初中英语语法词类 13页

语法（词法）英语中常见的几类词有：名词，代词，冠词，数词，形容词、副词，介词【名词】名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：人的名字，地方名称，职业称呼，物品名称，行为名称，抽象概念1．名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加apieceof这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。2．名词的复数（1）规则变化A．一般情况下加-s。B．以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的加-es。如：bus---buses，box---boxes，watch---watches，brush---brushesC．以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。如：city---cities，country---countriesD．以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es。（2）不规则变化A．元音发生变化。如：man---men，woman---women，foot---feet，tooth---teeth，mouse---miceB．词尾发生变化。如：child---childrenC．单、复数同形。如：fish---fish，Japanese---Japanese，Chinese---Chinese，sheep---sheep3．物质名词（不可数名词）量的表示方法（1）用much，alittle，alotof等表示（2）用容器表示abowlofrice，aglassofwater，acupoftea，apieceofpaper，twoglassesofmilk，twopiecesofpaper4．名词的所有格(1)名词所有格的构成法A．单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。theworker'sbike，theChildren’sballB．表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后’s。如：ThisisLucyandLicy’sroom．TheseareKate'sandjack’srooms．C.如果是通过在词尾加s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。如:thestudents’books，thegirls’blouses(2)名词+of+名词:名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:thelegsofthedesk，thedooroftheroom但在表示名词所有格时，’otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\ns结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格.如:tenminutes'walk，today'snewspaper(3)双重所有格    所谓“双重所有格（double genitive）”，是指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格，即“of＋名词所有格”。双重所有格有以下几个特征：    1） “of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。因此，我们可以说：a play ofShakespeare’s（莎士比亚的一个戏剧）， a friend of my wife’s（我妻子的一个朋友），但却不能说a funnel of the ship’s或 a leg of a table’s，而且该名词必须是特指的，不能是泛指的。比如我们可以说，a friend of the doctor’s（这位医生的一个朋友），a novel of the writer’s（那位作者的一部小说），而不能说a friend of a doctor’s或 a novel of a writer’s。选择正确答案1.Thereareforty______inourschool.A.womenteachersB.teacherwomenC.womanteachersD.womenteacher2.Mr.Liisoneof______inthehospital.A.mostpopulardoctorsB.themostpopulardoctorsC.mostpopulardoctorD.themostpopulardoctor3.Thesign"NOPHOTOS"meansthatyoucan't______.A.takepicturesB.bringinpicturesC.buyanyphotosD.sellanyphotos4.Someoftheboysin______areafraidofmathsexams.A.ClassThreeB.theClassThreeC.ThreeClassD.theThreeClass5.Haveyougotany______forusthistime?A.piecesofmessageB.pieceofmessagesC.piecesofmessagesD.messages6.______,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.InafewyearstimeB.AfterafewyearstimeC.Inafewyears’timeD.Afterafewyearstime7.HongKongisanSARwhileMacaoisanother.Sothereare______inChina.A.bothSARB.bothSARSC.twoSARD.twoSARs8.Look!Thereare______starsupthereinthe______.A.thousandsof;skyB.thousandsof;airC.thousandof;skyD.thousandof;air9.Myfatherlivedin______forsometenyears.A.cityBeijingB.theBeijingcityC.BeijingofcityD.thecityofBeijing10.Justfromthe______Iknowit'sLiuMinjun.A.noiseB.voiceC.soundD.sing11.—Wherearetheothertwostudents?—They'rein______.A.teacher'sofficeB.teachers'officeC.theteacherofficeD.theteachers'office12.—Howmany______haveyounextterm?—Letmesee.We'llhaveeight.A.lessonB.subjectsC.daysD.class13.Myuncle'sfullnameisDavidEdwardHartpode.Hisfamilynameis______.A.EdwardB.HartpodeC.DavidD.DavidHartpodeotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\n14.Hewritesmorecarefullythan______inhisclass.A.anystudentB.anyotherstudentC.anyotherstudentsD.allstudents15.Thisnewkind______candohalfthework.A.oftractorB.tractorC.ofatractorD.atractor16.Johnisveryhappytohavea______training.A.twoweeksB.two-monthC.two-weeksD.two-months17.Mybrotherisalwayscareless.Healwaysmakes____A.mistakesB.mistakeC.mistookD.somemistake18.Mr.Greenisnearly______.A.twometreshighB.twometrestallC.hightwometresD.talltwometres19.Mr.Smithisan______.A.EnglishB.EnglishmanC.EnglishmanD.Englishmen20.Agroupof______aretalkingwithtwo______.A.Frenchmen;GermansB.Frenchmen;GermenC.German;FrenchmenDGermans;Frenchmans【代词】代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/either1．