初中英语知识点归纳 9页

--一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语:every…,sometimes,at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Idon’twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比拟:NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是进展时的标志，表示正在进展的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。2.一般过去时的用法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?2)表示在过去一段时间，经常性或习惯性的动作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwele.3)句型:Itistimeforsb.todosth"到……时间了""该……了"..word.zl\n--Itistimesb.didsth."时间已迟了""早该……了"Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了。Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了。would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示’宁愿某人做某事’I’dratheryoucametomorrow.4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些。比拟:一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含义:她已不在人间。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含义:她现在还活着)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)注意:用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.2)情态动词could,would.Couldyoulendmeyourbike?3.usedto/beusedtousedto+do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Motherusednottobesoforgetful.Scarfusedtotakeawalk.(过去常常散步)beusedto+doing:对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(现在习惯于散步)..word.zl\n--典型例题----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.----It’s69568442.A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’t答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。4.一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst.Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.方案，安排要发生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。c.有迹象要发生的事Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)be+不定式表将来，按方案或正式安排将发生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4)beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意:beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5.begoingto/will用于条件句时，begoingto表将来will表意愿Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you’dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.6.beto和begoingto..word.zl\n--beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。begoingto表示主观的打算或方案。Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)I’mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)7.一般现在时表将来1)以下动词:e,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.2)倒装句，表示动作正在进展，如:Hereesthebus.=Thebusising.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3)在时间或条件句中。WhenBilles(不是wille),askhimtowaitforme.I’llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.4)在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后。Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.11.用于现在完成时的句型1)Itisthefirst/secondtime….that…构造中的从句局部，用现在完成时。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2)Thisisthe…that…构造，that从句要用现在完成时.ThisisthebestfilmthatI’ve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。Thisisthefirsttime(that)I’veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题..word.zl\n--(1)---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.aming答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时，应选B。(2)---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it’sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,eB.even,haveeC.ever,eD.ever,havee答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意:非延续性动词的否认形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。(错)Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.(对)Ihaven’treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.12.比拟since和forSince用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn..Myaunthasworkedinaclinicsince1949.Somenewoilfieldshavebeenopenedupsince1976.IhaveknownXiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.MybrotherhasbeenintheYouthLeaguefortwoyears.Ihavenotheardfrommyuncleforalongtime.注意:并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.(我现在已不在这里工作。)Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.(现在我仍在这里工作。)小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间，这一构造中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。1)(对)TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow...word.zl\n--2)(错)Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.13.since的四种用法1)since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix)。Ihavebeenheresince1989.2)since+一段时间+agoIhavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.3)since+从句Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewehavebeenhere.4)Itis+一段时间+since从句ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.被动语态的几种类型1)主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态，如:Hesawherintheshopyesterday.Shewasseenintheshopyesterday.2)主语有两个宾语的被动语态LiLeigavemeachemistrybook.IwasgivenachemistrybookbyLiLei.AchemistrybookwasgiventomebyLiLei.3)主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态假设宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词:feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watchTheteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.-->Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.-->Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground.假设宾语补足语是带to的不定式，那么被动语态仍保存to:Mothertoldmenottobelate..word.zl\n--Iwastoldnottobelatebymother.5)情态动词+be+过去分词，构成被动语态。Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.6)表示"据说"或"相信"的词组believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understandnItissaidthat…据说Itisreportedthat…据报道Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itishopedthat…大家希望Itiswellknownthat…众所周知Itisthoughtthat…大家认为Itissuggestedthat…据建议Itistakengrantedthat…被视为当然Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家决定Itmustberememberthat…务必记住的是ItissaidthatshewillleaveforWuhanonTuesday.14.延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经历、经历;瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。Hehaspletedthework.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)I’veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till/until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……"瞬间动词用于否认句，表示"到……，才……"Hedidn’tebackuntilteno’clock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntilteno’clock.他一直睡到10点。典型例题1.Youdon’tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet答案B.首先此题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several..word.zl\n--times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2.---I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe答案A.等待的动作由过去开场，持续到现在，应用现.不定式作宾语1)动词+不定式affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechooseedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishundertake举例:Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2)动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,helpintendlike,love,needprefer,prepare,promise,want,wish…Iliketokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和汤姆谈话。IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。3)动词+疑问词+todecide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。..word.zl\n--2.不定式作补语1)动词+宾语+不定式(todo)adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengemandpelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn例句:a.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Find的特殊用法:Find后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。Ifoundhimlyingontheground.Ifounditimportanttolearn.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant...word.zl