimself________(understand)inanEnglish______(speak)country.23)Ithappened________(rain)whenwearrivedinBeijing.24)Heusedtodevotedto_______(teach)whenhewasyoung.25)Withhisparents______(go),theboywasleftaloneathome.26)Henevermissed_______(attend)theeveningschool.27)_______(tire)ofthenoise,heshutthedoor.28)Wecandrink_______(boil)waterbutnot________(boil)water.29)_______(excite)atthe______(excite)news,shecouldn’thelp________(burst)out______(laugh).30)Wearealllookingforwardto_________(visit)yourcountry.31)Sheneedsthework_________(do)beforeMonday.32)______(show)the_______(swim)pool,theyweretaken_______(see)thegym.33)Thereisnothingwecandobut______(wait)forthedoctor.第十六讲句子的种类（一）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1．陈述句：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。（说明事实）（说明看法）陈述句分为肯定和否定两种形式。肯定句变否定主要是在谓语中be动词，情态动词，助动词后加not，不同的时态变否定的情况不尽相同。Hehaslearnedmanysongs.Hehasnotlearnedmanysongs.2．疑问句：提出问题。　a.　一般疑问句:对事情进行疑问，用yes,no来回答。Canyoufinishtheworkintime?你能按时完成工作吗？　将陈述句中的be动词，情态动词或助动词放在主语的前面就可以变成一般疑问句。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n不同时态变疑问句不尽相同。b.　特殊疑问句：对事件中的某一方面提问，通常是问什么答什么。Wheredoyoulive?　你住那儿？IliveinZhengzhou.　特殊疑问句是由特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成c.　选择疑问句：有几种情况让对方选择，可以选择其中一种情况回答。标志是or。Doyouwantteaorcoffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？Tea,pleased.反意疑问句：对事件进行疑问或强调。Hedoesn'tknowher,doeshe?　他不认识她，对不对？反意疑问句有两部分构成：陈述句+简短问句？一般情况下，前后两部分应在时态，人称，谓语结构保持一致。前后谓语结构应遵循：前肯定后否定，前否定后肯定。后句的主语必须是人称代词，后句的否定必须缩写。反意疑问句的回答是根据事实来回答，事实是肯定用yes来回答，事实是否定用no来回答，不管前肯定或前否定。Heisn’tastudent,isn’the?Yes,heis.(不，他是个学生)No,heisn’t.(是的，他不是个学生)特殊反意疑问句1)　陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用aren'tI.　　I'mastallasyoursister，aren'tI?2)　陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。　　TheSwedemadenoanswer,didhe/she?　　Someplantsneverblown(开花),dothey?3)　陈述部分有haveto+v.(hadto+v.)，疑问部分常用don't+主语（didn't+主语）。　　Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don'twe?4)　陈述部分有hadbetter+v.疑问句部分用hadn'tyou?　　You'dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn'tyou?5)　陈述部分有wouldrather+v.，疑问部分多用wouldn't+主语。　　Hewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn'the?6)　陈述部分有You'dliketo+v.疑问部分用wouldn't+主语。　　You'dliketogowithme,wouldn'tyou?7)　陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用it。　　Everythingisready,isn'tit?8)陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。　　Everyoneknowstheanswer,don'tthey?　(doeshe?)　　Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?(doeshe?)　　9)　省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用willyou。　　Don'tdothatagain,willyou?　　Gowithme,willyou/won'tyou?注意：Let's开头的祈使句，后用shallwe?　　Letus开头的祈使句，后用willyou?　　Let'sgoandlistentothemusic,shallwe?　　Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou?10)　陈述部分是"therebe"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。　　Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn'tthere?　　Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?11)　否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。　　Itisimpossible,isn'tit?　　Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?上述部分主句谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。　　Idon'tthinkheisbright,ishe?　　Webelieveshecandoitbetter,can'tshe?3．祈使句：提出请求，建议或发出命令，1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do(但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。　Takethisseat.Dobecareful.　否定结构：Don'tmove.　　2）第二种祈使句以let开头。Let的反意疑问句otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n否定结构：Let'snot4．感叹句：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪what修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。How+形容词+a+名词+　　　　　　　陈述语序　　　How+形容词或副词+　　　　　　　　　陈述语序What+名词+　　　　　　　　　　　　陈述语序What+a+形容词+名词+　　　　　　　　陈述语序What+形容词+复数名词+　　　　　　陈述语序What+形容词+不可数名词+　　　　　陈述语序感叹句的省略形式为：Whatacleverboy(heis)!（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：1．简单句：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，2．并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，1）、表示连接两个同等概念,常用and,,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher'snameisSmith,andthestudent'snameisJohn.2）、表示选择,常用的连词有or,等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou'llmissthetrain.3）、表示转折,常用的连词有but,however,yet,while,等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4）、表示因果关系,常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.3．复合句：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导，一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn'tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn'tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.三、选择填空:1.Givemeonemoreminute____I'llbeabletofinishit.A.andB.orC.ifD.so2.It'sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,____?A.hasn'theB.isn'theC.isn'titD.hasn'tit3.____joyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Whatan4.Letuspass,____?A.shan'tweB.shallweC.won'tweD.willyou5.Isupposehe'sserious,____?A.doIB.don'tIC.isheD.isn'the6.Youhadbetternotsmokehere,____?A.willyouB.hadyouC.shallyouD.haveyou7.Trainashardasyoucan____you'llwintheswimmingcompetition.A.thenB.butC.andD.or8.I'msorrytohavetosaythis,____youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight.A.andB.butC.soD.because9.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and____.A.Henryhasn'ttooB.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenry10.Therearemanysportsloversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,____othersenjoyswimming.A.orB.forC.whileD.so11.----Doyoufeellikegoingout____wouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?