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代词(Pronouns)I.定义及分类代词是为了避免重复而用来代替上文或下文出现的词、短语或句子的词。英语中代词可以分为九类:人称代词(PersonalPronouns)、物主代词(PossessivePronouns)、反身代词(ReflexivePronouns)、指示代词(DemonstrativePronouns)、相互代词(ReciprocalPronouns)、不定代词(IndefinitePronouns)、疑问代词(InterrogativePronouns)、连接代词(ConjunctivePronouns)和关系代词(RelativePronouns)。人称代词主格宾格第一人称单数Ime复数weus第二人称单数youyou复数youyou第三人称单数阳性hehim阴性sheher中性itit复数theythem人称代词的用法:1.人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语用宾格。Iliketoswim.Youshouldputawayyourbooks.Youneedtotakethemintoaccountwhenyoudealwithproblemsofthiskind.Mindyou,thisisjustbetweenyouandme.Ihaven’tseenhimlately.(北京09)Mr.Wangisveryfriendly,and______likehimverymuch.A.weB.usC.ourD.ours(杭州市09)---DoyouknowAlice?---Yes.Iknow_______verywell.A.sheB.herselfC.herD.hers(广州市09)Anoldfriendofmysister’salwayshelpsmybrotherand______with_______English.A.I;ourB.me;ourselvesC.I;myD.me;our几个人称代词并列作主语时,其基本顺序是:youandI;youandhe;you,sheandI;weandthey;we,youandthey.(单数:231,但是承担责任或承认错误时,123;复数:123)You,sheandImustdotheworkwell.I,youandheshouldbetoblamefortheaccident.2.人称代词作表语时,指动作的执行者时,用主格;指动作的承受者时,用宾格。在非正式场合常用宾格。ItisnotIwhothinkso.---Whobrokethewindow?---It’she.---WhoisJimgoingwith?---It’sme.---Whoisknockingatthedoor?---It'sher.\n1.人称代词要与其所指代的词在人称和数上保持一致。Agoodsonglendscomforttopeople,sothattheyfeellesslonely.一首好歌常给人们带来慰藉,他们会感到不太孤独。Jane,CarolandIhavebeenworkingallday.Wearealltired.简、卡罗尔和我已经干了一整天,我们都累了。4.she或her可用来代表国家、城市、船舶、飞机、真理、科学、自然等,以表示感情色彩。Chinaisadevelopingcountry.ShewillalwaystakesideswiththeThirdWorld.中国是发展中国家,她会永远支持第三世界。Thegreatestfriendoftruthistime,hergreatestenemyisprejudice,andherconstantcompanionishumility.真理最好的朋友是时间,它最大的敌人是偏见,它永恒的伴侣是谦虚。5.he有时可以泛指任何人。Hethattravelsfarknowsmuch.远行见识广。Hewhohesitatesislost.当断不断,必受其患。HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.6.有时在不确定所指对象的性别时,通常用he,但是,现在在书面语中,多用he/she,heorshe,him/her,himorher.Everyoneshouldcontributewhatheorshecanafford.注:it的用法A.指代前文中提到的无生命的事物、动物等。Thisisournewcar.Iboughtityesterday.(这是我们的新车。我昨天买的。)Where’sthecat?It’sinthegarden.(猫在哪儿?在花园里。)B.指代上文中提到的情况it有时并不指某种具体的事物,而是笼统地指前面提到的情况,即代替前文提到的短语、分句或动词。Ifyoukeepdoingthat,itwilldoharmtoyou.你要是继续那样的话,会对你的身体有害。WhosaidthatIwascrazy?Isaidit.谁说我发疯了?是我说的。Hesuggestflying,butIthoughtitwouldcosttoomuch.他建议坐飞机去,可我认为这样花费太大。C.用于指代身份不明确的人或是性别不详的婴儿。Someoneisatthedoor.ItmustbeMr.Smith.有人在门口,一定是史密斯先生。Theyhadababyanditwasverylovely.他们生了个孩子,非常可爱。D.指代时间、距离、天气、自然现象、环境情况等Itisalready12o’clock.已经12点了。Itisabout200milesfrommyhometotheschool.从我家到学校大概有200英里。Itisfinetoday.今天天气很好。Itwasveryquietinthegarden.花园里很安静。E.作形式主语当不定式、动名词或名词性从句作主语时,为了避免头重脚轻,通常在句首用形式主语it,真正的主语放在句尾。Itisstupidtodosuchathing.做这种事真蠢。Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherwestartnoworlater.从现在开始或以后,我们都没关系。\nItoccurredtohimtoputthebookupstairs.他突然想到他把书放到楼上了。Itstrikesmethatyouareafraid.我觉得你有些害怕。Itseemedthatitisgoingtorain.似乎要下雨了。F.作形式宾语当不定式、动名词、名词性从句作宾语且后面带有宾补时,通常用it作形式宾语,将真正的宾语放在句尾。