初中英语语法汇总 34页

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  • 2022-08-13 发布

初中英语语法汇总

  • 34页
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2017初中英语语法汇总七年级上册一、名词1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s.e.g.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s],以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.e.g.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es.e.g.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries,strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])(注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s.e.g.boys,holidays,days)(4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:①有生命的,加es.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,e.g.zoo—zoos,radio——radios③无生命的,加s,e.g.piano—pianos,photo——photos④zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加e.g.zeros/zeroes(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es.e.g.wife——wives,leaf——leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief——thieves(ves读音为[vz](注意:roof的复数为roofs;scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)(6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母。e.g.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen,foot——feet,tooth——teeth,child——children,mouse—mice,ox—oxen(公牛)(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。e.g.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。e.g.people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。e.g.anappletree,fiveappletrees,agirlfriend,twogirlfriends,atwinsister但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。e.g.twomenteachers,threewomendoctors②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。e.g.aroomofstudents,twoboxesofpencils2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下。(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,alotof/lotsof,some,any等词修饰。e.g.muchmoney,alittlebread(2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。e.g.abagofrice,twoglassesofmilk,fourbottlesofwater3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。e.g.fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——adrink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒;cloth布——acloth桌布、抹布;sand沙——sands沙滩;tea茶——atea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——achicken小鸡;orange橘汁——anorange橘子;glass玻璃——aglass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜;paper纸——apaper试卷、论文;wood木头——awood小森林;room空间、余地——aroom房间\n本册已经学过的不可数名词有:broccoli[ˈbrɒkəli]西兰花,food,dessert[dɪˈzɜ:t]甜点,orange,fruit,soccer,tennis,breakfast,lunch,dinner,help,opera,work,homework,time,ice-cream,salad,chicken(既可作可数名词,又可作不可数名词)(三)名词的所有格:名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)(1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s.e.g.Mike’swatch;Women’sDay②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加’。e.g.teachers’office,students’rooms③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s.e.g.TomandMike’sroom汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s.e.g.Mary’sandJenny’sbikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)(2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构e.g.amapofChina,thebeginningofthisgame,thedooroftheroom(3)特殊形式①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格e.g.theboy’sname=thenameoftheboy(男孩的名字)thedog’slegs=thelegsofthedog(狗的腿)China’spopulation=thepopulationofChina(中国的人口)China’scapital=thecapitalofChina(中国的首都)②双重所有格e.g.afiendofmymother’s我妈妈的一个朋友apictureofTom’s汤姆的一张图片二、动词(一)Be动词(am,is,are)的用法口诀:I用am,you用are,is连着他(he)她(she)它(it)。单数统统用is,复数一律都用are.变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃,变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记,疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。注意:be动词通常会和其他词连写在一起,如:I’m,what’s,name’s,they’re等例如:-Whatisyourname?=-What’syourname?-MynameisCindy.=-Myname’sCindy.-Areyouastudent?=-Areyouastudent?-Yes,Iamastudent.=–Yes,I’mastudent.-Whatarethey?=-Whatarethey?-Theyareapples.=They’reapples.Whatisthis?=What’sthis?(二)动词第三人称单数的构成规则:a.一般情况下在动词词尾加s如:get----gets,like----likesplay—plays,want—wants,work—works,know—knows,help—helpsb.以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加-es;如:guess—guesses,fix—fixes,teach—teaches,brush—brushes,go—goes,do—does,watch—watches,catch—catchesc.以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es。如:study—studies,carry—carries,fly—flies,worry—worries特殊词:have----has三、代词(一)人称代词及物主代词人称第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey我你他她它我们你们他(她、它)们宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem我你他她它我们你们他(她、它)们myyourhisheritsouryourtheir\n形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他(她、它)们的1.通常情况下,人称代词的主格在句子中作主语。2.通常情况下,人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语。3.形容词性的物主代词属于限定词,后面要跟它所限定的名词。4.通常情况下,人称代词主格会与跟在它后面的be动词缩写。如:Iam=I’myouare=you’reheis=he’ssheis=she’sitis=it’sweare=we’retheyare=they’re(二).指示代词this,that,these,those.These是this的复数形式,指时间、距离较近的或下面要提到的人或事。Those是that的复数形式,指时间、距离较远或者前面已经提到的人或事。例如:Thisismyroom.ThatisLucy’sroom.Thesearehisbrothers.Thosearehisbooks.四、数词(一)基数词在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。1.基数词的构成(1)1-20one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty(2)21-99先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;586→fivehundredandeighty-six,803→eighthundredandthree(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion(美式)或thousand,million(英式),然后一节一节地表示。1,001→onethousandandone9,785→ninethousand,sevenhundredandeighty-five18,423→eighteenthousand,fourhundredandtwenty-three6,260,309→sixmilliontwohundredandsixtythousandthreehundredandnine750,000,000,000→sevenhundredandfifty,billion(美式)sevenhundredandfiftythousandmillion(英式)(二)序数词在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。1.序数词的构成(1)一般在基数词后加the.g.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth(2)不规则变化one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve——twelfth(3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th  twenty→twentieth,forty→fortieth,ninety→ninetieth(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first,twohundredandforty-fifth2.序数词的用法\n(1)序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。e.g.Tomistheirsecondson.Heisthefirstonetocomehere.(2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上“又—”,“再一”e.g.Hetriedasecondtime.他又试了—次。Shalllaskhimathirdtime?还要我再问他—次吗?(我已问了他两次)(3)序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。1st2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd(4)表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。2005年8月15日:(英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August15th,2005(三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。No.1(1号),No.3bus(3路公共汽车),Room103,(103号旁间),Thesecondlesson=LessonTwo(第二课)(四)分数词的表达分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s1/3--onethird;2/5--twofifths(五)数学运算的表达eg.3+5=8Threeplus[plʌs]加/andfiveiseight.9-2=7Nineminus[ˈmaɪnəs]减twoisseven.6x5=30Fivetimessixisthirty8÷2=4Eightdividedbytwoisfour.五、介词1.常用介词及其比较:①表示地理位置的介词:(1)at,in,on,toat(1)表示在小地方;(2)表示“在……附近,旁边”in(1)表示在大地方;(2)表示“在…范围之内”。on表示毗邻,接壤to表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤E.g.:Hearrivedatthestationatten.Heissittingatthedesk.HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday.JiangsuliesintheeastofChina.RussialiesonthenorthofChina.FujianistothesouthofJiangsuProvince.(2)above,over,on在……上above指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与below相对;over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。on表示某物体上面并与之接触。e.g.Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Heputhiswatchonthedesk.(3)below,under在……下面under表示在…正下方below表示在……下,不一定在正下方e.g.Thereisacatunderthetable.Pleasewriteyournamebelowtheline.②表示时间的介词:(1)in,on,at在……时in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。e.g.inthe20thcentury,inthe1950s,in1989,insummer,inJanuary,inthemorning,inthenight,inone’slife,inone’sthirties等。on表示具体某一天及某一天的早、中、晚。e.g.onMay1st,onMonday,onNewYear’sDay,onacoldnight,onafinemorning,onSundayafternoon等。at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。