初中英语语法总结 14页

1.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon.Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?（不是willyou）Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果),unless(除非)，when(当„的时候),assoonas(一„就„)，before,after,until,till,as(当„的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如：IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。\nSheisagirlwho/thatisbeautilandkind-hearted.Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.ismybrother.(所属)Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.（指物）Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.（在这儿）Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that从句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.2hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.5.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.(表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。)Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes.(表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。)6.感官动词用法之一：see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形/动词ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正进行)\nIheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(听的是全过程)Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(频率词)若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式：Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.→Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.7.感官动词用法之二：look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词，后接形容词。Helooks.Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautil.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。注意：如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.8.find和think部分用法:+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从)宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.2.形容词短语，Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike，和want类似：◇都可接名词短语：Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.◇都可接带to不定式：Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.2feellike:◇后也可接名词短语：Doyoufeellikesometea?◇后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】10.词序易错的短语：1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.\nIwanttogosomewherewarm.2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?3enough修饰形容词和副词，enough放在后面。Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1Whatdoyouthinkof„?=Howdoyoulike„?“你对„怎么看？”(How„?句中有like，是动词。)2What’stheweatherlikein„?=Howistheweatherin„?“„的天气什么样?”(What„?句中有like，是介词“像”。)12.take,cost,pay,spend区别：1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.2物+cost+sb+钱:Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.(cost,cost,cost)若cost后无sb,则译作“价钱是”：Thebagcosts30Yuan.3人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)4人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有时可指“度过”：spendholiday/weekends/winter13.双宾结构：pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth.\n其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.buy,build等可接sth+forsb.另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.（连词）Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.（介词）类似的，while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。如：I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.（连词）I’llwaituntilnextFriday.（介词）15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:1.动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。He’seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。Thereisnotimeleft.IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.2.动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthecorner(正进行)asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语：Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.\nTakingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.（谓语用单数）Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数)Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(谓语用复数)18.later/after/ago/before:1later“„时间后”结构：时间段+later常用于一般过去时。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.(later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’llseeyoulater.)2after“„时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和1相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.(after也可加句子：I’llsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.)3ago“„时间前”结构：时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.(since+时间段+ago，主句用现在完成时)4before单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.(若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时，译为“„时间前”：Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季20.月：January,一月；February,二月；March,三月；April,四月；May,五月；June,六月；July,七月；August,八月；September,九月；October,十月；November,十一月；December,十二月。21.星期：Sunday,星期日；Monday,星期一；Tuesday,星期二；\nWednesday,星期三；Thursday,星期四；Friday,星期五；Saturday,星期六。Sunday为第一天，Saturday为最后一天。22.“也”：either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.24.(a)little/(a)few:1few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数名词。2afew“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数;alittle“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另外，在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle译为“很多”25.及物动词+副词：puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down;turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout;keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒);takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off宾语是名词时，可放在中间或后边，是代词时只放在中间。26.as„„as用法：1和„一样„Hisroomisasbigasmine.HerunsasfastasI/me.2as„aspossible/sbcan“尽可能„”Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.3有些短语有几个意思：assoonas和„一样快；一„就„；asmuchas和„一样多；多达；aslongas和„一样长；长达；只要；aswellas和„一样好；和„一样；asfaras远达；就„来说；27.prefer用法：prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起„更喜欢„prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿„也不愿„prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事\n28.some-,any-,every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-,在疑问句中仍译为“某～，一些～”Doyouhaveanythingtosay？Isanybodyinthehouse？在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何～”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.Wedon’thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每～”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere？-No，TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere.29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would+v.原形)六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数(加s/es)；现在分词(v.ing)；带to不定式。30.if/whether区别：if如果(引导条件状从)/是否(引导宾从)whether无论(引导让步状从)/是否(引导宾从)都译为“是否”时，whether可接ornot,也可接带to不定式。if则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.31.因为：because,常是对why的回答，语气最强。since,位置：Since„，„.Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow.for,位置：„，for„.语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing.as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。32.表推测：must,may,might,can,could,can’tmust“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.may/might“也许”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。\nSheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.can/could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan’tbetherenow.33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，sotall/slowly„such是形容词，后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews„;suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone„;suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies„;若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时，不用such,而用so.somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater„也常有“so/such„that„”句型，译为“如此„以致于„”。34.so的另两个用法：1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“„也”上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.以及对话形式：A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词，“的确„是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo.又如：A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语“„也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn’tgetwell,nordidherbrother.或对话形式：A:Jimhasn’thadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.36.keep,make,get,have用法：\n1keep+sb/sthdoingsth“让„一直做„”I’msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.keep+doingsth“坚持做某事”2make+sb/sthdosth让„做某事I’lltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.3get+sb/sthtodosth.让„做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.我们让那台机器一直工作着。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。5也都可接形容词：keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.37.used短语：usedto+动原，“过去常常”Heusedtosmoke.beusedto译为“被用来„”，后接动原。Itisusedtocutthings.beusedto译为“习惯于„”，后接动词ing或名词/代词.如：He’susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.beusedfor+目的（名词或动词ing）如：Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.38.through/past/across:都可作介词，“穿过”前常有位移动词。Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.Heswamacrosstheriver.【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。】位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“„的数量”；后者“许多的”\n都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is.Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.40.延续性动词：Howlong，since，for，(以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I’velivedheresince2002.Let’swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词：Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.all接可数复数，谓语也用复数。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数，后谓语都用单数。3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.none+of+限定词+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见885-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”“没有一个”。/both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个”42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.\nThefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.It’sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.It’satwo-monthholiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)43.MustI/MayI/NeedI„?用法：1MustI„?我必须„吗？A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.2MayI„?我可以„吗？A:MayIgooutforawalknow?B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t.3NeedI„?我有必要„吗？A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字，不加s及of.否则加s,加of.如：thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople.ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：severalmillionpounds45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语，QT主语用it.Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can’tshe?Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?QT要结合think后的从句而定。3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let’s„用shallwe?Getupnow,willyou?Don’tbenoisy,willyou?\nBequiet,willyou?Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou?Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let’sdoitnow,shallwe?4Therebe句型，QT主语用there.Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn’tthere?ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn’tthere?Therewon’tbeamovieinttheatre,willthere?46.puton,wear,dress,in:1puton,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.2wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.3dress,“给„穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表颜色的词。4in,“穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?I’veseentheboyinyellow.47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would/should+动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.）Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反)IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:1如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another,后加可数名词单数。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是\n单数。）another也可+数字+可数复数：Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.2如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.)，有如下用法：第一种，所说内容只有两个：Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodatscience.【只有两个，用theother,不加s,后面名词可省略。】又如：Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。第二种，只有两部分：此种