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  • 2022-08-13 发布

初中英语时态语态总结学案

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初中英语时态语态总结英语中一共有十六种时态,初中阶段主要学习和考到八种时态,主要包括一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,现在完成时,过去将来时和过去完成时。一、一般现在时1用法:1)表示现阶段经常性,习惯性的动作或存在的状态、特征或客观真理。常用的时间状语有often,usually,sometimes,always,everyday,never,inthemorning,everyweek/day等。e.g.Igetupatsixeverymorning.(经常性动作)Heplaystennisonceaweek.(习惯性动作)Thesunrisesintheeast.(客观真理)Mymotherisateacher.SheteachesEnglishinaschool.(现在的状态)2)在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。e.g.Ifyoudon'tgosoon,you'llbelate.3)begin,come.,go,leave,start,stop等动词常用一般现在时表示按计划、规定将要发生的事情。e.g.Classbeginsateightinthemorning.2构成:1)主语是I,we,you,they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he,she,it和名词单数时,动词使用第三人称单数。2)主语为第三人称和名词单数时:肯定式:S+V/动词的第三人称单数否定式:S+don't/doesn't+V+其他疑问式:Do/Does+S+V+其他简略回答:(肯)Yes,S+do/does(否)No,S+do/doesnot主语目止式否定式疑问式第一、二人Iamastudent.We/You/TheyareIamnotastudent.We/You/TheyarenotAreyouastudent.Areyou/theystudents?\n称和第三人称复数以及名词复数students.He/Sheisastudent.I/We/You/They/likemusic.Manypeoplelikemusic.students.He/Sheisnotastudent.I/We/You/They/donmusic.Manypeopledon'tlikemusic.Ishe/sheastudent?Doilyou/theylikemusic?Domanypeoplelikemusic?3)当主语是第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数时:肯定式:S+be+…否定式:S+be+not+…疑问式:Am/Is/Are+S+?•简略回答:(肯)Yes,S+be.(否)No,S+be.真题:1.Canyourfatherdrive?(08武汉)Yes,andheusuallytoschool.AdroveBisdrivingCdrivesDhasdriven2.IfIfindhisphonenumber,Iyou.(09北京)AtellBtoldCwilltellDhavetold3.Theteachertoldthestudentsthattheearthround,notflat.(08天津)AisBwasChasbeenDisbeing二、一般过去时1.表示过去某段时间发生的事,存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作时用一般过去时。常用于——般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,threemonthsagolastyear,in1979等。2.用法:1)过去发生的动作。e.g.Thepolicestoppedmeonmywayhomelastnight.2)过去存在的状态。e.g.Theyweren'tabletocomebecausetheyweresobusy.3)beusedtodoing表示过去常常做某事。也是一般过去时的标记。e.g.Shewasusedtofeedingthecatsintheyard.3.构成:S+V-ed\n1)用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下:一般情况+ed以e字母结尾的车fft+d以车有音字母+y结尾去y变i+ed重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个车有音字母双写词尾字母+ed2)一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和like为例):主语目止式否定式疑问式Iwasastudent.Iwasnotastudent.Wereyouastudent.We/You/TheywereWe/You/TheywereWereyou/theystudents?第一、二人称和第三students.notstudents.Washe/sheastudent?人称复数以及名词He/ShewasaHe/Shewasnota复数student.student.Didyou/theylikemusic?I/We/You/They/Didmanypeoplelikemusic?I/We/You/They/didn'tekmusic.likedmusic.Manypeopledidn'tManypeoplelikedlikemusic.music.真题:1.YesterdayTony'sfamilyagoodtime.(08泸州)AhasBhaveChad2.WewereinQingdaolastweekandgreatfunthere.(08北京)AwillhaveBhavehadChadDhave3.MygrandmotherusstorieswhenIwasyoung.(09锦州)AwasusedtotellBisusedtotellingCareusedtotellDwasusedtotelling三、一般将来时1.用法:表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于一般将来时的时问状语:tomorrow,nextweek,in2008等。\n1)将要发生的动作。e.g.IwillleaveforBeijingtomorrow.2)将要存在的状态。e.g.ThistimenextyearIwillbeinJapan.Wherewillyoube?3)打算要做的事。e.g.Areyougoingtowatchthefilmontelevisiontonight?4)come,go,start,move,sail等动词常用进行时态表示按计划将要发生的事。