初中英语基础知识汇总 81页

-.第一篇根底知识第一节字母英语是字母文字，共有26个字母，26个字母按一定的顺序排列在一起便组成字母表，英语中称之为“Alphabet〞。1.26个字母的读音2.元音字母是哪些？英文字母分为元音字母和辅音字母。Aa,Ee,Ii,Oo,Uu为5个元音字母，除Yy外其他20个为辅音字母。Yy为半元音字母.第二节语音关于语音的几个概念1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a,e,i(y),o,.word.zl.\n-.u,2)音标：词的语音形式。3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple,stu'dent,tea'cher,un'der'stand5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20个元音。单元音有12个：/i://I//e//æ//ə://ə//∧//a://כ//כ://u//u:/双元音有8个/eI//aI//כI//əu//au//Iə//εə//uə/6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28个辅音。清辅音有11个：/p//t//k//f//s//θ//∫//h//t∫//tr//ts/浊辅音有17个：/b//d//g//v//z//δ//з//r//dз//dr//dz//m//n//ŋ//l//w//j/7)开音节：a)辅音+元音+辅音+enamebike;b)辅音+元音he,go,hi8)闭音节：a)辅音+元音+辅音bad,bed,sit,hot,cup;b)元音+辅音it9)重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。第二篇语法知识梳理第一节词法在英语中，共有10大词类，它们是：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、连词、感慨词。一、名词1.什么叫名词？名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：mother妈妈panda熊猫library图书馆pencil铅笔wish愿望2.名词是如何分类的？.word.zl.\n-.（1）名词根据意义分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词表示特定的人或事物的名称。如：MrGreen格林先生theSpringFestival春节theGreatWall长城Britain英国提示：1、人名都是专有名词2、专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。普通名词是不属于特定的人或事物名称的词。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词，如：radio〔播送〕，watch〔手表〕；集体名词，如：class〔班级〕，people〔人民〕；物质名词，如：milk〔牛奶〕water〔水〕；抽象名词，如：work〔工作〕，health〔安康〕。(2)名词根据其表示的事物性质的不同，分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的，有单数和复数两种形式。如：abanana一只香蕉twobananas两只香蕉不可数名词表示的事物是不可以用数字一个一个数出来的，不分单、复数；抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词。如：milk牛奶ice冰idea想法France法国提示：有少数名词既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但含义不同。如：fish鱼肉〔不可数〕fish鱼类〔可数〕chicken鸡肉〔不可数〕chicken小鸡〔可数〕1.可数名词复数形式的构成规那么是什么？（1）名词复数形式构成的根本规那么：情况变法例词一般情况加-sgirl-girlsbook-books.word.zl.\n-.以s\sh\x\ch结尾的词加-esbus-buseswatch-watches以“辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加esfamily-falimiesstrawberry-strawberries以f或fe结尾的词变f或fe为v再加eshalf-halveswife-wives以o结尾的词加es或sphoto-photospiano-pinaosradio-radioszoo-zoostomato-tomatoespotato-potatoes复数形式词尾是或的读法如下：情况读法例词在/p//t//k//f/等清辅音后/s/cakesdeskscups在/s//z//t∫//∫//dз/等后/iz/busesclasseswatches在其他情况下/z/bananaszooswindows(2)需要特别记住的是英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规那么的。如：.word.zl.\n-.Man-menwoman-womenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-micechild-childrensheep-sheepdeer-deerfish-fishChinese-Chinese1.如何表示不可数名词的数量？（1）不可数名词没有单、复数的区别，是不能直接以数字计算事物的名词，要表示“一〞这个概念，我们可以用“a+表示数量的名词+of+名词〞的形式。如：aglassofwater一杯水acupoftea一杯茶（2）如果要表达两个或两个以上的概念，表示数量的名词需要用复数形式，不可数名词不变。如：twoglassesofwater两杯水fivebagsofrice五袋大米提示：这种形式也可以用于可数名词，但名词必须用复数形式。如：abasketofapples一篮子苹果fivebasketsoftomatoes五篮子西红柿2.什么是名词所有格？名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格，意为“……的〞，一般在名词后加是’s。如Grandma’shouse奶奶的房子myparents’car我父母的车(1)如果名词代表的事物是有生命的，那么其所有格有以下几种形式：分类构成方式举例普通单数名词在名词末尾加’sNancy’sfather以或结尾的复数名词在名词末尾加’theteachers’books特殊复数名词〔不以或结尾〕在名词末尾加’sChildren’sDay表示共有关系的在最后一个名词的末尾加’sJimandHenlen’smother〔两人共有一个妈妈〕.word.zl.\n-.表示各自所有关系的在每个名词的词尾都加’sJim’sandHenlen’smothers〔两人各自的妈妈〕提示：表示公共场所、或住宅的名词，其所有格后面常常省略被修饰的名词。Wewillgotomysister’sfordinnerthisafternoon.今天下午我们将去我姐姐家吃饭。Let’sgotothebarber’s.我们去理发店吧。（1）如果名词代表的事物是没有生命的，常与组成短语来表示其所有格，表示前者属于后者。It’samapofChina.这是一中国地图。ThenameofthecartoonisCinderella.这部动画片的名字是?灰姑娘?。例题引路一、写出以下名词的复数形式。1．baby2.key3.strawberry4.life5.half6.woman7.German8.Japanese答案1.babies2.keys3.strawberries4.lives5.halves6.women7.Germans8.Japanese一、翻译以下词组1.长城2.许多羊3.三袋大米4.五篮子鸡蛋5四位女教师6.八棵苹果树7七老太太的照片8.她的一个朋友答案1.theGreatWall2.many/alotofsheep3.threebagsofrice.word.zl.\n-.4.fivebasketsofeggs5.fourwomenteachers6.eightappletrees7.sevenphotosofanoldwoman8.afriendofhers衔接训练一、写出以下名词的复数形式。1.pencil-box2.wife3.Sunday4.city5.dress6.Englishman7.match8.Chinese9.exam10.library11.radio12.family13.boy14.photo15.tomato16.dish17.American18.dictionary三、单项选择1.Myfatherisa.Heworksinahospital.A.teacherB.doctorC.farmerD.soldier2.Weneedsomemore.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC.potatoesD.apotato3.Inthepicturetherearemanyandtwo.A.sheep;foxesB.sheeps;foxesC.sheeps;foxD.sheep;foxs4.Let’smeetat7:30outsidethegateof.A.thePeople’sParkB.thePeoples’ParkC.thePeopleParkD.People’sPark5.Therearesixty-seveninourschool.A.women’steacherB.womenteachersC.womenteachersD.womenteacher6.Thisshopsellsapples,bananasandthingslikethese.It’sa.A.foodshopB.bookshopC.fruitshopD.vegetableshop7.September10thisinChina.A.Teacher’sDayB.Teachers’DayC.TeacherDayD.TeachersDay.word.zl.\n-.8.Thefootballunderthebedis.A.SuHaiandLiuTaoB.SuHai’sandLiuTao’sC.SuHai’sandLiuTaoD.SuHaiandLiuTao’s9..Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere.It’sabout.A.thirtyminutes’swalkB.thirtyminute’swalkC.thirtyminutes‘walkD.thirtyminuteswalk10.arebigandbright.A.TheclassroomwindowB.ThewindowoftheclassroomC.Theclassroom’swindowsD.Thewindowsoftheclassroom四、用所给名词的适当形式填空。1.Aretherethree(child)playingintheclassroom?2.Here’retwo(bottle)of(milk)foryou.3.Danielalwayswearsapairof(glass)andhelooksclever.4.Wedotoomuch(homework)everydaysowehavenotimetoplay.5.It’sSundayandtherearesomany(people)inthestreet.6.Youshouldbrushyour(tooth)atleasttwiceeveryday.五、根据汉语提示完成句子。1.Beijingis(中国的首都)2.I’mhungry.Pleasegiveme〔四片面包〕3.Arethese〔你父母的照片〕？4.Ivisited〔长城〕lastyear.It’sreallywonderful.5〔Tom和Mike的手表〕arenew.TheyboughtthemlastSaturday..word.zl.\n-.6.Youcanfound〔一些苹果树〕inthegarden.7.〔玲和南希的桌子〕isveryclean,but〔她们的椅子〕areverydirty.二、动词1.动词的定义和分类动词是表示动作或状态的一类词。动词充当谓语时，要受到主语的限制，与主语在人称和数上一致。用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动词形式称为时态。动词根据其在句中的功能，可以分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。2.实义动词〔1〕实义动词的分类实义动词也叫行为动词，即表示动作的动词，能独立作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分。及物动词是指后面可以直接跟宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词。Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.我们的朋友遍天下。George’sfatherlivesthere.乔治的爸爸住在那儿。提示：英语动词中有很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如close,begin,study,leave,work等。（1）实义动词的根本形式有动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分词、过去分词。3.系动词〔1〕系动词的定义.系动词亦称连系动词，不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟表语。〔2〕系动词的功能.word.zl.\n-.系动词的主要功能是把表语〔名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句〕和其主语联系在一起，以说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它和其后的表语一起构成句子的谓语。〔3〕常见系动词Myfatherisapoliceman.Youwillfeelbetterafteranight’ssleep.It’sgettingwarmerandwarmerinspring.Helookedangry/sad/happy.Theapplestasteverygood.提示：有局部系动词也可以作为实义动词来使用。Helookedsadatthenews.〔“看起来〞，系动词用法〕Hekookedsadiyattheboy.〔“看着〞，实义动词用法〕4.助动词〔1〕助动词的定义助动词是语法功能词，本身没有词义，不可单独使用。Hedoesn’tlikeEnglish.(2)助动词的功能表示时态Heissinging.Hedoesn’tgotoschoolonSaturday.构成疑问句Doyoulikecollegelife?DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere?与否认副词not连用构成否认句Idon’tlikeplayingputergames.TheyarenotwatchingTVnow.(3)目前学过的助动词有：be(am/is/are),do(does/did).word.zl.\n-.“am/is/are+现在分词〞构成现在进展时态。Theyarehavingameeting.Englishisbeingmoreandmoreimportant.do/does/did构成一般疑问句、否认句、否认祈使句。DoyouwanttopasstheEnglishexam?Hedoesn’tliketostudy.Don’tbelateforschool.提示：do也可以作实义动词，表示“做〞。变否认句时必须借助don’t/doesn’t/didn’tHedoeshomeworkeveryday.Hedoesn’twatchTVonschooldays.1.情态动词（1）情态动词的定义及功能情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与普通动词一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等得一类词。情态动词一般本身无人称和数的变化，其后面的实义动词要用动词原形。Shecanswimfast,butIcan’t.YoumuststayhereuntilIeback.（2）常见情态动词的用法can表示能力，意为“会，能〞。表示客观可能性或推测时，用于否认句和疑问句；ShecansingEnglishsongs.Itcan’t(不可能)beJim.Isawhimatschooljustnow.Can/May(可以)Iborrowyourbike?.word.zl.\n-.may表示许可，用于述句；表示正式的请求或许可，用于一般疑问句。答复may提出的问题，肯定形式为：Yes,please./Yes,pleasedo./Yes,certainly./Yes,youmay.否认形式为：No,youmustn’t./No,youcan’t./Pleasedon’t.Youmaygoouttoplynow.