初中英语语法大全 11页

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  • 2022-08-15 发布

初中英语语法大全

  • 11页
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初中英语语法大全 一.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.  (表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢,后无补充的结果。)  Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes.  (表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事,出现了后面的结果。)  二.find和think部分用法:+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从)  宾补有以下情况:1.名词短语,Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.  2.形容词短语,Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.  3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.  三.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike,和want类似:◇都可接名词短语:Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.◇都可接带to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.  2feellike:◇后也可接名词短语:Doyoufeellikesometea?  ◇后若接动词,须用动词ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】  四.词序易错的短语:1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词,形容词在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?  Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.  Iwanttogosomewherewarm.  2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词,也放在后面。  Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?  Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?  3enough修饰形容词和副词,enough放在后面。  Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.  Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.\n  五.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别:1Whatdoyouthinkof…?=  Howdoyoulike…?“你对…怎么看?”(How…?句中有like,是动词。)2What’stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天气什么样?”(What…?句中有like,是介词“像”。)  六.双宾结构:pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/  ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth.  其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.  buy,build等可接sth+forsb.  另外,若sth是代词时,不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.  七.部分词作连词与介词:(连词接句子,介词接名词或代词)  Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(连词)  Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.(介词)  类似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。  如:I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.(连词)  I’llwaituntilnextFriday.(介词)  八.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:1.动词ed作形容词:表示被动或已发生,常作定语。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend.  那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用,下同。  He’seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。Thereisnotimeleft.  IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。  Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.  2.动词ing作形容词:表示正进行或功能,常作定语。\n  theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthecorner(正进行)  asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)  九.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二:和心理感受有关,但ed修饰人,ing常修饰物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.  Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.  一○.动词ing和带to不定式作主语:  Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.  Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.  Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.(谓语用单数)  Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数)  Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(谓语用复数)  一一.“也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词,少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾,前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。  注意:后三个词都不用于否定句。  一二.带to不定式用法之一:带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时,to后动词用及物动词,不及物时需加介词。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.  一三.及物动词+副词:puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down;  turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout;  keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒);  takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off  宾语是名词时,可放在中间或后边,是代词时只放在中间。  一四.prefer用法:prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜欢…\n  prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…  prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事  一五.some-,any-,every-用法:1some-“某~,一些~”,用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-,在疑问句中仍译为“某~,一些~”Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何~”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.Wedon’thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每~”,强调所有,既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere.  一六.动词时态和形式:八个时态:一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would+v.原形)六个形式:原形;过去式;过去分词;第三人称单数(加s/es);现在分词(v.ing);带to不定式。  一七.因为:because,常是对why的回答,语气最强。  since,位置:Since…,….Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow.  for,位置:…,for….语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing.  as有时也指“因为”,用法基本无限制。  一八.表推测:must,may,might,can,could,can’t  must“一定”,可能性最大,常用于肯定句。  Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.  may/might“也许”一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。  Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.  can/could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。  Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.  Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan’tbetherenow.\n  一九.so与such区别:so是副词,后跟形容词/副词,sotall/slowly…  such是形容词,后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews…;  suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone…;  suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies…;  若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时,不用such,而用so.  somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater…  也常有“so/such…that…”句型,译为“如此…以致于…”。  二○.so的另两个用法:1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语,“…也”  上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.  Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.  以及对话形式:A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.  2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词,“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:  二一.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的数量”;后者“许多的”  都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语,谓语用单数;后者作主语,谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is.  Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.  40.延续性动词:Howlong,since,for,(以上见84)until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。  HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I’velivedheresince2002.  Let’swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词:  Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.  