初中英语定语从句总结(精辟) 4页

1.定语从句:1)定语从句的定义在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词who(宾格whom,所有格whose),that,which和关系副词where,when,why等。Theboywhoiswearingablackcoatboughtadictionaryyesterday.Thenoodlesthat（which）mymothercookedweredelicious.TheschoolwhereIlearnedjudowasverylarge.Irememberthedaywhenourbandwasformed.Idon’tknowthereasonwhyshegotsoangrythismorning.2)定语从句的种类：定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。(1)限定性定语从句：它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。Doyouknowthegirlwhojustcamein?Shanghaiisacity（that）I’vealwayswantedtovisit.Hersistermarriedaman(who/whom/that)shemetonaplane.ThetimewhenIfirstmetMr.Whitewasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.(2)非限定性定语从句：它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，而且不可以省略关系词。Theoldwoman,wholivesonherown,hasacatforcompany.LoriisgoingtomarryMark,whomshedoesnotlove.Beijing,whichisthecapitalcityofChina,isaverybeautifulcity.3)关系代词的用法：在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。一．关系代词who,whom的用法（1）who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom,但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”.E.g.Jonnyisapersonwhoalwayshasnovelideas.ThegirlwhothefirstprizeinthecontestisfromZhejiang.Thepersonwho/whomyoujusttalkedtoisMr.Depp.---ThepersontowhomyoujusttalkedisMr.Depp.(介词to提到定语从句前，只能用whom.)We’llgotothehospitaltoseethepatients,mostofwhomarechildren.(whom前常用表示数量的词none/neither/both/each/allof…)(2)在定语从句中，who,that指人时可以通用，但在下列情况下用who,而不用that.A)先行词是one,ones,anyone时，宜用who.Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.Theoneswhoflattermedon’tpleaseme.Anyonewholaughslastlaughsbest.Anyonewhofailstofinishthetaskgivenshouldbecriticized.B)先行词为those时，宜用who.ThosewhowanttogototheGreatWallsignuphere.Nowordsarestrongenoughtoexpressourthankstothosewhoworkedhardtorescuesurvivorsintheearthquake.C)当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who.ImetagirlinthestreetyesterdaywhogrewupinYunnanprovince.D)一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词时that，另一个宜用who.E.g.Theboythatyoumetlastnightisthegroupleaderwhostudiesveryhard.E)在therebe开头的句子中，事宜用who.Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyourfather.Therewasakingwhowaskindtohispeople.Therearemanyoldmenwhoareagainstthisplan.二．关系代词whose的用法：关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以代人，也可以代物。当whose代物时，相当于ofwhich.Whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。\nDoyouknowPeterwhosefatherhappenstobeworkinginyourcompany?Thetouristwantedtobookaroomwhosewindowfacessouth.=Thetouristwantedtobookaroomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.=Thetouristwantedtobookaroom.Theroom’swindowfacessouth.WewenttoseeourteacherMissStyles,whosehusbandlosthislifeintheearthquake.Xi’an,whosewallsremainasgoodasbefore,isoneofthefewcitieswithcitywalls.三．关系代词that,which的用法（1）在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可通用。Thenewhousethat/whichIhasjustboughtisaboutsixmilesaway.Theyplantedsometreesthat/whichdidn’tneedmuchwater.(2)限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况。A）先行词有形容词最高级修饰时Thisisthebestwaythathasbeenusedagainstpollution.PollyisthemostdirectyoungwomanthatIhaveevercomeacross.B)先行词有序数词修饰时Thisisthethirdtimethattheyhavemet.TheveryfirsttimethatLestersawthefilm,hemadeuphismindtobecomeadoctor.C)主句已有疑问词who或which时Whichofthecarsthatareinfrontofthehotelbelongstoyou?Whoisthemanthatissittingbythelake?D)先行词既有人又有物时Hetalkedabouttheschoolsandteachersthathehadvisited.Thebikeandhisriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.E)先行词为all,much,few,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等不定代词时It’seasytodotherepair.Allthatyouneedisahammerandsomenails.Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.I’dliketotellyousomethingthatwillmakeyousurprised.F)先行词前面有thevery,theonly,thesame,any,few,little,no,all,oneof等词修饰时ThisistheveryroomthatIsleptinthatevening.Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.LiMingistheonlyonethatwantstobeateacher.G)有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词以用which,另一个宜用thatEdisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.(3)只用which而不用that的情况A)引导非限定定语从句时Thefish,whichIboughtthismorning,isveryfresh.Myhouse,whichIboughttwoyearsago,hasgotalovelygarden.Jimpassedthedrivingtest,whichsurprisedeverybodyintheoffice.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantoothers,which,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,mostofwhicharesoldabroad.(which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/alittleof等词修饰)B）在限定性定语从句中，关系带词前有介词时IwasputinapositioninwhichIhadtoacceptIwaslessimportant.Thisisthehotelinwhichyouwillstay.=That’sthehotel(which/that)youwillstayin.