人称代词人称代词it的特殊用法：一般it指“它”，但在表示天气、时间、距离等时，用it来代替，此时的it并不译为“它”。当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时，其先后顺序为you，he，I。而复数一般采用we，you，they顺序。2．物主代词物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。3．反身代词otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\n1)反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词：性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves．2)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有：enjoyoneself，helponeselfto，learnbyoneself，teachoneself，(all)byoneself，leave...byoneself，loseoneselfin等，在运用反身代词时，应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较：“Helpyourselvestosomefish，TomandMike．”与Ican’tleavethegirlbyherself．4.指示代词指示代词的特殊用法：(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。(2)this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。5.不定代词主要不定代词的用法：(1)one的用法A.one作为代词可以指人，也可以指物。B.one，ones(one的复数形式)可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词，以避免重复。C.one的前面可用this，that，the，which等词来修饰。D.常有a+形容词+one这一形式。it和one的用法区别：it用来指特定的东西，而one则用于替代不特定的东西。(2)some和any的用法区别A.some一般用于肯定句，any一般用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。B.some，any与—thing，—body，—one构成的合成词的用法与some，any一样。C.在疑问句中，一般不用some，只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求，或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。(3)other，another的用法A.anothe"另一个”，泛指众多者中的另一个。一般后面接单数名词，前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”，如：Iwanttohaveanothertwocakes．我想再吃两个蛋糕。B．theother表示两个中的另一个，常与one连用。常见形式是“one．．．theother．．．”。C.other+复数名词＝othersD.theother+复数名词＝theothers(4)a11、both的用法both表示“两者都……”，而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都……”。a11、both在句中放在be动词，情态动词及助动词之后，放在实义动词之前。(5)each和every的用法A.从含义和语法功能上看，each是“单个”的意思，侧重个体，在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意，侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语，也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。(6)either，neither，both的用法either：指两者中的任意一个。作主语时谓语用单数。neither：指两者都不，全否定。作主语时谓语用单数。both：指两者都。作主语时谓语用复数。(7)many和muchmany只能和复数可数名词连用。much只能和不可数名词连用。注意：otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\nalotof／lotsof/plentyof＝much／manyalarge／greatnumberof＝manyagreat／gooddealof＝much(8)few，afew，little，alittlefew，little表示否定含义，“很少”“几乎没有”；afew，alittle表示肯定含义，有一些”。few，afew用在可数名词前，little，alittle用在不可数名词前。单项选择1.______thetwinsenjoyed______atthepartyyesterday.A.Both;themB.Both;themselvesC.Neither;themD.All;themselves2.—Whichdoyouprefer,abottleoforangeoracupoftea?—______,thanks.I'dlikejustacupofwater.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None3.—Wouldyoulike______milkinyourtea?—Yes,just______.A.any;littleB.some;alittleC.much;afewD.alittle;some4.Thereis______todothisevening.A.muchnothingB.manynothingC.nothingmuchD.nothingmany5.Thetwofriendsweresopleasedtoseeeachotherthattheyforget______.A.anythingelseB.somethingelseC.nothingelseD.everythingelse6.—Isthisyourshoe?—Yes,itis.Butwhereis______?A.theothersB.AnotherC.otheroneD.theotherone8.TheyhaveanEnglishlesson______day,Monday,WednesdayandFriday.A.eachotherB.everyotherC.someothersD.anothermore9.Wefound______veryimportanttolearnaforeignlanguagewell.A.thisB.thatC.itD.it's10.—______isLilylike?—Oh,she'stallandthin.A.HowB.WhoC.WhichD.What11.—Wouldyoulikemilkororange?—_______Ipreferwater.A.EachB.NeitherC.EitherD.Both12.—Oh,thereissomeoneintheroom.—______mustbemymother.A.ThereB.SheC.ThisD.It13.BettyandJohnhavecomeback,but_______studentsintheclassaren'thereyet.A.theotherB.othersC.anotherD.theothers14.______ofushasreadthestory.A.SomeB.BothC.AllD.None15.—Whichofherparentsisadoctor?—________.A.AnyB.EitherC.BothD.All16.Ihaveboughtanewwatchbecausemyold______doesn'twork.A.itB.OneC.thatD.this17.