----MayIsmokehere?----Yes,youmay./Noyoumustn’t.must指客观可能性或猜想时，意为“一定〞；表示“应当，必须〞时，其否认形式为mustn’t意为“制止，不允许，千万别〞。答复由must构成的一般疑问句，肯定形式为：Yes，主语+must；否认形式为：No，主语+needn’t/don’thaveto。Itmust(肯定)beNancy’sbook.Hernameisonthecover.Youmustn’t(千万别)playfootballinthestreet.------MustIhandinmyhomeworktomorrow?------Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t/don’thaveto.should表示“应该，应当〞，shouldn’t表示“不应该〞。Youshouldtellyourmotherthetruth.Youshouldn’tmakethesamemistake.例题引路一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.Myfatheralways(help)mymotherwithhousework.2.Theships(notbe)intherivernow;they(be)thereamomentago.3.Ourfamily(have)anewputerlastmonth.4.Ican(do)itbetterthanyou..word.zl.\n-.二、模仿例词写出所给动词的相应形式。例词:dodoesdoingdid1.write____________________________2.carry____________________________3.wash____________________________4.meet____________________________衔接训练一、单项选择1.Mybrother_______ateacher.He________hispupilsverymuch.A.is;likeB.is;likesC.are;likesD.are;like2.----Howmanydays_________thereinaweek?-----There_______seven.A.is;isB.are;isC.is;areD.are;are3.MyEnglishteacher________.A.alllookyoungB.looksyoungC.lookyoungD.alllooksyoung4.I______busynow,butI____freenextweek.A.am;amB.am;willC.am;willbeD.being;willbe5.MayI_______toHelenBrown?A.tellB.speakC.talkD.say6.YangLingcan_______clothesforthedoll.A.make;B.makesC.madeD.making7.Shelooks____becauseshewillgotoHainanforaholiday..word.zl.\n-.A.happilyB.behappyC.happyD.happiness8.----________Iuseyourpen,Dad?-----Yes,youcan.A.MayB.DoC.AmD.Must二、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.Twoandsix_______(be)eight.2.There________(be)lotsofsheeponthefarmlastyear.3.Theboywithhisfriends_________(have)somehomeworkeveryday.4.Youmust_______(listen)toyourteacherinclass.5.Welike__________(watch)cartoonsattheweekend.6.Listen!Someone__________(sing)inthenextroom.7.SuHaiwants___________(be)ateacherwhenshegrowsup.8.What________you________(do)lastnight?9.__________(notspeak)loudlyinthereadingroom.10.Ilike___________(read)verymuch,butIdon’tlike__________(read)today.I’mtootired.三、形容词1.什么是形容词？形容词是用来修饰或描述名词或代词，以说明人或事物的性质、状态或特征的一类词。Janeisabeautifulgirl.IsthereanythingwrongwithyourMP4?2.形容词在句中的位置是怎样的？几个形容词连用时，如何排序？〔1〕形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，系动词和不定代词之后。.word.zl.\n-.Sheisagoodgirl.Iamtallandthin.Thereissomethingimportanttotellher.提示：1.有的形容词只能作表语，如：afraid害怕，alone单独的，asleep睡着的，awake醒着的，alive活着的，well安康的，ill病的2.某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人或整体的东西，谓语动词用复数。TheChinesehavelonghistory.Weshouldhelptheold(1)多个形容词修饰名词时，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后.Sheboughtherselfanewsilkskirt.Ihavelongstraightgoldenhair.提示：多个形容词和其他词修饰名词时，其顺序是：限定词〔冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词〕+描绘词〔大小、长短、形状、新旧、长幼、颜色〕+出处+材料性质+类别+名词3.什么是形容词的比拟等级？绝大多数形容词有三种形式：原级、比拟级和最高级。LiuHaiisastallasme.(tall是原级)Itiswarmertodaythanitwasyesterday.(warmer是比拟级)Sheisthebeststudentinherclass.(best是最高级)4.形容词比拟等级的构成规那么是什么？〔见八年级上语法附录〕5.形容词比拟等级的几种用法〔1〕形容词的原级可用于两个人或事物的比拟，常用的有两种构造：肯定构造：as+形容词的原级+as，意为“和……一样〞。Sheisascarefulashermother..word.zl.\n-.否认构造：notas/so+形容词的原级+as，意为“不如……〞。Thisdishisnotasniceasthatone.〔2〕形容词的比拟级用于两个人或事物的比拟，常用的有四种构造：形容词比拟级+than，表示“……比……〞。Thisfilmismoreinterestingthanthatone.形容词比拟级+形容词比拟级，表示“越来越……〞。Mysisterisgettingtallerandtaller.the+形容词比拟级，the+形容词比拟级，表示“越……越……〞。Themore,thebetter.Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyouwiimake.the+形容词比拟级+ofthetwo，表示“两者中较……的一个〞。Tomistheclevererofthetwins.提示：比拟级前可以加表示程度的副词much,even,alittle等来修饰。HeismuchstrongerthanMike.(1)形容词的最高级用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比拟，常用“the+形容词的最高级+名词+围〔of/in短语或从句〕〞构造，意为“……中最……的〞。Heisthebusiestboyinourclass.YaoMingisoneofthemostfamousbasketballplayersinNBA.提示：形容词的最高级前要加the，但如果形容词的最高级前有物主代词时，不需要加the。Todayismyhappiestday.1.常见形容词的反义词，你记住了吗？.word.zl.\n-.bad---goodbetter---worstbest----worstbig---small/littlebeautiful---uglyblack---whitebusy—freecheap---expensiveclean—dirtyclever---foolishcloudy----sunnycool—warmcold---hotdangerous---safedark---bright/lightdry---wetearly---lateeasy—difficulteast—westfar---nearsunny---rainyfirst---lasthappy---unhappy/sadhard---softill---healthy/welllight---heavymore---less/fewmost---least/fewestold---newold—youngpoor—richquiet---noisysame—differentshort---longshort---tallslow---quicksmall---big/large/greatstrong---weakthin---fatthin---thick例题引路一、单项选择1.Ihave_______todotoday.Icouldn’thelpyounow.A.anythingimportantB.somethingimportantC.importantnothingD.importantsomething2.---Ischemistrymoredifficultthanphysics?---No,chemistryisn’tas_____asphysics.A.easyB.easierC.difficultD.moredifficult二、同义句转换。1.LiuTaoisnotasstrongasGaoShan..LiuTaois______________GaoShan.GaoShan.is____________LiuTao.2.Davidisthetalleststudentinhisclass..word.zl.\n-..Davidis_____than________________inhisclass.衔接训练一、用所给词的适当形式填空。1.Ofthethreegirls,IfoundMillieisthe_________(clever).2.Thereare________(few)peopleheretodaythanyesterday.3.Mysisteristwoyears________(old)thanI.4.Jane’sparentshavefourdaughters,andsheisthe________(young)child.5.The_________(cheap)thingsarenotalwaystheworstones.6.Theshortoneis____________(expensive)ofthefive.7.Theboyisnotso_________(interesting)ashisbrother.8.Shewillbemuch_________(happy)inhernewhouse.二、单项选择1.Hefeels______todaythanyesterday.A.tiredB.moretiredC.moretirederD.muchtired2.Ofthetwotoys,thechildchose________.A.themoreexpensiveoneB.onemostexpensiveC.aleastexpensiveD.themostexpensiveofthem3.Thelineis____thanthatone.A.morelongerB.notlongerC.muchmorelongerD.manymorelonger4.Thebookis_______ofthethree.A.thinnerB.thethinnerC.morethinnerD.thethinnest5.Shelooks______thansheis..word.zl.\n-.A.themoreolderB,veryolderC.mucholderD.moreolder6.Thegardenisbeing_______.A.moreandmorebeautifulB.morebeautifulandbeautifulC.morebeautifulandmoreD.morebeautifulandbeautifuler7._______hurry,_______speed.A.More;lessB.Much;littleC.Themore;thelessD.Themuch;thelittle8Looking______athismother,thelittleboylooked_____.A.happy;goodB.happy;wellC.sad;sadlyD.sadly;sad三、根据汉语提示完成句子。1.这本书跟那本书一样有趣。Thisbookis______________________thatone.2.这个故事不如那个有趣。Thisstoryis______________thanthatone.3.今天比昨天冷得多。Itis_________________today_______itwasyesterday.4.他对英语越来越感兴趣。Heisbeing___________________________inEnglish.5.他吃得越多，就越胖。______________heeats,______________hegets.6.他比我大两岁。Heis____________________thanI..word.zl.\n-.四、副词1.什么是副词？副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的词，以说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。Weshouldlistentoourteacherscarefully.Inspring,Icanseeflowerseverywhere.2.副词的种类有哪些？〔1〕方式副词，如quickly,neatly,happily〔2〕地点、方位副词，如here,away,outside,west〔3〕时间副词，如yesterday,already,just,now,before,later,often,sometimes〔4〕强调副词，very,too,even,only,4.副词在句中的位置和排列顺序〔1〕时间、地点副词，小在前，大在后。HeesfromNewYork,America.〔2〕方式副词，短在前，长在后。Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.〔3〕方式+地点+时间Theoldwomanrunsveryslowlyalongtheriverat6:00everymorning.4.副词同形容词一样也有比拟级和最高级形式。5.常见副词的区别：〔1〕very,much,verymuch.word.zl.\n-.Very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much用于修饰形容词或副词的比拟级；verymuch用于修饰动词。Johnisverygood.Thisgardenismuchbiggerthanthatone.Ilovemusicverymuch(2)so,suchso修饰形容词或副词；such修饰名词。MybrotherrunssofastthatIcan’tfollowhim.Heissuchaboy.so修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词，其构造是“so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数〞；such可修饰可数名词单复数和不可数名词，名词前可以有形容词作定语，其构造是“such+〔a/an〕+形容词+可数名词单数/复数/不可数名词〞。Heissocleveraboy.=Heissuchacleverboy.Itissuchcoldweather.Theyaresuchgoodstudents.提示：如果可数名词复数前有many,few或不可数名词前有much，little修饰，用so不用such。(3)also,too,aswell,eitheralso,too,aswell,用于肯定句，also常用于be动词、情态动词、助动词之后，行为动词之前，too,aswell用于句末；either用于否认句末。Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisalsoateacher.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacheraswell..word.zl.\n-.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacher,too.Ican’tspeakFrench.Jennycan’tspeakFrench,either.(1)sometime,sometimes,sometime,sometimessometime意为“某一时间“，可指将来，过去；sometimes意为“有时〞；sometime指“一段时间〞；sometimes指“几次，几倍〞。We’llhaveatestsometimenextmonth.Sometimeswearebusyandsometimes,wearenot.HestayedinBeijingforsometimelastyear.IhavebeentoBeijingsometimes.例题引路一、用所给词的适当形式填空。1.Heistootiredandhecan’twalkas_______(quick)ashisfather.2.Ifeel_________(well)todaythanyesterday.3.Helendraws___________(care)ofthegirlsinherclass.二、单项选择1.Remembernottospeak_______whenweareinthereadingroom.A.fastB.slowlyC.politelyD.loudly2.----Whatwastheweatherlikeyesterday?----Itwasterrible.Itrainedso_______thatpeoplecould______goout.A.hardly;hardB.hardly;hardC.hard;hardlyD.hard;hard3.Therewasanaccidentatthecorner._____,thegirlwasn’t_____hurt.A.Luckily;badlyB..Luck;hardlyC.Lucky;heavilyD.Lucky;strongly.word.zl.\n-.衔接训练一、用所给词的适当形式填空。1.Whogetsup________(early),YangLinorMissLiu?2.Tomdidwellintheexam,sohisclassmatesspoke________(high)ofhim.3.Heputonhiscoatandwentout_______(quick)4.It’sdangeroustostandoutside,forthewindisblowing________(strong).5.Helearnsmath______(quick)thantheotherstudents.6.Englishis_______(wide)usedintheworld.7.Theydon’tknowwhyyoutalkedtothemso__________(angry.)8.Itisraining_________(heavy),soyou’dbetternotgooutnow.9.Hedidtheworkas_________(careful)asmostofus.10.LiLeiandLinTaoareworkingmuch________(hard)thanbefore.二、单项选择1.Jack’sbrotherdoesn’tworkso________asJack.A.harderB.hardC.hardestD.hardly2.JimspeaksChinesevery_______.A.goodB.betterC.wellD.best3.Hedrivesmuch_______thanhedidthreeyearsago.A.carefulB.carefullyC.morecarefulD.morecarefully4.IthinkMathis_______moredifficultthanEnglish.A.muchB.veryC.tooD.so5.Mysonlooks_____today.Heisplaying_______withotherchildren..word.zl.\n-.A.happy;happyB.happy;happilyC.happily;happilyD.happily;happy6.Look!Thereis_______iceonthelake.A.toomuchB.toomanyC.muchtooD.somany7.Shewalkedintotheroom______becausehermotherwassleeping.A.clearB.quietC.quick.D.quietly8.Jim’sputeris_______than________.Don’tyouthinkso?A.alotnewer;LinTaoB.verynew;LinTao’sC.muchnewer;LinTao’sD.alittlenewer;LinTao五、数词1.什么是数词？表示数目“多少〞和顺序“第几〞的词叫数词。分为基数词和序数词。参看课本，记牢读音和拼写。2.基数词的用法〔1〕表示“哪一年〞，每两位数一读。1998年，读作nineteenninety—eight2009年读作twothousandandnine(2)表示“几点〞atfiveo’clock〔3〕表示编号No.101bus(4)表示加减乘除Oneandtwoisthree.(5)表示小数5.3读作fivepointthree(6)表示百分数40%读作fortypercent3.什么情况下用序数词？〔1〕表示日期3月8号写作：March(the)eighth读作：Marchtheeighth.word.zl.\n-.〔2〕表示分数1/6onesixth3/5threefifths例题引路单项选择1.About_______ofthebooksinourschoollibraryarewritteninChinese.A.fourth-fifthB.four-fifthC.four-fifthsD.fourths-fifth2.Theroadisover_______meterslong.A.sixhundredandfifty-twoB.sixhundredsandfiftytwoC.sixhundred,fifty-twoD.sixhundred,fiftyandtwo3.January_______isNewYear’sDay.A.firstB.twoC.thefirstD.thesecondTherewere_______peopleinthemeetingroomyesterday.A.twohundredsB.twohundredofC.hundredsofD.hundredof衔接训练一根据句意，填入适宜的数词。1.SuHaiis______(12)yearsold.SheisinClass_______(5)Grade______(6).2.Septemberisthe_______(9)monthinayear.3.Whichgirlisthinner,the________(2)oneorthe_____(3)one?4.One_______yearsisacentury(世纪)。5.Thereare________minutesinanhour.二、单项选择1.----Howmanystudentsarethereinyourschool?.word.zl.\n-.----_______thestudentsinourschool______overtwothousand.A.Thenumberof;isB.Thenumberof;areC.Anumberof;isD.Anumberof;are2.Thenewstudentisin__________.A.Class2B.ClassSecondC.2ClassD.class23.---Howmanyteachersarethereinyourschool?----________,butI’mnotsure.A.HundredsB.HundredC.HundredofD.Onehundred4.__Dad,whenwillyoubefree?Youagreedtogototheseasidewithmefourdaysago.---I’msorry,Jean.ButIthinkIwillhavea_______holidaysoon.A.four—daysB.four—dayC.fourthdayD.fourday5.Thisstoryhappenedon__________.A.2009,Oct.21stB.Oct.21st,2009C.2009,21OctoberD.21stofOctober,2009六、代词1.什么是代词？如何分类？代词是用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的一类词。按其指代作用不同可分为人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词、关系代词、相互代词八类。2.人称代词〔1〕人称代词的概念.word.zl.\n-.人称代词是为了防止重复，用来代替前面提到的人或事物的名称的一类代词。JimandLiuTao,MissLiiswaitingforyou!Pickupyourbooksandputthemaway.(2)人称代词的人称、数和格人称代词是表示“我〞、“你〞、“他〞、“她〞、“它〞、“我们〞、“你们〞、“他们〞的词。表格见七年级附录提示：说话的人为第一人称，听话的人为第二人称，被谈到的人或事物为第三人称。人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit〔3〕人称代词的根本用法人称代词主格在句中作主语，是动作的执行者。Shelikesplayingvolleyballverymuch.人称代词宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语，是动作的承受者。Mr.BrownteachesusEnglish..word.zl.\n-.Youmustlookafterthem.提示：两个以上人称代词并用时，通常you放在第一位，I放在最后；复数we放在第一位，they放在最后，简单记成：单数2.3.1；复数1.2.3。都是第三人称，女后男在先。You,TomandIareleavingnextmonth.3.物主代词〔1〕物主代词的概念物主代词是表示所有关系的一类代词。Thisisn’tmyWalkman.It’shers.(2)物主代词分类：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。人称单数复数形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词第一人称mymineourours第二人称youryoursyouryours第三人称hishistheirtheirsherhersitsits〔3〕物主代词的根本用法形容词性物主代词和形容词有相似之处，用来修饰名词，不可以单独使用。Thesearetheirbooks.HernameisChengJie.名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词〞，后面不必再加名词。.word.zl.\n-.Thisismypen.Thatisyours/yourpen.4.疑问代词(1)疑问代词根本用法疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，常被用来构成疑问句，置于句首。Whosebookisthis?Whatareyoureadingnow?(2)常见的疑问代词有：what,which,who,whom,whose等。指人的是who,whom,whose；指物的是：what；既可指人又可指物的是which。Whichdoyoulikebetter,teaormilk?What’syourfather?Whosebooksaretheseonthedesk?5.指示代词this,these,指较近的事物；that,those指较远的事物。6.反身代词〔1〕反身代词的构成：myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselvesherself,himself,itself,themselves,oneself〔2〕反身代词的用法反身代词可以作宾语、表语、同位语等。Weenjoyedourselvesverymuch.Iboughtanewcoatformyself.Hehimselfdidit.7.不定代词.word.zl.\n-.〔1〕常见的不定代词有：all,each,both,either,neither,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody,someone,anyone,noone,everyone,something,anything,everything,none.(2)常见的不定代词区别both,either,neitherboth表示“两者都〞，either表示“两者中的任何一个〞，neither表示“两者都不〞。Bothofusareright.EitheryoutwoisOK.Neitherofusisright.提示：1.both+名词复数=either+名词单数Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.=Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet2.both…and…作主语时谓语动词用复数，either…or…和neither…nor…作主语时谓语动词的单复数与邻近的主语保持一致。BothTomandJennyarefromAmerica.EitherTomorIamright.=EitherIorTomisright.NeitherTomnorIamright.=NeitherInorTomisright.few,afew,与little，alittlefew和afew修饰可数名词的复数，谓语动词都用复数，little和alittle修饰不可数名词，谓语动词都用单数。afew,alittle是肯定的含义，意为“一些〞；few,little是否认的含义，意为“几乎没有〞。Afewstudentsgotothepark.Fewstudentsgotothepark..word.zl.\n-.Hehasalittlehair.Hehaslittlehair.each和everyeach和every都意为“每一个〞，后面的谓语动词都要用单数。但each比every更强调个体。Each具有形容词和代词两个词性，可以作句子主语；every只能作形容词，不作主语。Each(man)hashislife.Everysingerhashissuccessfulsong.other,another,theother,others,与theothersother表示“其他的，另外的〞，后面跟名词或代词；“another+单数名词〞意为“又一个，另外一个〞，泛指。无限定围；theother表示“另外一个〞，指两者中的另外一个；others表示“其他人〞，泛指复数含义，无限定围，后面不能跟名词；theothers表示“其他人〞，特指的复数，指在一定围去除一局部后剩下的另一局部。Ihavetwoflowers.Oneisred,theotheroneiswhite.Tomistallerthantheothersinhisclass.Wouldyoulikeanothercupoftea?Therearemanypeopleinthepark,somearetalking,someareflyingkitesandothersarereading.例题引导一、用other,theother,others,与theothers填空1.Hehastwodaughters.Oneisanurse,________isaworker.2.Somepeoplelikewalking.Somelikerunning.________likeswimming.3.Twoboyswillgotothezoo,and_______willstayathome.4.Doyouhaveany_______qustions?.word.zl.\n-.二、单项选择1.---________schoolismuchlargerthan________?----Really?AOur;yourB.Our;yoursC.Ours;yoursD.We;you2.________areallinClass6.A.You,IandheB.He,youandIC.I,youandhe.D.You,heandI3.ThebuildingsinDalianaresimilar〔相似的〕to______inTokyo.A.onesB.thoseC.theseD.that衔接训练一、单项选择1，TheweatherinGuangzhouisbetterthan____inShenyang.A.thatB.itC.thisD.one2._______havearacingbicycle.A.EachB.EachofusC.EveryofusD.Weeach3.Mybikeisbroken.MayIborrow_________?A.youB.yourselfC.yoursD.your4.Ibought_______exercisebookswith_______money.A.afew;afewB.afew;alittleC.alittle;afew.D.alittle;alittle5.