Shefindsitboringtostayathome.她觉得呆在家里很无聊。Doyouthinkitworthwhiletakingsomuchtrouble.你觉得这么费事值得吗?此外,还有两类特殊的形式宾语:一是介词后不能直接跟that从句,有个别结构就在介词后先接it作形式宾语,再接that从句。Youmaydependonitthatitistrue.你可以相信这是真的。Ican’tanswerforitthathewillhelpyou.我不能保证他会帮你。二是有些表示爱恨喜好的动词,由于作及物动词,当它们接if/when引导的从句时,要先接it作形式宾语。Idon’tlikeitwhenyoucallme“Boss”.我不喜欢你叫我“老板”。G.用于强调句型ItwasMarywho(that)sentaletterfromBeijingthismorning.这是玛丽今天早上从北京寄来一封信。ItwasaletterthatMarysentfromBeijingthismorning.玛丽今天早上从北京寄来的是一封信。ItwasthismorningthatMarysentaletterfromBeijing.玛丽是今天早上从北京寄来一封信.ItwasfromBeijingthatMarysentaletterthismorning.玛丽今天早上是从北京寄来一封信。物主代词物主代词是表示所有关系的。可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。我的你的他(她、它)的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhis,her,itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis,hers,itsoursyourstheirs他它不变我大变,其他-s加后边。1.形容词性物主代词只能用来做定语,后面须跟名词。Everyoneshoulddohisbest.What’syournationality?(南充09)Sheisastudentand_______nameisKate.A.sheB.herC.hers(福州09)---Excuseme,arethesebooks________?---No,theyare________classmate’s.A.his;heB.hers;hersC.your;mineD.yours;my2.名词性物主代词用来作主语、宾语、表语。Thatisn’tmycar.Mineisbeingrepaired.Workhard,andsuccesswillcertainlybeyours.YoumayusemypenandIwillusehers.\n(南京市09)---Arethekeysoverthere______?---No,goandaskAnna.Theymaybelongtoher.A.youB.yourC.yoursD.yourself(烟台市09)---Whereismypen?Haveyouseen________?---Oh,sorry.Ihavetaken________bymistake.A.it;yoursB.them;hisC.it;mineD.them;hers1.名词性物主代词可以用于双重所有格。afriendofmineThisisnofaultofyours.=Thisisn’tyourfault.Nobusinessofyours.(安顺市09)Davidtalkedwithafriendof________ontheinternetforalongtimeyesterday.A.heB.hisC.himD.himself2.形容词性物主代词可以和own连用,在句中作定语、表语、宾语等,以及用于一些固定搭配中。Everybirdlikesitsownnest.鸟均爱其巢。人均爱其家。Itisherfriend’scar,notherown.Itissometimeseasiertoseethefaultsofothersthantodetectourown.见人之过易,见己之过难。ofone’sown自己的ofone’sownage和自己同龄的onone’sown独自反身代词表示“我自己”“你自己”“他自己”等概念的代词称为反身代词。单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves不定人称oneself反身代词的用法:1.作同位语,此时属于强调性用法,可紧跟在名词或代词之后,或位于句末,常译为“自己”“亲自”。(用于句末时,近乎状语)Laboritselfisapleasure.劳动本身是一种乐趣。Youhadbetterasktheheadmasterhimselfaboutit.Iwanttowashmyclothesmyself.Doityourself.2.可以用在动词或介词后面做宾语。Takecareofyourself.Letmeintroducemyself.Todeceiveoneselfisveryeasy.骗自己很容易。byoneself单独地ofoneself自动地foroneself为(给)自己inoneself本身,本质上betweenourselves=betweenyouandme你知我知,莫对人讲amongoneselves在...之间enjoyoneself玩得高兴helponeselfto...随便吃点...teachoneself自学(安顺市09)Collegestudentsareoldenoughtoteach________.\nA.themB.theirC.themselvesD.they指示代词指示代词有四个,this,that,these,those.用法如下:1.this和these用来近指,that和those用来远指。these是this的复数,those是that的复数。Lookatthisstamp.Whoisthatmanoverthere?(山西省09)---Look!What’s___________inthesky?---Itlookslikeakite.A.thisB.thatC.those2.that/those常用来承上;this/these用来启下。Thisismyidea:tryyourbesttohelphim.Wehavenoenoughtime.Thatisourtrouble.3.that用来代替前面出现过的不可数名词,those用来代替前面出现过的复数名词。