----I'dliketogoout.A.orB.andC.butD.so12.----"____isthetemperaturetoday?"----"It's38degrees."A.WhichB.HowC.HowhotD.Howhigh13.----Youruncleisn'tanengineer,ishe?----____.A.Yes,heisn'tB.No,heisn'tC.No,heisD.Heis14.____friendly____toeveryone!otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\nA.How,issheB.What,issheC.How,sheisD.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,____shefeltverytired.A.orB.soC.forD.yet16.Mother____adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.wasmakingB.makesC.ismakingD.made17.Helayinbed____readsomethingborrowedfromlibrary.A.butB.andC.ormmD.yet18.----I'dreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.----____whatyouwantandIcangetitforyou.A.TellmeB.IfyouwouldsaytomeC.YouwilltellmeD.Ifyoutellme19.Asheisstrong,____canliftonehundredpounds.A.yetheB.butheC.andD.he20.----Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella.----Ihad,____I'velostit.A.sinceB.butC.becauseD.so21.____downtheradio----thebaby'sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn22.----Idon'tlikechicken____fish.----Idon'tlikechicken____Ilikefishverymuch.A.and,andB.and,butC.or,andD.or,but23.----Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?----I'dliketo,____I'mtoobusy.A.andB.soC.asD.but24.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise25.Shesetoutsoonafterdark____homeanhourlater.A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived26."Can'tyouread?"Marysaid____tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointed27.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.A.whomB.whereC.whichD.while28.____itwithmeandI'llseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave29.----Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,____?----ButIfedityesterday.A.doyouB.willyouC.didn'tyouD.don'tyou30.____himandthentrytocopywhathedoes.A.MindB.GlanceatC.StareatD.Watch四、按要求完成下列句子:1.Hedarestotellthetruth.(改为否定句)2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethantenyears.(对画线部分提问)3.Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,____________?(完成反意疑问)4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.(改为祈使句)5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(改为一般疑问句)6.Itisaninterestingstory.(改为感叹句)7.Thismagazinecomesout(出版)everyotherweek.(对画线部分提问)8.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?(完成反意疑问)9.Themoonisshiningbrightly.(改为感叹句)10.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.(对画线部分提问)otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n第十七讲状语从句修饰主句中的谓语动词，形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句。Hedidn'tgotoschoolyesterdaybecausehewasill.（修饰动词go）昨天他没去上学，因为他病了。Wemuststudysowellasourteacherhoped.（修饰副词well）我们应该学得你我们老师希望的那么好。LucyisyoungerthanJim(is)。（修饰形容词younger）露茜比吉姆年轻。状语从句的语序应是主语+谓语+其他成分，即陈述句的语序。状语从句的位置，可以放在主句前面或后面，但是若放在主句前面，要用逗号与主句分开；主句若是疑问句，那么时间状语从句只能放在主句的前面。1）时间状语从句时间状语从句由when,while,after,before,since,assoonas,till,until等连词引导。IwenttobedaftertheTVplaywasever.电视剧完了以后我上床睡觉。Couldyoulookafterherwhilewe'reaway?我们不在时你能照顾她吗？Shehastaughtinthisschoolsinceshecametothiscityin1989.自从一九八九年她来到这座城市以来一直在这所学校教书。WaituntilIcomeback.请你等到我回来。如主句是一般将来时，则表示将来的时间状语只用一般现在时。I'llwritetoyouassoonasIgettoBeijing.我一到北京就将写信给你。Itwillgetwarmerandwarmerwhenspringcomes.春天来临时，天气将变得越来越暖和。2）原因状语从句原因状语从句由because,as,since等连词引导。Hesoldthecarbecauseitwastoosmall.他卖掉那辆小汽车，因为它太小了。Sinceyouwon'thelpme,Imustdothejobmyself.你既然不帮我忙，我必须自己做这项工作。Asmymotherisawayatthismoment,Ihavetolookaftermyyoungersister.由于我的妈妈现在不在，我不得不照顾我的妹妹。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39注意：otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\na）because,as,since,for的用法辨析because,as,since,for都是表示各种理由的连词，但because多表示所叙述的理由是本句的重点，故because所引导的从句常放在句末。例如：Whywasheabsent?Becausehewasbadlyill.他为什么缺度？因为他病得很重。as,since用于表示理由是已知，而理由以外才是叙述的重点，两者皆多用于句首，但要注意since重形式，as多表示理由以外的才是重点。例如：Asitisraining,let'sstayashome.因为下雨，我们就留在家里吧。Sinceyouhavenolicense,youarenotallowedtodrive.因为你没有驾驶执照，所以你不可以开车。for不用于句首，而用于主句之后，补充说明理由；主句表推测时，用for说明原因。例如：I'llfollowhisadvice,forheisadoctor.我会听从他的劝告，因为他是医生。b）becauseof也是表示原因状语，但后面只能跟短语。例如：Istayedathomebecauseofthebadweather.因为天气不好我留在家里。3）比较状语从句比较状语从句由than或as来引导。例如：Ifeelbetternowthan(Iwas)before.我现在觉得比以前好了。Hewritesaswellasyou(do).他写得和你一样好。Thisproblemismoredifficultthanthatone(is).这道题比那道题难。4）条件状语从句条件状语从句由if,unless（=ifnot）算连词引导。条件从句中的动词多用一般现在时表示将来。Ishallgoifheasksme.如果他请我，我就去。Ishan'tgounlessheasksme.除非他请我，否则我是不去的。Ishallgo,whetherheasksmeornot.不管他请不请我，我都要去。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39Comewithmeifyouhavetime.如果你有时间请跟我来。IwanttowatchabasketballmatchifI'mwelltonight.如果今晚我好了的话，我要看一场篮球赛。由and连接的简单句，可以用条件状语从句来改写。Runfasterandyou'llcatchupwithhim.跑快点儿你就会赶上他。=Ifyourunfaster,you'llcatchupwithhim.如果你跑得快点，你就会赶上他。5）结果状语从句结果状语从句由so…that引导。Hehaslosthisbikesothathecan'tcometoschoolontime.（结果状语）他去了自行车，所以不能准时到校。Yourshirtweresodirtythatyoumustwashit.（结果状语）你的衬衣这么脏，你应该把它洗洗。注意：由so…that引导的状语从句若是表示否定意思，可以用too…to（太…而不能）来替换。Shewassoangrythatshecouldnotsayaword.=Shewastooangrytosayaword.她气得说不出话来。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n6）让步状语从句让步状语从句一般用though（虽然）、although（虽然）、eventhough（即使）引导。例如：Though/Althoughhetriedhard,hewasnotsuccessful.他虽然努力尝试，但没有成功。Hewentonworkingthoughitwasverylate.虽然很晚了，他还在继续工作。注意：汉语中的“虽然…但是…”在英语中用连词though就可以了，或单独使用but连接两个并列句也可以，但不能在一个句子中同时用这两个连词（主句前不用连词）。例如：“虽然我很喜欢照顾我姐姐的婴儿，但她不让我干”。这个句子我们可以用下面两种方法来表达。ThoughIlikelookingaftermysister'sbaby,shedoesn'tletmedoit.Ilikelookingaftermysister'sbaby,butshedoesn'tletmedoit.=though可以与yet连用，这里yet虽然意思与but相同，但yet不是连词，而是副词。例如：otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39Thoughitwascold,yethewentoutwithoutacoat.