---_____ishe?Heisabusdriver.A.WhoB.WhichC.ThatD.What6.---________hatisthis?.word.zl.\n-.----It’s________.A.Whose;meB.Who;mineC.Whom;hisD.Whose;mine7.Hehas________totellus.A.somethingimportantB.importantsomethingC.anythingusefulD.usefulnothing8._____oftheteachersareOKinourschool.A.EveryB.EachC.EitherD.All9.Ofthethreeforeigners,oneisfromLondon,and_____arefromthexUSA.A.twoothersB.theothertwoC..anothertwoD.theboth10.---Whichwouldyoulike,sir,teaorcoffee?---Idon’tmind.______isOK.A.EitherB.NeitherC.AnyD.Both11.________ofushasreadthenewspaper,soweknownothingaboutit.A.SomeB.BothC.NoneD.All12.Heisnotawarm-heartedman,so_____peoplecangetonwellwithhm.A.fewB.afewC.littleD.alittle七、冠词1.什么是冠词？冠词是一种虚词，它置于名词前，帮助说明名词的含义。本身没有意义，不可单独使用，只能和名词连用。英语中的冠词分不定冠词a/an和定冠词the两种。2.不定冠词的含义和主要用法.word.zl.\n-.不定冠词a/an通常泛指同类事物中的某一个〔位、块、片……〕。其中，a用在辅音音素开头的单词前，如abook;an用在元音音素开头的单词前，如anorange.不定冠词主要有以下四种用法：（1）指人或事物的某一种类。It’sabasketball.Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thisisaninterestingmovie.（2）表示“一〞这个数量，但数的概念没有强烈。Shehasasmallnoseandlonghair.(3)指某人或某物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。Hisgrandfatherisanoldman.Thereisaneraseronthedesk.(4)用于一些固定短语中，如：afew,alittle,alotof等。3.定冠词的含义和主要用法定冠词the通常对所修饰的名词有指定作用，表示“这〔那〕个〞，“这〔那〕些〞。定冠词主要有以下用法：（1）特指某〔些〕人或某〔些〕事物Thegirlinanorangedressismysister.（2）指谈话双方都知道的人或物Pleaselookattheblackboard.（3）指上文提过得人或物IwenttothePeople’sParkyesterday.Theparkisbeautiful.（4）指世界上独一无二的事物Thesunisbiggerthantheearth.（5）用在序数词和形容词最高级前.word.zl.\n-.GaoShanlivesonthefifthfloor.（1）用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前theGreatWall,thePalaceMuseum（2）用在江、河、湖、海等专有名词前theChangjiangRiver,theYellowRiver（3）用在姓氏的复数形式前指一家TheBrownsareveryfriendly.（4）用在乐器名称前CanTomplaytheviolin?(10)用在一些习惯用语中inthemorning,/afternoon/evening,intheend4.什么叫零冠词？什么情况下不用冠词？有些情况下，名词前面可以不用冠词。（1）专有名词前HewenttiNanjingthreedaysago.（2）月份、周日、节日、季节前HewasbornonJuly1st,1990.（3）三餐名词前LiuTaohaslunchatschool.（4）球类运动名称前MrBrownplaystennisverywell.（5）职位、头衔和称呼语等名词前Mum!Wherearemyshoes?（6）复数名词表示一类人或事物时.word.zl.\n-.Ilikepotatoes.（1）语言、学科等名称前WehaveMathfourtimesaweek.（2）两个词义一样或相近的名词连用时Heworksharddayandnight.（3）名词前已经有作定语的指示代词、物主代词和不定代词时Thisbookisinteresting.（4）泛指人类时Mancan’tlivewithoutair.（5）用在固定词组中gotoschool,bytrain,inhospital,atnight.例题引路单项选择1.Hegivemysister_______usefilbookyesterday.A.anB.aC./D.the2.Mybrotheris_______honestboy,sohehasmanyfriends.A.aB.anC.theD./3.Morecollegegraduateswantedtoworkin_____westpartofcountry____nextyear.Athe;theB./;/C./;theD.the;/4.Jimalwaysanswerstheteacher’squestions_____.A.inclassB.intheclassC.afterclassD.atclass衔接训练.word.zl.\n-.一、单项选择1.---Whatcoloris________orange?----It’s_______orange.A.an;anB.an;theC.an;/D./;an2.Look!Thechildrenarehaving______goodtime.A./B.theC.anD.a3.Londonis_______capitalof____England.A.the;theB.a;aC.a;theD.the;/4.There’re____fewmistakesinyourhomework.Don’tmake____samemistakesagain.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;theD./;the.5.YesterdayIwentto_____workon_____foot.A.the;/B./;theC./;/D.the;the6.Thereis____〞h〞intheword“hour〞,but___〞h〞doesn’tmakeasound.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;anD.an;the7.Heoftensays_____richshouldhelp___poor.A.the;aB.a;theC.the;theD./;/8Therewas______“s〞on_______blackboard.A.a;aB.a;theC.an;aD.an;the9.There’s_____eggontheplate.______eggisforyou.A.a;AB.an;AnC.an;TheD.the;An10Didyouenterfor______highjumpor_____400---meterrace?.word.zl.\n-.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;aD.the;the11._______oldmaninblackiswaitingforyouforhalf______hour.A.The;anB.The;aC.An;aD.An;/12._______elephantis_______hugeanimal.A.An;anB.An;aC.The;anD.A;an八、介词1.什么是介词？介词是一种用来表示词与词或词与句之间的关系的一种虚词。不能单独做句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类或从句作它的宾语。It’saboutnineo’clocknow.Helenislikehermom.2.介词的用法〔1〕表示时间的介词atatnoon,atnight,ononSunday,onMondaymorning,onMarch8ininnextweek,inNovember,in2008,insummer,intheafternoonbeforeWeiHuagotupbefore7o’clockthismorning.afterAfterthat,nooneplayedwithhim.byBythetimeIarrived,shehadalreadygone.forTheworkersoftenworkfortwenty-fourhourswithoutrest.duringDidyouhaveagoodtimeduringtheholiday?throughThroughhislife,hekeptonlearningnewthings..word.zl.\n-.fromTheworkersweremadetoworkfrom7inthemorningto7intheevening.sinceHehastaughthereince1992（2）表示地点或方位的介词atatschool,athome,at330HepingRoad,atthestationinShewillarriveinShanghaiatten.ononthetableaboveabovetheheadoverThereisabridgeovertheriver.underunderthetreebelowTheDeadSeaisbelowsealevel.near=notfarMyhomeisneartheschool.byHewalksbythesideoftheseaeveryday.betweenSuesitsbetweenJudyandNancy.amongTherearesomeAmericansamongus.aroundTheysataroundthetable.infrintofThereisacarinfrontofthehouse.behindHeputhisbikebehindthetree.toJackgottoschoolat8:00a.myesterday.fromHowfarisitfromLondontoNewYork?（3）表示手段和材料的介词witha.Sheliveswithherson..word.zl.\n-.b.Thegirlwithlonghairismyclassmate.c.MyAmericanfriendislearningtoeatwithchopsticks.inWhat’sthisinEnglish?ThewomaninaredcoatisLucy’smom.byWhatdoyoumeanbytheword“island’?Iliketravelingbrtrain.(4)动向介词into;outofHejumpedintotheswimmingpool.Welookedoutofthewindowandsawmanyflowers.up;downThelittlemonkeyclimbedupthetreequickly.Walkdownthestreetandyouwillseeabookshopontheright.across;through;alongBecarefulwhenyouwalkacrossthebridge.Wewalkedthroughthewoods.Heiswalkingalongtheriver.(1)其他介词ofItwasthebeginningoftheterm..likeLikemanychildrenofherage,DingDingisaYoungPioneer.asSheworksasawaitressinarestaurant.againstHeissittingagainstthetree.Areyouagainstme?.word.zl.\n-.aboutHelikesreadingbooksabouthistory.Whataboutyourfamily?forDoyouknowwhatheesherefor?衔接训练单项选择1.Childrengetgifts____Christmasand_____theirbirthdays.A.on;onB.at;onC.in;inD.in;on2.Mikedoeshisexercises_______seven____theevening.A.on;toB.by;ofC.at;inD.at;on3._____acoldwintermorning,Imetherinthestreet.A.InB.OnC.AtD.For4.Heoftengoes_____school_____sixthirty____themorning.A.for;to;inB.for;at;toC.to;for;atD.to;at;in5.Thedoctorworked______fivehours_____arest.A.for;withB.on;withoutC.about;havingD.for;without6.Theteacherisingback________anhour.A.afterB.forC.inD.before7.Idon’tliketosit_____Tom’sright.Iwouldliketosit____thebackrow.A.on;inB.in;onC.on;atD.at;on8.Theappleis______thetreeandthecatis____thetree,too.A.on;inB.on;onC.in;onD.in;in9.Lucysits_____thethirdrow,_____Jim’sleft.A.on;onB.in;atC.at;inD.in;on.word.zl.\n-.10.Theyarewaiting_______abus________thebusstop.A.for;inB.on;atC.for;atD.with;at九、连词一、概说连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子，在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和附属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如and,but,or,for等；附属连词主要引知名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等)，引知名词性从句的连词如that,whether等，引出状语从句的连词如when,because,since,if等。二、并列连词的用法◆1.表示转折关系的并列连词有but,yet，however等。如：Ilikeapples,butmysisterlikesoranges.=Ilikeapples,however,mysisterlikesoranges.Hesaidhewasourfriend,yethewouldn’thelpus.他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。◆2.表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有for,so等。如：Thechildhadabadcough,sohismothertookhimtothedoctor.这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生。Youaresupposedtogetridofcarelessness,foritoftenleadstoseriouserrors.你们一定要克制粗枝大叶，因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。注意：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。◆3.表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有and,or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…but(also),both…and,aswellas等。如：.word.zl.\n-.Hedidn’tgoandshedidn’tgo，either.他没去，她也没去。Theweatherismildtoday;itisneitherhotnorcold.