TheweatherofBeijingismuchcolderthanthatofShanghai.Thebookswehavearemoreinterestingthanthosewesawinthebookstore.我们所有的书比我们在书店见到的书更加有趣。(宁夏09)Thingsmadebyhandareusuallymoreexpensivethan______producedinfactories.A.theseB.thisC.thatD.those有些语法家会把same,such看作指示代词。Suchwastheresultofhiscarelessness.这就是他粗心大意的结果。Thesamecanbesaidoftheotherarticle.另一篇文章也是同样情况。such和so的区别:such是一个代词,后面跟名词或名词性短语;而so是一个副词,后面跟形容词或副词。such+名词+形容词+复数名词/不可数名词+a/an+形容词+单数名词so+形容词/副词+形容词+a/an+单数名词+many/much/few/little(少)+复数名词/不可数名词相互代词相互代词有两个:eachother和oneanother.两者可以互换。可以作宾语,而且后面可以跟“’s”。Weoftentalkwitheachother/oneanother.我们经常互相交谈。Weshouldhelpeachother/oneanother.我们应该互相帮助。Thechildrenareclosetoeachotherinage.孩子们彼此的年龄很相近。Theyliveineachother’spockets.他们彼此关系十分密切。疑问代词是用来引导疑问句的。连接代词是用来引导名词性从句的或状语从句。关系代词是用来引导定语从句的。不定代词1.some,anysome用于肯定句,any用于否定句或疑问句。但是在问句中,如希望对方说“yes”,应该用some。any也可用于肯定句,意为“任何”。Therearesomebooksonthedesk.\nIdon’thaveanymoney.DoesJimneedanyhelp?Wouldyoulikesomewater?Anyteachercanhelpyou.注:后面的somebody/someone/something和anybody/anyone/anybody区别同上。(绍兴市09)---Does________knowtheanswertothequestion?---Me.A.everybodyB.anybodyC.somebodyD.nobodySome有时用在数词之前,意为“大约”。Therearesome3000teachersinthatschool.1.both,allboth意为“两者都”,all意为“三者以上都”。both和all后面可以跟of,也可以不跟of。both和all用于否定句时,指部分否定,常译为“不都”。Both(ofyou)arewrong.Both(of)mysistersaregoodatEnglish.Allofusagreewithyou.Allthestudentsinourclassarefriendly.Afriendtoallisafriendtonone.人人都是朋友等于没有朋友。Bothmybrothersarenothardworking.我的两个哥哥不都是勤奋的。Allboysarenotclever.并不是所有男孩是聪明的。Allthatglittersisnotgold.发光的未必是金子。(山西省09)MomandDadare______movielovers.Theyhavemanyhobbiesincommon.A.bothB.eitherC.neither---Thebooksaresonice,whichonecanItake?---Oh,youcantake_________ofthem.I’llkeepnone.A.bothB.allC.neitherD.either2.neither,noneneither意为“两者都不”,none意为“三者以上都不”。后面若跟名词或代词时,必须得用of。NeitherofthemhasbeentoBeijing.Noneofusarrivedatschoolontime.(广州市09)---Wouldyouliketodrink,coffeeororangejuice?---______.Pleasegivemeacupoftea.A.NeitherB.BothC.AllD.None(宁夏09)---CanyoucomeonMondayorTuesday?---I’mafraid_______dayispossible.A.neitherB.eitherC.someD.any(娄底09)---Howheavilyitrainedthisearlymorning.---Yes.But________ofthestudentsinourclasswaslateforschool.A.someB.noneC.all(黄冈09)---Wouldyouliketogototheconcertwithmetonight?---I’dloveto,but______ofuscouplehastickets.Doyouhavesome?A.bothB.allC.neitherD.none3.either\n意为“两者之一任何”。---Wouldyoulikecoffeeortea?---EitherisOK.Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet.=Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.(苏州09)---Doyouwontteaorcoffee?---_______,Ireallydon’tmind.A.NoneB.EitherC.NeitherD.All1.another,other,theother,others,theothersanother意为“另一,又一”。后面可跟单数可数名词或单独使用,也可跟“数词+复数名词”=数词+more+复数名词。other通常不单独使用,后面须跟名词,前面可以用some,any,allthe,many,或数词等(前面没有修饰语时,后面跟复数名词;前面有修饰语时,后面名词视修饰语而定)。theother可以单独使用,也可后面跟单数名词或复数名词。当单独使用或后面跟单数名词时,意为“两个中的另外一个”。常用于“one…theother…”当跟复数名词时,意为“某一范围中,除了一些之外的另外一些…”。others等于other+复数名词。