初中英语《复合句》 30页

·人教版复合句（宾语从句，状语从句，定语从句）\n·人教版课标考点1．掌握宾语从句的分类及其用法。2．掌握状语从句的分类及其用法。3．掌握定语从句的分类及其用法。考点一：宾语从句1．引导词(1)在以that引导的宾语从句中，若是that引导陈述句作宾语，that可以省略。如：Theradiosays(that)itwillraintomorrow.收音机报道说明天要下雨。\n·人教版(2)以连接代词which，what，who等或连接副词how，where，why，when等引导特殊疑问句作宾语的从句，从句改用陈述语序。如：Couldyoutellme______________toyou?你能告诉我他跟你说了些什么吗？(3)以whether或if引导一般疑问句或选择疑问句作宾语的从句，从句改用陈述语序。如：Iwonder__________youhavetoldthenewstoLiLei.我想知道你是否已经告诉李雷这个消息了。whathesaidif/whether\n·人教版2．时态(1)当主句为一般现在时、现在进行时、或一般将来时时，从句使用相对应的时态。如：Xiaomingwantstoknowwhattimeyougotupthismorning.小明想要知道今天早晨你是几点起床的。(2)当主句为一般过去时时，从句要用相对应的过去时。如：WeaskedwhatJeanwasdoingthen.我们问Jean那时正在做什么。\n·人教版(3)当从句表述的是客观真理或普遍规律时，宾语从句要使用一般现在时。如：Lisaaskedwhetherlight_____________fasterthansound.丽萨问光的传播速度是否比声速快。Pollysaidnonewsisgoodnews.波利说没有消息就是好消息。travels/goes\n·人教版3．语序(1)陈述句改为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。Heisagoodboy.Theteachersaid.→Theteachersaid(that)hewasagoodboy.(2)一般疑问句和特殊疑问句改为宾语从句，语序改为陈述语序。Doesheworkhard？Iwonder.→Iwonderif/whether______________.Whendidheleave？Idon'tknow.→Idon'tknowwhenheleft.heworkshard\n·人教版[提醒]宾语从句与简单句的转换由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句常可以转换为“特殊疑问词＋todo”结构的简单句。Idon'tdnowwhatIshouldsay.→Idon'tknowwhat__________.tosay\n·人教版4．直接引语与间接引语(1)人称的变化Shesaid“Iamtired.”她说：“我累了。”→Shesaidthat__________tired.她说她累了。Theheadmastersaidtous“Youmuststudyhardnow.”校长说：“你们现在一定要努力学习。”→Theheadmastertoldusthat______hadtostudyhardthen.校长告诉我们，我们那时必须努力学习。shewaswe\n·人教版(2)引导词和语序直接引语间接引语陈述句引导词that(可省略)一般疑问句特殊疑问句if/whether疑问语序改为陈述语序语序不变疑问语序改为陈述语序wh一类词改为动词不定式，并同时将主句中的saytosb改为tell/asksb构成tell/asksb(not)todosth句型\n·人教版(3)时态的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语的时态要与主句的时态一致。其规律一般是：一般现在时——一般过去时Shesaid“Iamtired.”→Shesaidthat__________tired.一般过去时——过去完成时Shesaid“Iwastiredyesterday.”→Shesaidthat___________________tired.一般将来时——过去将来时现在进行时——过去进行时现在完成时——过去完成时shewasshehadbeen过去完成时——不变将来进行时——过去将来进行时将来完成时——过去将来完成时\n·人教版(4)指示代词、时间和地点状语等的变化this—thatthese—thosenow—__________today—thatdaytonight—__________thisweek(year，term)—_____________________yesterday—__________lastweek(year，term)—theweek(year，term)beforetwoyearsago—_______________tomorrow—thenext(following)daynextweek(year，term)—thenextweek(year，term)here—__________come—__________bring—__________thenthatnightthatweek(year,term)thedaybeforetwoyearsbeforetheregotake\nThathewillcomehereonWednesdayiscertain.ItiscertainthathewillcomehereonWednesday.ThatthemeetinghasbeenputofftillnextMondayisdecided.ItisdecidedthatthemeetinghasbeenputofftillnextMonday.主语从句有时用“it”作形式主语，把真正的主语放在后面，以避免头重脚轻。2.形式主语it\n“It”作形式主语的常见句型Itiswidelybelieved/acceptedthat…Itseems(seemed)that…Itisreportedthat…Itissaidthat…It’squitecertainthat…It’swell-knownthat…/it’sknowntoallthat…\n“it”作形式宾语的常见句型…finditdifficult/easytodothat……thinkitstrangetodothat……consideritnecessarytodothat……makeitpossible/cleartodothat…\nWhateverandwhoeverWhatever＝anythingthatWhoever＝anyonewho不管是谁犯了法，他都应该受到惩罚。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished。＝Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.----主语从句IlikewhoeverlikesEnglish.---宾语从句引导主语从句或宾语从句\nWhateverandnomatterwhat1.WhateverIsaid,hewouldn’tlistentome.2.NomatterwhatIsaid,hewouldn’tlistentome.引导状语从句\nWhatever=nomatterwhatWhichever=nomatterwhichHowever=nomatterhowWhoever=nomatterwhoNomatter….只能引导状语从句\nHewouldbelievewhateverIsaid.WhateverIsay,hewillnotbelievemeanymore.(Inwhichsentencewhatevercanbereplacedbynomatterwhat?2.NomatterwhatIsay,hewillnotbelievemeanymore.\n·人教版考点二：状语从句1．