初中英语8大时态 62页

初中语法专题时态\n时态的定义：作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式。（不同的时间，用不同的时态。）\n一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时\n一、一般现在时\n一、一般现在时：概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month…),onceaweek,onSunday,etc.基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词\n否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②谓语动词为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，加动词原型。一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。\n否定式和疑问否定式如下表所示：肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式Iamateacher.AmIateacher？Iamnot./I’mnotateacher.AmInotateacher？He/Sheisateacher.Ishe/sheateacher？He/Sheisnot/isn’tateacher.Ishe/shenotateacher？或Isn’the/sheateacher？ItisMary.IsitMary？Itisnot/isn’tMary.IsitnotMary？/Isn’titMary？We/You/Theyareteachers.Arewe/you/theyteachers？We/You/Theyarenot/aren’tteachers.Arewe/you/theynotteachers？或Aren’twe/you/theyteacher？\n肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式Iwork.DoIwork？Idon’twork.DoInotwork？或Don’tIwork？He/She/Itworks.Doeshe/she/itwork？He/She/Itdoesnot/doesn’twork.Doeshe/she/itnotwork？或Doesn’the/she/itwork？We/You/Theywork.Dowe/you/theywork？We/You/Theydonot/don’twork.Dowe/you/theynotwork？或Don’twe/you/theywork？\n特别提示：have(has)在表示“有”时，否定形式为haven’t(hasn’t)或havenot(hasnot)，变为疑问句时可直接把have(has)放在句首也可借助于助动词do(does)。当不表示“有”的意思时，其否定句和疑问句只能加助动词do(does)构成。\ne.g.Hassheanyexperienceinteachingpianolessons？(√)Doesshehaveanyexperienceinteachingpianolessons？(√)她有教钢琴的经验吗？Hadyouagoodtimegoinghikingyesterday？(×)Didyouhaveagoodtimegoinghikingyesterday？(√)你昨天徒步旅行玩得开心吗？\n注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作。e.g.Wewon’tgototheparkifitrainstomorrow.如果明天下雨，我们将不去公园。WhenIgrowup,IwillgotoAmerica.我长大后要去美国。\n动词第三人称单数形式变化规则\n规则例子一般在词尾加-s，(清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音后读/z/；在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/。)Play→playsleave→leavesswim→swims以字母s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的词加-es，读/iz/,如果动词原形词尾已有e,则只加-s。pass→passesfix→fixesteach→teacheswish→wishesdo→does以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先变y为i,再加-es,读/z/study→studiescarry→carriesfly→flies\n二、一般过去时\n概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek(year,night,month…),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词\n否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。\n肯定句：1、was/were+其他2、谓语动词使用过去式形式，V-ed分为规则和不规则变化。表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“usedtodo”和“would+动词原形”。\n肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式Iwasateacher.WasIateacher？Iwasnotateacher.WasInotateacher？He/Shewasateacher.Washe/sheateacher？He/Shewasnot/wasn’tateacher.Washe/shenotateacher？或Wasn’the/sheateacher？ItwasMary.WasitMary？Itwasnot/wasn’tMary.WasitnotMary？/Wasn’titMary？We/You/Theywereteachers.Werewe/you/theyteachers？We/You/Theywerenot/weren’tteachers.Werewe/you/theynotteachers？或Weren’twe/you/theyteacher？\n肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式Iworked.DidIwork？Ididnot/didn’twork.DidInotwork？或Didn’tIwork？He/She/Itworked.Didhe/she/itwork？He/She/Itdidnot/didn’twork.Didhe/she/itnotwork？或Didn’the/she/itwork？We/You/Theyworked.Didwe/you/theywork？We/You/Theydidnot/didn’twork.Didwe/you/theynotwork？或Didn’twe/you/theywork？\n构成规则例子一般在动词原形末尾加-ed，(在清辅音后读/t/；在浊辅音和元音后读/d/；在/t/,/d/后读/id/。look→lookedplay→playedwork→worked结尾是e的动词在末尾加-dlike→likedlive→livedhope→hoped末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-edplan→plannedstop→stoppeddrop→dropped结尾是“辅音字母＋y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加-edstudy→studiedworry→worriedcry→cried\n三、现在进行时\n1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语：Now,atthistime,days,look.listen等时间状语做标志。