虽然很冷，但他没穿外衣就出去了。otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand397)目的状语从句英语中表示目的有to+v,inorderto+v,inorderthat+从句,sothat+从句Hemademoneytobuyahouse.Hemademoneyinordertobuyahouse.Hemademoneyinorderthathecouldbuyahouse.Hemademoneysothathecouldbuyahouse.、随堂监测I.用when,before,after,until,assoonas,if,as,because,though,than,since,so…that填空:1.Ihaven’theardfromhim_______helefthome.2.Hewas_______tired_______hecouldn’tgoonworking.3.Iwascooking______sheknockedatthedoor.4.Hedidn’tgotobed______hefinishedhishomework.5.Thesoldierssetofftothefront______theyreceivedtheofficer’sorder.6.Shewenttobed_______theTVplaywasover.7.Iwon’tbelieveit_______Ihearwithmyownears.8.Weshouldstrike_______theironishot.9.Takethemedicine_______yougotobed.10.Theycouldn’tsendtheirchildrentoschool_______lifewasveryhardinthosedays.11._______thismethoddoesn’twork,let’stryanother.12.We’releavingforShenzhen_______itisfinetoday.13.Iknewnothingaboutit_______hetoldme.14.Thesingerwas_______pleased_______hecouldn’tsayaword.15.Pleaseworkharder_______allofyoucanpassthefinalexam.16.Armyandpeopleareasinseparable(不可分的)_______fishandwater.17.Theharvestofthisyearismuchbetter______thatoflastyear.18._______thestoryisshortandtherearenonewwordsinit,itisdifficulttounderstand.II.用适当的连词完成改写后的句子,使其与第一个句子意思相同或相近:1.Wecan’tfinishtheworkintimewithoutyourhelp.Wecan’tfinishtheworkintime_______youdon’thelpme.2.Nowshopblowing,andtheglasswillbeclearagain._______younowstopblowing,theglasswillbeclearagain.3.Ifwedon’thurry,we’llbelateforthefilm.Let’shurry,______we’llbelateforthefilm.4.Thegirlistooyoungtogotoschool.Thegirlis______young______shecan’tgotoschool.5.Jennygotupevenearlierthenextmorninginordertogettoschoolontime.Jennygotupevenearlierthenextmorning_______shecouldgettoschoolontime.6.Jackhasn’tseenthenewfilm.Ihaven’tseenit,either.______Jack______Ihaveseenthenewfilm.7.WeiHuaisaLeaguemember.HanMeimeiisaLeaguemember,too.______WeiHua______HanMeimeiareLeaguemembers.8.ThelittleboyspeaksEnglishverywell.HespeaksRussianverywell,too.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39Thelittleboyspeaks______English______Russianverywell.9.XiaoMingwasbornin1988.WangLinwasbornin1988,too.XiaoMingisjustasold______WangLin.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n10.MissGaoisverykind.Allthestudentslikeher.MissGaois______kind______allthestudentslikeher.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39课下作业.单项选择:1.Weweregettingreadytogoout______itbegantorain.A.whereB.whenC.sinceD.if2.Welovespring______there’rebeautifulflowerseverywhere.A.butB.ifC.thoughD.because3.Theworkwas_______difficult_______ittookusquitealongtimetodoit.A.such,thatB.so,thatC.too,thatD.too,to4.I’lltellhimtogiveyouacall______hecomesback.A.becauseB.sinceC.assoonasD.but5.---WhydidLiLeiuseapencil?---_______hispenwasbroken.A.BecauseB.WhenC.UntilD.If6.IthinkChineseismorepopular______anyothersubject.A.thanB.forC.asD.then7.WhatdoIhavetodo______Iwanttobethinner?A.ifB.becauseC.sinceD.for8.Iwon’tturnoffthelight______you’vefinishedreading.A.whenB.afterC.assoonasD.until9.I’llstudyEnglishandotherobjects_______Ican.A.sohardasB.ashardasC.sohardlyasD.ashardlyas10.Thoughitrainedheavily,_______werestillplayingontheplayground.A.theyB.sotheyC.buttheyD.andthey11.Youshouldfinishyourexercises______yougotobed.A.afterB.beforeC.becauseD.if12.---ArewegoingtoWestHillFarmbybike?---No.Bybus,_______itisquitefarfromhere.A.ifB.whenC.thoughD.because13.Mr.Readhastaughtinthatsmalltown______heleftCanadain1988.A.whenB.afterC.forD.since14.I’m______busygettingreadyforChristmas_______Ihavenotimetowritetoyou.A.not,untilB.too,toC.so,thatD.neither,nor15.You’lldobetterinEnglish______youworkharder.A.orB.thanC.ifD.before16.Tomdidn’tgotoschoolyesterday______hewasill.A.butB.untilC.ifD.because17.LiHua______inthefactorysincesheleftschooltenyearsago.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39A.worksB.workedC.hasworkedD.hadworked18.---I’mgoingtoHangzhouforaholidaythisweekend.---________youarethere,canyoubuymesomegreentea?A.BecauseB.IfC.WhileD.After19.Whatshallwedo______itrainstomorrow?A.soB.ifC.butD.because20.Ifyou______himtomorrow,pleaseaskhimifhe_______toworkonthefarmwithus.A.see,goesB.willsee,goesC.willsee,willgoD.see,willgo21.Theroomis______dirty______wedon’twanttostayhere.A.so,thatB.such,thatC.either,orD.as,as22.Theywillhaveasportsmeetingifit______tomorrow.A.won’trainB.willrainC.doesn’trainD.rains23.Myparentswillgooutforanoutingwithmeifthey______freenextSunday.A.willbeB.areC.haveD.willhave24.We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.knowB.hadknownC.haveknownD.knew25.Couldyouringmeupassoonashe______?A.arrivedB.wouldarriveC.arrivesD.willarrive26.Kate______tobeduntilherfatherreturnedyesterdayevening.A.won’tgoB.doesn’tgoC.wentD.didn’tgo27.Ifthechild_______,pleasetelephonethepolice.A.foundB.isfoundC.wasfoundD.hasfound28.Ifyou______heretomorrow,I’llbedelighted.A.comesB.willcomeC.cameD.comeotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n第十八讲宾语从句一个句子做了另外一个局的宾语，这个句子叫做宾语从句，另外那个句子叫做主句。主句+宾语从句=含有宾语从句的复合句。宾语从句三要素：1.连接词A．that（在口语或非正式文体中场省略）引导宾语从句原为陈述句Ithink，Heisright.(合并两个句子)Ithink(that)heisright.Idon’tthinkthatheisright.主句谓语动词是think，believe等时，从句否定转移到主句中。B．if或whether引导的宾语从句原为一般疑问句Iwanttoknow,Areyouateacher?(合并两个句子)Iwanttoknowif/whetheryouareateacher.If常用语口语中，若为一般选择疑问句则用whether。C.特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句原为特殊疑问句Heasked,howmanystudentsarethereinyourschool?(合并两个句子)Heaskedhowmanysaudentstherewereinyourschool.2.时态（从句的时态英语主句时态保持一致）主现从任意主过从过去Iknow,Heisastudent.(合并两个句子)Iknowthatheisastudent.Iknew,Heisastudent.