今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。BothNewYorkandLondonhavetrafficproblems.纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。Itisimportantforyouaswellasforme.这对你和对我都很重要。Peoplewhoareeitherunderageoroveragemaynotjointhearmy.年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。三、附属连词的用法◆1.引导时间状语从句的附属连词(1)表示“当…时候〞或“每当〞的时间连词。主要的when,while,as,whenever。如：Don’ttalkwhileyou’reeating.吃饭时不要说话。Vegetablesarebestwhentheyarefresh.蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。HecamejustasIwasleaving.我正要走时他来了。(2)表示“在…之前(或之后)〞的时间连词。主要的有before,after。如：Trytofinishyourworkbeforeyouleave.离开前设法把工作做完。Afterwehavefinishedtea,wewillsitonthegrass.喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。(3)表示“自从〞或“直到〞的时间连词。主要的有since,until,till。如：She’sbeenplayingtennissinceshewaseight.她从八岁起就打网球了。Hedidn’leaveuntiltherainstopped.Nevertroubletroubletilltroubletroublesyou.(谚)不要无事惹事。(4)表示“一…就〞的时间连词。主要的有assoonas,如：I’llletyouknowassoonasIhearfromher.我一接她的信就通知你。例题引路.word.zl.\n-.单项选择1.Theyareallnew,_______I’mnot.A.andB.butC.soD.or2.Whichisgigger,thesun_____themoon?A.soB.orC.andD.but3.Doyouhaveanybrothers____sisters/A.soB.orC.forD.but4.Domoreexercise________youarenotgoodatP.E.A.soB.butC.orD.because5.Youhavethreeboks;Ihavefivebooks.___Ihavetwomorebooksthanyou.A.AndB.ButC.SoD.If6.—Whatdoyouwanttobuy?---Abook_______twopens.A.butB.orC.andD.so7.MissLiistaller____hersister.A.thanB.butC.ifD.as8.MybrothergoestoworkonSundays____Idon’t.A.becauseB.butC.andD.so9._______Ifinishmyhomework,IwillwatchTV.A.AfterB.BeforeC.WhenD.As10.SheknewnothingaboutHongKong______shewentthere.A.orB.beforeC.becauseD.as.word.zl.\n-.11.I’dlikesomebread______butter.A.butB.andC.norD.or12.Justletmeknow________youneedanyhelp.A.becauseB.beforeC.ifD.and13.GaoShanwassad_______couldn’tfindhistoys.A.soB.andC.butD.because第2节句法一、概述1.什么是句子成分？组成句子的各个局部叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。〔1〕主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。HelikeswatchingTV.Englishisveryusefulforus.Swimmingisagoodsport.(2)谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。一般可分为两类：简单谓语:由动词或短语动词构成。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。Westudyforthepeople.我们为人民学习。Wegotthereyesterdaymorning..word.zl.\n-.复合谓语：由“情态动词＋动词原形〞构成IcanspeakalittleEnglish.我可以说一点英语。〔3〕表语表语是谓语的一局部，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。Mysisterisanurse.我姐姐是护士。Shelookshappy.(4)宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。WelikeEnglish.我们喜欢英语。有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。Hegavemesomeink.他给了我一点墨水。有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：Wemakehimourmonitor.我们选他当班长。(5)定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。Heisanewstudent.他是个新生。但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，那么放在被修饰的词之后。Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。.word.zl.\n-.(6)状语修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。HelivesinLondon.他住在伦敦。Thechildrenareplayinghappily.(7)补语补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进展的动作，作补语的有形容词、副词、名词、不定式、动词-ing形式、数词等。Wewillmakeourcountrymorebeautiful.2.句子是如何分类的？〔1〕句子按使用目的可分为述句、疑问句、祈使句和感慨句。述句：用来说明一个事实的句子叫述句。它有肯定句和否认句两种形式。▲述句的肯定式：Heisamiddleschoolstudent.〔他是个中学生〕/Sheteachesusgeography.〔她教我们地理〕/Thenewplaywasgoodenoughandeverybodyenjoyedit.〔新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢〕▲述句的否认式：Mybrotherisnotateacher.〔我的弟弟不是教师〕/Hedoesnothaveacousin.〔他没有堂兄弟〕/Iwillnotgotheretomorrow.〔明天我不去那儿〕/Mymotherisnotcookingamealinthekitchen.〔我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭〕/Youmustnotmakesuchmistakesagain.〔你不该再犯类似错误了〕、疑问句：提出问题。分一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句四种。如：Isheanengineer?〔他是工程师吗？〕Doyougetupatsixeverymorning?〔你天天早晨六点起身吗？〕/Doesshestudyhard?〔她学习努力吗？〕/Didyougothereyesterday?〔昨天你去那儿了吗？〕Whatdoyouwant?〔你要什么？〕Whydidhego.word.zl.\n-.tobedsoearly?〔他为什么这么早睡觉？〕/Howdidyougothere?〔你是怎么去的那儿？〕Doyouwantteaorcoffee?Heneverwentthere,didhe?(他从没有去过那里是吗？)、祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。▲祈使句的肯定式：动词(原形)+其他如：Pleasegivemeahand.(请帮助)/Shutup!(住嘴！)▲祈使句的否认式：Don’t+动词原形+其他如：Pleasedon’ttalkinlowvoices.(请不要低声讲话。)、感慨句：感慨句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“！〞如：Whatagood,kindgirl(sheis)!(她是多么善良的好女孩！)/Whatbadweather(itis)!(天气真糟糕！)Howcarefullytheoldmanwalks!(这老人走路真小心！)/Howdeliciousthefoodis!(这食品真好吃！)/Howbeautiful!(真美呀！)(2)句子按其构造可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句1、简单句的特点：简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。2、简单句的种类：简单句一般分为述句、疑问句、感慨句和祈使句四种。Shelaughed.并列句:由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用逗号或分号。Heworksinthisshopandhelikesworkinghere.复合句：包含一个主句和一个或多个从句的句子。Theboythinksthathecandothisjobwell.3.简单句.word.zl.\n-.五种根本句型：句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种根本句型：1、根本句型的词序：            主谓句型：S－Vi。Iwork.主系表句型：S－Vlink－PJohnisbusy.主谓宾句型：S－Vt.－OShestudiesEnglish.主谓双宾句型：S－Vt－O间宾－O直宾Mymothermademeanewdress.主谓宾补句型：S－Vt－O－CThestorymadeuslaugh.一、述句1.什么是述句？述句是用于述事实或观点的句子。句末必须使用句点“.〞分肯定句和否认句两种。Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.Hisfatherdidn’tetoseehimyesterday.2.肯定句如何变成否认句？〔1〕be动词的否认式be动词根据不同的人称和时态有不同的形式，在一般现在时中是am，is，are；在一般过去时中是was，were。构成否认式时，一律在其后加否认词not。Iamastudent.→Iamnotastudent.(2)情态动词的否认式情态动词的否认式是在其后加not。Icanswim.→Icannot(can’t)swim.〔3〕实义动词的否认式含有实义动词的句子变否认句时，要借助助动词do,does,did等来构成否认式。在一般现在时中借助do,或does，在一般过去时中借助did。Ilikepopmusic.→Idonot(don’t)likepopmusic.Helikesrunning.→Hedoesnot(doesn’t)likerunning.Shedoesherhomeworkathome.→Shedoesn’tdoherhomeworkathome.HewenttothezoolaskSunday.→Hedidnot(didn’t)gotothezoolaskSunday.一、疑问句1.疑问句的定义用来提出问题的句子叫疑问句，句末问号。Areyougoodatplayingbasketball?Whatareyoulookingfor?Heisinaredcoat,isn’the?.word.zl.\n-.2.疑问句的种类：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句四种。Haveyoubeentherebefore?Whatdaywasityesterday?CanyouspeakEnglishorChinese?Heisadriver,isn’the?3.一般疑问句(1)什么是一般疑问句？一般疑问句是如何构成的？要用yes或no答复的疑问句，叫一般疑问句。读时用升调。含系动词be的一般疑问句的构成.具体地说，就是当述句中有am/is/are时，可直接将它们提至主语前，但如遇第一人称，最好将其置换成第二人称。如：I'minClass2,Grade1.→AreyouinClass2,Grade1?你是在一年级二班吗？含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成。含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成根据不同时态和人称在句首加助动词do,does,did.　　ShelivesinBeijing.→DoessheliveinBeijing?她住在吗？　　IlikeEnglish.→DoyoulikeEnglish?你喜欢英语吗？情态动词的一般疑问句的构成.一般疑问句面前人人平等：情态动词与am/is/are一样，直接将它们提至主语前.Icanspellit.→Canyouspellit?你会拼写它吗？少数口语化的一般疑问句.如问一个与前文一样的问句时，可省略成"Andyou?"或"What/Howabout...?"等；甚至只抓关键词，读作升调。如：Yourpen?你的钢笔？(2)一般疑问句的应答肯定答复用Yes否认答复用No,通常用简单形式答复。且答语中主语后的各种动词要与问句中句首词的词类保持一致。be动词引出的一般疑问句，答语中主语后用动词be的相应形式〔am,is,are,was,were〕.IsthisyourEnglishbook？肯答：Yes，itis.否答：No，itisn`t..word.zl.\n-.AretheseyourEnglishbooks？肯答：Yes，theyare.否答：No，theyaren’t.do的各种形式引出的一般疑问句.答语中主语后用动词do的相应形式(do,does.did)DoyourparentslikeEnglish？肯答：Yes，theydo.否答：No，theydon’t.can,will引出的一般疑问句.,答语中用can,will的相应形式(can,could;will,would).---Canyousinganddance,Lucy?----Yes,Ican./No,Ican’t.must引出的一般疑问句.肯定答复用must，否认答复用needn’t.---Mustwecleantheroom?---Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.4.特殊疑问句(1)以特殊疑问词开头，对述句中的某一局部提出疑问/进展发问的句子叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句的构成:"特殊疑问词+一般疑问句"构成.Howoldareyou?  What'sthisinEnglish?疑问代词：what，who，Which，whose，whom疑问副词：when，where，why，how疑问形容词：what〔which，whose〕+名词(2)疑问代词的用法1.what引导的疑问句此类疑问句可以对主语、表语和宾语提问。a.对主语提问Whatisinyourpocket？你口袋里有什么？☆这个问题可以有两种答复：a：Thereisanegginit..word.zl.\n-.在口袋里有一个蛋。b：Aneggis〔init〕.一个蛋〔在里面〕。What'sintheroom？屋子里有什么？Therearealotofchairsinit.=A1otofchairsareinit.有许多椅子。注意答复此句型的问题时，答句的单复数根据实际情况而定。b.对宾语提问Whatdidyoubuy？你买了什么？Iboughtabike.我买了辆自行车。c.对表语提问Whatisthis？这是什么？It'sabench.这是一条长凳。Whatisyourmother？你妈妈是干什么的？注意Whatis+人？此句型是问人的职业，一般译为“是干什么的？〞Sheisateacher.她是个教师。2.Who，whom，whose引导的疑问句此类疑问句可以对主语、表语和宾语提问。Whobrokethewindow？〔对主语提问〕.word.zl.\n-.☆who可以对主语和表语提问。