常用于“some…others…stillothers…”。theothers等于theother+复数名词。Theyhavetwodaughters.Oneisadoctor,andtheotherisateacher.Ihavehadthreecakes,andIneedanotherone.Doyouhaveanyotherdictionaries?Somepeoplearesinging,andothersaredancing.Thereare50studentsinClassOne.5areboys,andtheothersaregirls.(绵阳市09)---Theshoesdon’tfitme.Wouldyoupleaseshowme_________?----Sure.Hereyouare.A.theotheroneB.theothersC.anotherpairD.anotherone(北京09)Mysisterhastwoskirts.Oneisyellow,_____isblack.A.otherB.anotherC.othersD.theother2.many,muchmany用来修饰可数名词,much用来修饰不可数名词。IhavemanybooksbutIdon’thavemuchtime.Manyhandsmakelightwork.3.few,afew,little,alittlefew和afew用来修饰可数名词,little和alittle用来修饰不可数名词。few和little具有否定意义,意为“几乎没有”,afew和alittle具有肯定意义,意为“一些”。Doyouhavealittlewater?AfewpeoplecanspeakEnglishinmyneighborhood.Ihavelittletime.我几乎没有时间。quiteafew=notafew=manyquitealittle=notalittle=muchnotabit=notatallabit在修饰形容词或副词时,=alittle(也可用alittlebit).在修饰不可数名词时,后面须加of.Itisabitcoldtoday.Ihaveabitofwater(恩施09)---I’dlike__________grapesandpears.---Oh,Ionlyneed_________orangejuice.A.some;afewB.afew;someC.alittle;fewD.alittle;afew8.every,each\nevery强调“整体”,在句中只能作定语,each强调“个体”,在句中可以作定语、主语、宾语和同位语,后面可以跟of短语。Everyviolinistpracticesforseveralhoursaday.(=Allviolinistspracticeforseveralhoursaday.)EachviolinisthashisownwayofplayingtheBeethovenconcerto.每个小提琴手演奏贝多芬协奏曲都各有自己的风格。Eachmustdohisbest.Weeachhavedifferentpointsofview.=Eachofushasadifferentpointofview.Therewerethreeboys.Igaveeachanapple.9.oneone用于泛指任何人;也可代替前面出现过的单数名词,其复数形式(ones)可用来代替前面出现过的复数名词。(代替前面出现过的复数名词,有形容词时可用ones,没有形容词时可用some)。Onecannotmakeanomeletwithoutbreakingeggs.不打破鸡蛋,谁也做不成煎蛋饼。有得必有失。(Youcannoteatthecakeandhaveit.)Thistypeofpenswriteswell,andIwillbuysome.Ican’tfindmycap.Ihavetobuyone.(one在代替单数名词时,表示同一类的中的一个;而it指的是同一个。)Thereareonlyhardchocolatesleft;wehaveeatenallthesoftones.10.复合不定代词someoneanyonenooneeveryonesomethinganythingnothingeverythingsomebodyanybodynobodyeverybody1)复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词应该用单数。Everyoneisheretoday.2)复合不定代词被定语修饰时,应该将定语放在它们后面。Iwanttotellyousomethinginteresting.我要告诉你一些有趣的事情。(福州09)---Isthere________intoday’snewspaper?---Yes,ourNationalTableTennisTeamwonallthesevengoldmedalsoncemore.A.somethingnewB.anythingnewC.somebodyspecialD.anybody3)nooneVSnonenoone后面不跟of;none后面可以跟of。noone用来回答who引导的问题;而none用来回答Howmany/Howmuch引导的问题。4)复合不定代词的一些特殊用法:somebody可以用来指“重要的人”,nobody可以用来指“小人物”。3)复合不定代词常用于一些固定搭配中。havesomethingtodowith与……有关somethinglike有点像,大约somethingof在某种意义(程度)上anythingbut决不anythinglike像…那样的事anythingof一点儿,一点……味儿havenothingtodowith与……无关fornothing免费,徒然,没有理由benothingto对……无足轻重,不能与……相比tosaynothingof更不必说alltonothing一定nothingbut/except仅仅andeverything以及其他等等orsomething或是…之类oranything或什么事物(苏州市09)Makesureyou’vegottheticketsandguidebooksand______beforeyouleave.\nA.somethingB.anythingC.everythingD.nothing(宁波市09)---Doyouhaveanythingimportanttosayforyourself?---________exceptsorry.A.SomethingB.NothingC.AnythingD.Everything