(合并两个句子)Iknewthathewasastudent.当从句叙述的是客观真理的时候，时态不发生改变。Theearthgoesaroundthesun.3.语序（从句必须为陈述句语序）Heasked,howmanystudentsarethereinyourschool?(合并两个句子)Heaskedhowmanysaudentstherewereinyourschool.直接引语变成间接引语直接引语：直接引用别人的原话，一般要加引号。间接引语：用自己的话应用别人的话，不用引号。间接引语的六个方面：1）连接词2）语序3）时态4)人称的变化5）状语的变化6）动词的变化1）连接词　　A.陈述句由直接引语变间接引语，通常由that引导，可以省略。　　　“Iwanttheblueone.”hetoldus.“我想要兰色的。”他说。　　　→Hetoldusthathewantedtheblueone.他说他想要兰色的。B.疑问句　　主句动词常用ask,wonder,wanttoknow,inquire(1)．一般疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，由whether或if引导。　　　　如：　　　“HasheeverworkedinShanghai?”Jimasked.　　　　→Jimaskedwhether/ifhehadeverworkedinShanghai.(2).特殊疑问句由直接引语变为间接引语时，仍由原来的疑问词引导。　　　　如：　　　“Whichroomdoyoulivein?”Heasked.　　　→HeaskedmewhichroomIlivedin.C.祈使句　　当祈使句变为间接引语时，间接祈使句的引述动词常用tell，ask等，而把直接祈使句变成带to的不定式短语。　　如：Jacksaid,“Pleasecometomyhousetomorrow,Mary.　”　　→JackaskedMarytogotohishousethenextday.　　　　“Don’ttouchanything.”Hesaid.　　→Hetoldusnottotouchanything.　　2)动词时态的变动　　当主句为现在时形式，则间接引语中的动词时态不变。Shesays,“Iamadoctor.”Shesayssheisadoctor.当主句为一般过去时态时，间接引语的时态如下：otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n一般现在时→一般过去时现在进行时→过去进行时一般将来时→过去将来时现在完成时→过去完成时过去时→过去完成时注意：表示不变的真理和事实，间接引语中的动词时态不变。Mr.Brownsaidtous,“Theearthgoesaroundthesun.”→Mr.browntoldusthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.3）语序间接引语语序为陈述句语序。4）直接引语变间接引语时，人称要做相应变化。Jimsaid，“Ihavemanyfriends．”Jimsaidthathehadmanyfriends．记忆规律：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。5）某些代词，限定词，表示时间或地点的副词和个别动词在间接引语中的变化规则如下：　　　直接引语　　　　　　　　　　　　　　间接引语　　　today　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　thatday　　　now　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　then,atthatmoment　　　yesterday　　　　　　　　　　　　　thedaybefore　　　thedaybeforeyesterday　　　　　twodaysbefore　　　tomorrow　　　　　　　　thenextday/thefollowingday　　　thedayaftertomorrow　　　twodaysafter,/intwodays　　　nextweek/monthetc　　　　　　　thenextweek/monthetc　　　lastweek/monthetc　　　　　　theweek/monthetc.before　　　here　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　there　　　this　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　that　　　these　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　those　　　come　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　go　　　bring　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　take练习　　1.“Inmostcountriesredstandsfordanger.”SaidMr.Jackson.2.“ShallIcarryyourbagforyou?”Maryasked.　　3.“Doyouknowhername?”MyfriendJackaskedme.　　4.“Whereisthenearesthospital?”Johnasked.　　5.“Don’tlookoutofthewindowwhenyouhaveclasses.”Ourteachertoldus.　　6.BettyaskedmeifIhadbeenathomethedaybefore.　　　　Bettyaskedme，“______athome___?”　　7.Shesaidthatshehadbeenbackforaweek.　　　　Shesaid，“_________foraweek.”　　8.Theteacheraskedhisstudentwhyshehadmadesomanymistakesinthetestthattime.　　　　Theteacheraskedhisstudent，“Why______somanymistakesinthetest__time?”　9.Theteacheraskeduswhetherwewereready.　　　Theteacheraskedus，“_________?”　10.Theteachertoldhernottobelateanymore.　　　Theteacher______her，“______lateanymore!”otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39课堂练习I.选择填空:1.Didyouhear______?A.whatdidIsayB.whatIsaidC.IsaidwhatD.whatIsay2.Canyoutellme________?A.whichclassyouareinB.whichclassareyouinC.youareinwhichclassD.areyouinwhichclass3.---Excuseme.Couldyoutellme_______?---Certainly.A.whencanIgettothestationB.IcangettowhichstationC.whichstationcanIgettoD.howIcangettothestationotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n4.Couldyoutellmewhere_______yesterday?A.didyougoB.yougoC.youhavegoneD.youwent5.Tomaskedme________.A.whoseshirtwasthisB.whoseshirtthiswasC.whoshirtwasthisD.whoshirtthiswas6.Excuseme,couldyoutellme_______?A.where’stheteachers’officeB.where’sthebusstationC.what’sshedoingD.wherethepostofficeis7.IwanttoseeMrs.Wang,butIdon’tknow_______.A.sheliveswhereB.shewherelivesC.whereshelivesD.wheredoesshelive8.---GoandaskMr.Whiteforhelp.---ButIdon’tknow_______.A.wheredoesheliveB.wherehelivesC.whereishelivingD.helivesthere9.---Canyoutellme______?---Yes,helivesinasmalltown.A.wherehelivesB.whoissingingC.whenhewillleaveD.whathesaid10.Haveyoudecided______forLondon?A.whenwillyouleaveB.whenyouwillleaveC.whenareyougoingD.whenyouaregoing11.Excuseme.Couldyoutellme______ourtickets?A.wheredoweshowB.whereshallweshowC.wheredidweshowD.whereweshallshow12.---Whatareyouinterestedinaboutcookingfood?---Weareallinterestedin______.A.howeggisfriedB.howiseggfriedC.howeggfriesD.howdoeseggfry13.Doyouknow_______?A.whatitisB.whatisitC.whoisheD.whosenameisit14.Doyouknow_______?otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39A.whosebookisthisB.whosebookthisisC.thisbookiswhoseD.who’sbookthisis15.Idon’tknow______now.A.whereismycatB.mycatiswhereC.wheremycatisD.wheremycat16.Doesheknow______?A.what’syournameB.whatnameisyourC.whatyourisnameD.whatyournameis17.Doyouknow______?A.whichfloorhelivesB.whichfloorhelivesonC.helivesonwhichfloorD.whichfloordoesheliveson18.Canyoutellmewhere_______?A.isthehospitalB.thehospitalisC.ishospitalD.hospitalis19.Hehasn’tdecided_______.A.ifhe’llgoonatriptoWuxiB.whenwillhegoonatriptoWuxiC.ifhegoesonatriptoWuxiD.whendoeshegoonatriptoWuxi20.Canyousee________?A.whathe’sreadingB.whatishereadingC.whatdoeshereadD.hereadswhatotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39课下作业1.---WhenaretheShutesleavingforNewYork?---Pardon?---Iasked_______.A.whenaretheShutesleavingforNewYorkB.whentheShutesareleavingforNewYorkC.whenweretheShutesleavingforNewYorkD.whentheShuteswereleavingforNewYork2.Couldyoutellme______?Ihavesomethinginterestingtotellhim.A.whereisLiHongB.whereLiHongisC.wherewasLiHongD.whereLiHonghasbeento3.