—Isthisdictionary_______or_______?—It'smine.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\nA.your;hersB.your;herC.your;herD.yours;hers18.Thereis______waterinmyglass.Willyoupleasegiveme______.A.little;someB.few;anyC.few;someD.little;any19.—______pencil-boxisthis,Patrick?—It’s______A.Whose;mineB.Who’s;mineC.Whose;myD.Who’s;my20.—Thepenis_______.Shewrote_______namewithit_______.A.hers;her;herselfB.her;hers;herC.her;hers;herselfD.her;herself;hers【冠词】1.不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.2．定冠词的基本用法A.用在上文提到的人或事物前面。B.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。C用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。3．定冠词的特殊用法A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。B.用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。C用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。F．用在乐器名称前。G.和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。4．名词前不用冠词的情况，又称为零冠词。A.在专有名词(包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节)、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。B.表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。C.名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。D.三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。(sit)attable就餐;sitatthetable坐在桌边gotoschool去上学；gototheschool去那所学校；inhospital住院；inthehospital在那个医院里用适当的冠词填空，不需要冠词的空白处填“×”1.Tomorrowis______Teachers'Dayandwe'llmake______cardforourEnglishteacher.2.Thebusisrunningaboutseventymiles_____hour.3.Maryisinterestedin______science.4.Somepeopledon'tliketotalkat______table.5.LastnightIwentto______bedverylate.6.Don'tworry.Westillhave______littletimeleft.7.What______beautifulday!Andwhat______fineweather!8.In______winteritiscoldin______Beijingandwarmin________Shanghai.9.Johnis______cleverestboyinhisclass.10.Wecan'tlivewithout______wateror______air.11.TomorrowMr.SmithwillleaveParis,______capitalof______France,forWashingtonby______air.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\n12.Wewerehaving______lunchwhentheycamein.13.Thisis______bookyougavemelastweek.14.Whatdidyoudo______lastSaturday?15.March8is______Women'sDay.16.If______weatherisfinetomorrow,wewillgotothepark.17.Ipreferplaying______pianotoplaying______basketball.18.At______ageoffive,hereadalotofbooks.19.TomandLucyareof______sameage.20.______harderwestudy,______morewelearn.【数词】1．数字的表示三位数数词要在百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间加and。1，000以上的数字，从后向前第三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand，第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion。2．序数词除了first，second，third外，其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。3．分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1时，分母序数词要变成复数。4．Hundredsof,thousandsof，millionsof……用法。5．年、月、日和时间的表达法1）．年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。例如：1999nineteenninety-nine2000twothousand2001twothousandandone2）．月份的第一个字母要大写，有些月份名称有缩写形式。例如：一月January(Jan.),二月February(Feb.),三月March(Mar.),四月（Apr.）,五月May,六月June,七月July,八月August(Aug.)，九月September(Sep.),十月October(Oct.),十一月November(Nov.),十二月December(Dec.)。3）．日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。例如：在6月1日：onJune1st读作：onJunethefirst.年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先写月、日、后写年。例如：在2001年5月4日：onMay4th,2001。4）．年代用基数词的复数表示。例如：20世纪90年代：nineteennineties21世纪20年代：twentytwenties5．时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。例如：顺读法倒读法5：00five(o’clock)6：18sixeighteeneighteenpastsix12：15twelvefifteenfifteen(aquarter)pasttwelveotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\n4：30fourthirtyhalfpastfour5：50fivefiftytentosix6：45sixforty-fiveaquartertoseven注意：1）表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接o’clock(也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时，绝不能用o’clock。2）表达“15分”或“45分”时，常用quarter（刻）。3）在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式；如果钟点过半，则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）”的形式。