e.g.at3:20,atthistimeofyear,atthebeginningof,attheendof…,attheageof…,atChristmas,atnight,atnoon,atthismoment等。注意:在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前一律不用介词。如:Wemeeteveryday.(2)in,after在……之后“in+段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后;“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后;\n“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后。e.g.Mymotherwillcomebackinthreeorfourdays.Hearrivedafterfivemonths.Shewillappearafterfiveo’clockthisafternoon.(3)from,since自从……from仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。e.g.Hestudiedthepianofromtheageofthree.Theyhavelivedheresince1978.(4)after,behind在……之后after主要用于表示时间;behind主要用于表示位置。e.g.Weshallleaveafterlunch.Lucyishidingbehindanoldhouse.③表运动方向的介词:across,through通过,穿过across表示横过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关;through穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关。e.g.Sheswamacrosstheriver.Hewalkedthroughtheforest.④表示“在……之间”的介词:between,amongbetween指在两个人或两个事物之间;among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。⑤表示其他意义的介词:(1)on,about关于on表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的,或学术性的,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读;about表示内容较为普通,不那么正式。e.g.Therewillbealecture[ˈlektʃə(r)]演讲oneconomics[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪks]经济学thisafternoon.Heiswritingabookoncooking.Hetoldmealotabouthislifeinthesummervocation.(2)by,with,in表示方法、手段、工具by以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具;with表示用…工具、手段,一般接具体的工具和手段;in表示用…方式,用…语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等;e.g.Hemakesalivingbysellingnewspapers.Hebrokethewindowwithastone.Theforeigner[ˈfɒrənə(r)]外国人spoketousinEnglish.(3)except,besides除了except除……之外,不包括在内;besides除……之外,包括在内。e.g.ExceptMr.Wang,wewenttoseethefilm.(王先生没去)BesidesMr.Wang,wealsowenttoseethefilm.(王先生也去了)六、句型句型结构1.肯定句:主语+be(am,is,are)+…主语+can+动词原形+主语+行为动词原形(或行为动词单三形式)+其他…2.否定句:主语+be(am,is,are)+not+…主语+can’t(cannot)+动词原形+…主语+don’t(doesn’t)+动词原形+…3.一般疑问句a.Be(Am/Is/Are)+主语+…?Yes,主语+beNo,主语+benot.b.Can+主语+动词原形+…?Yes,主语+can.No,主语+can’t.c.Do/Does+主语+动词原形+…?Yes,主语+do/does.No,主语+don’t/doesn’t.4.特殊疑问句a.疑问词+be+主语+…?主语+be+…b.疑问词+can+主语+动词原形+…?主语+can+动词原形+…c.疑问词+do/does+主语+动词原形+…?主语+动词原形(动词三单形式)+其他…d.疑问词:who/how/howold/howmuch/where/when/why/what/which/\nwhatkindof/whattime/whatcolor/whatsubject5.Therebe句型Therebe表示的概念是“有”,是一种存在的关系,即“某地有某物”。There是引导词,be是谓语动词(am,is,are),后面就是名词,也就是句子的主语。Thereis+可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点。Thereare+名词复数+地点。Therebe句型的肯定式:Thereis+可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点。Thereare+名词复数+地点。否定式:Thereis+not+可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点。Thereare+not+名词复数+地点。一般疑问句形式:Isthere+可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点+?Arethere+名词复数+地点+?2017初中英语语法汇总七年级下册Unit1Canyouplaytheguitar?1,情态动词+V原cando=beabletodo2,play+the+乐器play+球类,棋类3,join参加社团、组织、团体4,want=wouldlike+(sb)todosth5,4个说的区别:say+内容speak+语言talk谈论:talkaboutsthtalkwithsbtalktosbtell告诉,讲述:tellsb(not)todosthtellstories/jokes6,4个也的区别:too肯定句末(前面加逗号)either否定句末(前面加逗号)also行前be后aswell口语中(前面不加逗号)7,begoodat+V-ing=dowellin擅长于begoodfor对…有益(bebadfor对…有害)begoodto对…友好(good可用friendly,nice,kind替换)begoodwith和…相处好=geton/alongwellwith8,特殊疑问句的构成:疑问词+一般疑问句9,How/whatabout+V-ing…怎么样?(表建议)10,感官动词(look,sound,taste,smell,feel)+adj/like11,选择疑问句:回答不能直接用Yes或者No,要从中选择一个回答12,studentswantedforschoolshow招募学生参加学校演出(wanted表示招募,含有被动意义)13,showsthtosb=showsbsthgivesthtosb=givesbsth14,helpsb(to)dosth;helpsbwithsth;withsb’shelp=withthehelpofsb;helponeselfto随便享用15,bebusydoingsth/bebusywithsth16,needtodosth17,befree=havetime18,havefriends=makefriends19,callsbat+电话号码20,ontheweekend=onweekends21,English-speakingstudents说英语的学生(带有连词符,有形容词性质)Unit2Whattimedoyougotoschool?1,问时间用whattime或者whenAt+钟点at7o’clockatnoon/atnight(during/intheday)On+具体某天、星期、特指的一天onApril1stonSundayonacoldwintermorningIn+年、月、上午、下午、晚上2,时间读法:顺读法逆读法:分钟≤30用pastfivepasteight(8:05)halfpasteight(8:30)分钟>30用toaquartertoten(9:45)整点用…o’clock7o’clock(7:00)3,3个穿的区别:wear表状态,接服装、手套、眼镜、香水等puton表动作,接服装dress表动作,接sb/oneselfgetdressed穿衣4,感叹句:How+adj+主谓!How+adj+a/an+n单+主谓!What+a/an+adj+n单+主谓!What+adj+n复/不可数+主谓!\n5,from…to…6,be/arrivelatefor7,either…or8,alotof=lotsof9,频度副词(行前be后)alwaysusuallyoftensometimesseldomhardlynever10,一段时间前面要用介词forforhalfanhourforfiveminutes11,eat/have…forbreakfast/lunch/dinner/supper12,itis+adj+forsb+todosth(adj修饰todosth)ItisimportantformetolearnEnglish.itis+adj+ofsb+todosth(adj修饰sb)Itiskind/friendly/niceofyoutohelpme.Unit3Howdoyougettoschool?1,疑问词How如何(方式)howlong多长(时间)答语常用“(For/about+)时间段”howfar多远(距离)答语常用“(It’s+)数词+miles/meters/kilometers”howoften多久一次(频率)答语常用“Always/often/everyday/…”或“次数+时间”等表频率的状语Howsoon多快,多久以后,常用在将来时中。答语常用“in+时间段”howmany多少(接可数名词)howmuch(接不可数名词)why为什么(原因)what什么when何时who谁whom谁(宾格)(针对宾语提问也可用who)whose谁的2,宾语从句要用陈述句语序3,StopsbfromdoingsthStoptodo停下来去做其他事Stopdoing停止正在做的事4,whatdoyouthinkof/about…?=howdoyoulike…?你认为…怎么样?5,Heis11yearsold.Heisan11-year-oldboy.6,manystudents=manyofthestudents7,beafraidofsthbeafraidtodosthworryaboutbeworriedabout担心8,playwithsb9,cometrue10,havetodosth11,heislikeafathertome(like像)12,leave离开leavefor出发前往某地13,cross是动词across是介词14,thanksfor+n/V-ingThanksforyourhelp/thanksforhelpingme.Thanksforyourinvitation/thanksforinviting/askingme.Thanksto幸亏,由于,因为15,4个花费:人+spend/spends/spent+时间/钱+(in)doingsth/onsth人+pay/pays/paid+钱+forsthIttakes/tooksb+时间+todosth物+cost/costs/cost+sb+钱16,交通方式●用介词。在句子中做方式状语。①by+交通工具名词(中间无需任何修饰)Bybus/bike/car/taxi/ship/boat/plane/subway/train…②by+交通路线的位置Byland/water/sea/air③in/on+冠词/物主代词/指示代词+交通工具名词Ina/his/thecarOna/his/thebus/bike/ship/train/horse/motorbike④onfoot步行●用动词。在句子中做谓语。①take+a/the+交通工具名词takeabus/plane/ship/trainrideabike②walk/drive/ride/flyto……(后面接here,there,home等地点副词时,省略介词to。)如步行回家:walkhome17,名词所有格一般情况加’sTom’spen以s结尾加’theteachers’officetendays’holiday表示几个人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加’sMikeandJohn’sdesk表示每个人各自拥有,在每个名词后加’sMike’sandJohn’sdesksUnit4Don’teatinclass.1,祈使句(变否定在句首+don’t)Be型(be+表语),否定形式:don’t+be+表语Bequiet,please.Don’tbelate!\nDo型(实义动词+其他),否定形式:don’t+实义动词+其他Comehere,please.Don’tplayfootballhere.Let型(letsbdosth),否定形式:don’t+letsbdosth或者letsbnotdosthNo+n/V-ingNophotos/mobile;Noparking/smoking/spitting/talking/pickingofflowers2,inclass在课堂上intheclassroom在教室3,beontime准时4,listentomusic5,(havea)fightwithsb6,eatoutside7,Someof…8,bring…to…9,Must与haveto(1)must表示说话人主观上的看法,意为“必须”。haveto表示客观的需要或责任,意为“不得不,必须”,后接动词原词。(2)must没有人称,时态和数的变化Haveto有人称,数,时态的变化,其第三人称单数形式为hasto,过去式为hadto.构成否定句或疑问句时借助动词do/does。(3)haveto的否定式是needn’t=don’t/doesn’thaveto(不必要);must的否定式是mustnot/mustn’t(一定不能,不允许)。10,practice(doing)sth11,wash/dothedishes12,onschooldays/nights13,break/follow(obey)therules14,Bestrictwithsb/oneselfbestrictinsth对……严格。15,toomany“太多”修饰可数名词复数toomuch“太多”修饰不可数名词muchtoo“实在太”修饰形容词或副词16,makeone’s/thebed17,getto,arrivein/at,reach,到达(如果后面接地点的副词home,here或there,就不用介词in,at,to)18,remember/forget+todo要做remember/forget+doing做过19,havefun,enjoyoneself,haveagood/great/wonderfultime+V-ingUnit5Whydoyoulikepandas?1,回答why的提问要用because2,Whynot=Whydon’tyou+V原你为什么不…?3,Kindof相当于副词,修饰形容词或副词,意为“稍微,有点”,与alittle/bit相近Akindof意为“一种”,somekindsof意为“几种”,allkindsof意为“各种各样的”。这里的kind是“种,类,属”的意思。4,walkonone’slegs/handson意为“用…方式行走”5,allday=thewholeday整天6,来自be/comefromwheredotheycomefrom?=wherearetheyfrom?7,morethan=over超过lessthan少于8,oncetwicethreetimes9,beingreatdanger10,oneof……之一+名词复数11,getlost12,with/without有/没有介词13,asymbolof14,由…制造bemadeof能看出原材料bemadefrom看不出原材料bemadein+地点表产地15,cutdown砍到动副结构(代词必须放中间,名词可放中间或者后面)Unit6I’mwatchingTV.1,现在进行时其结构为be的现在式(am,is,are)+现在分词(V-ing)。否定形式在be后面加not,疑问式将be动词提前2,动词-ing形式的构成:一般情况+ing;以不发音的e结尾的,去e加ing;重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写辅音字母再加ing3,gotothemovies4,joinsbforsth与某人一起做某事joinusfordinner5,livewithsblivein+地点6,talkonthephone7,other,another与theotherOther“其他的,另外的”,后接名词复数,有时other+n复数=othersAnother“又一(个),另一(个)”,泛指总数为三个或三个以上中的任意一个,后接名词单数。Theother“(两者中的)另一个”,常与one连用,“one…theother…”表示“一个…,另一个…”8,wishtodosth9,Hereis+n单Hereare+n复Unit7It’sraining!\n1.