---Couldyoutellme_______?A.howmanypeoplehavebeenoutofhospitalB.whenisThanksgivingC.whichanimaldoeshelikebestD.whattimewillthedolphinshowstart4.Iwanttoknow_______.A.whatishisnameB.what’shisnameC.thathisnameisD.whathisnameis5.Heaskedme________.A.ifshewillcomeB.howmanybooksIwanttohaveC.theywouldhelpusdoitD.whatwaswrongwithmeotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n6.Doyoustillremember______atthemeeting?A.thatJimsaidB.whatJimsaidC.didJimsaidthatD.whatdidJimsaid7.---Excuseme,______tothenearestbookshop,please?---Gostraightandtakethesecondturningontheleft.A.wherethewayisB.whichthewayisC.whereisthewayD.whichistheway8.Mike,goandseewho______footballontheplayground.A.isplayingB.playsC.playedD.wereplaying9.Thewomanstilldoesn’tknowwhat______inherhometownwhileshewasaway.A.happensB.happenedC.willhappenD.washappened10.---CanIhelpyou?---Yes.I’dlikeatickettoMountEmei.Canyoutellme______taketogetthere?A.howsoonwillitB.howsoonitwillC.howlongitwillD.howlongwillit11.---Ihearwe’llhaveanewteacherthisterm.---Really?Doyouknow______?A.whatsubjectdoesheteachB.whatsubjectwillheteachC.whatsubjectheteachesD.whatsubjectishegoingtoteach12.Heaskedhisteacher_______.A.iftherewasamonsterinLochNessB.whenwasAlbertEinsteinbornotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39C.howwouldthescientistsfindouttheresultD.wherecouldhefindthelibrary13.Doyouknow______overthere?A.whathappensB.whatwashappenedC.whatishappeningD.whatdidhappen14.---Doyouknow______wewillarriveatyourhometown?---Thisafternoon.A.whenB.whyC.ifD.where15.Couldyoutellme______toMountPutuotomorrow?A.howyouwillgoB.howwillyougoC.howyouhavegoneD.howhaveyougone16.Couldyoutellme______?A.whichroomhelivesB.whichroomhelivedC.whichroomdidheliveinD.whichroomhelivesin17.---Doyouknow______heis?---Hesays“1.75metres”,butI’mnotsure.A.howmanyB.howoldC.howfarD.howtall18.Shesaidshe_______mefivelettersinonemonth.A.haswrittenB.willwriteC.hadwrittenD.wrote19.Canyoutellme______sheiswaitingfor?A.whyB.whoseC.whomD.which20.Idon’tknow______hestillliveshere.A.whereB.whatC.whenD.whether21.---Becareful!Don’tbreakthebottles.Doyouhear______Isaid,David?---Yes,mum.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.if22.I’dliketoknow______.A.whenwillhegivebackthetapeB.whetherhashereceivedhighereducationC.thathehasbeenbusyD.whethershewilljoininourEnglishevening23.Couldyoutellme_______?A.whenshallwestartB.whoareyouwaitingforC.wherethebusstationisD.whywereyoulate24.---Doyouknow_______?I’mgoingtoseehim.---Sorry,Idon’tknow.A.wheredoesMr.LiliveB.wheredidMr.LiliveC.whereMr.LilivesD.whereMr.Lilived25.Heaskedme______.A.whodidkickthefirstgoalintheWorldCupB.whenwastheAPECmeetingheldC.whenChinabecameamemberoftheWTOD.wherewillthe2008Olympicsbeheld26.Shewantedtoknow_____hermotherlikedthepresent.A.whichB.thatC.ifD.what27.Couldyoutellme_______?A.whoissheB.where’sthenearestfastrestaurantC.ifhewillcometomorrowD.whichwayistotheundergroundstation28.Doyouknowif______backnextweek?Ifhe______back,pleaseletmeknow.A.hecomes,willcomeB.willhecome,comesotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39C.hewillcome,comesD.willhecome,willcome29.---Canyoutellmewhy______?---BecauseIwanttohelpthepeoplethere.A.doyougotoTibetB.didyougotoTibetC.areyougoingtoTibetD.youaregoingtoTibet30.---Wheredoeshecomefrom?---Pardon?---Iaskedwhere______.A.didhecomefromB.hecamefromotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\nC.hecomesfromD.doeshecomefrom31.Youmustremember_______.A.whatyourteachersaidB.whatdidyourteachersayC.yourteachersaidwhatD.whathasyourteachersaid32.Lilylikes_____.A.whathertwinsisterlikeB.whathertwinsisterdoesC.whatishertwinsisterlikeD.whatdoeshertwinsisterdo33.---Excuseme.Couldyoutellme______gettotheplane?---Certainly.Gostraightalonghere.A.howcanweB.howwecanC.whencanweD.whenwecan34.Doyouknowwhattime_______?A.doesthetrainleaveB.leavesthetrainC.thetrainleaveD.thetrainleaves35.---Idon’tknow_____Mr.Greenwillcometoseeus?---HewillhelpuswithourEnglish.A.whyB.whenC.howD.where 第十九讲定语从句   在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。英语中的定语从句始终要放在被修饰的词之后。如：Themanwho/thatIsawattheschoolgateyesterdayismyEnglishteacher.先行词  关系词            定语从句昨天我在校门口看见的那个人是我的英语老师。英语从句中的句型结构比较复杂，有先行词、关系代词或关系副词。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词或关系副词。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中要充当一个成分。关系代词在句中可作主语、宾语或定语，关系副词在句中作状语。如：Iamwaitingfortheboywho/thatiswearingaredcoat.（主语）        先行词关系代词我正在等穿着红色外套的那个男孩。Thedictionarythat/whichmysistergavemelastSundayisveryexpensive.(宾语)先行词   关系代词我姐姐上周星期天给我的那本字典很贵。ThewomanishismotherwhosenameisLindaBrown.(定语)       先行词  关系代词那个是他的母亲，名叫琳达·布朗。Thatisthehousewheremyfatherusedtolive.(状语)先行词关系副词那是我父亲曾经居住过的房子。定语从句关系代词或关系副词的具体用法。1.who指人（也可用that），在定语从句中作主语，也可作宾语。如：YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwho/thatlosthisway.（主语）昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。MrWangistheman(who/that/whom)youmetinthezoothismorning.(宾语)王先生就是今天早上你在动物里遇到的那个人。注意：关系代词who指人,作宾语时，可用whom代替；作宾语时，关系代词可省略。作其它成分，关系代词则不能省略。2.whose指人，也可指物。在定语从句中作定语。Theboywhosemotherisillisstayingathometolookafterhertoday.其母亲生病的那个男孩今天呆在家里照顾她。Ihaveastorybookwhosecoverisred.我有一本封面是红色的故事书。3.which指物（也可用that），在定语从句中作主语，也可作宾语。如：Footballisagamewhich/thatislikedbymostboys.（主语）足球是被大多数男孩喜欢的运动。Idon’tbelievethenewswhich/thatTomwonthegame.(宾语)我不相信汤姆赢得这场比赛的消息。关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词与定语从句之间。如：ThatistheplaceinwhichIlivedforfiveyears.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n=Thatistheplacewhich/thatIlivedinforfiveyears.那就是我住过五年的地方。MrZhangisthemanforwhomIamlooking.