e.g.Thewholefamilyisgoingfortwomonths.5)在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。e.g.Ifyoudon'tgosoon,you'llbelate.2构成:1)助动词will(shall)+v2)be+goingto+v3)will和begoingto的区别:1)表示带意愿色彩的将来用willoe.g.Iwillstaywithyouinthefuture.2)询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请和命令时用will。e.g.Willyougototheparkwithme?W川youpleaseopenthedoor?3)表示客观的将来,用willoe.g.Iwillbe22yearsoldnextyear.4)begoingto常用于口语中用来表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。e.g.Wgregoingtohelpsomefarmerswiththeirwork.5)表示打算或准备要做的事用begoingtoe.g.Shesgoingtoleaveat10oclocktomorrow.6)根据某种迹象判断可能要发生的事用begoingto。e.g.Lookattheclouds.Itsgoingtorain.真题:1.Whyareyouinsuchahurry,Mike?(09福州)ThereanNBAbasketballgameintenminutes.AwillhaveBwillbeCisgoingtohaveDaregoingtobe2.Infiveyears,Iadoctor.(08泸州)AwillbeBwasCam\n1.Iftheycome,weameeting.AhaveBwillhaveChadDwouldhave四、现在进行时1.用法:1)说话时正在进行或发生的动作(动作是在说话时正在进行)。常用于现在进行时态的时间状语:now,look,listen等。e.g.Sheishavingabathnow.2)现阶段正在进行或发生的动作(但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行)。e.g.Youareworkinghardtoday.KatewantstoworkinItaly,sosheislearningItalian.Thepopulationoftheworldisgrowingveryfast.3)频度副词always,forever等词连用时,表示某种强烈的感情。e.g.Heisalwaystryingoutnewideas.4)表示按计划即将发生的动作(仅限于go,come,arrive,leave,start,fly,begin,stay等动词)。e.g.Thepartyisbeginningat8:00o'clock.5)“系动词+介词/副词”表示正在进行的动作。e.g.Heisatwork.6)表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词如hope,smell,hear,se巡一般不用进行时态。2.构成:be+v-ing1)v-ing现在分词的构成:一般情况cook-cooking以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ingmake-making,taste-tasting以重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个*北音字母时.run-running,stop-stopping,2)肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式:肯定句:S+be+V-ing否定何:S+be+not+V-ing一般疑问句:Is(Are)+S+V-ing?\n特殊疑问:wh_+be+S+V-ing?主语目止式否定式疑问式第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数Iamdriving.He/She/Itisworking.We/You/Theyaredoingsomething.Iamnotdriving.He/She/Itisnotworking.We/You/Theyarenotdoinganything.Areyoudriving?Ishe/she/itworking?Areyou/theydoingsomething?真题:1.Mr.Greentothemanagernow.Youdbettercallhimlater.(09d匕京)AtalkBistalkingCtalkedDwastalking2.Everythingontheearthallthetime.AischangingBischangedChaschangedDhasbeenchanged3.Bequiet,please.Thestudentsaclassnow.(08长春)AhaveBhadCarehavingDwerehaving五、过去进行时1用法:过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常用于过去进行时的时间状语有atfouryesterdayafternoon,then,atthattime/moment等。e.g.ThistimelastyearIwaslivinginBrazil.Whatwereyoudoingat10o'clocklastnight?2构成:was/were+v-ing4.一般过去时和过去进行时的区别:1.一般过去时:强调过去某个时候曾有过某个动作(已经完成的)。2)过去进行时:强调动作在过去的某个时候或某个时间段内正在进行(是否完成不明确)。e.g.Marywrotealettertoherfriendlastnight.Marywaswritingalettertoherfriendlastnight.\n1.Wereyouathomeat7oclocklastnight?(09宁波)Yes,Iashoweratthattime.AtookBamtakingCwastakingDwastaken1.TheboydownthestreetwhentheUFOlanded.(09仙桃)AwalksBwalkCiswalkingDwaswalking2.ImyhomeworkwhilemyparentsTVlastnight.(06南京)Adid;havewatchedBwasdoing;werewatchingChaddone;werewalkingDwoulddo;werewatching六、现在完成时1.用法:1)表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与already,just,ever,never,befor巡副词连用。e.g.Shehasneverreadthisnovel.2)表示“过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去。常与for(后跟段时间)或since耐跟点时间)等连用。e.g.IhavebeenamemberofthePartyfor10years.1havebeenamemberofthePartysince10yearsago.3)在有for和since引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词(die,arrive,close,become,come,fall,leave,go,lose,give,jump,应用与之相应的表示状态的词。e.g.(F)Hehasdiedfor3years.(T)Hehasbeendeadfor3years.4)当表示动作、状态持续时用延续性动词(work,stand,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,read,sleep。延续性动词一般不与表示“点”的时间状语连用。e.g.WehavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.(F)Itrainedateightyesterdaymorning.(T)Itbegantorainateightyesterdaymorning.2.构成:1)have/has+v-ing2)现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和see为例):肯定句:S+have(has)+V-ed\n否定旬:S+have(has)+not(haven't,hasn-ed)+V一般疑问句:Have(Has)+S+V-ed+?特殊疑问句:wh_+have(has)+S+V-ed-P主语目止式否定式疑问式第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数I/We/You/Theyhavebeenherebefore.He/Shehasbeenherebefore..I/We/You/They/Manypeoplehaveseenthefilm.I/We/You/Theyhavenbeenherebefore.He/Shehasn'tbeenherebefore..I/We/You/They/Manypeoplehaven'seenthefilm.Haveyou/theybeenherebefore?Hashe/shebeenherebefore?Haveyou/they/manypeopletseenthefilm?3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1)侧重点不同。现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响;一般过去时只是一种过去的时态,与现在无关。e.g.YesterdayWenttothezoo.LiLeihasreadthebook.2)标记的时间状语不同。现在过去时:already,yet,still,just,sofar,before,ever,never,since—段时间,for+一段时间。一般过去时:ago,yesterday,lastyear,in2000,justnow.e.g.Haveyoueverpickedflowersorsteppedonthegrassinapark?Fatherboughtthatwatchtenyearsago.4.havebeento,havegoneto,havebeenin的区另U1)havebeentolfe示过去曾去过某地,现在已经不在该地了。常与just,ever,never等连用,后面可接次数,表示去过某地几次。e.g.HehasbeentoGuangzhouforthreetimes.HaveyoueverbeentotheUnitedStates?Yes,twice.2)havegoneto表示到某地去了,说话时该人不在说话地点,或者已到该地,或在途中。一■股主语不用第一'、第二人称。\ne.g.WhereisMrs.Smith?Sheisn'theShehasgonetoEngland.1)havebeenin表示已经在某地待了多久。常跟for+一段时间,表示在某地待了多长时间。e.g.HaveyoursisterbeeninChinaforalongtime?Yes.Shewenttherefiveyearsago.DavidhasbeeninShanghaiformorethanthreemonths.真题:1.HowdoyoulikeBeijing,Mr.Smith?Oh,Isuchabeautifulcitybefore.Adon'tvisitBdidn'visitChaven'tvisitedDhadn'visited2.Sheasananimaltrainersince2003.(09北京)AhasworkedBworksCwillworkDworked3.IsMr.Greenathome?(09黔东)No,heShanghai.AhasbeentoBhasgonetoCisgoingto4.WhereisZhangMing?(10.湖南)Oh,don'tyouknowhetoBeijingtoseehisparentsandhellbebacktomorrow.A.hasgoneB.hasbeenC.hadgone5.Jack,Ihaven'tseenyourbrotherforalongtime.(09,福建)HeShanghaionbusinessfortwomonths.A.wenttoB.hasgonetoC.hasbeeninD.hasbeento七、过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,“从过去看将来”,常用于宾语从句。1.用法:1)主句为一般过去时,宾语从句表示将要发生的事情。e.g.Nobodyknewwhatwouldhappenafterahundredyears.\n2)叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时,用过去将来时表示在当时看将会发生的事。e.g.ItwasonSundayafternoon,Tonwasgoingtostartworkthefollowingweek.1.构成:1)助动词would(should)+v2)was/were+goingto+v真题:1.Daddypromisedmehemeacomputer.AwasboughtBhadboughtCboughtDwouldbuy2.Theteachersaidshesomebookstotheclassintheafternoon.(0注帛阳)AwouldbringBwillbringCbringDbrought3.JennysaidsheherholidayinChina.AspentBwouldspentCwasgoingtospentDwouldspend八、过去完成时1.用法:1)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。在时间上表示“过去的过去",常与by/before+过去时间构成的介词短语连用。e.g.Shesaidshehadseenthefilm4times.Bythetimetheyarrived,thebushadleft.2)常与before/when引导的一般过去时的从句连用。