选择填空l.Septemberisthe________monthoftheyear.A.eighthB.ninthC.tenthD.eleventh2.ThePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded________A.onOctoberthefirst,1949B.inOctoberthefirst,1949C.onOctoberone,1949D.onOctoberfirstone,19493.Thereare________daysinayear.A.threehundredsandsixty-fiveB.threehundredsandfifty-sixC.threehundredsofsixty-fiveD.threehundredandsixty-five4.Thereare________daysinFebruary.A.thirtyB.thirty-oneC.twenty-eightD.twenty-six5.Thefilmbeginsat4:15.Therightanswerof“4:15”is_______A.fourfifthB.fifteenfourC.fourfifteenD.aquartertofour6.________isseventyseven.A.fortyandfourB.thirty-sevenandfortyC.fortyorthirty-sevenD.seventyofseven7.Whatrowareyouin?Iamin________.A.RowOneB.RowFirstC.RowoneD.OneRow8.Howmanymonthsarethereinayear?Thereare_______A.elevenB.twelveC.twentyD.twelfth9.Attheageof________,hewasaworker.A.twentyB.thetwentyC.twentiethD.one10.TheChangjiangRiveris________longestriverinChina.A.thefirstB.thesecondC.thethirdD.thefourthotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\n【形容词，副词】形容词1.形容词的位置(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如：somethingimportant，nothingserious。(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如：Wehavedugaholetwometersdeep．Theholeisabouttwometresdeep．2．形容词的比较等级(1)单音节词和少数双音节词，在词尾加—(e)r，—(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。如：popular———morepopular———mostpopularimportant—moreimportant—mostimportant(2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestbadworseworstoldolderoldest\eldereldestmanymoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthest\furtherfurthest3.形容词比较级的用法形容词比较级通常可分为原级、比较级、最高级三种基本形式，具体而言，它们分别以下列形式出现在句中：(1)as+原级+as(2)比较级+than(3)the+最高级+of(in)．．．需注意的原级的用法：(1)否定结构有A．．。notas+形容词原级+asB及A．．．notso+形容词原级+asB两种结构。(2)表示倍数有．．．timesas+形容词原级+as的句型。如：Thisgardenistentimesaslargeasthatone．Thisroomistwiceaslargeasthatone．(3)halfas+形容词原级+as表示“……的一半”。如：Thisbookishalfasthickasthatone．需注意的比较级的用法：(1)than后面接代词时，一般要用主格，但在口语中工也可换成me。(2)比较级前还可以用much，even，still，alittle来修饰。(3)表示倍数时，试比较Ourroomistwiceaslargeastheirs．我们的房间是他们的两倍那样大。Ourroomistwicelargerthantheirs．我们的房间比他们的大两倍。(4)I’mtwoyearsolderthanyou．我比你大两岁。(5)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。如:Hebecomesfatterandfatter．(6)"The+比较级…，the+比较级”表示“越……，越……”。如：Thebusierheis，thehappierhefeels．他越忙就越高兴。需注意的最高级的用法：(1)常见结构有：“of+复数意义的词”表示“在……之中的”，“在……中”；“in+范围、场所”表示“在……之中”。如：otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\nChinaisthegreatestintheworld．副词1．副词比较级的构成(1)单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。(2)绝大多数副词借助more，most来构成比较级和最高级。(3)少数副词的不规则变化：原级比较级最高级wellbetterbestbadlyworseworstmuchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthest\farthestfurthestlatelaterlatest(4)副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。(5)常用句型有likeAbetterthanB和likeA（the）bestof（in）…其余变化和形容词类似。2．常见副词用法(1)too,eitherToo一般用于肯定句，常放在句末，否定句时用either。(2)ago，beforeago以现在为起点，和动词的过去时连用。before以过去某个时间为起点，常和过去完成时连用。当before前没有“一段时间”而单独使用时，泛指“以前”，常和完成时连用。如：Ihaveheardthemanbefore。我以前听说过那个人。根据A句完成B句，使两句句意一致。1.A:Theirfootballteamismuchstrongerthantheothertwo.B:Theirfootballteamis____________ofthe_____.2.A:Iprefersciencetoanyothersubject.B:Ilikescience__________anyothersubject.3.A:Janewentshoppingyesterday,andIwentshopping,too.B:Janewentshoppingyesterdayand___________I.4.A:Thisroomisnotbig.Itcan'tholdalotofpeople.B:Thisroomisnotbig___________holdsomanypeople.5.A:Thatmachinedoesn'twork.B:Thereis____________withthatmachine.6.A:Thesnowwasveryheavylastnight.B:It___________lastnight.7.A:Hisunclenolongerworkshere.B:Hisuncle_____workhere______longer.8.A:Thisisthemostimportantthingatthismoment.B:Thisthingis_____importantthananything______atthismoment.9.A:Hewassoangrythathecouldn'tsayaword.B:Hewas______angry_______sayaword.10.A:ZhangTaospeaksEnglishbetterthananyotherstudentinhisclass.B:______speaksEnglishso_____asZhangTao.