=MrZhangisthemanwho/whom/thatIamlookingfor.张先生就是我正在找的那个人。具体使用关系代词或关系副词需要注意的问题。1.先行词是地点时，如果该先行词做了定语从句的主语或宾语时，关系代词用that或which.如：Theschoolthat/whichIusedtostudyinisbecomingbetterandbetter.(theschool作了介词in的宾语。)我过去曾经学习的那所学校变得越来越好了。先行词是地点时，如果该先行词不作定语从句的主语或宾语时，关系代词用where.如：Theplacewheretheaccidenthappenedisn’tfarfromourschool.事故发生的那个地方离我们学校不远。(定语从句中的动词happened是不及物动词，它不跟宾语，而theaccident又作了定语从句的主语，因此该定语从句既不需要主语，也不需要宾语。)2.只用that，不用which的情况。（1）前有序数词修饰时。如：ThisisthetenthgiftthatIreceivedformybirthday.这是我收到的第十个生日礼物。（2）前有形容词最高级修饰时。如：ThatisthemostexcitinggamethatIhaveeverwatched.那是我曾经看过最令人兴奋的比赛。（3）先行词是all,little,few,something,anything,everything等不定代词时。如：Allthathetoldmeistrue.他告诉我的一切是真实的。（4）先行词被theonly修饰时。如：TheonlythingthatIcangetisapen.我唯一能得到的东西就是一支钢笔。（5）先行词既指人，又指物时。如：Wetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsthatwewereinterestedin.我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。  3.只用which，不用that的情况。（1）定语从句是物时，定语从句由“介词+关系代词which”引导。如：Thethingaboutwhichtheteacheristalkingisveryimportant.老师正在谈论的那件事非常重要。（2）先行词本身是that,those时，如：What’sthatwhichisflyinginthesky?在天空中飞的那是什么？定语从句专项练习1．Thisistheplace_____Johnwasborn?   A．which B．where C.when D．that2. Heistheonlyperson____Iwanttotalkto.   A.that  B.which  C.who  D.whose3．Isthisproblem_____theteacherexplainedlastweek? A．theone B．that C．whichD．one4．Thehighbuilding_____standfourpolicemenisthepolicestation． A．which   B．that C．infrontofit  D.infrontofwhich5．MymotherwillgiveMaryamodelplane_____shewillliketoplay． A．which   B．that C．forwhich   D．withwhich6．Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_____Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvillage.  A．until B．that Cwhen D．where7．Therearetimes_____IwonderwhyIdothisjob． A．as B．while C．which D．when8．AfterlivinginLondonforthirtyyears，MrSmithreturnedtothesmalltown_____hegrewupasachild．     A．which B．where Cthat D．when9．Theyhadalongtalkaboutthepersonsandthings_____theybothknew． A．whom B．what C.that D．which10．Thatistheverybook______Iamlookingfor.  A．that B．which C．what D．otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\nas11．Whoisthescientist_____isgoingtogiveusatalkonspacethisSunday?   A．that B．who C.which D．whom12．Idon'tliketheway_____youspeaktoyourteacher．        A．／ B．inthat C.which D．ofwhich13．Couldyoutellmewhentogetthebook______Iwanttoread?   A．what B．who C．／ D．it14．Thedays_____wespentinTokyotogetherwillneverbeforgotten.   A.when B．which C．who D．onwhich15．Apenfriendofmine______IoftenreceivelettersaskedmeforsomeChinesecoins. A．who   B．whom  C．towho   D．from whom16.Don'tforgettheday_____youwereadmittedtoBeijingUniversity. A．when   B．that C．atwhich  D.where17．Perhapsthisistheonlyshop_____youcangetsuchcheapgoods. A.that   B．ofwhich   C．bywhich   D．where18．Icanstillremembertheplace_____ mybrotherandIusedtositintheevening.  A．which B．what C.that D．where19．_______isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.  A.Which   B.When     C.What   D.As20．All____isneededisasupplyofoil.  A.thething B.what C.that  D.which21．Hewasseriouslyillwhenhewasachild,____madehimlosehissight. A.as  B.that  C.which   D.it 22．Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson____hecouldturnforhelp. A.that   B.towhom  C.who    D.fromwhom23．Hetoldthesamestory______Itold. A.that   B.which   C.as   D.it24．Thebestworkisthat____Tomhasdone. A.it   B.which   C.when   D.where25.Thefirstthing____weshoulddoistowatertheflowersinfrontoftheroom.. A.which    B.as    C.what  D.that26.Anygirls___knewhimwereteachers. A.where  B.that  C.they   D.whom27.Thehousefellandhurtawomanandherdog___werejustpassingby. A.which  B.as   C.that   D.who28．Thatisthehotel____westayedlastyear. A.inthat  B.inwhich  C.why  D.atwhich29.Thisisthereason____wemadeMrLiheadmasterofourschool. A.where  B.when  C.before  D.why30.Thestudentwhodoeswellinhislessonisthemonitor___isverymodestandstudieshard. A.who  B.that   C.as   D.WhichotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n第二十讲被动语态 一、总述：英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（TheActiveVoice)和被动语态（ThePassiveVoice).主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动)汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。二、被动语态的形式1)常用时态的被动语态的构成：被动语态的基本形式为助动词be+及物动词的过去分词，即bedone。被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：一般现在时：am/is/are+given一般过去时：was/were+given一般将来时：shall/will+be+given过去进行时：was/were+being+given现在进行时：am/is/are+being+given过去完成时：had+been+given现在完成时：have/has+been+given将来完成时：shall/will+havebeen+given过去将来时：should/would+be+given现在完成进行时：have/hasbeenbeingdone含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋bedone ［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。2）被动语态的否定式:助动词后加not构成。Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。3）被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗？    How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少钱？ 三、被动语态使用范围谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要。   动作承受者需强调，用被动语态莫忘了。1.Somestampswerestolenlastweek.2.ThePRCwasfoundedonOctober1,1949.3.Footballisplayedinmostmiddleschools.四、主动语态与被动语态的转换1．主语+谓语+宾语otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n练习：将下列各句改为被动语态。1.Heplantstreesinspring.2.Tomwillcleantheroomtomorrow.3.Theymakeshoesinthatfactory.4.Theyboughttencomputerslastterm．5.AmycantakegoodcareofGina．6.Wearepaintingtherooms.7.Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.8.Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.9.Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.10.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.主动语态变被动语态口诀：宾语提前主语变，原主变宾by后见，时态人称be关键。