whom是who的宾格，对宾语提问，但在口语中who可以代替whom。谁打破了窗户？LiMingdid.明打破的。Whoisthatwoman？〔对表语提问〕那个女人是谁？Sheismymother.她是我妈妈。〔关系〕或者：SheisRose.她是罗思。〔〕注意Whois+人？是询问某人的或与人关系的问句。与Whatis+人？〔问人的职业〕不同。Whoseisthisumbrella？这伞是谁的？Thisumbrellaismysister's.这伞是我姐姐的。注意whose之后如果没有名词时，表示“谁的〔东西〕……〞。Which引导的特殊疑问句此类疑问句可以对主语和宾语提问。WhichisTom's？〔对主语提问〕哪个是汤姆的？Thisishis.这是他的。Whichdoeshewant？〔对宾语提问〕他想要哪一个？Hewantsthegreenone.他想要那个绿色的。注意.word.zl.\n-.疑问词what，who，which在句中作主语时，语序是述句语序。2疑问形容词的用法what，which，whose后面跟上名词时，这三个疑问词起形容词作用。Whatsportsdoyoulike？〔对宾语提问〕你喜欢什么运动？Ilikebasketball.我喜欢篮球。Whosepensarethese？〔对表语提问〕这些是谁的钢笔？TheyareLiMing's.这些是明的。Whosefatherdiedtwoyearsago？〔对主语提问〕两年前谁的父亲死了？Whichpicturedidyoutake？〔对宾语提问〕哪一照片是你拍的？Itooktheoneontheright.右边的那一是我拍的。3疑问副词的用法句型：疑问副词+一般疑问句的语序～？〔疑问副词在句中作状语，所以它们不可能对主语提问〕1.when引导的疑问句：询问时间Whenwereyouborn？你何时出生？〔Iwasborn〕onJune5,1962.我是1962年6月5日出生的。.word.zl.\n-.注意when引起的疑问句，都可用简单式答复，只答复出时间就可以了。WhenwillyougotoJapan？你什么时候去日本？〔I'llgothere〕nextyear.我明年去那儿。☆when问的是具体时间，所以不能和完成时连用。〔×〕Whenhaveyoubeenhere？〔○〕Howlonghaveyoubeenhere？你呆在这里有多久了？〔○〕Whendidyouehere？你什么时候来这里的？2.where引导的疑问句：询问地点、场所Wheredoyoulive？你住在哪儿？〔Ilivein〕Beijing.〔可以简单答复出地点〕我住在。Whereareyougoing？你准备去什么地方？IamgoingtoJapan.我准备去日本。3.why引导的疑问句：询问原因它的答复只能用because引导的原因状语从句。Whyareyoulate？你为什么迟到？BecauseImettheaccident.因为我遇上车祸了。Whydidn'tyouseethemovie？.word.zl.\n-.Whydidyounotseethemovie？你为什么不去看那部电影？BecauseIhadseenitbefore.因为我已经看过了。4.how引导的疑问句：可分为两类a."How…？"how可单独地置于疑问句的句首。询问如何地做某事即做某事的方法、手段及安康、天气……Howdoyougotoschool？〔问方式〕Igotoschoolbybus.我坐公共汽车。Howareyou？〔问安康〕你身体怎样？I'mfine.Thankyou！我很好。你。Howistheweathertoday？〔问天气〕今天天气如何？It'scloudy.今天多云。b：How+形容词〔副词〕howoften多久一次HowoftendoesBobwatchTV?howmuch多少，问价格，重量Howmuchisthebook?howmany多少问可数名词的数量Howmanypeoplearethereinyourfamily?howold问年龄Howoldisyourfather?howlong多久，问一段时间Howlongdidyoustaythere?.word.zl.\n-.howsoon多久之后，与一般将来时连用Howsoonwillyoubeback?5.选择疑问句〔1〕定义：选择疑问句表示提供两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方在所提供的围、对象选择。在所提供的最后一个备选对象前面用表示选择关系的并列连词or，朗读时or前用声调，or后面用降调，句末用问号。选择疑问句的构造　、“一般疑问句+一个备选对象or+另一个备选对象〞。例如：　　Shallwegotherebybus,bikeortrain?我们乘公共汽车、自行车还是火车去？〔备选对象为三者〕　　Wouldyoulikesometeaorcoffee?你要茶水还是咖啡？〔备选对象为二者〕　　Didyoustayathomeoratschoolyesterday?你昨天呆在家还是在学校？〔备选对象为二者〕、“特殊疑问句+一个备选对象or+另一个备选对象〞。例如：　　Whichwouldyoulikebest,English,ChineseorMath?你最喜欢哪门学科，英语、语文还是数学？〔备选对象为三者〕　　WhenwillyougotoCanada,SundayorMonday?你何时去加拿大，星期天还是星期一？〔备选对象为二者〕(2)选择疑问句的答复不能用Yes/No来答复。----Shallweplaybasketballorfootball?----Playfootball.6.反意疑问句是由一个述句加上一个短问句而构成的。反意疑问句的根本构成形式是：述句+动词〔肯定或否认〕+主语？如：①Sheoftenhaslunchatschool,doesn'tshe?②Youdon'tlikesports,doyou?使用反意疑问句要注意以下假设干对应规那么：一、反意疑问句中问句局部的动词与述局部的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系，即：肯定+否认？否认+肯定？如：①Youcan'tdoit,canyou?②Theyareverylateforthemeeting,aren'tthey?二、反意疑问句中问句局部的动词与述局部的动词种类要对应一致。如：①Hehassupperathomeeveryday,doesn'the?〔不能用hasn'the?〕②Theyhaveknownthematter,haven'tthey?〔不能用don'tthey?〕三、反意疑问句中问句局部的动词在时态上应和述局部的时态一致。如：①Theywillgototownsoon,won'tthey?〔不能用don'tthey?或aren'tthey?〕②Heworksveryhard,doesn'the?〔不能用didn'the?或won'the?〕.word.zl.\n-.四、反意疑问句的述局部含有由un-,im-,in-,dis-,等否认意义的前缀构成的词语时，述局部要视为肯定含义，问句局部用否认形式。如：①Yourfatherisunhappy,isn'the?〔不能用ishe?〕②Themanisdishonest,isn'the?〔不能用ishe?〕③ItisimpossibletolearnEnglishwithoutrememberingmorewords,isn'tit?〔不能用isit?〕五、反意疑问句的述局部带有little,few,never,hardly,seldom等否认意义的词时，问句局部用肯定式。如：①Shenevertellsalie,doesshe?〔不用doesn'tshe?〕②Hewasseldomlate,washe?〔不用wasn'the?〕六、反意疑问句的述局部为Iam……时，问句局部习惯上用aren'tI？表示。如：Iamaveryhonestman,aren'tI?七、反意疑问句的述局部为I(We)think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句时，问句局部的动词及主语与that从句的动词和主语保持一致。如：①Ithinkthathehasdonehisbest,hasn'the?②WethinkthatEnglishisveryuseful,isn'tit?〔不用don'twe?〕八、反意疑问句的述局部为I(We)don'tthink(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句时，从句为否认意义，问句局部的动词和主语仍与that从句保持一致且用肯定式。如：①Idon'tthinkthatyoucandoit,canyou?〔不用doI?〕②Wedon'tbelievethatthenewsistrue,isit?〔不用dowe?〕九、反意疑问句的述局部为非第一人称主语+think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句时，问句局部的动词和主语与述局部的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：①TheyallthinkthatEnglishisveryimportant,don'tthey?〔不用isn'tit?〕②Hedidn'tthinkthatthenewswastrue,didhe?〔不用wasn't/wasit?〕十、反意疑问句的述局部为主语+said(told,reported,asked……)+that从句时，问句局部的动词和主语与述局部的主句动词和主语保持一致。如：①Theysaidthatyouhadfinishedyourwork,didn'tthey?〔不用hadn'tyou〕②Katetoldyouthatshewouldgothere,didn'tshe?〔不用wouldn'tshe?〕十一、述局部的主语为不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything时，问句局部的主语用it。如：①Somethingiswrongwiththeputer,isn'tit?②Nothinghashappenedtothem,hasit?十二、述局部的主语为不定代词somebody(someone),anybody(anyone),nobody(noone),everybody(everyone)时，问句局部的主语用he或they，这时问句动词的数应和he或they一致。如：.word.zl.\n-.①Someonehastakentheseat,hasn'the?②Everyonehasdonetheirbestinthegame,haven'tthey?十三、述局部为Letme……时，问句局部习惯上用shallI?或willyou?形式。如：Letmehaveatry,shallI?(willyou?)十四、述局部为Letus……时，问句局部习惯上用willyou?形式。如：Letusstoptorest,willyou?十五、述局部为Let's……时，问句局部习惯上用shallwe?形式。如：Let'sgohometogether,shallwe?十六、述局部用上述情况以外的祈使句时，问句局部一般用willyou?形式表示请求，用won'tyou？形式表示委婉请求或邀请。如：①Dositdown,won'tyou?/willyou?②Youfeedthebirdtoday,willyou?③Pleaseopenthewindow,willyou?(won'tyou?)十七、述局部为否认祈使句时，问句局部一般用willyou?形式。如：Don'tmakeanynoise,willyou?十八、述局部为There(Here)+be+主语时，问句局部用动词+there(here)?形式。如：①Therearetwocakesontheplate,aren'tthere?②HereisastoryaboutMarkTwain,isn'there?十九、述局部用hadbetter+原形动词表示建议时，问句局部用hadn't+主语？形式。①You'dbettertellhimaboutthematter,hadn'tyou?②Wehadbetterdoitbyourselves,hadn'twe?二十、述局部用usedto+主语时，问句局部用didn't+主语？或usedn't+主语？形式。①Heusedtoliveinthecountry,didn'the?/usedn'the?②Theyusedtobegoodfriends,didn'tthey?/usedn'tthey?二十一、述局部用must(may,might)+have+V-ed表示推测时，假设句中带有明显的过去时间的状语，问句局部动词用过去时形式。如：①Hemighthaveforgottenhispenintheclassroomyesterday,didn'the?〔不用mightn'the?/hasn'the?〕②Youmusthavegotuplatethismorning,didn'tyou?〔不用mustn'tyou?/haven'tyou?〕二十二、述局部用must(may,might)+have+V-ed表示推测时，假设句中没有带明显的过去时间的状语，问句局部动词用现在完成时形式。如：①Everyonemusthaveknownthedeathofthewaitress,haven'tthey?〔不用mustn'tthey?〕.word.zl.\n-.②Youmusthaveworkedthereayearago,didn'tyou?〔不用mustn'tyou?/haven'tyou?〕二十三、述局部的主语为从句时，问句局部的主语一般用it代替，如：①Whathesaidistrue,isn'tit?〔不用didn'the?〕②Wherewewillbuildthedamhasnotbeendecidedyet,hasit?〔不用won'twe?〕二十四、述局部的主语为动名词或不定式时，问句的主语用it代替。如：①Todoonegooddeediseasyforaperson,isn'tit?②Skatingisyourfavoritesport,isn'tit?练习单项选择1.-------DoeshelikeEnglish?------____________.A.Yes,hedoesB.Yes,heis.C.No,heisn’t2.----________doeshisfatherdo?-----He’sadoctor.A.WhatB.WhoC.How3.Wouldyoulokecoffee_________tea?A.andB.orC.of4.Dickhasfewfriends,___________?A.isheB.doesn’theC.doeshe四、祈使句1.定义：祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、劝告或建议等语气的句子。它的主语多是You〔通常不说出〕。2.祈使句的用法〔1〕通常表示命令、请求、警告或制止。Goandwashyourhands.Bequiet,please.Noparking!(2)表示邀请、建议。Havesomemilk,please.Let’sgotoschool.3.祈使句构成〔1〕肯定构造Do型:动词原形〔+宾语〕+其他成分。Pleasehaveaseathere.Be型:连系动词+表语〔如：形容词、名词等〕Keepquiet！保持安静！　　Beagoodstudent!要做一名好学生！let型：　　Let+宾语+动词原形+其它。例如：　　Letmehaveagoodrest．让我好好休息一下。.word.zl.\n-.（1）否认构造Do型和Be型的否认形式的构成在句首加上Don’t。例如：　　Don’tgotherealone！不要一个人去那里。　　Don’tbelateforclassagain！别再上课迟到。　由let构成的否认式的祈使句句型为：　　以let引起的祈使句的否认形式，要视其在意思上否认了什么来决定。如否认let，那么用Don’tlet…向式；如否认let后面的不定式，那么在不定式前加not，即用“Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其它。〞句式。例如：　　Don’tletthechildrenplayfootballontheroad．不要让孩子们在马路上踢球。　　Let’snotwaitoutsidetogate．　　咱们别在门外等。　　有些用no开头，表示制止。Nosmoking!Nofishing!4.特殊的祈使句〔1〕强调式祈使句祈使句的主语通常不说出来，但有时为了强调，此时可说出主语you祈使句式的肯定式前加do可起强调作用。意为“务必；一定〞等。例如：。例如：　　Youfeedtheanimalstoday.　　今天你喂动物。　　Yousweepthefloor.你拖地板。　　Doe，please！请一定来！　　Dotellherthething．务必告诉她此事。〔2〕不含动词的祈使句Onemoment,please.Handsup,please.练习1.Please_________,thebabyissleeping.A.notbesonoisy.B.bequietC.mustn’ttalkD.nospeaking2._______tomeetmeatthestation.I’llbewaitingthere.A.NottoforgetB.notforgetC.ForgetnotD.Don’tforget3.