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\n【介词】一些容易混淆的介词1．表示时间的at、on、in的用法区别at主要表示：(1)在某具体时刻之前，如atseveno’clock，at7：30。(2)在固定短语中，如：atnoon，atnight，atthattime，attheageofattheweekend，atChristmas。On用来表示“在……天”，如：OnMonday，OnMaylst，OnChildren’sDay。in用来表示：(1)在某年、某月、某季节。(2)在—段时间之后，如：intwohours，inafewdays。注意：在纯粹地表示在上午／下午／晚上时，用inthemorning／afternoon／evening，但在某一天的上午、下午、晚上前要用介词on。如：onMondaymorning，onthemorningofChildren’sDay。2.表示地点的at，in，on的用法区别(1)at通常指小地方，in一般指大地方。(2)at所指范围不太明确，in指“在……里”。(3)in指在内部，on指“在……之上”。3．表示“一段时间”的for与since的用法区别for后面接时间段，since之后接时间点。4．表示时间的before与by的用法区别before与by都可表示“在……之前”，但by含有“不迟于……”、“到……为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间，则与将来时连用，若by后是过去的时间，则与过去完成时连用。5．over与above(under与below)over，above都表示“在……的上面”，over表示“正上方”，而above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。above还可表示温度、水位等“高于”，over还可表示“越过……”。over的反义词是under，above的反义词是below．例如：ThereisabridgeovertheriverOurplaneflewabovetheclouds．6．表示“用”的with，by，in的用法with多指用工具，用身体的部位或器官；by表示使用的方法、手段；in指使用某种语言。如：Weseewithoureyes.Wegotherebybike.PleasesayitoutinEnglish.Hecutitopenwithaknife.介词的省略表示时间介词at,on,in的省略(1)在next,last,this,these,today,yesterday,tomorrow,one,every,each,all等词前,一般不用at,otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\nin,on.(2)在某些名词词组前,可以省略(也可不省)如:(on)thatday,(in)theyearbeforelast常见搭配1．动词+介词，如：listento,laughat,writeto,hearfrom,getto,shoutat,shoutto,knockat,lookfor,lookat,askfor,waitfor,geton,puton,turnon,operateon,takeoff,turnoff,learnfrom,worryabout...2．形容词+介词，如：afraidof,fullof,angrywith,strictwith,busywith,goodat,good/badfor,latefor,sorryfor,readyfor,famousfor,politeto,farfrom...3．名词+介词/介词+名词athome,insurprise,afterclass,forever,ontime,atlast,atfirst,forexample...用适当的介词填空1.You'dbetternotgo______theforest.It'sdangerous.2.Whichroomareyougoingtolive______?3.Thebuildingis______fire.There'resomepeople______thetopfloor.4.Before1990therewasnoairline______thetwocities.5.It'snotgoodtocomelate______school.6.What'swrong______yourbike?7.Thankyouverymuch______comingtoseeme.8.Icouldn'tfinishit______yourhelp.9.Don'tlaugh______others’mistakes.10.Dothetwinslook______theirfather?11.—Howdoyouusuallycometoschool,everyday?—Sometimes______bike,sometimes______foot.12.It'sverykind______youtohelpme______mymaths.13.Don'tread______thesun.It'sbad______youreyes.14.Theteachertoldusthemoontravels______theearth.15.Youmustlearnthesewords______heart,andanswermyquestion______English.16.Pleasemeetyouruncle______noon______Saturday.17.Thanks______yourhelp,Ifinishedtheworkbeforedark.18.It'scoldandthetemperatureis______zeroduringthenight.19.Theteacheriswriting______redink______apieceofpaper.20.Thechildrenarewaiting______thegate______theirmother.otherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13\n四．强化训练及答案名词答案：1.A2.B3.A4.A5.D6.C7.D8.A9.D10.B11.B12.B13.B14.B15.A16.B17.A18.B19.C20.A代词答案：1.B2.B3.B4.C5.D6.D7.B8.B9.C10.D11.B12.D13.A14.D15.C16.B17.D18.A19.A20.A冠词答案：1.×;a2.an3.×4.×5.×6.a7.a;×8.×;×;×9.the10.×;×11.the;×;×12.×13.the14.×15.×16.the17.the;×18.the19.the20.The;the数词答案：1-5BADCC6-10BABAA形容词、副词答案：1.thestrongest;three2.better;than3.sodid4.enoughto5.somethingwrong6.snowedheavily7.doesn't;any8.more;else9.too;to10.Nobody;well介词答案：1.through2.in3.on,on4.between5.to6.with7.for8.without9.at10.like11.by;on12.of;with13.in;for14.around/round15.by;in16.at;on17.to18.below19.in;on20.at;forotherstaffoftheCentre.Duringthewar,ZhuwastransferredbacktoJiangxi,andDirectorofthenewOfficeinJingdezhen,JiangxiCommitteeSecretary.Startingin1939servedasrecorderoftheWestNorthOrganization,SecretaryoftheSpecialCommitteeAfterthevictoryofthelongMarch,hehasbeentheNorthwestOfficeoftheFederationofStateenterprisesMinister,ShenmufuguSARmissions,DirectorofNingxiaCountypartyCommitteeSecretaryandrecorderoftheCountypartyCommitteeSecretary,Ministersand13