e.g.WhenMr.Ligottotheclassroom,allthestudentsiadbegunreading.3)常出现的时间状语有till,untilthen等。e.g.Shetoldmeshdnadbeenillrecently.4)表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for(后跟段时间)或since而跟点时间)等连用。e.g.Shehadworkedinthisschoolsinceitopened25yearsago.2.构成:肯定式:had+V_ed否定式:hadn'tV_ed疑问式:Had•••+V_ed简略回答:Yes,S+have/hashad.No,S+had\n1.Theteacherstheofficeforafewminuteswhenwearrived.Wedidn'meetthem.(09常州)AhadbeenawayfromBhadleftChavebeenawayfromDhaveleft2.TheyabouteighthundredEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm.(09广州)AwilllearnBhadlearnedCaregoingtolearnDhavelearned3.Mr.Wangdinnerwhenwegottohishouse.(07青岛)AhadboiledBhadmadeChadkept语态所谓语态,就是说明主语和谓语之间关系的一种动词形式。分两种形式:主动语态:句中的主语是动作的执行者或发出者。被动语态:句中的主语是动作的承受者或接受者。语态的考查是全国各地中考的热点,也是初中必须掌握的语法之一。我们重点学习被动语态。?实际上,英语中的被动式就相当于汉语表达中的”把字句和被字句”.即:“把一——怎样”;“一一被怎样”.初中阶段我们学习的被动式结构,归纳如下:一般现在时的被动式:结构:am/is/are+Ved(±去分词)例句:Mybrotherasksmetocleanthewindows.[动句句式)步骤:1).找到主动句中的宾语,如果有双宾语(问宾/直宾),把问宾作为被动句中的主语.2).确定主动句中的动词时态.3).对应变换为被动结构.4).有时,主动句中的主语在被动式中可省略.被动式:Iamaskedtocleanthewindowsby(mybrother).现在完成式的被动式:结构:主语+have/has+been+Ved.例旬:Wehavefinishedourhomeworkalready.改:Ourhomeworkhasbeenfinishedalready(byus)现在进行时的被动式:结构:am/is/are+beingVed例旬:Look,thestudentsareplayingbasketballintheopenair.Basketballisbeingplayedbythestudentsintheopenair.Iamaskedtocleanthewindowsby(mybrother).\n现在完成式的被动式:结构:主语+have/has+been+Ve删旬:Wehavefinishedourhomeworkalready.改:Ourhomeworkhasbeenfinishedalready(byus)现在进行时的被动式:结构:am/is/are+beingVe删句:Look,thestudentsareplayingbasketballintheopenair.Basketballisbeingplayedbythestudentsintheopenair.一般过去时的被动式:结构:was/were+Ved例旬:Wecookedthelunchanhourago.改:Thelunchwascooked(byus)anhourago.Wedidn'tmakethemodelplane.ThemodelplanewasHtmadebyus.过去进行时的被动式:结构:was/were+being+Ved例旬:HewaswatchingTVwhenIcalledhimlastnight.TVwasbeingwatchedbyhimwhenIcalledhimlastnight.过去完成式的被动式:结构:had+been+Ved例旬:Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearnedabouteighthundredEnglishwords.AbouteighthundredEnglishwordshadbeenlearnedbyus,bytheendoflastterm.一般将来时的被动式:结构:will/begoingto+beVed例句:Mr.Johnwillcompletetheprojecttomorrow.Theprojectwillbecompletedtomorrow.含有情态动词的被动式:结构:ModalVerb+be+V-edl.should+be+V-ed"---应该被做"2.must+be+V-ed"---必须被做"3.might+be+V-ed"---可能被做"4.can/could+be+V-ed"---能被做”特别提醒:1.谓语是由动词短语构成的,变被动语态时,不能把它们分开。Thebabyistakengoodcareofbyhisgrandma.Takecareof一个完整的动词短语,不能分开。2.意思是“发生”的动词:happen/takeplace.不能变成被动语态。Greatchangeshave\ntakenplaceinthepastfewyears.\n1.只有及物动词才能变成被动式。总之,我们在做题时,首先问问自己:句子的主语与后面的动词之间是什么关系?如果是动作的承受者或接受者,则选择用被动式。尤其是现在的中考题目不是以简单的语法考查出现,而是把要考的语法知识融会在一定的语境中,此时,同学们要长个心眼,不要大意失荆州。中考连接:1)---Whatdoyouthinkofthefootballmatchyesterday?---well,itssurprising.Thestrongestteamofourschool.A.wasbeatenB.wonC.scoredD.wasfailed2)Whenandwheretogofortheholidayyet.(2003呼和浩特)A.arenotdecidedB.havenotbeendecidedC.isnotbeingdecidedD.hasnotbeendecided3)---Alice,youonthephone.(2003杭州)---I’mcoming.Thanks.A.wantB.arewantedC.arewantingD.havewanted4)Anewshoefactorywillinthispartofthecity.(2003武汉)A.bebuildingB.bebuiltC.build5)Thetreesmustthreetimesaweek.(2003长沙)A.waterB.iswateringC.bewateredD.waters

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