用法分类(1)时间状语从句由when，before，after，until，assoonas，while，as，since等引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。如：Ifeelveryhappy______Imeetmyfriendsagain.当我再次遇见我的朋友们时我感到很高兴。Wehavemademanydumplings______webegantocook.自从我们开始做饭，我们已经包了许多饺子了。Hedidn'tgotobed______hefinishedhishomework.他直到做完作业才睡觉。(gotobed表示的动作不能持续)whensinceuntil\n·人教版I'llcallhim__________hecomesback.他一回来我就给他打电话。Fatherwascleaningthecar______Iwasplayingcomputergames.当我正在打电子游戏时，爸爸正在清洗汽车。(2)条件状语从句由if(如果)引导的状语从句，叫做条件状语从句。______itdoesn‘traintomorrow，wewillgotherebybike.如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。assoonaswhileIf\n·人教版从句名称引导词地点状语从句where，wherever原因状语从句because，as和since(既然)目的状语从句sothat(以便)，inorderthat(为了，目的是)让步状语从句though(虽然)，although(虽然)，evenif＝eventhough(即使)比较状语从句than，as…as，notso/as…as…结果状语从句that，sothat，so…that，such…that(以至于……)(3)其他状语从句及其引导词\n·人教版2.主句与从句时态一致的问题在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分为下列两种情况：(1)主现从现：若主句是祈使句，或主句中有情态动词时，那么从句用一般现在时表示将来。如：Becarefulwhenyoucrosstheroad.过马路时要小心。Thetrafficmuststopwhenthelights____________.当红灯亮时，车辆必须停下。are/turnred\n·人教版(2)主将从现：主句用一般将来时，而从句用一般现在时。如：IwillvisitmygoodfriendwhenI______time.当我有时间时，我将去看望我的好友。Ifshe______heretomorrow，Iwillgototheparkwithher.如果明天她来这里，我将和她一起去公园。(3)宾语从句和状语从句同时出现Idon'tknowif(是否)hewillcome.If(如果)hecomes，Iwilltellhimabouttheaccident.我不知道他是否要来。如果他来，我将告诉他这起事故。Idon'tknowwhen(什么时候)hewillcometomorrow.When(当……的时候)hecomes，Iwilltellhimaboutthenews.我不知道他明天什么时候来。当他来时，我将告诉他这个消息。havecomes\n·人教版(4)过去时态：若主从句都是在叙述过去的事情，则主从句可以用一般过去时，或过去进行时。MotherwascookingwhenIgothomeyesterday.昨天我到家时，妈妈正在做饭。3．引导词与连词的使用because与so不能同时用在一个主、从复合句中；although/though与but不能同时用在一个主从复合句中。Though/Althoughitwaslate，theykeptworking.尽管很晚了，他们仍然继续工作。\n·人教版考点三：定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词有who(whose，whom)，which，that;关系副词有when，where，why。作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwho/whom/thatwhose指物which/thatwhich/thatwhose1．关系代词的基本用法\n·人教版2.关系代词的特殊用法that和which都可以修饰表示物的先行词，有的只能用that，有的只能用which。(1)下列情况只能用that①先行词为不定代词all，few，little，much，everything，nothing等。如：All(that)youhavetodoistopractiseeveryday.Thereisn'tmuch(that)Icando.②先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时。如：Thefirstlesson(that)Ilearnedwillneverbeforgotten.Thisisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.\n·人教版③先行词被all，any，every，few，little，no，some等不定代词修饰时。如：Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.④先行词被theonly，thevery，thelast，thesame等修饰时。如：ThewhitefloweristheonlyonethatIreallylike.Thisistheverybook______Iwanttoread.ThisisthesameskirtthatIwanttobuy.(同一条裙子)that\n·人教版⑤当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句用that引导。如：Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?Whichofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesn'tknowthis?⑥先行词既有人又有物时。Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthings______wecouldremember.that\n·人教版⑦time作先行词，前面如果有序数词或last来修饰时，定语从句用that来引导或省略；如果没有序数词或last来修饰时，既可用when也可用that来引导。Thisisthelasttime(that)Ishallgiveyoualesson.Thefirsttime(that)Isawhimwasin1972.(2)下列情况只能用which①关系代词作介词的宾语时，用“介词＋which”的结构。Thisisthebookfor__________youask.这是你要的书。②引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。Thisnovel，whichIhavereadthreetimes，isverytouching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。which\n·人教版3．关系副词的用法(1)when引导的定语从句，修饰表示时间的先行词。Istillremembertheday______IfirstcametoBeijing.我仍然记得来北京的第一天。(2)where在句中作状语，表示地点。Thisisthefactory______Iworkedtwoyearsago.这就是我两年前工作的那个工厂。(3)why在句中作状语，表示原因。Iknowthereason______hecamelate.我知道他来晚的原因。whenwherewhy