---Don’tforgettoetomybirthdaypartytomorrow.----I_________.A.don’tB.won’tC.can’tD.haven’t4._________ChineseinyourEnglishclass.A.NotspeakB.Don’tspeakC.SpeaknotD.Don’tspeaking5._____downtheradio.It’stoonoisy.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn6.Lucy,________thedoororsomeonewillein.A.closeB.closesC.notcloseD.isclosing.word.zl.\n-.7._________andplayfootballinthestreetafterlunch.A.let’snottogoB.let’snotgoC.let’sdon’tgoD.Notlet’sgo8.Wecanseeasignwiththewords“_______〞inabus.A.NotparkingB.NotsmokingC.NosmokingD.Noparking9._____callmeMimi.It’smycat’sname.A.NotB.Didn’tC.Doesn’tD.Don’t10.________forschool!Youshouldgetupearly.A.BelateB.NotbelateC.Don’tbelateD.Benotlate五、感慨句感慨句一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感慨句常用"what"和"how"引导，"what"和"how"与所修饰的词置于句首，其它局部用述句语序。一、由"what"引导的感慨句："what"意为"多么"用作定语，修饰名词〔被强调局部〕，单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。这类句子的构造形式是：what+(a/an)+adj.+n.+主语+谓语+(itis).如：①Whataclevergirlsheis!多么聪明的姑娘呀！②Whataninterestingstoryitis!多么有趣的故事呀！③Whatgoodchildrentheyare!他们是多么好的孩子呀！④Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!多么漂亮的花呀！⑤Whatdeliciousfooditis!多么有味的食物呀！⑥Whatheavysnowitis!多么大的雪呀！.word.zl.\n-.二、由"how"引导的感慨句："how"意为"多么"，用作状语，修饰形容词或副词〔被强调局部〕。如果修饰形容词，那么句中的谓语动词用系动词；如果how修饰副词，那么句中的谓语动词用行为动词，这类句子的构造形式是：How+adj.〔adv.〕+主语+谓语+(itis).如：①Howcolditistoday!今天多么冷呀！②Hownicethepicturesare!多么漂亮的图画呀！③Howhappytheylook!他们显得多么快乐呀！④Howwellshesings!她唱得多好呀！⑤Howhardtheyareworkingnow!他们干得多么起劲呀！三、在表示同一意义时，英语感慨既可用"what"引导，也可用"how"引导。如：①Whatahotdayitis!Howhotthedayis!多么热的天气呀！②Whattallbuildingstheyare!Howtallthebuildingsare!多么高的楼房呀！③Whatbadweatheritis!Howbadtheweatheris!多么糟糕的天气呀！④Whatbrightsunshineitis!Howbrightthesunshineis!多么明亮的呀！四、感慨句在表示冲动强烈的感情时，口语中常常采用省略句，其后面的主语和谓语往往略去不讲。.word.zl.\n-.如：①Whatafineday!多么晴朗的天呀！②Whatanhonestboy!多么老实的孩子呀！③Whatredapples!多么红的苹果呀！④Howcool!好凉快呀！⑤Howwonderful!精彩极了！练习单项选择1._______foodyou’vecooked!A.HowaniceB.WhataniceC.HowniceD.Whatnice2.______fastheruns!A.HowB.HowaC..WhatD..Whata3.______beautifulflowers!A..HowB.HowaC.WhatD.Whata4._______brightgirlstheyare!A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa5._____sunnyday!Let’sgooutforawalk.A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa6._______dayitis!It’srainyagain.A.HowbadB.WhatabadC.HowfineD.Whatafine7._____weatherwehavetoday!A.AfineB.WhatafineC.HowafineD.Whatfine8._______fromBeijingtoLondon!A.HowlongwayitisB.WhatalongwayitisC.HowlongwayisitD.Whatalongwayisit9.______usefulworktheyhavedone!A.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Whatan.word.zl.\n-.10.____nicepictureyougaveme!A.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Whatan11._______excitinggameitis!A.WhatB.HowC.HowmuchD.Whatan12.-----_________youhaveboughtme!------Igotitatthemarket.A.WhatabigfishB.HowabigfishC.WhatbigfishD.Howbigfish13.---ItisreportedthatanearthquakehitHaitilastnight.-------________terriblenews!A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa14.-------Happybirthday!-------Thankyou..________niceofyoutoremembermybirthday!A.ThatB.WhatC.HowD.Whata15._______itistoday!We’dbetterstayathome.A.WhatabadweatherB.WhatbadweatherC.HowabadweatherD.Howbadweather六、therebe句型1.therebe句型概念therebe表示“存在；有〞，therebe句型也叫存在句，指某人或某物存在于某个特定的位置。其中的be与紧跟其后的名词的形式保持一致，如在一般现在时中thereis和单数名词或不可数名词连用，thereare那么与复数名词连用。Thereisapearonthetable.Therearemanypearsinthebasket.2.therebe句型的根本构造Therebe+主语+地点〔时间〕状语提示：therebe和have都表示“有〞，单它们的含义是不同的。therebe表示的是“客观存在〞而have表示的是“拥有；占有〞。Thereisanewbookonthedesk.Ihaveanewbook.3.therebe句型主要注意什么？在therebe句型中，主语之前常用到a,some,all，而不用the,thisthat等修饰。Thereisadogintheroom.(正)Thereisthedogintheroom.〔误〕.word.zl.\n-.4.therebe句型中谓语动词的“就近原那么〞(1)一般情况下，therebe句型中谓语动词be在人称和数上与其后的主语保持一致。假设主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词，be为is或was;假设主语是复数名词，be为are或were.Thereissomewaterintheglass.Thereisabookonthedesk.Therearesomepeopleunderthetree.(2)当therebe句型中有两个或两个以上主语时，谓语动词be应与邻近的主语在“数〞上保持一致，即“就近原那么〞。Thereisapenandtwopencilsinthebox.Therearethreemenandawomanbehindthehouse.提示：therebe句型可以用于各种时态。Therewasasmallhouseneartheriverlastyear.Therewillbeafashionshowtomorrow.练习1.Thereissome________-onthetable.A.penB.rulerC.moneyD.books2.There_______threepensandapencilsinthepencilcase.AisB.areC.haveD.has3.---Isthereabookonthedesk?------__________.A.Yes,itis.B.Yes,thereisC.No,itisn’tD.No,isn’tthere4.Thereisgoingto_______afootballgametomorrow.A.beB.haveC.hasD.is5.Therearealotofpeople_____forthebustoe.A.waitingB.towaitC.waitedD.iswaiting6.Whatapity,mynewputerdoesn’twork.________mustbesomethingwrongwithit.A.ItB.ThereC.ThisD.That7.Howmany________arethereinyourschool?A.womanteacherB.womenteacherC.womanteachersD.womenteachers.word.zl.\n-.8.There________threenewfilmsinthecinemanextweek.A.isgoingtobeB.willhaveC.aregoingtobeD.aregoingtohave第三节时态英语的时态是靠动词的变化的时间状语来表达的。共有16种，常见的有9种，即一般现在时：主语+动词原形/第三人称单数一般过去时：主语+动词的过去分词一般将来时：主语+shall/will+动词原形过去将来时：主语+should/would+动词原形现在进展时：主语+〔am,is,are)+现在分词过去进展时：主语+〔was,were)+现在分词现在完成进展时：主语+have/has+been+现在分词现在完成时：主语+have/has+过去分词过去完成时：主语+had+过去分词一、一般现在时一般现在时自述第一，一般现在时：1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：Theskyisblue.2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：Igetupatsixeveryday.、3.表示客观现实。如：Theearthgoesaroundthesun.、第二，请看我的面目--构成：1.be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：　Iamaboy.我是一个男孩。.word.zl.\n-.2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如：　WestudyEnglish.我们学习英语。　当主语为第三人称单数(he,she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：MarylikesChinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。第三，我的变化--否认句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句：1.be动词的变化。　否认句：主语+be+not+其它。　如：Heisnotaworker.他不是工人。　一般疑问句：Be+主语+其它。　如：-Areyouastudent?　　　-Yes.Iam./No,I'mnot.　特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Whereismybike?2.行为动词的变化。　否认句：主语+don't(doesn't)+动词原形(+其它)。如：　Idon'tlikebread.　当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否认句。如：　Hedoesn'toftenplay.　一般疑问句：Do(Does)+主语+动词原形+其它。如：　-Doyouoftenplayfootball?　-Yes,Ido./No,Idon't.　当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如：　-Doesshegotoworkbybike?　-Yes,shedoes./No,she.word.zl.\n-.doesn't.　特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Howdoesyourfathergotowork?　一般现在时的用法■一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语everyday,usually,always,often,sometimes,onSunday等连用。如：Igotoschoolat6everymorning.每天早上我七点去上学。■一般现在时表示客观存在及普遍真理。如：Summerfollowsspring.春天之后是夏天。Thesunrisesintheeast.太阳从升起。注意：此种用法即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：IlearnedthattheearthgoesaroundthesunwhenIwasinprimaryschool.我在小学就学过地球是围绕太阳转的。■一般现在时表示格言或警句。如：Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。■一般现在时表示目前的情况或状态。如：Iamateacher.我是教师。PeterwritesgoodChinesebutdoesnotspeakwell.彼得汉语写得不错，讲的可不行。■以here,there等开场的倒装句，表示动作正在进展。如：Hereesthebus.=Thebusising.车来了。Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.铃响了。■在以下情况下表示将来：1.在状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：IwillgiveittohimassoonasIseehim.我一看见他就交给他。.word.zl.\n-.Hewilleifyouinvitehim.如果你请他,他会来的。Supposehedoesn’tagree，whatshallwedo?假设他不同意，那怎么办?IshalldoasIplease.我快乐怎么做就怎么做。Hewillcontinuetheworknomatterwhathappens.不管发生什么情况他都要继续这项工作。2.在themore…themore…(越……越……)句型中,前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，因为前者相当于条件状语从句。如：Theharderyoustudy,thebetterresultsyouwillget.你学习越努力，成绩就会越好。3.在makesure(certain),seetoit,mind,care,matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：Seetoitthatyouarenotlateagain.注意别再迟到了(from.hxen.)。4.表示按方案或时间表将要发生的动作，通常有表示将来的时间状语。如：Theplanetakesoffat11:30andarrivesinShanghaiatl:20.飞机十一点半起飞，一点二十分抵达。注：只限于少数动词能这样用，如begin,start,,end,finish,stop,go,e,leave,sail,arrive,return,close,open等。练习1.—DoesPeterliketowatchTV?