(此句中，如果介词in放在句子的后面，那么关系代词既可用which,也可用that,还可省略。C）在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句时，其中一句的关系代词that时，另一个用which.\nLetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.4)关系副词的用法（where,when,why）：关系副词和关系代词一样，具有数重作用。连接主句与从句，指代先行词，在从句中作句子成分。由于关系副词在从句中均做状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。一．关系副词where的用法：有关系副词where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building,city,room等，where在从句中作地点状语。Thehotelwherewestayedwasveryclean.=Thehotel(that/which)westayedatwasveryclean.=Thehotelatwhichwestayedwasveryclean.IgottothestagewhereIwasn’tcopinganymore.=Igottothestage(which/that)Iwasn’tcopingwithanymore.=IgottothestagewithwhichIwasn’tcopinganymore.二．关系副词when的用法：有when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time,day,date,等,when在从句中作时间状语。I’llneverforgetthetimewhenwefirstmetinLondon.=I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichwefirstmetinLondon.Thedate(when/that)hejoinedtheANCYouthLeaguewasAugust5th.(如果按语法来讲，上例中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when,而且还可以省略。)三．关系副词why的用法：由why引导的定语从句，常用在先行词reason后面，why在句中作原因状语。ThereasonwhyIgotajobwasthatIworkedhard.=Thereason(that)/forwhichIgotajobwasthatIworkedhard.Thereasonwhyshewaslatewasthatshemissedherplane.=Thereason(that)/forwhichshewaslatewasthatshemissedherplane.Amydidn’tgetapayrise,butthiswasn’tthemainreasonwhysheleft.=Amydidn’tgetapayrise,butthiswasn’tthemainreason(that)/forwhichsheleft.(一般说来，在定语从句中，只要先行词是thereason，它的关系副词就是why,但在口语中，和when一样，why常被that代替，也可省略。)重点比较：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型：定语从句Thereasonwhy/that…;…thereasonwhy/that…表语从句Thereasonisthat…(不能用why，否则就重复了)Iknowthereasonwhyshestudiessowell.Thereasonisthatheisalwayscarelessinhiswork.四．关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句的区别对于同一个先行词，正确区分关系代词和关系副词，关键是要弄清楚它们在定语从句中担任什么成分，而不仅仅取决于先行词是什么。如果关系词在从句中制作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词在定语从句中做状语，就是关系副词，当然上面提到的口语用法除外。例句比较：1.Thisisthecollege(that/which)Ivisited.2.ThisisthecollegewhereIstudiedthreeyearsago.3.I’llneverforgettheday(that/which)wespenttogether.4.I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIgotmarried.5)使用定语从句注意事项一．定语从句中的主谓一致A）定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语的人称，数要与先行词一致。Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?B）as/which作主语引导非限定性从句指全句时，从句谓语用第三人称。Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.Asisusual,Hanscametoschoollatethismorning.C)先行词为“oneof+复数名词“时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。Freddyisoneofthestudentswhowanttobediplomatsinourclass.\nD)先行词为“theonlyoneofthe+复数名词“时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasbeenawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.二.what,how不能用于定语从句中．A）what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句进行互换。Tellmeanything(that)youknow.=Tellmewhatyouknow.Tellmeanythingwhatyouknow.(wrong)B)how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句，修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用which来引导，也可用that或省略。Thisistheway(inwhich/that)Iworkedouttheproblem.ThisishowIworkedouttheproblem.ThisisthewayhowIworkedouttheproblem.(wrong)三．关系代词和关系副词的省略（1）关系代词的省略：A）非限定性定语从句中关系代词不可以省略。JanHasek,whowasmyformerEnglishteacher,retiredlastyear.B)在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可省略。Sorry,forgottobringthemagazine(which/that)youwant.C)关系代词作介词宾语时，如果介词出现在关系代词前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句句末，关系代词可以省略。Thisisthegovernmentbuildinginwhichmyfatherworks.Thisisthegovernment(which/that)myfatherworksin.Thisisthegovernmentbuildinginmyfatherworks.(错误)D）therebe句型之后的定语从句中，做主语或宾语的关系代词常客省略。There’snothing(that)Icandoaboutit.6）定语从句和同位语的区别A)根据that在从句中是否做成分来判定。引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在句中充当主语或宾语，是对先行词的一个说明。引导同位语从句的that是连接词，不充当任何成分，不能省略，也不能用which代替。同位语从句用来说明名词或代词表示的具体内容。Thenewsthatyoutoldmelastweekisnottrue.(that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news,that在从句中充当told的宾语。)Thenewsthattheleaderwillcomehereisnottrue.(that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分)B）根据意思来判断在关系代词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是。Thenewsthatyoutoldmeisnottrue.---Thenewsisthatyoutoldmelastweek.(不成立；不是同位语从句。)Thenewsthattheleaderwillcomehereisnottrue.---Thenewsisthattheleaderwillcomehere.(成立；是同位语从句)Exercises1.Wesawseveralnativesadvancingtowardsourparty,andoneofthemcameuptous,_______wegaveseveralbellsandglasses.A.towhichB.towhomC.withwhomD.withwhich2.ShewaseducatedatBeijingUniversity,________shewentontohaveheradvancedabroad.A.afterwhichB.fromwhichC.fromthatD.afterthat3.We‘rejusttryingtoreachapoint________bothsidessitdowntogetherandtalk.A.whereB.thatC.whenD.which