询问天气的表达方式:How’stheweather?It’saraining/sunnyday.It’sraining.What’stheweatherlike?It’swindy.2,rightnow现在3,justnow刚刚(用于一般过去式)4,theanswertothequestion5,How’sit/everythinggoing?6,write(aletter)tosb7,Takeamessageforsb替人留言Leaveamessagetosb给人留言8,rightnow,rightaway,atonce,inaminute,inamoment,innotime立刻,马上9,反意疑问句(陈述句+附加疑问句)反意疑问句中,陈述句用的肯定,后面的附加疑问句就要用否定;相反,陈述句用的否定,附加疑问句就要用肯定。10,adj以-ing结尾“令人…的”exciting,interesting,relaxing以-ed结尾“人感到…的”excited,interested,relaxedUnit8Isthereapostofficenearhere?1,Thereis+单数可数名词/不可数名词+地点状语.     Thereare+复数名词+地点状语.      谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致(就近原则)。Therebe句型的否定式在be后加上not或no即可。注意not和no的不同:not是副词,no为形容词,nota/an/any+n.相当于no+n.Therebe句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首Therebe表示“某处存在某物或某人”;have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”2,问路:①Is/Arethere……nearhere/aroundhere/intheneighborhood?②Whereis/are……?③HowcanIgetto……?④Could/Canyoutellmethewayto……⑤Whichisthewayto……3,Across,cross,through,overAcross是介词,“横过,在对面”表示从物体表面穿过Cross是动词,相当于go/walkacrossThrough是介词,表示从物体中间或里面穿过gothroughthedoorOver是介词,“横过,越过”表示从物体上空越过,跨过flyover4,in/onthestreet5,在某条大街上习惯用介词ononBridgeStreet6,acrossfrom,nextto,between…and…,behind7,Timegoesquickly.8,infrontof在…(外部的)前面→behind在…后面inthefrontof在…(内部的)前面9,turnleft/right10,onone’s/theleft11,atthefirstcrossing/turning12,enjoydoing13,sometimes有时(频度副词)sometime(将来)有朝一日,(曾经)某天Sometimes几次,几倍sometime一段时间(前面用介词for)14,free空闲的freetime自由的asfreeasafish免费的Thebestthingsinlifearefree.15,表“一些”在肯定句中用some.在疑问句和否定句中用any。特殊用法:some可用于表示盼望得到对方肯定的答复或表示建议、委婉请求的疑问句中。any也可用于肯定句中,表示"任何的"。Unit9Whatdoeshelooklike?1,whatdoeshelooklike?询问人长什么样,回答:①主语+be+形容词/介词短语(heistall/ofmediumheight);②主语+have/has+形容词+名词(shehaslonghair)whatdoessblike?询问某人喜欢什么2,多个形容词修饰名词多个形容词修饰名词,一般关系近的靠近名词;音节少的在前,音节多的在后。限定词+数词(序前基后)+描绘性形容词+大小、长短、高低+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词1,Maybe为情态动词+动词原形,在句子中做谓语,maybe是副词,表示可能,大概,一般放在句首。4,alittle,little修饰不可数名词,alittle表示一点点,little表示几乎没有afew,few修饰可数名词,afew表示一点点,few表示几乎没有5,find强调找到的结果,lookfor强调寻找的过程.6,问职业:whatdoyoudo?=whatisyour\njob?7,thesameas→bedifferent8,longstraightbrownhair9,最后intheend(表事情结局)finally(强调次序)atlast(强调经多番努力终于达成)bytheendof直到……为止attheendof在……末端/尽头Unit10I’dlikesomenoodles.1,wouldlikesth.想要某物Wouldyoulikesome…?你想要一些……吗?——Yes,please./——No,thanks.wouldliketodosth.“想要做某事”。wouldlikesbtodosth“想要某人做某事”。Wouldyouliketo…?你愿意去做……吗?—Yes,I’dlike/loveto./—I’dlike/loveto.ButI’mtoobusy.2,order:orderfoodtake/haveone’sorderinorderto为了intheorder按顺序order/bookaroom预定房间ordersb(not)todosth命令3,special和especialspecial特别的人或事物,特别的,特殊的,specials特色菜;specially专门地,特地especial特别的,突出的,especially特别,尤其4,thenumberof表示“……的数量”,后面接可数名词复数。做主语时,主语是number而不是of后面的名词复数,因此谓语动词要用单数;anumberof表示“许多”,相当于many,后面接可数名词复数,做主语时,主语不是number而是of后面的名词复数,因此谓语动词要用复数。number前可用large,great,small修饰,不能用little。5,仍然,还:still(肯定句)yet(疑问句、否定句)6,onebowloftwobowlsof7,whatsize(+n)wouldyoulike?Large/medium/small8,大:big体格大、笨重→small,little形容具体的人或物huge物体体积巨大=verybiglarge物体面积、空间、范围、数量大→small不修饰人great重大事件或行为,伟大,具有感情色彩9,肯定句中表并列用and否定句、疑问句中表并列用orUnit11Howwasyourschooltrip?1,一般过去时基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他;否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原动词;一般疑问句:①Was/Were+主语+其他?②Did+主语+动词原形+其他?2,动词过去式规则变化:直接加ed;以不发音e结尾的单词,直接加d;以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i加ed;以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加ed;以重读闭音节结尾的,双写最后的辅音字母+ed不规则变化的动词过去式(见书本最后一页)3,Howwasyourschooltrip?=whatwasyourschooltriplike?4,并列谓语的时态和数必须一致。5,beinterestedin+n/v-ing6,Something意为“某事,有些事”;anything意为“任何事,任何东西”;everything意为“每一件事”(其后的谓语动词要用单数);nothing意为“没事,什么事都没有”。Unit12Whatdidyoudolastweekend?1,go+V-ing与dosome+V-inggo+V-ing表示“去从事某种活动”(一般指户外)goshopping/swimming/skating/dancing/skiing/climbing/camping/hiking……dosome+V-ing表示“从事某种活动”(一般指室内)dosomewriting/washing/cooking/cleaning/reading……2,shoutatsb因生气或愤怒向某人吼叫;shouttosb对某人大声叫喊,目的是让人听见\n3,adj修饰不定代词adj要放后面somethingimportant,anythinginteresting4,takesbto…带某人去……18,finishdoing22,wakeup5,lookoutof…从……朝外看(window,door……)lookoutatsth向外眺望……lookoutfor留神、注意、小心、关心6,feel/watch/see/hearsbdosth强调整个过程feel/watch/see/hearsbdoingsth强调动作正在进行7,so+adj+that+结果状语从句“如此……以致……”eg:IwassobusythatIdidn’tgotosleepfor3days.Theweatherwassocoldthattheyhadtostayathome.ThecoatissoexpensivethatIdon’twanttobuyit.sothat引导目的状语从句,以便,为了(inorderto)eg:Theygotupearlysothattheycouldcatchtheearlybus.IraisemyvoicesothatIcanmakemyselfheard.2017初中英语语法汇总八年级上册Unit1Wheredidyougoonvacation?1,look+adj.看起来……seem+(tobe)+adj.看起来……taste+adj.尝起来…2,nothing…but+动词原形除了…之外什么都没有Whynotdo.sth.?为什么不做……呢?3,so+adj.+that+从句如此……以至于……arrivein+大地点/arriveat+小地点到达某地4,tellsb.(not)todosth.告诉某人(不要)做某事decidetodosth.决定去做某事5,trydoingsth.尝试做某事/trytodosth.尽力去做某事enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事6,forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事/forgettodosth.忘记做某事7,dislikedoingsth.不喜欢做某事wanttodosth.想去做某事8,startdoingsth.开始做某事stopdoingsth.停止做某事keepdoingsth.继续做某事9.somethinginteresting有趣的东西1)something,anything,nothing,everything是指物的不定代词。somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,everybody,everyone是指人的不定代词。somewhere,anywhere,nowhere,everywhere是指地点的不定代词。2)当形容词修饰不定代词、不定副词时,放于其后;somethingspecial;somewherewonderful.3)不定代词、不定副词做主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。如:Iseverybodyhere?大家都到齐了吗?4)something,somebody,someone,somewhere用于肯定句及表示请求或建议的疑问句中anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere用于否定句、疑问句及条件状语从句中。如:Didyoudoanythinginteresting?你做了有趣的事吗?(表疑问)Whydon’tyouvisitsomeonewithme?你为什么不跟我一起去拜访下某个人呢?(表建议)10.提建议的句子:①What/howabout+doingsth.?如:What/Howaboutgoingshopping?②Whydon’tyou+dosth.?如:Whydon’tyougoshopping?③Whynot+dosth.?如:Whynotgoshopping?④Let’s+dosth.如:Let’sgoshopping⑤Shallwe/I+dosth.?如:Shallwe/Igoshopping?11.辨析:getto/reach/arrive都是“到达“的意思getto+地点=reach+地点=arriveat+地点(小)=arrivein+地点(大)注意:若他们后面要加地点副词here,there,home等,则不需要加介词。12.nothing...but...意为“除......之外;只有”,如:IhavenothingtodobutwatchTValldaylong.我整天除了看电视什么也没干。13.feellike意为:“感受到;摸起来”,后跟宾语从句或名词。如:IfeltlikeIwasabird.我感觉我是一只鸟。\n另外,构成短语feellikedoingsth.意为“想做某事”。如:Ifeellikeeating.我想吃东西。14.enjoydoingsth.喜欢做…;乐意做…enjoyoneself过得愉快=havefun/haveagoodtime.15,Iwonderwhatlifewaslikehereinthepast.我想知道过去这里的生活是什么样的16,wonder(n):奇迹;令人惊讶的事情(v)惊讶感到疑惑;想知道17,few与little的区别:肯定否定许多可数afewfewquiteafew/notafew不可数alittlelittlequitealittle/notalittle18,seem意为“好像;似乎;看来”,是个连系动词,构成的短语有:seemtodosth.好像做某事如:Theyseemtowaitforyou..他们似乎在等你。seem(tobe)+adj.似乎......如:Heseemed(tobe)illyesterday.昨天他似乎病了。Itseemsthat+从句似乎......如:Itseemsthathewasillyesterday.昨天他似乎病了。其他表示状态的系动词有:feel(觉得);keep(保持);stay(保持);look(看来像...);smell(闻起来)sound(听起来……)taste(尝起来……)19,bored(adj),意为“感到厌倦的、无聊的”,其主语是某人;boring(adj),意为“令人厌倦的、无聊的”其主语是某物。如:Igotboredwiththeboringwork.我对这无聊的工作感到厌倦。相类似的词语还有:interested/tired/excited/amazed/surprisedinteresting/tiring/exciting/amazing/surprising20.Becauseofthebadweather,wecouldn’tseeanythingbelow.1)becauseof+名词/代词/名短Ihadtomovebecauseofmyjob.因为工作的原因我不得不搬家because+从句如:IdoitbecauseIlikeit.我做这件事是因为我喜欢。2)below意为“在......下面;低于”,其反义词为above,意为“在......上面;高于”21.形容词/副词+enough如:wet/quietlyenough 足够漂亮enough+名词 如:enoughumbrellas足够的雨伞(形/副)+enough+(名)todosth. 足够…去做…如:IhaveenoughmoneytogotoBeijing.我有足够的钱去北京。Sheisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.她年龄不够,不能去上学。同义句:Sheistooyoungtogotoschool.(too…to…:太…而不能…)Sheissoyoungthatshecan’tgotoschool.22,so+形/副+that从句:Sheissopopularthateveryonelikesher.such+名短+that从句:Sheissuchapopulargirlthat...sothat从句:结果…(为了)如:Hegetsupearlysothathecancatchtheearlybus.23.反身代词:myself/yourself/itself/herself/himself/ourselves/yourselves/themselves如:Thechild(herself)usuallywearstheclothes(herself).Unit2Howoftendoyouexercise?1.What’syourfavorite……?你最喜爱的……是什么?2.Howabout…?...怎么样?/…好不好?3.It’s+adj.+todosth.做某事的……的。4.thebestwaytodosth.做某事的最好方式5.bydoingsth.通过做某事6.spendtimewithsb.和某人一起度过时光7.Howmany+可数名词复数+一般疑问句?…有多少…?8.主语+find+that从句.…发现…9.exercise(v/n)的用法1)(动):锻炼.如:Heexerciseseveryday.2)(可数名词):“...操;练习”.如:domorning/eyeexercises;domathexercises3)(不可数名词):“锻炼;运动”讲:如:Weoftendo/takeexerciseonweekends.10.----Howoftendoyouusuallygoshopping?—Sometimes/Twiceaweek.