3.基本结构：主语+be+doing+其他4.否定形式：主语+be+not+doing+其他5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。\n6.使用情况1)、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。E.g.Heisreading.Theyaretalkingnow.2)、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。E.g.Theyareworkingthesedays.3)、某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。E.gIamcoming.\n肯定式Iamworking.We/You/Theyareworking.He/She/Itisworking.疑问式AmIworking？Arewe/you/theyworking？Ishe/she/itworking？否定式Iamnotworking.We/You/Theyarenotworking.或We/You/Theyaren’tworking.He/She/Itisnotworking.或He/She/Itisn’tworking.疑问否定式AmInotworking？Arewe/you/theynotworking？或Aren’twe/you/theyworking？Ishe/she/itnotworking？或Isn’the/she/itworking？\n现在分词的变法有：1)、一般在动词词尾加上-ing,E.g.jump---jumping2)、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加-ing.E.ghave---havingwrite---writing3)、.以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上-ing.E.g.sit------sittingput-------putting\n四、过去进行时\n1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语：atthistimeyesterday,atthattime或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3.基本结构主语+was/were+doing+其他4.否定形式：主语+was/were+not+doing+其他5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。\n肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式I/He/She/Itwasworking.WasI/he/she/itworking？I/He/She/Itwasnotworking.或I/he/she/itwasn’tworking.WasI/he/she/itnotworking？或Wasn’tI/he/she/itworking？We/You/Theywereworking.Werewe/you/theyworking？We/You/Theywerenotworking.或We/You/Theyweren’tworking.Werewe/you/theynotworking？或Weren’twe/you/theyworking？\n过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，如lastnight,atthattime,atnoonyesterday,lastSunday等。也有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。\n五、一般将来时\n构成:1、will,shall+动词原形，其中shall只用于第一人称,will可以用于所有人称。\n肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式I/Weshallwork.ShallI/wework？I/Weshallnotwork.ShallI/wenotwork？I/We/You/They/He/She/Itwillwork.WillI/we/you/they/he/she/itwork？I/We/You/They/He/She/Itwillnotwork.WillI/we/you/they/he/she/itnotwork？\n2、begoingto表示将来：begoingto结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事，必然或很可能发生的事，也用来表示自然现象。e.g.I’mgoingtogathersomematerialsaboutPicasso.我打算搜集一些有关毕加索的材料。It’sgoingtobeafinedayforsurfingtomorrow.明天将会是冲浪的好天气。\n3、bedoing表示将来。　　常用于这种结构的动词有go,come,leave,start,begin,run,leave,stay,do,take等。这种用法往往指安排好要做的事情，很少变更。e.g.I’mdoingmyexperimenttomorrow.明天我要做实验。She’sleavingearlytomorrowmorning.明天她很早就出发。\n4、betodo表示将来。这种结构表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。e.g.ThepresidentistovisitChinanextweek.总统下周来访问中国。Themeetingistotakeplaceearlytomorrow.会议明天一早召开。\n时间状语：Tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year…),soon,inafewminutes,by…,thedayaftertomorrow,etc.\nbegoingto与will/shallbegoingto指当前的、已计划过或思考过的意图和打算，will/shall表示未事先思考或未计划过的意图；begoingto还可表示客观迹象表明马上要发生，而will则表明说话者的观点、主观意识。另外will/shall还可作情态动词用，表示感情色彩。\ne.g.ItwillbeChristmassoon.很快就是圣诞节了。(强调将来的状态)Iamgoingtolistentomusic.我打算听听音乐。(现在的打算，指向将来)I’llanswerthedoor.我去开门。(未经事先考虑的意图)I’mgoingtoseehimtomorrow.我打算明天去看他。(事先经过思考)\nLookattheclouds.Thereisgoingtobeastorm.看看这些云彩，暴风雨要来了。(客观迹象)Ihopeitwillbewarmtomorrow.我希望明天会暖起来。(主观意愿)\n否定形式：主语+am/is/arenotgoingtodo；主语+will/shallnotdo+其他一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。e.g.Shewillbebackinthreedays.Shewillnotbebackinthreedays.WillShebebackinthreedays?Theyaregoingtocleantheirclassroom.Theyarenotgoingtocleantheirclassroom.Aretheygoingtocleantheirclassroom?\n六、过去将来时\n表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过去看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。在宾语从句及间接引语中，时态呼应，经常会用到过去将来时。