注意：把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputer______beenbought.2.主语+谓语+间接宾语（sb.）+直接宾语（sth.）Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。练习1：将下列句子变为被动语态。1）Theforeignfriendsgaveussomewonderfulstamps.2）Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.练习2：在横线上填for或者to.1）Mothermademeanewskirt.(Anewskirtwasmade_____me.)2)Themeatwascooked______us.3)Mybikewaslent____her.4)Somecountrymusicwasplayed_____us.5)Thecupwithmixturewasshowed______theclass.注意：有些既不用to也不用for,根据动词与介词的搭配关系。Heaskedmeaquestion.(Aquestionwasaskedofme.)PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.(不用by短语)3.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.误：Loveappleswerecalledthem.正：Theywerecalledloveapples.4.主语+谓语+宾语+定语宾语有定语时，宾语及其定语（可能是单词，短语或句子）一起作为被动语态主语。如：Isawamanoverthere.Amanovertherewasseenbyme.5.主语+动词短语+宾语谓语是由动词短语来充当，变为被动语态时，动词短语中的介词或副词不能省略。Helistenstomusiceveryday.Musicislistenedbyhimeveryday.6.主语+谓语+宾语(宾语是从句)当宾语是从句时，用代词it作为被动语态的形式主语，把从句放在后面做真正主语。如：Hethoughtthathisfatherwasverybusy.Itwasthoughtthathisfatherwasverybusybyhim.第六、有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写字很流畅。对比：Thebookssellwell.(主动句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句)Themeatdidn’tcookwell.(主动句)Themeatwascookedforalongtimeoverlowheat.(被动句)六、特殊句式在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：据说……Itissaidthat…据报导……Itisreportedthat…据推测……Itissupposedthat…希望……Itishopedthat…众所周知……Itiswellknownthat…普遍认为……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…有人建议……Itissuggestedthat…1)Itisreportedthatitisgoingtoraintomorrow.2)ItiswellknownthatThomasEdisoninventedtheelectriclamp.练习：1.变被动语态：otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n1.Peopleuseknivesforcuttingthings.Knives____________forcuttingthings.2.Thestudentscleanthewindowsoftheirclassroomtwiceamonth.Thewindowsoftheirclassroom_____________twiceamonth.3.Ifoundtheticketonthefloor.________________________onthefloor.4.Itoldhertoreturnthebookintime.She_____________toreturnthebookintime.5.Hisdoctormadehimhaveonlytwomealsaday.He___________________________onlytwomealsaday.6.Nowpeoplecanusecomputerstohelpthem.Nowcomputers___________________tohelpthem.7.Didyouplantmanytreesatthistimelastyear?___________________________atthistimelasttime?8.Mustwefinishourworktoday?_______ourwork_____________today?10.TheteacheraskedTomtoturnonthecomputer.Tom_______________toturnonthecomputer.11.Inthisfactorywomendomostofthework.Mostofthework_______________bywomeninthisfactory.12.Hecanmendthebikeintwodays.Thebike___________________intwodays.13.Youmusttakethismedicinethreetimesaday.Thismedicine______________________threetimesaday.14.ThestudentsstudyGermaninthisschool.German_______________bythestudentsinthisschool.15.Dotheyoftentalkaboutthisquestion?______thisquestionoften_______about______________?2.在横线上填写括号内所给动词的适当形式：1)Teenagersshould__________(allow)togooutatnight.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n2)Thetelephone___________(invent)byBell.3)English____________(speak)inChina.4)Thecar___________(make)inChina.5)Theroommust____________(clean)everyday.3.选择正确答案1.WhenIgottohisoffice,I__________thathe_________out.A.told,hadbeenB.wastold,wasC.hadtold,wasD.wastold,hadbeen2.Thevegetablesdidn’ttasteverygood.They______fortoolong.A.cookedB.werecookedC.hadcookedD.hadbeencooked3.Theanti-Japanesewar______in1937andit______eightyears.A.wasbroken,lastedB.brokeout,lastedC.breakout,lastedD.brokeout,waslasted4.Shewasheard________anEnglishsong.A.tosingB.singC.sangD.tobesang5.Theseboxesareveryheavy___.A.becarriedB.carryC.carriedD.becarrying6.Thepolicefoundthatthehouse________andalotofthings________.A.hadbeenbrokeninto,hasbeenstolenB.hasbrokeninto,hasbeenstolenC.hadbeenbrokeninto,stolenD.hasbrokeninto,hasstolen7.Coalcan________toproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.A.haveusedB.usedC.beusedD.use8.Johnhasneverdreamtof_________.A.takentoAthensB.takingtoAthensC.betakingtoAthensD.beingtakentoAthens9.Nobodylikes__________.A.laughedatB.laughingatC.beinglaughedatD.beinglaughed10.Thebridge___________willbecompletednextyear.A.builtB.beingbuiltC.isbeingbuiltD.building11.Itissaidthattigers________inAsiayearafteryear.A.arebeingdisappearedB.aredisappearingC.willbedisappearedD.willdisappear12.I’mgoingtoWuhantomorrow.Doyouhaveanything____toyourmother?A.totakeB.takenC.tobetakenD.taking13.Takeiteasy.Thereisnothing______.A.toworryB.tobeworriedC.tobeworriedaboutD.toworryabout14.Yournewcomputerwillsoonbecomeoutdated,becausetechnology_______sofast.A.isdevelopedB.isbeingdevelopedC.hasbeendevelopedD.willdeveloped15.Iwon’tgotothepartyunlessotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\n_________.A.invitedB.beinginvitedC.beinvitedD.inviting16.Theproblem________lastweekisveryimportant.A.wasdiscussedB.discussedC.beingdiscussedD.bediscussed17.Weshouldkeeptheanimalsfrom________.A.beendangeredB.endangeringC.beingendangeredD.endangered18.Therearenorivers_______outoftheDeadSea.A.flowedB.flowingC.beingflowedD.beflown19.Thisplacehasbeendestroyed.Sothereisnobamboo______forpandastofeedon.A.leftB.leavingC.leaveD.beleft20.Allthepreparationsforthetask________,andwearereadytostart.A.completedB.completeC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompleted课下练习题1)Itissaidthatanewrobot____byhiminafewdays.A)designedB)hasbeendesignedC)willbedesignedD)willhavebeendesigned2)Wearelate.Iexpectthefilm____bythetimewegettothecinema.A)willalreadyhavestartedB)wouldalreadyhavestartedC)shallhavealreadystartedD)hasalreadybeenstarted3)Shewillstopshowingoffifnonotice____ofher.A)istakenB)takesC)willbetakenD)hastaken4)Diamond____inBrazilin1971.A)isfoundB)hasbeenfoundC)wasfoundD)hadbeenfound5)“Haveyoumovedintothenewflat?”