----________.A.Yes,helike.B.No,hedoesn’tC.Yes,he’dlike.D.No,helikes.2.Shedoesn’t_______herhomeworkintheafternoon.A.doingB.todoC.doesD.do.word.zl.\n-.3.--________youusuallylateforschool?---No,_______.A.Do;IamB.Does;notC.Are;I’mnotD.Are;Iaren’t4.MrYang____Englishthisterm.A.teachesourB.teachesusC.teachsusD.teachour5.Oneoftheboys_________ablackhat.A.haveB.thereisC.thereareD.has6.Wewillgoshoppingifit______tomorrow.A.don’trainB.won’trainC.doesn’trainD.isn’train7.Hesaidthesun_______intheeastand_______inthewest.A.rises;setsB.rose;setC.rises;setD.rise;sets二、一般过去时一般过去时态：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。谓语动词要用一般过去式。经常与yesterday〔昨天〕,lastweek〔上周〕,lastmonth〔上个月〕,lastyear〔去年〕,twomonthsago〔两个月前〕,thedaybeforeyesterday〔前天〕，in1990(在1990年),inthosedays〔在那些日子里〕等表示过去的时间状语连用。如：Iwasbornin1990.(我出生在1990年)。Whendidyougotothepark?〔你是什么时候去的公园〕。Iwenttotheparklastweek.〔我是上周去的公园〕在上面的句子中第一句属于be动词的一般过去时态；第二句和第三句属于实义动词的一般过去时态。.word.zl.\n-.1．Be动词的一般过去时态在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词，amis的过去式为was;are的过去式为were.构成：肯定句：主语+was(were)+宾语如：Iwaslateyesterday.〔昨天我迟到了。〕否认句：主语+was(were)+not+宾语如：Weweren'tlateyesterday.(我们昨天没迟到)疑问句：Was(Were)+主语+宾语如：Wereyouillyesterday?〔你昨天病了吗？〕肯定答复：Yes,Iwas.(是的，我病了。)否认句：No,Iwasn't.(不，我没病。)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was(were)+主语+宾语如：Whenwereyouborn?你是什么时候出生的？2．实义动词的一般过去时态肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否认句和疑问句要使用助动词do和does的过去式did.肯定句为：主语+动词过去式+宾语如：Iwenthomeatnineo'clockyesterday.〔我昨天九点钟回的家。〕否认句：主语+didn't+动词原形+宾语如：Ididn'tgohomeyesterday.(我昨天没回家。)疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形+宾语如：Didyougohomeyesterday?(你昨天回家了吗？)肯定答复：Yes,Idid.(是的，我回了。)否认答复：No,Ididn't.(不，我没回家。).word.zl.\n-.动词过去式的构成规那么动词的过去式变化如下：规那么动词的过去式变化如下：1、一般情况下，动词词尾加-ed，如：work---workedplay---playedwanted----wantedact----acted2、以不发音的-e结尾动词，动词词尾加-d，如：live---livedmove----movedtaste---tastedhope---hoped3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i再加-ed，如：study---studiedcopy---copiedcry---criedcarry---carried4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop---stopped5、不规那么动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。go–wentmake–madeget–gotbuy-boughte-camefly-flew不规那么动词的过去式的构成1．把动词原形中的i改为a，变成过去式。如：begin—began，drink—drank，give—gave，ring—rang，sing—sang，sit—sat，swim—swam2．把重读开音节中的i改为o，变成过去式。如：drive—drove，ride—rode，write—wrote3．改动词原形中的aw／ow为ew，变成过去式。如：.word.zl.\n-.draw—drew，grow—grew，know—knew，throw—threw〔动词show除外，show—showed〕4．动词原形中的e改为o，变成过去式。如：get—got，forget—forgot5．动词原形中的ee改为e，变成过去式。如：feed—fed，meet—met6．动词原形中的eep改为ept，变成过去式。如：keep—kept，sleep—slept，sweep—swept7．动词原形中的eak改为oke，变成过去式。如：break—broke，speak—spoke8．动词原形中的ell改为old，变成过去式。如：sell—sold，tell—told9．动词原形中的an改为oo，变成过去式。如：stand—stood，understand—understood10．以ought和aught结尾，且读音是〔:t〕的过去式。如：bring—brought，buy—bought，think—thought，catch—caught，teach—taught11．以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。如：can—could，shall—should，will—would12．把动词原形中的o改为a，变成过去式。如：e—came，bee—became13．在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式，并且发生音变。如：hear〔hi〕—heard〔h:d〕，say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕，mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕14．动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如：.word.zl.\n-.let—let，must—must，put—put，read—read〔red〕15．不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如：am，is—was，are—were，build—built，do—did，eat—ate，fall—fell，feel—felt，find—found，fly—flew，go—went，have／has—had，hold—held，leave—left，make—made，may—might，run—ran，see—saw，take—took过去式“-ed〞的发音规那么〔1〕动词词尾为“t，d〞时，发/id/音，want→wanted〔要〕need→needed〔需要〕〔2〕动词词尾为清辅音时，发/t/音。help→helped〔帮助〕laugh→laughed〔笑〕look→looked〔看〕kiss→kissed〔吻〕wash→washed〔洗〕watch→watched〔注视〕〔3〕动词词尾为t，d以外之浊辅音或元音时，发/d/音。call→called〔叫〕stay→stayed〔停留〕cry→cried〔哭〕练习1.Theteacher____theblackboardyestetday.Heusedaputer.a.usednotb.didn'tusec.doesnotuse2.___you___inthelibrarythismorning?a.DO,studiedb.Did,studiedc.Did,study3.Thestudents___tohaveaparty.Theydiditlastweek.a.planedb.plannedc.plan4.Lily___tothebeachwithprof.Green.Theyhadaswimthere..word.zl.\n-.a.goedb.goesc.went5.Prof.Green___sickyesterday,He___afever.Newhestillfeelsweak.a.is,hasb.was,havec.was,had6.___theteacher___atthiscollegelastyear?Yes,hedid.a.Did,taughtb.does,teachc.Did,teach7.We___inthesea.Thewaterwastoocold.a.swamnotb.didn'tswimc.didn'tswam8.___theremanytreesonthecampus?No,butnowwehavemanyeverywhere.a.Wereb.Hadc.Didhave9.IlikeEnglishfoodnow.ButI___itverymuch.a.didn'tlikedb.didn'tlikec.don'tlike10.Didyou___thepiicyesterday?Yes,we__itverymuch.a.enjoy,enjoyb.enjoyed,enjpyedc.enjoy,enjoyed三、一般将来时1、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、方案或准备做某事。句中一般有以下时间状语：tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year…),soon,thedayaftertomorrow〔后天〕等。2、根本构造：①begoingto+do；②will+do.3、否认句：在be动词〔am,is,are〕后加not或will后加not成won’t。例如：I’mgoingtohaveapiicthisafternoon..word.zl.\n-.→I’mnotgoingtohaveapiicthisafternoon.4、一般疑问句：be或will提到句首，some改为any,and改为or，第一二人称互换。例如：Wearegoingtogoonanoutingthisweekend.→Areyougoingtogoonanoutingthisweekend?5、对划线局部提问。一般情况，一般将来时的对划线局部有三种情况。(1.)问人。Who例如：I’mgoingtoNewYorksoon.→Who’sgoingtoNewYorksoon.(2.)问干什么。What…do.例如：Myfatherisgoingtowatcharacewithmethisafternoon.→Whatisyourfathergoingtodowithyouthisafternoon.(3.)问什么时候。When.例如：She’sgoingtogotobedatnine.→Whenisshegoingtobed?6、同义句：begoingto=willIamgoingtogoswimmingtomorrow〔明天〕.=Iwillgoswimmingtomorrow.7、begoingto和will的区别   begoingto和will的用法虽然都表示将来发生动作或情况，但它们的用法是有区别的。现本人就牛津小学英语课本归纳、浅析.word.zl.\n-.如下：〔1〕begoingto主要用于：1、表示事先经过考虑、安排好打算要做的事情。E.g.Whatareyougoingtodotoday?今天你们打算做什么？DadandIaregoingtoseeaBeijingoperathisafternoon.今天下午我和爸爸打算去看京剧。  I’mgoingtoplaytheviolin.我打算拉小提琴。She’sgoingtoplaythepiano.她打算弹钢琴。(2)、表示根据目前某种迹象判断，某事非常有可能发生。E.g.Look!Thereethedarkclouds.Itisgoingtorain.瞧！乌云密集，天要下雨。IamafraidIamgoingtohaveacold.恐怕我要患重感冒。(2)will主要用于在以下几个方面：1、表示单纯的未来“将要〞通用各个人称。eg:Theywillgotovisitthefactorytomorrow.明天他们将去工厂参观。I’llewithWangBing,LiuTaoandYangLing.我将和王兵、涛、玲一起来。.word.zl.\n-.2、表示不以人的意志为转移的自然开展的未来的事。eg:TodayisSaturday.  TomorrowwillbeSunday.今天是星期六。明天是〔将〕是星期日。Hewillbethirtyyearsoldthistimenextyear.明年这个时候他就〔将〕三十岁。3、问对方是否愿意做某事或表示客气地邀请或命令。eg:Willyoupleaseturnontheradio?   请翻开收音机好吗？Willyougotothezoowithme?  你和我一起去动物园好吗？练习题一：选择1.Mother________meanicepresentonmynextbirthday.A.willgivesB.willgive   C.gives  D.give2.He________herabeautifulhatonhernextbirthday.A.givesB.gaveC.willgiveD.isgoing  giving3.He________inthreedays.A.ingbackB.camebackC.willebackD.isgoingtoingback4.Who________________swimmingwithustomorrowafternoon?A.will;goB.do;go  C.will;going   D.shall;goes5.Thedayaftertomorrowthey________avolleyballmatch..word.zl.\n-.A.willwatch   B.watchesC.iswatching  D.towatch6.They________anEnglisheveningnextSunday.A.arehavingB.aregoingtohave   C.willhaving   D.isgoingtohave7.________you________freenextSunday?A.Will;are  B.Will;beC.Do;be  D.Are;be8.He________thereattentomorrowmorning.A.will  B.is   C.willbe   D.be9.I_________ateacherinthefuture.A.will,beB.is,beC.is,beingD.will,is10.They_________totheparknextSunday.A.willgoesB.willgoC.isgoingD.willgo11.Myfamily_________tochurchnextweekend.A.willgo   B.goesC.willgoingD.isgoing12.Mymotherwill____meapenciltonight.A.givesB.givingC.give13.He______playfootballtomorrow..word.zl.\n-.A.will   B.isC.be14.Mygrandpaandgrandma________toseeusintwodays.A.willingB.willeC.isingD.areing15.She_______TVthisevening.A.willswatchB.willwatchingC.iswatchingD.willwatch16.Mygrandpa_________athomethedayaftertomorrow.A.willstayB.willsstayC.willstaysD.isstaying17.Momwill_____backsoon.A.esB.ingC.esD.e18.---Let’sgoouttoplayfootball,shallwe?---OK.I_______.A..willingB.begoingtoeC.eD.aming19----Whereismywatch?.---I_________itforyou.A.getB.amgeetingC.togetD.willget.word.zl.