有时候/一周两次.\n11.hard硬的;困难的;严厉的;勤奋的ahardwriter努力地;猛烈地study/rainhard12.howoften表示“多久一次”,是对动作的频率进行提问。其回答通常有:频率副词:always,usually,often,sometimes,hardlyever,neverhowoften次数+时间段:如:onceortwiceaweekevery+时间段:everyday(每天)区别:everyday(每天的;日常的)注意:表示“一次或两次”时,一般用once和twice表示。如:onceamonth(一个月一次)而表示“三次或以上”时,则用“数词+times”结构。如:fivetimesayear(一年五次)13.由how构成的疑问词组的用法how many+可数名词复数如:howmanyprogramshow much+不可数名词如:howmuchcoffee但howmuch=what’sthepriceof..?还有“多少钱”的意思如:How much are those pants?howmanytimes:“多少次”.其答语表示次数。如:once,twice,threetimes等Howold...?询问年龄如:Howoldareyou?Iamfive.Howlong….?多久(时间)常用fortwodays,forthreehours等回答。Howlong...?多长(某物的长度)如:---Howlongistheriver?---10kms.howsoon用来询问过多久,多久以后,其答语是intwohours,inthreedays等。如:Howsoonwilhecomeback?Inanhour。14.Shesaysit’sgoodformyhealth.她说那对我的健康有益。(1)begoodfor:“对……有好处”。如:Doingexerciseisgoodforourhealth.(2)begoodat:“擅长于……”如:Heisgoodatplayingfootball.(3)begoodtosb./sth:“对……好”如:Theoldwomanisgoodtous.(4)begoodtodosth.:“适合;宜于”如:Thewaterisgoodtodrink.(5)begoodwith:“与……相处好”如:Theteacherisgoodwithhisstudents.15.keephealthy=stayhealthy=keepingoodhealth:保持健康16.asksb.forsth.:向某人要求…如:askteacherforhelp17.Youcanspendtimewithyourfriendsandfamilyasyouplaytogether.spend度过(时间)如:spendtheweekendwithfamilyspend花费(时间、钱)如:Hespent20yuan(in)buyingthemagazine.同义句:Hespent20yuanonthemagazine.Hepaid20yuanforthemagazine.Ittookhim20yuantobuythemagazine.Themagazinecosthim20yuan.Unit3I’mmoreoutgoingthanmysister1.havefundoingsth.享受做某事的乐趣2.makesb.dosth.让某人做某事3.as+adj./adv.的原级+as与……一样……4.It’s+adj.+forsb.todosth.对某人来说,做某事……的。5.形容词和副词的比较级一、含义.大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:原级、比较级、最高级:good–better-best.比较级:表示两者(人或物)之间的比较。.加more/most~的情况:①.部分双音节和多音节词;②.-ed/ing结尾的词;③adj+ly→adv..双写的词:一个大热天,一个胖子和一个瘦子穿着红衣服,汗湿了,很伤心。big-bigger/biggesthot-hotter/hottestfat-fatter/fattestthin-thinner/thinnestred-redder/reddestwet-wetter/wettestsad-sadder/saddest二.比较级基本句型:连系动词+adj.(比较级)如:LucyisslowerthanLily..主语+谓语动词+adj./adv(比较级)+than+对比成分实义动词+adv./(比较级)如:LucyrunsmoreslowlythanLily..主语必须与对比成分保持一致:Herhairislongerthanyours.(→yourhair).同级比较级:…as+adj./adv.(原级)+as…:“如同…一样…”\n同级比较级否定:…notas/so+adj./adv.(原级)+as…:“不如……一样……”.比较级+and+比较级:越来越……e.g.Theytalkedmoreandmoreloudly..The比较级…,the+比较级…:越…就越…Themoreexerciseyoudo,thestrongeryou’llbe..“Which/Whois+比较级,AorB?”e.g.WhichT-shirtisnicer,thisoneorthatone?.the+比较级+ofthe(two):两者中较…的一个Ofthetwins,shewasthemorehard-working.6.常用theone代单数可数名词,theones/those代替复数名词,that代替不可数名词.e.g.Thebookhereisnewerthantheoneonthedesk.Theapplesonthetreearefresherthanthose/theonesinthebox.TheweatherinWuhanishotterthanthatinBeijing.7.比较级前可用“数词+名词”表示确定的度量。e.g.Iam(5years)olderthanhim.Theroomis(3times)aslargeasthatone.注意:.原级常与very,as,so,too,quite,pretty,really等连用。.比较级常与much,even,far,than,alittle,abit,alot等连用..than后的比较状语结构:e.g.Herunsfasterthanme/I(do).8.YoucantellthatLisareallywantedtowin,though.然而,你能看得出丽莎真的想赢。讲述:tellastory/lie/joke.1).tell告诉:tellsb.sth.(不能为it/them)=tellsth.tosb.;tellsb.(not)todosth.辨别;识别:Canyoutellthedifferencesbetweenthetwins?2).though意为“然而;但是”,表示转折关系,常放于句尾,用逗号隔开,而however可位于句首、句中或句末,常用逗号隔开。However,YoucantellthatLisareallywantedtowin9.Theybothlikesports.他们俩都喜欢运动。(both:两个都;用在实动之前,其它动词之后)Youarebothtooyoung.TheybothspeakEnglish.Bothof…..+名词复数如:Bothoftheflowersarebeautiful.两朵花都很漂亮。both…and…两者都……反义词组:neither…nor…两者都不……注意:all:都(三者或三者以上);either:两者中任一个;every:每个(三者或三者以上)10.Atruefriendreachesforyourhandandtouchesyourheart.一个真正的朋友(在你需要帮助的时候)向你伸出手,触动你的心弦。到达:reach/arriveat/gettotheschool伸手去拿:reach(outone’shand)forsth.与…取得联系:HowcanIreachyou?延伸:Theforestreachesasfarastheriver.森林延伸到河边。(v)接触;触摸:Don’ttouchthepaint!请勿触油漆!触动;感动Iwastouched/movedbyhiswords.我被他的话打动了。(n)接触;联系:keepin/losetouchwithsb.与...保持失去联系getintouchwithsb.与...取得联系11.Shemademelaughandfeelbetter.(laughatsb.笑话;取笑某人)make/let/havesb.dosth.=getsb.todosth.使某人做某事make+宾语+形容词:使某人/某事怎样如:Hiswordsmakeushappy.12.It’snoteasyformetomakefriends.(makefriendswithsb.与...交朋友)It’s+adj.+forsb.+todosth.:某人做某事怎么样.(It是形式主语,todosth.是真正主语)Unit4What’sthebestmovietheater?1.oneof+可数名词的复数……之一2.形容词和副词的最高级一、含义.大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:原级、比较级、最高级:badly–worse-worst.最高级:表示三者或三者以上(人或物)之间的比较。二.最高级基本句型结构\n系动词+the+adj.(最高级)of+同类(ofall/us..).主语+谓语动词+the+adj./adv.(最高级)+实义动词+(the)+adv.(最高级)in+范围(inChina...)如:Taraistheyoungestofall.Lindadraws(the)mostcarefullyinherclass.注:1.副词的最高级前可省略“the”:如:sit(the)mostcomfortably坐得最舒适.最高级前有其它的限定词时,不加“the”:mybestfriend.Which/Who…+the+最高级…,A,BorC?e.g.Whichdoyoulike(the)best,apples,pearsororanges?.oneof+the+最高级(形)+名(复):“最…之一”。e.g.JackChenisoneofthemostfamousactorsintheworld..the+序数词+最高级(形)+名(单):e.g.HainanisthesecondlargestislandinChina..Thisisthe+最高级(形)+名(单)+that从句:e.g.ThisistheworstmoviethatIhaveeverseen.这是我曾经看过的最糟糕的电影。.a+最高级(形)+名(单):表示“非常”。e.g.Springisabestseason.3.That’suptoyoutodecide.那由你决定。beuptosb.(todecide.)由某人决定beupto(doing)sth.胜任;适合如:Heisn’tuptowatchingtheflowers.4.What’up?=What’wrong?=What’sthematter?怎么哪?5.what’smore:另外;还有6.what’sworse:更糟糕的是7.Howdoyouliketheneighborhoodsofar?sofar:迄今为止;到现在为止同义句:.Howistheneighborhood?.Whatdoyouthinkoftheneighborhood?.Howdoyoufeelabouttheneighborhood?8.Thanksfortellingme.thanks(n):感谢如:manythanks=Thankyouverymuch.thanksfor(doing)sth.=thanksb.for(doing)sth.感谢某人做某事9.Noproblem.1).不客气;(回答感谢)2)、没关系(回答道歉)3).没问题(回答请求)10.--Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?---10minutesbybus.乘车十分钟的路程。11.watch/see/hear/feel/find/notice(注意)+sb.dosth.(经常或已发生)watch/see/hear/feel/find/notice(注意)+sb.doingsth.(某次或正在发生)如:Ioftenhearhersing.(经常)Isawhercomeintotheclassroom.(已发生)Isawthemplayingbasketballyesterday.(某次或正在发生)12.全世界:aroundtheworld=intheworld=allovertheworld.13.Thecinemaistheclosesttomyhome.电影院离我家最近。close(v):关闭;封闭closethedoor/road.closed(adj):关闭的;不公开的(adj):近的;接近的Heisclosetosuccess.他快要成功了。亲密的;密切的myclosefriend我亲密的朋友。(adv):接近;靠近Hesitsclosetothewindow.他坐在窗户旁边。14.poor贫穷的;可怜的如:Sheissuchapoorgirlthatshecan’tbuyatoy.糟糕的;质量差的如:I’mpoorinEnglish.Heisinpoorhealth.Unit5Doyouwanttowatchagameshow?1.letsb.dosth.让某人做某事2.plantodosth.计划/打算做某事3.hopetodosth.希望做某4.happentodosth.碰巧做某事5.expecttodosth.盼望做某事6.bereadytodosth.乐于做某事7.Howaboutdoing…?做……怎么样?8.tryone’sbesttodosth.尽力做某事9.plan(n)计划:makeaplantodosth.=plantodosth.制定计划做…makeaplanforsth.为…制定计划如:makeaplanforyourtrip.(v)计划;打算:plan(todo)sth如:plan(tohave)atrip(planning;planned)10.stand站立:standup代表:standforsth.Ourflagstandsforourcountry.容忍(否):can’tstand(doing)sth.如:Ican’tstandtellinglies.\n11.---Whatdoyouthinkofsoapoperas?---Idon’tmindthem.1).thinkof认为;以为:如:Whatdoyouthinkofsitcoms[ˈsɪtkɒm]情景喜剧.想起;记得:如:Ican’tthinkofhisnamenow.考虑;关心:如:LeiFengalwaysthoughtofotherpeoplefirst.想一想;想象:如:Thinkofthepast,you’llfeelhappier.thinkabout:考虑如:Heisthinkingaboutgoingonvacation.thinkhighly/lightlyofsb./sth.:对…评价甚高/轻视;看重/看轻如:Mr.Blackthinkshighlyofhisstudents.thinkout:想出(=comeupwith=thinkup)如:thinkoutaplanthinkover…:仔细考虑…..如:Letmethinkitover.thinktwice:慎重考虑;三思而后行如:You’dbetterthinktwiceaboutgoingtherealone2).mind(n)头脑;想法;心思如:Outofsight,outofmind眼不见,心不烦(v)注意;留心:如:Mindyourhead!当心别碰头!Mindyourownbusiness!别管闲事介意;反对(否,疑问,条状)如:Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?keep...inmind:记住..。makeupone’smindtodosth.下定决心做…..changeone’smind:改变想法beof/intwominds:犹豫不决outofone’smind:失去理智tomymind:依我看Would/Doyoumind(doing)sth.?你介意。。。吗?nevermind:没关系(回答道歉:sorry);别担心(用于安慰对方:Ibrokethecup.)12.Ihopetofindoutwhat’sgoingonaroundtheworld.(n)希望:如:Henevergaveuphishope..(v)希望:…hopetodosth.;…hope+that从句.Ihopeso.我希望如此。Ihopenot.我不希望如此。.认为;发觉如:Ifounditnecessarytotakeexercise.findout:查明;弄清楚如:You’dbetterfindoutwhobrokethewindow.lookfor:寻找如:Theylookedforiteverywhere,buttheydidn’tfindit13.Iliketofollowthestoryandseewhathappensnext.我喜欢跟着故事的发展看看接下来发生什么。1).follow跟随:如:Ifollowedherupthesteps.我跟着她上了楼梯遵循;服从(命令;规则等)如:Followmyadvice.沿着…前进:如:Followtheroadtothebridge.理解;听清楚(sb)如:Youspeaktoofastformetofollow.2).happen发生(goon):Whathappenedtoyou?=What’swrongwithyou?巧遇/偶然做...:Ihappenedtobeoutwhenyoucalled.你给我打电话时我正好不在家。14.Youcanexpecttolearnalot/muchfromsitcoms.你能期望从情景喜剧中学到很多。1).expect期望;盼望:expectsth/that+从句:Iexpecttheresult.expect(sb.)todosth.Iexpect(you)towinthegame.预料;认为:Iexpectthathewillcomesoon.Iexpectso:我认为如此Iexpectnot.=Idon’texpectso.我不认为如此2).learn…from:从…中学到…;learnfrom…:向…学习15.famousbefamousfor...:因(技能;特色)出名Edisonwasfamousforhisinventionsbefamousas...:因(身份;产地)出名Heisfamousasamagacian.16.comeout出来;花开;发芽:It’swonderfultowatchthestarscomeoutatnight.(书刊、产品等)上市;发行:Hisnewrecord(唱片)cameoutlastweek.(秘密;真相)传出;大白:Thetruthwillcomeoutsoonerorlater.17.Hebecomeveryrichandsuccessful.1).rich:有钱的;丰富的Heisrichinexperience.他经验丰富\n2).success(n):成功-----succeed(v)取得成功----successful(adj)/successfully(adv)成功的18.OneofthemainreasonsisthatMickeywaslikeacommonman,buthealwaystriedtofaceanydanger.主要原因之一是米老鼠就像一个普通人,他总是尽力面对任何危险。1)reason:理由thereasonfor(doing)sth.Itishisreasonforbeinglate.2)try尽力做...:trytodosth.Itrytosolvetheproblemmyself.我尽力自己解决问题尝试做...:trydoingsth.Hetriedopeningthedoor,buthefailedhaveatry:试一试tryon:试穿(衣、鞋等)tryout:测试(机器);试用(某人)3)any无论哪个(肯):Youcanaskmeanyquestionatanytime.任何一个/一些(条状):Ifyouhaveanyproblem(s),pleasetellme.若干;一些(否、疑问):Arethereanymessagesforme?4)danger(n)---dangerous(adj)危险的;indanger处于危险中;outofdanger摆脱危险19.luck(n)(adj)lucky/unlucky幸运的/不幸的goodluck祝你好运(事前)运气(adv)luckily/unluckily幸运地/不幸地badluck真倒霉(事后)20.失去;丢失losetheway迷路输掉((比赛)losethegame;losetosb:输给某人21.bereadytodosth.准备/乐于做...bereadyforsth.为...做准备ready愿意的;准备好的getreadytodosth./forsth.(为)准备(做...)22.Shedressesuplikeaboyandtakesherfather’splacetofightinthearmy.她女扮男装,替父从军dress(n)女裙;礼服(vi)穿衣:Shedressescasually['kæʒʊəlɪ]漫不经心地.她穿着随意。vt)给...穿衣:Thelittlegirlcandressherself.dressup:化妆;打扮dressupassb.化妆成某人be/getdressed(in...)穿...衣23.takeone’splace=taketheplaceofsb.:代替;替换takeplace:发生(happen)Unit6I’mgoingtostudycomputerscience1.begoingto+动词原形打算做某事2.practicedoing练习做某事3.keepondoingsth.不断地做某事4.learntodosth.学会做某事5.finishdoingsth.做完某事6.promisetodosth.许诺去做某事7.helpsb.todosth.帮助某人做某事8.remembertodosth.记住做某事9.agreetodosth.同意做某事10.lovetodosth.喜爱做某事11.wanttodosth.想要做某事12.Whatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowup?(vi)生长;发育Vegetablesheregrowwell.Hegrowstaller.逐渐变得;渐渐Hegrewold.Hegrewtolikehisjob.(vt)种植PeoplegrowriceinSouthChina.留长;蓄长(头发、胡须等I’vedicidedtogrowmyhair.growup长大;成长growinto...长成Hehasgrownintoayoungman13.I’mgoingtokeeponwritingstories我将继续写故事。keep保持(状态):如:keephealthy.Keepthedooropen记(日记、账簿)如:keepadiary抚养(人);饲养(动)如:keephisfamily;keepapet.保留;留下如:Youcankeepthebookfortwodays.持续keep(sb.)doingsth.(不停)做…如:Theykeptmetalking.keepondoingsth.(间歇后)做…如:keepontryingkeepsb.fromdoingsth.阻止某人做…keepupwith跟上;赶上14.I’mgoingtowritearticlesandsendthemtomagazinesandnewspapers.send邮寄;发送如:sendaletter/message打发;派遣(人)如:sendsb.tosp.;sendsbtodosth.派(车等)如:Willyousendacarforhim?\nsendup发射;使上升sendaway开除;赶走;sendfor派(人)去请15.Soundslikeagoodplan.(=Thatsoundslikeagoodplan.)听起来像一个好计划。sound(n)声音voice:嗓音;说话声noise:噪音sound(v)听起来sound+adjThatsoundswonderful.(feel/smell/taste/look)听起来像soundlikesth.Itsoundslikeagoodidea.16.Somepeoplemightsaytheyaregoingtotakeupahobbylikepaintingortakingphotos.有些人也许会说他们将会开始一项业余爱好,比如绘画或摄影takeup拿起pleasetakeupyourbookandread.takeup开始做(兴趣)Hetookup(playing)golfwhenhewasachild.takeup占用(时、空)Thedesktakesuptoomuchroom.I’msorrytotakeupyourtime.Unit7Willpeoplehaverobots?1.hundredsof许多;成百上千2.getbored感到厌烦的3.will+动词原形将要做……4.fewer/more+可数名词复数更少/更多……5.less/more+不可数名词更少/更多……6.havetodosth.不得不做某事7.such+名词(词组)如此……8.Therewillbe+主语+其他将会有……9.Thereis/are+sb./sth.+doingsth.有……正在做某事10.makesb.dosth.11.helpsb.withsth.帮助某人做某事12.trytodosth.尽力做某事13.It’s+adj.+forsb.todosth.对某人来说,做某事……的。14.Therewillbemorepollution.将会有更多的污染。1).Therewillbe+n=Thereis/aregoingtobe+n将会有…(不能与have连用)ThereisgoingtobeafootballmatchthisFriday.2).pollution(u.n):污染;公害pollute(v):污染;弄脏polluted(adj):受污染的15.I’llflyrocketstothemoon.=I’llgotothemoonbyrocket.我将乘火箭去月球。fly(n)苍蝇fly(v)(鸟、飞机等)飞Iwanttoflyupintothesky.fly(v)使(飞机等)飞行;驾驶I’llfly(thespaceship)tootherplanets.fly(v)(旗帜、头发等)飘扬Theflagisflyinginthewind.fly(v)(时间)飞逝TimeflieswhenI’mreadingabook.16.Todaytherearealreadyrobotsworkinginfactories.现在已经有机器人在工厂里工作了。Therebesb.doingsth.有某人正在做…Thereisabirdsinginginthetree.17.Theyagreeitmaytakehundredsofyears.他们同意这可能花费几百年的时间。Ittakes+时间+(forsb.)todosth.某人花费时间区做某事。Ittookmehalfanhourtofinishmyhomework.18.hundreds/thousands/millionsofsth.;two…hundred/thousand/millionsth.一般将来时1.含义:表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作.1).Inthefuture,therewillbelessfreshwater.2).They’regoingtobuysomefoodrightaway.2.常与一般将来时连用的时间状语有:inthefuture,tomorrow, thedayaftertomorrow,next (month),atonce(立刻;马上),soon,rightaway(立刻;马上),rightnow(现在;马上),soonerorlater(迟早),later,in+一段时间等3.结构:1)will+动词原形(第一人称用shall)2)begoingto+动词原形3).否定:一加二改:一加(助动词+not);二改(some改为any)Hewillvisityoutomorrow.---Hewon’tvisityoutomorrow.Theyaren’tgoingtobuyanyfood.4.一般疑问:一提二改三升调:把(will/be)提到句首;把some改为any、句号改为问好;1).Willhevisityoutomorrow?------Yes,hewill./No,hewon’t.\n2).Aretheygoingtobuyanyfood?------Yes,theyare./No,theyaren’t.5.注意:1).在口语中,will常缩写为’ll,willnot常缩写为won’t.2).在疑问句中,主语为第一人称(I和we)时,常用助动词shall:Shallwemeetattheschoolgatetomorrow?3).begoingto也可以表示将要发生的动作或安排,含有“计划,准备”的意思。更强调主观:I’mgoingtotakeatripthisweekend;而will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情:Hewillbetwentyyearsoldnextmonth.从不严格的语法角度而言,begoingto与will二者可以.4).Therebe句型的一般将来时结构为:Thereis/aregoingtobe+n...;Therewillbe+n...:将会有...(不能与have连用)5).come,go,leave,arrive等表示位置移动的动词常用现在进行时表示将来:Heisarrivingat8o’clocktomorrow.6).在条件、时间状语从句中,一般是主将从现。If(如果)itisfinetomorrow,I’mgoingonatrip.Unit8Howdoyoumakeabananamilkshake?1.It’stime(forsb.)+todosth.到(某人)做某事的时间了2.First…Next…Then…Finally首先……接下来……然后…….最后……3.want+todosth.想要做某事4.forget+todosth.忘记去做某事5.how+todosth.如何做某事6.need+todosth.需要做某事7.make+宾语+形容词使……怎样8.letsb.+dosth.让某人做某事9.Howdoyoumakeabananamilkshake?你怎样制作一份香蕉奶昔?shakehands握手shakeone’shead摇头10.Turnontheblender.打开搅拌器。turnon:打开(电、煤气、水等)Willyoupleaseturnonthelight?It’stoodark.turnoff:关掉(电、煤气、水等)Pleaseturnthelightoffwhenyouleavethebuilding.turnup:调高(音量等)Ican’thearclearly,pleaseturnuptheradio.turnup:出现Ifhedoesn’tturnupintenminutes,we’llhavetogo.turndown:调低(音量等):PleaseturndowntheTVwhenI’mtalkingonthephone.turndown:拒绝Sheturneddownhisinvitation.11.cutupthebananas.把香蕉切碎。cut:(n)切口;伤口;(v)切,割,剪,砍,削等cut…into…:把…切成…cuttheturkeyintopieces.cutoff:切断;中断Healmostcutoffhisfingerwhileworking.cutup切碎;剁碎Cuttheonionupinsmallpieces.cutup伤害;折磨:Hewascutupbadlywhenhefelloffhisbike.cutdown:砍倒;削减Theycutdowntheoldtreesinordertobuildanewfactory.12.A:Howmuchyogurtdoweneed?B:Weneedonecupofyogurt.1).howmany:多少+可数名词:howmanywatermelonsdoyouneed?howmuch多少+不可数名词:Howmuchcheese/sugardoweneed?howmuch多少钱=What’dthepriceof…?Howmuchisthebutter?13.Next,filltheturkeywiththisbreadmix.接下来,把这个面包混合物填充到火鸡里。使充满;装满:fillAwithB=AbefilledwithB=AbefullofBFillthebottlewithwater.=Thebottleisfilledwith/isfullofwater.14.Now,it’stimetoenjoythericenoodles!现在,到了享用米粉的时候了。It’stimeforsth.:It’stimeforsupper.It’stimetodosth.It’stimetohavesupper.是…的时候了It’stimeforsb.todosth.It’stimeforyoutogetup.\n可数名词与不可数名词一.初中常见的不可数名词有:woodiceicecreamwoolmetalglasshairdustairwatermilkwinebeerbreadsugarricemeatcheeseweathersunshineexperiencetraffichomeworkadvicehouseworkinformationpeacetroubleangerfoodfishgrassteadrinkcoffeefruitsnoweducationknowledgetimemusiccokepaperorangechickenhairexercisefriendshippollutionworkroomnewssaladpopcorncornsaltpeppergravyhoneysoupporridgesunshinelightmoneyrainwindChineseJapaneseEnglishbeefporkoiljuice二.1.既可修饰可数名词也可修饰:all,some,most,alotof,lotsof,plentyof…2.修饰可数名词的词有:数词(one...),few,afew,many,anumberof,numbersof...3.修饰不可数名词的词有:little,alittle,abitof,much,agreatdealof,alargeamountof4.不可数名词通常用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”表示复数:threepiecesofpaper祈使句一.定义:祈使句指的是表示命令、请求、建议或劝告的句子。其主语you常省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号,读降调。二.结构:1.肯定的祈使句:动词原形+其他Standup,please.Becareful!2.否定的祈使句:1).Don't+动词原形Don’tlaughatothers.2).Neverdosth.Neverdothatagain!3).No+v-ing/n.Nosmoking!Nonoise,please.4).Let’snotdosth.Let’snotwastetime.5).Don’tletsb.dosth.Don’tletthemmakeanynoise.Unit9Canyoucometomyparty?1.invitesb.todosth.邀请某人做某事2.what引导的感叹句结构:What+a/an+adj.+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!What+adj.+名词复数/不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!3.besadtodosth.做某事很悲伤4.lookforwardtodoingsth.期盼做某事5.What’stoday?今天是什么日子?6.What’sthedatetoday?今天是什么日期?7.Whatdayisittoday?今天星期几?8.prepare意为“准备”,强调准备的动作与过程。宾语是这一动作的承受者。其后也可接双宾语,还可接不定式。  prepareforsth.为…准备好。for的宾语不是动作的承受者,而是表示准备的目的,即所要应付的情况。 /preparetodosth准备做某事。prepare强调准备的动作与过程。宾语是这一动作的承受者。其后也可接双宾语,还可接不定式。get/beready意为“准备好”,强调准备的结果。常见结构有:①beready(forsth.)②getsth.Ready③beready(forsth)④begetreadytodo(准备干某事,乐于干某事)\n9.havetheflu患感冒,haveacold感冒,haveacough咳嗽,haveafever发烧haveasorethroat喉咙痛,haveaheadache头痛,haveatoothache牙痛10.hangout常去某处,泡在某处,hangon紧紧抓住,hangabout闲荡,hangup挂电话,悬挂,挂起11.catchyou=seeyou=byebye,catchacold感冒,catchsb’seye引起某人注意,catchthetrain赶上火车,catchupwith=keepupwith赶上,跟上,12.accept接受,反义词为:refuse。accept指主观上愿意接受,receive收到,指客观上收到或拿到,但主观上不一定会接受。Ireceivedhisgiftyesterday,butIwouldn’tliketoacceptit.13.turndown=refuse拒绝turnup放大调高turnover翻身taketurns依次,轮流14.helpsb.(to)dosth帮助某人做某事helpsb.withsth在某方面帮助人helponeselftosth随便吃15.attheendof在…末尾,在…尽头,bytheendof到…末为止intheendof终于16.surprised形容词,感到意外的,主语是人besurprisedtodosth对做某事感到意外surprising形容词,令人惊讶的,主语是物Thenewswassurpring.surprise名词,惊奇、惊讶toone’ssurprise使某人吃惊,动词,使惊奇,使感到意外Itsurprisesbtodosth.17.lookforwardto期待,盼望,to是介词,后跟名词,代词或动名词作宾语。18.hearfromsb.收到某人的来信=receivealetterfromsb.hearof=hearabout听说19.reply回答,指用口头或书面形式回答,不及物动词replytosb/sth.对…..作出回答。作及物动词,意为回答,回答说。作名词,意为:答道,回信,答复,后跟介词to.20.answer是最普通的用语,包括口头,书面或行动的回答,可作及物和不及物动词。Unit10Ifyougototheparty,youwillhaveagreattime1.asksb.todosth.要求某人做某事2.tellsb.todosth.告诉某人做某事3.too…todosth.太……而不能做某事4.beafraidtodosth.害怕做某事5.advisesb.todosth.劝告某人做某事6.needtodosth.需要做某事7.It’sbest(not)todosth.最好(不)做某事8.由 if 引导的条件状语从句 (主将从现)if 用做连词时,可以表示“如果;假如”,用来引导一个条件状语从句。如: I will go if he asks me.If you eat bad food, you may be ill.注意:在主句和条件状语从句中的动词都表示将来的动作时,主句中常用一般将来时,含有情态动词的句子或祈使句,也可以是谓语含有want, hope, wish等动词的句子,但从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。如:We will come to see you if we have time.You won’t be able to pass the exam if you don’t work hard. I hope to visit her if  I  am free. 1、I think  I  am going to the party  with  Karen and Ann.分析:be going to do sth.  将要、打算做某事。如:I am going to do some shopping  with  my mother.辨析:be going to and will.be going to and will  两者都可以表示将来,其区别如下:be going to 常用于事先经过的打算、计划或意图,也可用于根据某种迹象将要发生的动作。如: Why are you taking down all the pictures?\n I am going to repaint the wall. Look at the dark clouds in the sky.  It’s going to rain. will  常用于不受人的主观意愿影响的单纯将来,也可用于条件状语从句中,还可以表趋向或习惯的动作。如: Tomorrow  will be Teacher’s Day. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the zoo. W e will die without air or water.2、Half of class won’t come.分析:  ①half, adj and n. 一半(的)。 h alf 常用于名词或修饰名词的冠词前面,即half a/an/the/one ’ s +n. 还可以用于a half +n. 这中结构。如: Please cut the cake into halves. The little boy drank half a bottle of water.== the little boy drank a half bottle of water. Half of the children are from  Chinese .注意:half 短语作主语时,谓语动词与half后的名词保持一致2017初中英语语法汇总八年级下册Unti1what’sthematter?1.needtodosth.需要去做某事2.seesbdoingsth看见某人正在做某事3.asksbsth询问某人某事4.expectsbtodosth期望某人做某事5.agreetodosth同意做某事6.helpsb(to)dosth帮助某人做某事7.wanttodosth想要做某事8.tellsbtodosth告诉某人做某事9.haveproblems(in)doingsth做某事有困难10.usesthtodosth用某物去做某事11.be/getusedtodoingsth习惯于做某事12.seemtodosth好像做某事13.keepondoingsth继续做某事14.minddoingsth介意做某事15.What’sthematter(withyou)?怎么了?出什么事了?What’sthetrouble/theproblem/wrongwithsb./sth.?16.Ihadacold.我感冒了。haveacold=catchacold=havetheflu感冒haveafever发烧haveacough咳嗽haveastomachache胃疼,肚子疼haveatoothache牙疼haveaheadache头疼17.身体部位+ache(疼痛)构成新的复合词stomach+ache=stomachachehead+ache=headachetooth+ache=toothacheback+ache=backache后背痛18.muchtoo+形容词或副词,意为太。。。,toomuch+不可数名词,意为太多。。。。19.enough【形容、副词】足够的/地,enough放在名词后,形副后。goodenough足够好,enoughmoney足够的钱20.liedown躺下,lie躺,躺着,过去式lay;lie说谎,过去式lied21.maybe“或许”,常用于句首,表示可能性,后加句子。Maybeyouareright.maybe,是情态动词+be的结构,意为“可能,也许”,后加名词、代词或形容词。Hemaybeangry.22.soundlike+名词代词和从句:Itsoundslikeyoudon’tknowthetruth.Itsoundslikeagoodidea.sound+形容词,“听起来,好像”,Themusicsoundsnice.23.need需要,实义动词need+名词,需要某物;needtodosth.需要做某事,主语通常是人,表示人主动的动作:Youneedtolistencarefullyduringclass.\nneeddoingsth.主语通常是物,表示被动的动作:Yourdirtyclothesneedwashing.24.getoff(thebus)下(公交车)geton上车25.agree同意,赞同;同意做某事agreetodo,同意某人的看法、观点agreewithsb。26.trouble问题,麻烦;beintrouble陷入困境,maketrouble制造麻烦,havetrouble(in)doingsth.=havedifficulties(in)doingsth做某事有困难。27.rightaway=rightnow=atonce,意为立刻,马上。28.runout用完,用尽物sth.runout.某物用尽了。人sb.runoutofsth..人用尽了某物。Herunoutofallhismoneylastnight.29.risk(sb.)todosth.冒险去做某事takearisk=takerisks冒险30.theimportanceof(doing)sth.(做)某事的重要性Westudentsshouldknowtheimportanceof(learning)English.importancen.重要(性),importantadj.重要的,unimportantadj.不重要的31.decision【名词】决定;抉择;makeadecision做决定32.beinthecontrolof…掌管,管理Theheadmasterisinthecontrolofthisnewschool.beoutofcontrol无法控制,无法管理33.【反身代词】英语中共有八个反身代词,在使用时应注意和它所指的相应的对象在人称、性别、数上保持一致。数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves用在某些固定短语当中。如:lookafteroneself/takecareofoneself照顾自己teachoneselfsth./learnsth.byoneself自学enjoyoneself玩得高兴,过得愉快helponeselftosth请自用……(随便吃/喝些……).hurtoneself摔伤自己saytooneself自言自语introduceoneself介绍……自己 leavesb.byoneself把某人单独留下buyoneselfsth.给自己买……东西【提醒】1.反身代词不能单独做主语,但可以做主语的同位语,起强调作用。如:我自己能完成作业。(误)Myselfcanfinishmyhomework.(正)Imyselfcanfinishmyhomework./Icanfinishmyhomeworkmyself.2.反身代词表示“某人自己”不能表示“某人的东西”,因为它没有所有格的形式。表达“某人自己的(东西)”时,须要用one’sown.如:我用我自己的蜡笔画画。(误)I’mdrawingwithmyselfcrayons.(正)I’mdrawingwithmyowncrayons.Unit2I’llhelptocleanthecityparks1.needtodosth需要做某事2.makeplantodosth制定计划做某事3.asksb(not)todosth要求某人(不要)做某事4.usedtodosth过去常常做某事5.decidetodosth决定做某事6.helpsb(to)dosth帮助某人做某事7.makeadifferenceto对......产生影响8.makeitpossibleforsbtodosth使得做某事对某人来说是可能的9.动词+副词短语cheerup使高兴起来cleanup打扫干净putup张贴mixup修理giveaway赠送giveout分发giveup放弃useup用光getup起床\nhandin上交putoff推迟pickup捡起thinkover仔细思考turndown关小音量setup建立setoff出发lookout小心10.动词+介词短语lookafter照顾belongto属于takeafter与....相像hearfrom收到.....来信hearof听说payfor支付waitfor等待11.动词+副词+介词短语getoutof避免comeupwith想出catchupwith追上赶上lookforwardto期待盼望goonwith继续12.动词+名词短语havearest休息一下takeawalk散步makemistakes犯错haveatry试一下takeplace发生tellalie撒谎makeadecision做决定13.动词+名词+介词短语havealookat看一看makeafriendwith与.....交朋友payattentionto注意makefunof取笑14.Be+形容词+介词短语belatefor迟到beangrywith生气befondof喜欢begoodat擅长begoodfor对...有好处beshortof缺乏besimiliarto与......相似bestrictwith对......严格要求bepoundof骄傲自豪15.语法点动词不定式归纳只跟动词不定式做宾语的动词决心学会有希望(decideto,learnto,wishto,hopeto)同意计划莫假装(agreeto,planto,pretendto)忘记拒绝会失望(forgetto,refuseto,failto)准备设法来帮忙(prepareto,tryto,manageto,helpto)提供请求负担起(offerto,begto,affordto)记得阻止理应当(rememberto,stopto,besupposedto)Unit3Couldyoupleasecleanyourroom?1.finishdoingsth做完某事2.wantsbtodosth想要某人做某事3.try(not)todosth尽力(不)做某事4.letsbdosth让某人做某事5.spend......(in)doingsth花费......做某事6.minddoingsth介意做某事7.learntodosth学习做某事8.learnhowtodosth学习怎样做某事9.The+比较级,the+比较级越......,就越.....Unit4whydon’tyoutalktoyourparents?1.allowsbtodosth允许某人做某事2.whydon’tyoudosth?为什么不做某事呢?3.whynotdosth?为什么不做某事呢?4.findsbdoingsth发现某人在做某事5.tellsbtodosth告诉某人做某事6.refusetodosth拒绝做某事7.letsbdosth让某人做某事8.offertodosth主动提供做某事9.not....until....直到....才...10.it’stimetodosth该做某事了11.it+adj+todosth做某事是.....的12.keepondoingsth继续做某事13.whatdoyouthinkof...?你认为....怎么样?Unit5whatwereyoudoingwhentherainstormcame?1.bebusydoingsth/bebusywithsth忙于(做)某事2.seesb/sthdoingsth看见某人或某物正在做某事3.begin/starttodosth开始做某事4.trytodosth努力去做某事5.havetrouble(in)doingsth做某事有困难6.语法点\n过去进行时过去进行最好记,was/were+doing特定时间有暗示,过去某刻某时段肯定主语在句首,一般问句Be提前否定句式更简单,Be后只把not添Unit6Anoldmantriedtomovethemountains1.trytodosth设法做某事2.finishdoingsth完成做某事3.continuetodosth继续做某事4.makesbdosth让某人做某事5.keepdoingsth一直做某事6.insteadofdoingsth代替做某事7.beabletodo能够做某事8.Ittakes/took.....todosth花费...做某事9.havenotimetodosth没有时间做某事10.becomeinterestedindoingsth对做某事感兴趣11.can’tstopdoingsth禁不住做某事12.hearsbdoingsth听到某人正在做某事13.leadsbtosomewhere引导某人到某处14.leavesthat/insomewhere把某物遗忘在某地15.showsbsth向某人展示某物Unit7what’sthehighestmountainintheworld?1.anyother+名词单数其他任何一个......2.feelfreetoasksbsthon......就...随意问某人某事3.oneofthe+形容词最高级+可数名词复数最....的....之一4.what’sthe+形容词最高级+名词intheworld?世界上最....的....是什么?5.protect....from/against....保护....使不受;防御6.succeedindoingsth成功做成某事7.teachsbaboutsth教某人有关.....内容8.sendsbtodosth派某人去做某事9.Therebesb/sthdoing.....有某人/物正在做某事Unit8HaveyoureadTreasureIslandyet?1.finishdoingsth完成做某事2.arriveat/insw到达某地3.learntodosth学习做某事4.seesbdoingsth看到某人正在做某事5.namesbsth给某人取名为.......6.teachsbsth教某人某事7.usesthtodo用某物做某事8.lovetodo/doingsth喜欢做某事9.can’twaittodosth迫不及待做某事10.bekindtosb对某人友好11.hopetodosth希望做某事12.havetimetodosth有时间做某事13havenothingtodo没什么事情可做Unit9Haveyoueverbeentoamuseum?1.agreatwaytodosth一个做某事的好方法2.watchsbtodosth观看某人做了某事3.It’sunbelievablethat....很难相信......4.encouragesbtodosth鼓励某人做某事5.haveproblem(in)doingsth做某事很费劲6.as...as..和...一样7.thebesttimetodosth做某事的最佳时间8.choosetodosth选择做某事9.tellsbtodosth告诉某人做某事Unit10I’vhadthisbikeforthreeyears1.It’s+adj(+forsb)+todosth(对某人来说)做某事是......2.decidetodosth决定做某事3.havebeenin+地点在某处待了多久4.hopetodosth希望做某事5.oneof+the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数+V单数最....的...之一是....6.usedtodosth过去常常做某事7.needtodosth需要做某事2017初中英语语法汇总九年级Unit1Howcanwebecomegoodlearners?1.bydoingsth通过做某事2.it+be+adj+todosth做某事是……的\n3.finishdoingsth完成某事4.whataboutdoingsth?做某事怎么样?5.trytodosth尽力做某事6.the+比较近,the+比较近越……,就越……7.findit+adj+todosth发现做某事8.beafraidofdoingsth害怕做某事9.helpsb(to)dosth帮助某人做某事10.practicedoingsth练习做某事11.keepdoingsth一直做某事12.beafraidtodosth害怕做某事13.begintodosth开始做某事14.wanttodosth想要做某事15.needtodosth需要做某事16.remembertodosth记得做某事17.shoot射(射着,射死等表结果)18.shootat(瞄准)射19.提建议的句子:①What/howabout+doingsth.? 做…怎么样?如:What/Howaboutgoingshopping?②Whydon'tyou+dosth.?你为什么不做…?如:Whydon'tyougoshopping?③Whynot+dosth.?为什么不做…?如:Whynotgoshopping?④Let's+dosth.让我们做…吧。如:Let'sgoshopping⑤Shallwe/I+dosth.?我们/我…好吗?如:Shallwe/Igoshopping?20.too…to...... 太…而不能如:I'mtootiredtosayanything.我太累了,什么都不想说。21.be/getexcitedaboutsth. 对…感兴奋22.endupdoingsth:以......结束如:Thepartyendedupsinging.晚会以唱歌而结束。23.endupwithsth.以…结束如:Thepartyendedupwithhersinging.晚会以她的歌唱而告终。Unit2Ithinkthatmooncakesaredelicious!1.感叹句式一:What+(a/an)+adj+名词(+主语+谓语+其他)!多么……的……感叹句式二:How+adj/adv+主语+谓语+其他!……多么……!2.in+时间段在……后3.givesb.sth.给某人某物4.plantodosth计划做某事5.refusetodosth拒绝做某事6.oneof+名词复数形式……之一7.it+is+名词+动词不定式(todosth)做某事是…8.what…thinkof…?认为…怎么样?9.makesbdosth让某人做某事10.usedtobe过去是……11.warnsb(not)todosth告诫某人做某事12.tellsb(not)todosth告诉某人做某事13.decidetodosth决定做某事14.promisetodosth承诺、答应做某事15.宾语从句一.连词a.陈述语序(that)b.一般疑问句(if或whether)c.特殊疑问句(5w,1h)二.陈述语序三.时态可跟that从句做宾语的动词:say,think,insist,wish,hope,demand,imagine,wonder,know,see,believe,agree,admit,deny,expect,explain,order,command,feel,dream,suggest,hear,mean,notice,prefer,request,require,propose,declare,report等例:Idon’tknowwhattheyarelookingfor.Couldyoutellmewhenthetrainwillleave?注意:当主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,expect等词,而宾语从句的意思是否定时,常把否定转移至主句表示。例:Idon’tthinkitisrightforhimtotreatyoulikethat.注意:由whether,if引导的宾语从句由whether(if)引导的宾语从句,实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的,意思是“是否”。例:Iwonderwhether(if)theywillcometoourparty.注意:当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。\n例:Theteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.Unit3Couldyoupleasetellmewheretherestaurantsare?1.not……·until……直到……猜……Youneverknowuntilyoutrysomething.2.let’sdosth咱们做某事吧!3.spendtimedoingsth话费时间做某事4.thanksbfordoingsth为做某事而感谢某5.wouldliketodosth想要做某事6.lookforwardtodoingsth盼望做某事7.Itseems(that)…Itseemsarockbandplaysthereeveryevening.8.Couldyoupleasetellme...?Couldyoupleasetellmehowtogettothepostoffice?9.take的用法①takesomefoodtakesomemedicine(=have吃,喝)②takenotes做笔记③takeone’stemperature(测量)④Ittakessbsometime/moneytodosomething(花费,需要)⑤I’lltakethiscoat.(=buy购买)⑥takesomebody/somethingto(带领,拿去,取)⑦takeatraintoChongqing(乘坐)⑧takeoff(脱下)10.turn的用法turntopage80翻到Itisyourturn.轮到你了。attheturning在转弯处turnon/off/up/down关turnright/leftatthefirstturning/crossing11.语态:主动语态表示是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者被动语态的构成由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。一般现在时amisare+过去分词一般过去时waswere+过去分词情态动词can/shouldmay+be+过去分词12.问路常用的句子:①Doyouknowwhereis…?②CanyoutellmehowcanIgetto…?③Couldyoutellmehowtogetto…?④Could/Will/Wouldyoupleasetellmesth.表示十分客气地询问事情Couldyoutellmehowtogettothepark?请你告诉我怎么才能去邮局好吗?Unit4Iusedtobeafraidofthedark.1.usedtodosth过去常常做某2.beafraidofdoingsth害怕做某事3.havetodosth必须做某事4.makesbdosth让某人做某事5.giveupdoingsth放弃做什么6.trytodosth尽力做某事7.adj+enoughtodosth足够…而能够做某事8.bepreparedtodosth准备做某事9.seesbdoingsth看见某人在做某事10.begintososth开始做某事11.requiresbtodosth要求某人做某事12.decidetodo决定做某事13.makeadecisiontodosth决定做某事14.It’shardtobelievethat…很难相信……15.It+has+been+一段时间+since+从句自从……以来已经有很多长时间了16.daretodosth敢于做某事17.It’sadj+forsb+todosth对某人来说做某18.takeupdoingsth开始做某事19.辨析:\nusedtodosth.过去常常做…get/beusedtosth./doingsth.习惯于… beusedtodo 被用于做…(被动语态)beusedby由(被)…使用(被动语态)beusedas…被当做…使用(被动语态)beusedfordoing 被用于做…(被动语态)例:Iusedtogotoworkbybus.NowItakeataxi.Heusedtobeaproblemboy.Sheusedtobeveryshy.I’musedtodrinkingacupofwateraftermeal.He’sbeenusedtolivinginthedormitory.Ahammerisusedtodrivenails.Thismachineisusedtocleanthefloor.Thegirlisbeingusedasaservantinthehouse.Aknifecanbeusedforcuttingbread.20.afford(支付得起)的用法affordsth买得起……affordtodosth有足够的…去做…例:Hismothercouldn’taffordtopayforherchild’seducation.Theydidnotconsiderwhethertheycouldaffordthetimeornot.Wecan’taffordtopaysuchaprice.21.takeprideinsth/sb=beproudofsth/sb为…感到自豪例:HewaswatchingmeandtakeprideineverythinggoodIdo.Itakeprideinmychild.=I’mproudofmychild.注:HetakeprideineverythinggoodIdo.这是一个定语从句。省略了关系代词that。先行词为不定代词时,关系代词只能用that。Unit5Whataretheshirtsmadeof?1.beknownfor以...闻名2.beusedfor被用于...3.nomatter+what/when/where=whatever/whenever/wherever“无论什么/什么时候/哪里”4.it放在find/found后做形式宾语的用法5.Itseemsthat+从句“好像……”6.buysb.sth.=buysthforsb给某人买某物7.avoiddoingsth避免做某事8.allowsbtodosth允许某人做某事9.learntodosth学会做某事10.Ittakes+sb.+一段时间+todosth做某事花费某人多长时间11.辨析:be made of由...制作/制造(材料):在成品中能看出原材料be made from由...制造/制成(材料):在成品中看不出原材料be made in在...制作/制造 (产地)MadeinChina.中国制造例:Thedeskismadeofwood.Breadismadeofflour.Thepaperismadefromwood.Wineismadeofgrapes.ThiskindofplaneismadeinChina.12.be famous for 以...闻名;为人知晓 be known for因...而闻名be famous as作为...而闻名be known as作为...而闻名例:Jingdezhenisfamousforchina.Chinaisfamousforitstourism.MoYanisveryfamousasawriter.13.allowsbtodosth允许某人做某事allowdoingsthbeallowedtodosth\n例:Pleaseallowmetocomein.Mybossdoesn'tallowmetousethetelephone.Wewerenotallowedtotalkinclass.Theyallowedsmokinginthisroomonly.注意:allow只可搭配动名词短语作宾语,不可直接搭用动词不定式作宾补,即只可说allowdoingsth,不可说allowtodosth.13.一般现在时的被动语态结构:am/is/are+过去分词14.现在完成时态⑴have/has+ 过去分词⑵示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果⑶常与already,just,yet,ever,never连用(for+时间段,since+时间点,或过去某一动作,以及howlong)注:非延续性动词在现在完成时态中不能和for,since引导的表示一段时间的状语的肯定句连用。应转为相应的延续性动词如:buy----havedie----bedeadjoin----beinborrow-----keepleave----beawayIhaveboughtapen.------Ihavehadapenfor2weeks.Thedoghasdied.-------Thedoghasbeendeadsincelastweek.⑷have(has)beento+地点去过某地已经回来②have(has)goneto+地点去了某地没有回来③havebeenin+地点一直呆在某地没有离开过Unit6Whenwasitinvented?1.beusedtodo被用来做某事beusedas被用作…beusedbysb.被某人使用2.helpsbdosth.=helpsb.todosth.帮助某人做某事3.makeadecisiontodosth.=decidetodosth.决定做某事4.makesb.+adj.使某人怎么样makesbdosth使某人做某事bemadetodosth被使唤去做某5..inthisway这样,用这种方式6.sometime一段时间sometimes有时sometimes几次sometime某个时候7.oneoftheworld'sfavoritedrinks世界最受欢迎的饮料之一.oneof…之一,后面的名词用复数(一般要加S),动词用单数(一般要加S);favorite,最喜欢的,前面要用“谁的”.8.takeplace表示预料之中的事情的发生,happen表示预料不到的事情的发生,两个“发生”都没有被动9.aloneadv.独自,如livealone独自居住;lonelyadj,孤单的,如alonelyperson;feellonely10.enough,足够的,修饰名词时放前面,如enoughmoney足够的钱;修饰形容词或副词时放后面,如oldenough(年龄)足够大11.notonly...butalso...不但…而且…,句子中的动词要根据butalso后面的人来确定单复数(即“就近原则”),如NotonlyIbutalsoshelikesthenewteacher.12.thenumberof…的数量,后面的名词用复数(一般要加S),动词用单数(is)anumberof许多…,后面的名词用复数(一般要加S),动词用复数(are)13.else和other都表示“别的”,else一般放在who、what等特殊疑问词或somebody、someone等不定代词后,如someoneelse别人whoelse别的谁,而other一般放在名词前,如otheranimals14.such和so都表示“如此”,such后面一般跟名词短语,如suchgoodweather,而so后面一般跟形容词或副词,如sobeautiful15.辨析invent;find;findout;discoverinvent“发明”,指通过劳动运用聪明才智“发明/创造”出以前从未存在过的新事物例:Whoinventedthetelephone?Heinventedanewteachingmethod.\nfind“找到、发现”,指找到或发现自己所需要的东西或丢失的东西,着重指找到的结果。例:We'vefoundoilundertheSouthSea.IfinallyfoundmyEnglishbook.findout指经过研究或询问查明某事或真相。例:I'vefoundyououtatlast.PleasefindoutwhentheshipsailsforNewYork.Pleasefindoutwhattimethedelegationwillcome.discover“发现”,表示“偶然”或“经过努力”发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误,即指发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物,也可表示发现已为人所知的事物的新的性质或用途。ColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.Wesoondiscoveredthetruth.我们很快就弄清了真相。16.一般过去时的被动语态结构:was/were+过去分词Unit7Teenagersshouldbeallowedtochoosetheirownclothes.1.Sheisasixteen-year-oldgirl.=Sheissixteenyearsold.2.allowsb.todosth.允许某人做某事(主动语态) beallowedtodosth.被允许做某事(被动语态) MotherallowsmetowatchTVeverynight. LiLyisallowedtogotoAmerica.3.gettheirearspierced穿耳洞 让/使(别人)做某事 getsth.done(过去分词)havesth.done Igetmyhaircut.==Ihavemyhaircut.4.enough足够  形容词+enough如:beautifulenough 足够漂亮enough+名词 如:enoughfood足够食物enough…to 足够…去做…例:IhaveenoughmoneytogotoBeijing.我有足够的钱去北京。Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.她够大去读书了。5.stopdoingsth.停止做某事 Pleasestopspeaking.stoptodosth.停止下来去做某事 Pleasestoptospeak.6.系动词用法:系动词+adj常用的系动词有:look,feel,be,become,get,turn,smell,taste,stay(保持),kept等。连系动词除be和become等少数词可接名词作表语外,一般都是接形容词。 例:Theyareveryhappy.Hebecameadoctortwoyearsago.Shefeltverytired.Thegrassturnsgreen.7.getinthewayof碍事,妨碍如:Hersociallifegotinthewayofherstudies.8.also用于句中Ialsolikeapples.either用于否定句句末Idon’tlikeapples,either.too用于肯定句句末Ilikeapples,too.Unit8ItmustbelongtoCaral1.must,may,might,could,may,can’t+动词原形表示推测,程度不同must一定,肯定(100%的可能性)may,might,could有可能,也许(20%-80%的可能性)\ncan’t不可能,不会(可能性几乎为零)例:Thedictionarymustbemine.Ithasmynameonit.TheCDmight/could/maybelongtoTony,becausehelikeslisteningtopopmusic.Thehairbandcan’tbeBob’s.Afterall,heisboy!2.takeplace常指“(某事)按计划进行或按计划发生”(二者都无被动)happen常指具体事件的发生,特别指那些偶然或未能预见的“发生”例:GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinasince.Newthingsarehappeningallaroundus.takeplace还有“举行”之意。例:ThemeetingwilltakeplacenextFriday.happen还可表示“碰巧;恰好”之意例:IthappenedthatIhadnomoneyonme.3.trytodosth.尝试做某事try/doone’sbesttodosth.尽某人的最大努力去做某事例:Itrytoclimbthetree.Hetriedhisbesttorun.4.therebesb./sth.doing例:Thereisacateatingfish.Theremustbesomethingvisitingourhome.5.辨析becauseof,becausebecauseof+名词/代词/名词性短语because+从句例:IdoitbecauseIlikeit.我做这件事是因为我喜欢。Ihadtomovebecauseofmyjob.因为工作的原因我得搬家。6.anythingstrange一些奇怪的东西当形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词时,放在这些词的后面Unit9IlikemusicthatIcandanceto.1.prefer的用法【1】preferAtoB、A与B相比较,比较喜欢A例:IpreferEnglishtoChinese.I prefer fish to meat.【2】preferdoingAtodoingB,A与B相比,比较喜欢做A例:Ipreferswimmingtorunning.【3】prefertodoAratherthandoB,A与B相比,比较喜欢做A例:Ipreferredtostaybehindratherthangowithyou.【4】词组prefernottodo“不愿意做……”2.whatever相当于nomatterwhat例:Whereveryougo,whateveryoudo,I’llberightherewaitingforyou.3.cheerup高兴起来;振作起来使欢乐;使高兴例:Cheerup!Yourtroubleswillsoonbeover.Hetriedtocheerthemupwithfunnystories.4.marry娶;嫁;结婚;和...结婚marrysb./getmarried表示动作例.Hemarriedaprettygirl.Shemarriedasoldier.=Shegotmarriedtoasoldier.Theygotmarriedlastyear.5.keephealthy保持健康\n例.Inordertokeephealthy,hekeepsjoggingeveryday.keepingoodhealth,keepfit和stayhealthy都表示“保持健康”巧记以o结尾的名词变复数:注:,hero英雄,tomato西红柿,potato土豆,这些词变复数时要加是-es,其余以o结尾的加-s。 6.定语从句观察两个句子,看看有什么区别:aninterestingbook  形容词interesting做定语修饰bookabookthatisinteresting   thatisinteresting句子做定语修饰bookinteresting/thatisinteresting作用是相同的,都是用作定语来修饰名词book,这种在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定义:复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句要跟在所修饰的名词或代词后面,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句一般用关系代词who,that,which和whose来引导,放在从句的句首使从句与主句相连,并在句中担当一定的成分。  IlikemusicthatIcandanceto.(作宾语)  Iprefersingerswhocanwritetheirownsongs.(作主语)注1:that在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时that可省略)Unit10Youaresupposedtoshakehands1.  (1)suppose:猜想;假设supposethat表示“猜测;假设”,that可省例:I suppose he is astudent.  (2)be supposed todosth被期望做某事,应该做某事。相当于 should例:Wearesupposedtostopsmoking.2. makeplanstodo==plantodo.打算做某事 例ShehasmadeplanstogotoBeijing.=ShehasplanedtogotoBeijing. gooutofone’swaytodo特意,专门做某事 例:Hewentoutofhiswaytomakemehappy.3. In Switzerland, it’s very important to be on time.分析:it是形式主语,不定式是真正的主语。例:To clean the blackboard is your job.=It’s your job to clean the blackboard.  4. We are the land of watches, after all. 毕竟我们是钟表王国。  (1)the land of watches钟表王国例:China is the land of bikes.(2)after all毕竟 例:After all your brother is a little kid.   5. Thanks for...=Thank you for...表示“因...而感谢”,后接名词、代词或者动名词6. 辨析except和besides(1)except“除......之外”不包括所说的东西例:I get up early except Sunday. (不包括星期天)    Nobody was late for the meeting except me today.        (2)besides的意思是“除了......之外,还有” 例:Five others are late besides me. (包含我在内)7. not ...any more=no more不再not... any  longer=no longer不再 8.辨析maybe和maybe(1)maybe副词:“大概、或许”,常用于句首表示不确定的猜测。      例:Maybe your father is at home. (2)may be情态动词:may+动词原形be构成句子的谓语,情态动词may表示推测,译为:也许  许、可能Unit 111. make me sleepy使我困倦  2. drive sb. crazy使…发疯  3. yes and no好坏参半 4. be hard on sb. 对某人苛刻;对某人要求严厉 5. be friends with sb.是某人的朋友  \n6. feel left out感觉被忽视  7. feel like [doing] sth. 想要…… 8. for no reason毫无理由 9. neither…nor…既不…也不  10. be called to the palace应召进宫  11. take one’s position/place替代某人的职位 12. remain unhappy forever仍旧永远不幸福  13. search for搜寻,寻找 14. return to the king回复国王  15. miss scoring the goal错过进球  16. let …down使…失望  17. kick sb. off开除某人 18. support each other相互支持 19. rather than 并非,而不是 20. pull together齐心协力 ,团结一致 21. nod in agreement 点头同意 22. lose the competition输了竞赛 23. get good grades on an exam在考试中取得好成绩 24. get into a fight with your best friend与你的好朋友发生争吵 25. speak in front of many people 在众人面前讲话 26.have…in common有…共同点 27.each time/every time 连词,引导时间状语从句 28.something/nothing wrong with…,….有/没有毛病 29.in three days’ time 在三天内 30.ten minutes later 十分钟后 31.hear sb. doing sth.听见某人正在做某事 32.be written all over one’s face全部写在脸上 33.knock on/at the door 敲门 Unit 121.by the time  到……时候 2.take a shower洗浴   3. leave my backpack at home把背包忘在家里  4.get back to school返回学校 5. rush out the door冲出房门    6. give sb. a lift捎某人一程7. be full of unexpected充满着不可预知性  8. be about to do sth. 正要做某事  9.wait in line 排队等候 10. stare in disbelief at难以置信地盯着. 11. raise above the burning building 从正在燃烧的楼上升起 12.go off 发出响声take off 脱下/起飞 show off 炫耀shut off 关闭sell out卖完 cut off 切断put off推延[时间] hurry off匆忙离开... turn off关掉...  get off下车fall off从...掉下 clean off 擦掉 give off发出[光、热、气味等13.jump out of bed跳下床 14. show up赶到,出现put up 张贴,搭建  set up建立 fix up修理stand up 起立 get up 起床 pick up 拾起,捡起 look up 查找(资料),向上看 turn up 调大音量 put up 举起;张贴eat/use up 吃/用光take up 占据;开始从事give up 放弃 clean up清理 15. get dressed紧张 16. hand in homework 上交作业  17. in disbelief 怀疑地 18. take place发生  19. Play jokes on sb. 和某人开玩笑 20. lose weight减肥  21. by the end of that day到那天结束时  22.be/get married to sb.与某人结婚  23. have a happy ending有一个幸福的结局  24.be canceled 被取消 25. fear spread across the whole country 恐惧席卷整个国家 26. the unluckiest day of my life 一生中最不幸的一天  27. head west 向西行驶  28. in the middle of the road在路中间 29. turn around 调头 30. make an unexpected discovery 作一个出乎意料的发现 Unit 131.make a difference 起作用;有影响  2. take part in 参加  3. turn off 关掉  4. pay for 付费;付出代价  5. cut down 减少  6. lead to 导致  7. hear of 听说  8. cut off 切除 9. throw away 扔掉  10. put sth. to good use 好好利用  11. put … down 拆下;摧毁 12. upside down 上下颠倒 13. bring sb. Back to 使想起14. be harmful to …对……有害 15.at the top of 在……顶部或顶端 16.take action 采取行动 Unit 141.do a survey 做调查 2.take a break 休息 3.in a row连续几次 4.be patient with sb. 对某人耐心 5.work out 算出, 解决好 6.no matter how 无论怎样7.do better in 在……做得更好 8.because of 因为 9.put in more effort 付出更多的努力\n10.go shopping 去购物11.look back at 回首(往事);回忆;回顾12.make a mess 弄得一团糟(一塌糊涂) 13.keep one’s cool 沉住气;保持冷静14.prepare for 为……做准备 15.senior high (school) 高中 16.go by  (时间)逝去;过去17.believed in 信任;信赖 18.look forward to 盼望19.be thirsty for 渴望;渴求 20.be thankful to sb. 对某人心存感激 21.first of all 首先 22.ahead of 在……前面 23.along with 连同;除……以外还 24.be responsible for 对……有责任;负责任 25.set out 出发;启程 26.be proud of 对……感到骄傲 27.give up 放弃 28.make mistakes 犯错误29.separate from 分离;隔开 

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