“Notyet.Theroom____.”A)hasbeenpaintedB)ispaintedC)paintsD)isbeingpainted6)Mypictures____untilnextFriday.A)won'tdevelopB)aren'tdevelopedC)don'tdevelopD)won'tbedeveloped7)Tim____sincehelosthisjobthreeweeksago.A)hadbeenunemployedB)wasunemployedC)hasbeenunemployedD)hasunemployed8)Agreatnumberofcollegesanduniversities____since1949.A)hasbeenestablishB)havebeenestablishedC)haveestablishedD)hadbeenestablished9)I'llhavetopushthecartothesideoftheroadbecausewe____ifweleaveithere.A)wouldbefinedB)willbefinedC)willbeingfinedD)willhavebeenfined10)“____twoticketsforthenewplayattheGrandTheatreonSaturday.Shallwegoandseeittogether?”A)TheyhavebeengivenB)IhavebeengivenC)IamgivenD)Theyhavegiventome11)Thesubjectoftheselectures____bythelecturecommittee.A)isannouncedB)havebeenannouncedC)areannouncedD)hasbeenannounced12)Ifoundanaspirinbottle____droppedonthefloorofDavid'sotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\nroom.A)wasB)hadC)hadbeenD)is13)Thegoods____whenwearrivedattheairport.A)werejustunloadingB)werejustbeenunloadingC)hadjustunloadedD)werejustbeingunloaded14)Ifone____bypride,hewillrejectusefuladviceandfriendlyassistance.A)overcomesB)isovercomeC)hasbeenovercomeD)overcome15)Mostenvironmentproblemsexistbecauseadequatemeasuresforpreventingthem____takeninthepast.A)wasnotB)werenotC)werenotbeingD)hadnotbeen16)Yououghttohaveputthemilkintherefrigerator,now____sour.A)IsmellB)itissmeltC)itsmellsD)itissmelling17)Aftertherace____,thecelebrationbegan.A)hadbeenwonB)iswonC)willbewonD)hasbeenwon18)Hewashereforalittlewhile,butIdon'tknowwhereshe____now.A)isB)wasC)hadbeenD)hasbeen18)Theyoungteacherhas____competent.A)beenprovedtobeB)provedtobeC)beenprovedD)provedbeing19)Pluto,theoutermostplanetofthesolarsystem,____photographicallyinMarch1930.A)discoveredB)wasdiscoveredC)bydiscoveryD)whendiscovered20)Togetabetterviewofthestage,____.A)ourseatshadtobechangedB)ourseatswerechangedC)wehadtochangeourseatsD)ourseatswerechangedbyus22)Aftersynthetic____,engineershadabetterchoiceofmaterial.A)createdB)hascreatedC)hasbeencreatedD)hadbeencreated23)Ithinkmuchattention____yourpronunciation.A)mustbepaidtoB)oughttobepaidtoC)mustpaytoD)shouldbepaidto24)Since1970,millionsofenthusiasts____VitaminC,whichtheybelievecanremedythecommoncold.A)havetakenB)havebeentakenC)havebeentakingD)havebeentaking25)Idon'tremember____thechancetotrythismethod.A)havingbeengivenB)tohavebeengivenC)havinggivenD)tohavegiven26)Wecouldasksomeonetodotheworkprivatelywithoutit____.A)knowB)beknownC)beingknownD)tobeknown27)Theconstructionofthelaboratory____bytheendofnextmonth.A)mustbecompletedB)musthavebeencompletedC)willbecompletingD)willhavebeencompleting28)TheywouldtellhowtheAfrican____onashiptoanAmericanport.A)wasbroughtB)couldhavebeenbroughtC)hadbeenbroughtD)wastobebrought29)Hedoesnotpossessabicycle,thisoneheuses____toPeter.A)isbelongedtoB)belongedC)belongsD)isbelonging30)Negotiation____againwithMoscowtomorrow,agreateventwillbediscussedotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\nthen.A)istobeopenedB)isonthepointofopeningC)isgoingtoopenD)opens31)Thereasonforallthechangesbeingmade____tousyet.A)hasnotexplainedB)hasnotbeenexplainedC)didnotexplainedD)werenotexplained32)Experimentsinthephotographyofmovingobjects____inboththeUnitedStatesandEuropewellbefore1900.A)wereconductingB)wereconductedC)hadbeenconductedD)hadconducted33)Whenheturnedthecorner,hefoundhimself____byamaninblack.A)tailedB)beentailedC)wastailedD)hadbeentailed34)Acandidateforthedemocraticpresidentialnomination____atthismoment.A)isinterviewingB)beinginterviewedC)isbeinginterviewedD)interviewing35)Asweapproachedtheworksite,theworkerswereseen____thenewhouse.A)buildingB)buildC)builtD)tobuild36)Asweknow,alltheregulationsinschool____.A)mustkeeptoB)mustbekeptC)mustkeepD)mustbekeptup37)Thecomposition____anymore.A)neednottobecorrectedB)doesn'tneedtobecorrectedC)doesn'tneedbecorrectedD)neednotcorrect38)Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper____inbroaddaylightyesterdayA)toberobbedB)tohavekeenrobbedC)robbedD)havingbeenrobbed39)Hurryup,orthetickets___outbythetimewegetthere.A)willhavesoldB)willsellC)havesoldD)willhavebeensold40)Hecleanedtheglassescarefullyforfearthatit____.A)wasdamagedB)shouldbedamagedC)damagedD)wouldbedamaged用动词的正确时态填空Ourdesksandchairs________________(make)ofwood.Thepaperofbooksandnewspapers______also___________(make)fromwood.Evensomekindsofcloth__________________(make)fromit.Manypeople____________(burn)woodtokeepthemselveswarminwinter.Indeed,wood_______(be)importantinoureverydaylife.Where________wood__________(come)from?It________________(take)fromtreeswhich_____________(grow)inthemountains._________you____________(know)howit____________(get)tousfromthemountains?Firstofall,trees___________(cut)downwhenthey______________(grow)bigenough.Thentheirbranches_______________(cut)off,andlogs_______________(make).Theseheavylogs________________(put)togetherindifferentwaysand_________________(take)downtothefootofthemountains.Someofthem_________________(float使漂流)downthesmallriversandothers_________________(carry)downontrains.Bigtrees________________(cut)downinthemountainseveryyear.Thenyoungones______________________(must,plant)sothatwe______always________________(can,have)enoughwood.Wehavetotakegoodcareofmountainssothatthey__________always_________________(may,cover)withgrowingtrees.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39\notherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand39