初中英语名词复习讲义 8页

初中英语辅导讲义◆名词复习◆巩固训练◆阅读指导名词的分类名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。1.普通名词又可分为：(1)个体名词。如：cup，desk，student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。(2)集体名词。如：class，team，family等。一般可数，有单复数形式。(3)物质名词。如：rice，water，cotton等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。(4)抽象名词。如：love，work，life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。2.专有名词：如：China，Newton，London,Luxun等。对名词部分的复习应注意：名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。I.专有名词：表示人，地点，国家，城市，机构等的名词。任何时候都需要大写首字母。e.g.KarlMarx,LuXun,ThomasEdison,England,China,theGreatWall,Asia,theYellowRiver,Monday,January,Shanghai,theSummerPalace,ClassSeven,GradeNine,ZhuyuanMiddleSchool,ShanghaiGrandTheatre,thePeople’sPark,YuGarden,etc.II.普通名词：表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词：它又可分为：1.个体名词：(可数）表示个体的人或一些事物的总称。e.g.pilot,student,engineer,inventor,pen,photo,computer,etc.2.集体名词(可数）表示一群人或一些事物的总称。e.g.class,family,group,army,team,police,cattle,crew,grade,people,crowd，etc.3.物质名词：(不可数）表示无法分为个体的事物的名称。e.g.wood,milk,butter,bread,tea,cotton,silk,coal,rice,oil,fire,air,paper,ink,chalk,meat,gold,dust,pollution,etc.4.抽象名词（不可数）：表示动作，状态，品质，感情等的抽象概念。e.g.health,love,progress,pleasure,courage,friendship,information,energy,strength,beauty,wealth,spirit,carelessness,illness,etc.个体名词和集体名词可用数目来计算，属于可数名词；物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算，属于不可数名词。注意：名词的分类并不是一成不变的。有些名词在一种场合下属于这一类，在另一种场合下又属于那一类，但意义又有所不同。e.g.(1)物质名词个体名词paper纸papers报纸，试卷，论文glass玻璃aglass/glasses玻璃杯/眼镜matter物质amatter一件事wood木头woods小树林fire火afire一堆火，火灾cloth布acloth桌布，麻布chicken鸡肉achicken一只鸡（2）抽象名词个体名词beauty美丽abeauty美人youth青春theyouth青年人8\npower力，电力apower大国spirit精神aspirit精灵妖精tea茶，茶叶afamoustea一种名茶life生活lives生命，生活方式difficulty困难adifficulty一件难事可数名词的特点：a.有单复数之分b.能用a,an,c.数词来修饰d.复数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式e.可用few,afew,many,agreatnumberof,both,neither,these,those,each,every,another,other,hundredsof,agreatmany,agroupof等词语修饰III.可数名词由单数变复数的基本构成规则：1.大多数名词是在词尾加-sboys,toys,pens,books,mouths,months2.以字母s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词，在词尾加-es构成复数。matches,churches,boxes,classes,brushesmatcheswatches，etc.3.以“o”结尾，有点加-es,有的加-spotatoes,tomatoes,heroes,negroes,mangos,photos,zoos,pianos,radios,kilos,studios,kangaroos,UFOs,videos4.辅音字母＋y结尾，去y，＋iesfactories,countries,ladies,cities,batteries元音字母＋y结尾的，直接加-s:boys,toys,daysplays,holidays,monkeys,keys5.以f,fe结尾，去f,fe,＋vesshelves,knives,scarves/scarfs,leafàleaves,lifeàlives，wolfàwolveswifeàwiveshalfàhalves,thiefàthievesloafàloaveshandkerchiefàhandkerchiefs,handkerchieves注意：roofs（屋顶）,chiefs（首领）,chefs（厨师长）,cliffs（悬崖）,proofs（证据）,gulfs（海湾）,serfs（农奴）,beliefs（信念）safes(保险箱）handcuffs,etc.6.复合名词变复数时，有以下几种情况：（1）如有主体名词则将主体名词变为复数：e.g.twogirlstudents,fellowworkers,twosons-in-law女婿threesisters-in-law嫂子lookers-on旁观者passers-by过路人（2）如找不到主体名词则在该词后加-s.如：grown-ups成年人go-betweens中间人（3）man或woman构成的复合名词，两部分都变为复数。e.g.womendoctors,menteachers7.不规则变化manàmen,womanàwomen,policemanàpolicemen,footàfeet,toothàteeth,childàchildren,mouseàmice,gooseàgeese鹅sheepàsheep,deeràdeer,ChineseàChinese,JapaneseàJapanese,SwissàSwissoxàoxen公牛,fish,Germans,humans,walkmans,meansàmeans8.双复数规则:(apairof)trousers,glasses,scissors,jeans,pants,shoes,gloves,socks,etc.9.形似单数，实为复数：people,police,cattle,crew10.以s结尾，但仍然是单数：maths,politics,physics,news,theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations(联合国),thePhilippines,“TheArabianNights”《天方夜谭》,“TalesoftheTwoCities”《双城记》isagoodnovel.8\n11.以s结尾，单、复数同形：means方法works工厂IV.可与a,an连用的不可数名词：当抽象名词演化成抽象概念，转化为某种似乎可以体念得到的行为、动作或类别时，可和a,an连用。e.g.haveagoodtime,makeanapology,haveatalk(walk,swim,bath),inahurry,makeanoise,makealiving,cometoastop,takealook,getarise,askafavourofsb.haveafever,haveagoodlaughover,takeonanewlook,liveahappylife,catch(a)cold,havearest,haveabreakV.名词的数量表达：1.可数名词的数量表达：many,few,afew,agreatnumberof,alotof,some,enough,plentyof,oneof,quiteafew,several,toomany,both,neither,all,数词,hundredsof,thousandsof,millionsof…dozensof,scoresof…2.不可数名词的数量表达：much,little,alittle,some,ahugeamountof,agreatdealof,plentyof,alotof,hugeamountsof…VI.关于名词数的注意点：1.名词作定语通常用单数形式：acarfactory,twocolorfilms,wordorder,apaperbag但也有用复数的：sportsnews,sportsshoes,sportsprogrammes,sportsmeeting,studentsreading-room,talkstable,theforeignlanguagesdepartment2.复数名词前有一具体数词，一般被视为一个整体，作主语时，谓语用单数：e.g.Thesefouryearsisveryimportantforus.Iwanttostayhereforanotherthreedays.Igotoseemygrannyeverythreeweeks.3.有些名词在某些习惯性用法中，要用复数形式：shakehandswithsb.makefriendswithsb.changetrainschangeseatsVII.名词的性：英语中的名词，多数是没有“性”区别的，但少数名词有阳性和阴性之分。man---woman,girl—boy,king---queenemperor（皇帝）---empress（皇后）hero(男英雄）heroine(女英雄）cock---hengod(神）--goddess（女神）bull（公牛）--cow(母牛）actor---actress(女演员）he-wolf公狼,she-wolf母狼tiger,tigress母老虎lad少年lass少女manteacher,boyfriend，Frenchman,FrenchwomanVIII.名词所有格1．有生命的＋’sMary’s,father’s,theboy’sbooks,anybodyelse’sadvice,eachother’smistakes,2.词尾是-s或-es的复数名词，只加“’”theteachers’office,theworkers’tools，twentyminutes’walk3.词尾没有-s的复数名词则加“‘s”来表示。Children’sDay,Women’sDay,thepeople’sneeds4.’s也可用于时间，距离，天体，国名，地名atwo-hourride,intwoweeks’time,today’snewspaper,twohours’ride,twentyminutes’walk5.如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词的词尾加“’s”.ThisisLucyandLily’sbedroom.如果不共有，则两个名词后面都加“’s”.TheseareBill’sandTom’sbikes.6.名词所有格后面指地点（如表示店铺、人家时）的名词常常可以省略。atthetailor’s(shop),atMrGreen’s(home)gotothedoctor’s(clinic),tomyuncle’s(house)7.非生命体的用of短语表示所属关系：alegofthetable,thedooroftheclassroom8\nthewindowsofthehousethebiggestfootballgameoftheyear8.名词双重所有格:of+-’s一起修饰前面的名词，称为双重所有格。afriendofmine=oneofmyfriendsafriendofmyfather’s=oneofmyfather’sfriendsaphotoofMrCrisp一张MrCrisp的照片aphotoofMrCrisp’s一张MrCrisp所有照片中的一张照片【中考真题】1.MrChenwassurprisedtoseethefast_______________inShanghaiafterhislongabsencefromthecity.(develop)2.TheNewYear______________aresobeautifulthateveryoneislookingforwardtothepartyinthehallthisafternoon.(decorate)3.FengAi’sloveand____________willalwaysberememberedbyherstudentsandtheirparentsinYunnan.(kind)4.Themostfamous_____________parkintheworldisDisneyland.(amusing)5.Thebus______isresponsibleforthesafetyofhispassengers.(drive)6.Morepeoplearegettingtoknowthe_______________ofenvironmentalprotection.(important)7.IreceivedsomeChristmas____________frommypenpals.(card)8.Theyoungmanworksasa_____________inafive-starhotel.(wait)9.Thethreeyounggirlsworkas__________________inarestaurant.(wait)【巩固训练】英语语法名词专项习题【友情提醒】请同学们做题目时注意并划出句子中的“提示词语、提示句”()1.Shewasveryhappy.She_____________inthetest.A.makesafewmistakeB.madeafewmistakesC.madefewmistakesD.makesfewmistake()2.Weneedsomemore____________.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC.potatoesD.tomatos()3.________are________forcuttingthings.A.Knife/usedB.Knives/usedC.Knife/usingD.Knives/using()4.Whatbig__________thetigerhas!A.toothB.teethC.toothsD.toothes()5.Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree________.A.leafsB.leavesC.leafD.leave()6---Canwehavesome_________?---Yes,please.A.bananaB.orangesC.appleD.pear()7.Onthetabletherearefive__________________.A.tomatosB.pieceoftomatoesC.tomatoesD.tomato()8.Theygotmuch__________fromthosenewbooks.A.ideasB.photosC.informationD.stories()9.Hegaveus_____________onhowtokeepfit.A.someadvicesB.someadviceC.anadviceD.aadvice()10.---Wouldyoulike__________tea?----No,thanks.Ihavedrunktwo__________.A.any,bottlesoforangeB.some,bottlesoforange8\nC.many,bottlesoforangesD.few,bottleoforanges()11.Heishungry.Givehim_________toeat.A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbreadC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads()12.Iwouldliketohave___________.A.twoglassesofmilkB.twoglassofmilkC.twoglassesofmilksD.twoglassofmilks()13.Canyougiveme___________?A.ateaB.somecupofteaC.acupteaD.acupoftea()14.Pleasegiveme_____________paper.A.oneB.apieceC.aD.apieceof()15.Johnbought__________forhimselfyesterday.A.twopairsofshoesB.twopairofshoeC.twopairofshoesD.twopairsshoes() 16.----Howmany_________haveyougotonyourfarm?----I'vegotfive.A.sheepsB.sheepC.pigD.chicken()17.Some___________cametoourschoolforavisitthatday.A.GermansB.GermenC.GermanyD.Germanies()18.Inthepicturetherearemany______andtwo__________.A.sheep;foxesB.sheeps;foxesC.sheeps;foxD.sheep;foxs()19.Agroupof____________willvisitourschooltomorrow.A.EnglishmanB.AustralianC.JapaneseD.American()20.Thistableismadeof______________.A.manyglassB.glassesC.someglassesD.glass()21.Howmany __________werethereinthestreetwhentheaccidenthappened?A.policemanB.policesC.policeD.peoples()22.Therearesixty-seven____________inourschool.A.women'steacherB.womenteachersC.womanteachersD.womenteacher()23.Therearefive___________________inourfactory.A.womandriverB.womendriverC.womandriversD.womendrivers()24.These____________weresenttothevillagestohelpthefarmers.A.womendoctorB.womendoctorsC.womandoctorsD.womandoctor()25.Thefootballunderthebedis_____________.A.LilyandLucyB.Lily'sandLucy'sC.Lily'sandLucyD.LilyandLucy's()26.Joanis___________________.A.Mary'sandJacksisterB.MaryandJack'ssisterC.MaryandJacksisterD.Mary'sandJack'ssister()27.Inafew________________time,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.yearB.years'C.year'sD.years()28.It'sabout____________walkfrommyhouse.A.tenminuteB.tenminutes'C.tenminute'sD.tenminutes()29.Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere.It'sabout____________.8\nA.thirtyminutes'swalkB.thirtyminute'swalkC.thirtyminutes'walkD.thirtyminuteswalk()30._________________facetothesouth.A.WindowsoftheroomB.ThewindowsoftheroomC.Theroom'swindowsD.Thewindowsinroom()31.Pleasetaketwo___________.A.pictureoftheparkB.picturesoftheparkC.thepicturesofaparkD.pictureofapark()32.June1stis______________Dayallovertheworld.A.Child’sB.Childs’C.Children’sD.Childrens’()33.September10this______________DayinChina,isn’tit?ATeacher’sBTeachers’CTeacherDTeacherof()34.TheylikeChinese_______________________.AfoodandpeoplesBfoodsandpeopleCfoodsandpeopleDfoodandpeople()35.Thetallmanwithabignoseis____________teacher.ATomandCarlBTom’sandCarl’sCTomandCarl’sDTom’sandCarl()36.Mr.Lioftengivesus_______________bye-mail.A.somegoodinformationBsomegoodinformationsCgoodinformationsDagoodinformation()37.Thelittlebabyhastwo_________________already.AtoothBtoothsCteethDteeths()38.Whenautumncomes,_____________ofmosttreesturnyellowandthenfalldown.AleafBleafsCleaveDleaves【提高题】()39.MrsJennygaveus_______________onhowtolearnEnglishwell.A.someadvicesB.manyadvicesC.someadvice()40.Thereareabouttwenty______intheroom.Theyarehavingapartythere.A.peopleB.sheepC.worker()41.Look!There_______________playingwiththetouristsonthegrassland.A.areanumberofdeerB.areanumberofdeersC.isanumberofdeerD.isanumberofdeers()42.Howmany____________doyouwant?Akilo,please.A.potatoB.bananasC.breadD.milk()43.Howmany_____________arethereintheinternationalvillage?A.ChineseB.RussianC.American()44.Sheep___________whiteandmilk_________white,too.A.is,isB.are,areC.is,areD.are,is()45.IwassoexitedwhenIsawsomany___________onthefarm.A.chickenB.sheepC.duck()46.Britishpeopleeat____________alot,andtheyarecookedindifferentways.A.potatoB.potatoesC.beefD.chicken()47.Thelittleboymade______________________.Hewantedtoshowthemtous.A.somespecialjuiceB.somedeliciousfood8\nC.severalmodelplaneswithpaperD.anicepostcard()48.Mymotherboughtsome________________formybirthdaypartyyesterday.A.appleB.bananaC.orangeD.meats()49.Ihaveread_____________sportsnewsabouttheF1racetoday.A.twoB.piecesC.twopiecesD.twopiecesof()50.So____________homeworkreallymakesthestudentsfeeltired.A.muchB.manyC.littleD.few()51.Ifyouwanttokeephealthy,you’dbettereatmorevegetablesand_________meat.A.fewB.littleC.lessD.more()52.Wouldyoulike__________________?Thankyou,butI’mnotthirsty.A.anysandwichesB.somebreadC.anymooncakesD.someorange()53---Oh,thereisn’tenough_________forusinthelift.---Nohurry.Let’swaitforthenext.A.groundB.floorC.placeD.room()54.PeopleinAmericaeatmuch________________.A.potatoesB.onionsC.beefD.hamburgers()55.Theygotmuch____________ontheInternet.A.photoB.ideasC.messageD.information()56---WhatcanIdoforyou,sir?---I’dliketwo________________.A.bottleoforangeB.bottleoforangesC.bottlesoforangeD.bottlesoforanges()57.Wehaveboughttwo_____________forthecomingparty.A.boxofappleB.boxesofapplesC.boxofapplesD.boxesofapple()58.Nobodythoughtiteasytofinishsomuchworkin_____________.Atwodays’timeBtwo-daystimeCtwoday’stimeDtwodaystime()59.---Doyouknowthewomanoverthere?---Yes,sheis_________________aunt.ALilyandLucyBLily’sandLucy’sCLily’sandLucyDLilyandLucy’s()60.TodayisSeptember10th.Itis_______________Day.A.TeachersＢ.Teachers’C.theTeachers’D.Teacher’s()61.Twobagsareonthetable.Theyare________________.A.thetwins’B.thetwin’sC.twinsD.twin’s()62.Thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees________________.A.inafewyears’timeB.inafewyear’stimeC.inafewyearstimeD.afterafewyearstime()63---Howlongdoesittaketogettothestation?---It’s__________walk.A.sixminute’sB.six-minutesC.sixminutes’D.sixminutes【完型填空】Fastfoodisbecomingmoreandmore1inChina,especiallyforchildren.Atlunchtime,itisvery2tofindseatsinsomefastfoodrestaurants.3dosomanypeopleliketoeatinfastfoodrestaurants?Thereareseveral4forit.Firstly,fastfoodisveryquick.Youdon’tneedtowait.Secondly;fastfoodrestaurantsalsohaveaverygoodenvironment.Atlast,thefastfoodalwaystastes5,butitisn’thealthy.SoIthinkpeopleshouldstop6toomuchfastfood.Thoughhomecookingtakesalotof7,wecanhavehealthyanddelicious8.Tobehealthy,weshouldeat9fastfood.Fastfoodisonlyagoodchoicewhenyouareina10.()1.A.interestingB.boringC.popularD.difficult()2.A.helpfulB.carefulC.popularD.difficult8\n()3.A.WhyB.WhenC.WhatD.Where()4.A.thingsB.reasonsC.dishesD.meat()5.A.smellyB.saltyC.deliciousD.hot()6.A.drinkingB.eatingC.buyingD.cooking()7.A.timeB.riceC.waterD.electricity()8.A.meatB.mealsC.vegetablesD.rice()9.A.moreB.lessC.fewerD.faster()10.A.restB.hurryC.messD.house【美文欣赏】Beinganactor1.Whatisitlikebeinganactor?Manypeoplethinkitmustbewonderfulb1wetraveltoexcitingplaces,wearbeautifulclothesandmakealotofmoney.Thisisonlyoneaspectofourlivesthough.Wealsoworkveryhard.　　Iplayedacountrygirlinmylastfilm.Ihadtoliveinasmallvillagewiththeotheractorsforpartofthewinter.Itwasr2hardformeasIgrewupinacity.Tohelpmeplayacountrygirlbetter,Icookedformyselfandtheotherseveryday.Ievenwalkedafewmilessometimestogetwater,astherewasnoneinthehouses.Iwantedtou3howarealvillagegirllived.Ithoughtitwasfunatfirst.Ifeltdifferentafteraweekortwo,though.Ididwearsomebeautifultraditionalc4,buttheywerenotthickenough.IwasverycoldbutIhadtokeepsmilingallthetime!Oneday,Icouldn’tdoitanyl5andIsuddenlystartedcrying.“Great!”saidthedirector.“Ilikeit.Sheiscryingwithtruefeelings!”Icalledmymumtotellheraboutitbutmymobilephonewouldn’tworkinthevillage.Ithinkitisworthdoingallthis,though.Ilikeitwhenpeopletellmetheyenjoymyplaysanda6metosignapicture.Itisalsofuntobesomeoneelseforawhile.I’mveryluckytobeanactor.　1.b______2.r_______3.u______4.c_________5.l_________6.a__________2.Fillineachblankwithaproperword:Ahobbyisaninterestingwayofspendingyourfreet1.Therearesomanydifferenthobbiesfordifferentpeopletoselect.Somehobbiesareveryp2,whileothersarequiteunusual.Youmanychooseoneforyourselfthatinterestsyoumost.Youmayenjoycollectingthings,suchass3,foreigncoinsandsoon.Ifyouliketoworkwithyourhands,youmayenjoypapercuttingandmodelmakingwhichbothrequiregreatconcentrationanda4.Oryoumayenjoycreativehobbies,likepaintingandclaymodeling.Manypeopleprefera5outdoorgames.,suchassailing,cyclingandsoon,whichtheycanenjoywitho6.Whereveryoulive,thereisalwaysahobbyforyoutoc7.Thehobbywillgiveyoumanyhoursofpleasureandmakeyourfreetimei8andcreative.1.t_______________2.p________________3.s______________4.a_______________5.a_____________6.o________________7.c______________8.______________3.Almosteveryoneintheworldusesoils（石油）insomew1.Withoutoil,theworldwillstop,somenl2foriteverywhere.Quiteoftentheyfindn3,butthesearch（寻找）foroilalwaysgoeson.Oilisveryi4becausenoneofourmachinescanrunwithoutit.Carsandm5needoil,butsodomanyotherthings.Howmanythingscanyouname?1.w__________2.l_____________3.n_____________4.i________________5.m_____________________8