如Ithoughtitwasgoingtobefun.时间状语：---soon/thenextday---that-clause(名词性从句或上下文中---)\n构成：（would/should+动词原形，或将来时的其它过去构成形式wasgoingtodo……）Hesaidthathewouldwaitformeatthegate.他说他将在大门口等我。\n肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式I/Weshould/wouldwork.Would/ShouldI/wework？I/WeShould/wouldnotwork.Would/ShouldI/wenotwork？You/They/He/She/Itwouldwork.Wouldyou/they/he/she/itwork？You/They/He/She/Itwouldnotwork.Wouldyou/they/he/she/itnotwork？\n七、现在完成时\n1.现在完成时概念：表示发生在过去，持续到现在，可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来，并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。\n2.基本结构：主语+have/has+p.p（过去分词）+其他3.时间状语：yet,already,just,never,ever,sofar,bynow,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently,lately,inthepastfewyears,etc.during/in/overthelastyears或inrecentyears\n4.否定形式：主语+have/has+not+p.p（过去分词）+其他5.一般疑问句：have/has+主语+p.p（过去分词）+其他?\n肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式He/She/Ithasworked.Hashe/she/itworked？He/She/Ithasnotworked.或He/She/Ithasn’tworked.或He’s/She’s/It’snotworked.Hashe/she/itnotworked？Hasn’the/she/itworked？I/We/You/Theyhaveworked.HaveI/we/you/theyworked？I/We/You/Theyhavenotworked.或I/We/You/Theyhaven’tworked.或I’veWe’ve/You’ve/They’venotworked.HaveWe/you/theynotworked？或Haven’tWe/you/theyworked？\n非延续性动词和延续性动词非延续性动词不能用于完成时，需进行转换才能用。但是，非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续，可与for/since等时间状语连用。\n非延续性动词的转换：①leave→havebeenaway②die→hasbeendead③buy→havehad④borrow→havekept⑤open→havebeenopen⑥close→havebeenclosed⑦begin→havebeenon⑧finish→havebeenover⑨arrive→havebeen＋地点⑩come→havebeen＋in+地点11、go→havebeen＋地点\n12、comeback—beback,13、getup—beup,14、fallasleep—beasleep,15、become—be,16、join—bein/amemberof,17、receive—have,18、catch/getacold—haveacold,19、getmarried—bemarried，\n延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用在具体的语言环境中，往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直译为：Hehasfallenasleepforanhour.他睡了一小时了。（×）Hisfatherhasdiedforthreeyears.他父亲去世三年了。（×）当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以下解决方法：\n（1）将非延续性动词转化为相应的状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如：Hehasbeenasleepforanhour.（fallasleep,“入睡”为短暂动作，但beasleep“睡着”则为状态动词，可延续。）Hisfatherhasbeendeadforthreeyears.（die为短暂动词，“死”后的状态可用“bedead”这种系表结构来描述，可延续。）\nhave(has)been和have(has)gone的区别havebeentoaplace:“到过、去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在人不在那儿；HehasbeentoShanghai.havegonetoaplace:“去了”，已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。HehasgonetoShanghai.\n八、过去完成时\n过去完成时1、概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past）”。------|-----------|----------|-------->那时以前那时现在2、构成：过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成，其中had通用于各种人称。Theyhadalreadyhadbreakfastbeforetheyarrivedatthehotel.Shehadfinishedwritingthecompositionby10：00thismorning.\n3、它的否定句是在had后边加not，变一般疑问句是把had提前。E.g.Ihadreachedthestationbefore9:00o'clock.Ihadnotreachedthestationbefore9:00o'clock.Hadyoureachedthestationbefore9:00o'clock?\n4、过去完成时的时间①by＋过去的时间②bytheendof＋过去的时间复合句的主句为一般过去时,宾语从句表达过去发生的动作时,从句也要用过去完成时.BeforeIwenttobed,Ihadreadanewspaper.Hesaidhehadneverseensuchanexcitingmatchbefore.\n过去完成时的其它用法：1、用于when引导的从句的，主句的动作在从句的动作之前。e.g.TheyhadalreadyhadsupperwhenIgothome.我到家时他们已经吃过了晚饭。2、用于after的从句e.g.AfterIhadfinishedmyhomework,Ihelpedmymotherwithhousework.我做完作业后，帮助妈妈做了家务活。\n练习题。1．Mymotheroften_______(watch)TVathome.2．Mymother_______(watch)TVyesterday.3．Mymother_______(watch)TVthistimeyesterday.4．Mymother_______(watch)TVnow.\n5．Mymother_______(watch)TVtomorrowevening.6．Mymother_______(watch)TVfor2hours.7．Mymothersaidthatshe_______(watch)TVbynineyesterdayevening.8．Mymothersaidthatshe_______(watch)TVnextweek.