二二.all/each/both/none/either/neither:  1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.all接可数复数,谓语也用复数。Allofthewater\nispolluted.若接不可数,谓语用单数。  2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数,后谓语都用单数。  3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。  4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.  none+of+限定词+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见88  5-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?  -EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。  6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?  -Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。  all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个”  二三.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法:1MustI…?我必须…吗?  A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.  2MayI…?我可以…吗?A:MayIgooutforawalknow?  B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t.  3NeedI…?我有必要…吗?  A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.  二四.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字,不加s及of.否则加s,加of.如:thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople.  ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of:severalmillionpounds  二五.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语,QT主语用it.\n  Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?  2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can’tshe?>  Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?  QT要结合think后的从句而定。  3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let’s…用shallwe?  Getupnow,willyou?Don’tbenoisy,willyou?  Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou?  Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let’sdoitnow,shallwe?  4Therebe句型,QT主语用there.  Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn’tthere?  ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn’tthere?  Therewon’tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?  二六.虚拟语气部分用法:在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气,即if从句中用一般过去时,而主句动词用would/should+动词原形,表示与现在相反的主观设想,也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。(注意:虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.)  Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反)  IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)  二七.other/others/theother/theothers/another:  1如果不特定指出哪一个,是泛指,“另一个”要用another,后加可数名词单数。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.(没特定指出哪一杯茶,是泛指。cup是单数。)  another也可+数字+可数复数:Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.  2如果只有两个或只有两部分,就给出了范围,其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.),有如下用法:\n  第一种,所说内容只有两个:  Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodatscience.【只有两个,用theother,不加s,后面名词可省略。】又如:Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.这双鞋子很怪,一只蓝色,而另一只绿色。  第二种,只有两部分:此种情况下theother后接可数名词复数,或不接名词而只在theother后加s.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsaregirls/theothersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.(其他孩子都留下了。)  3如果没有显示出只有两部分,未给出范围,则是泛指,不加the.  LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.  Haveyouanyotherquestions?  Alicedidn’tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.  4other的另一用法:用比较级的形式,体现最高级的含义。  Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(划线中boy用单数)=  Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.(划线中boy用复数)  他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的)。  二八.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是对长度或时间段提问。Howlongistheriver?-It’s5,000kilometerslong.  Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.  2howoften是对频率提问,如:never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。  HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.  【若只有次数,则用howmanytimes提问:  HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.】  3howsoon是对“in+时间段”提问:  HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.\n  4howfar是对时间段’s+walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。  -Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?  -Fiveminutes’walk./Anhour’sride./Thirteenminutes’drive.  或者说:It’sabout20kilometers(far)away.(问和回答不同。)  二九.分数表达:二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如:  halfanhour=ahalfhour半小时It’shalfpastseven.(省略冠词)  以下情况中,分子(基数词)若超过一,分母(序数词)需加s:  三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds  四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter  四分之三:threefourths或threequarters.  五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它类推。  若分数所在of短语作主语,谓语依of后的名词而定:  Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名词复数时,谓用复)Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.(指不可数时,谓用单)  三○.到达:1getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China  接地点副词时,不带to.getthere/home/here.  2arrivein+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地点(school/hospital),arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用:Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.  reach只作及物动词,后直接加地点:reachBeijing/England  但常不说reachhome/there/here.  三一.感叹句:What+名词短语+主语+谓语!  Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!\n  Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity!  How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!  Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!  Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!  三二.because/instead/out等与加of的区别:  1because后接句子,becauseof接名词或代词。  Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.  2instead是副词,单独在句尾。insteadof还要接名词或代词。  Wedidn’thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.  3out副词,可单独用,但若接地点,先加of.(也可作介词,  “向…外”,可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)  Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.  三三.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo:  muchtoo“过于”,加形容词或副词原级。muchtoobig/slowly等。  toomuch“太多的”,加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。  toomany“太多的”,加可数复数。toomanybooks/people等。  三四.alone/lonely:1alone,“独自一人;单独”不含感情色彩。  可当形容词,但只在系动词后作表语:Jackisalone.杰克是单身。  Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老妇一个人在屋里。  可当副词,修饰动词:Shelivesalone.她独居。  Canyoumovethestonealone?你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗?  Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。\n  (注意:不可说veryalone.但可说verymuchalone.是特例)  2lonely,“孤独的;寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。  可在系动词后作表语:Theoldmanislonely.这位老人是孤独的。  Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多亲戚,但感到孤独。(lonely和心理感受有关,而alone和心理感受无关。)  也可在名词前作定语:alonelyperson一位孤独的人  alonelyvillage一个偏僻的村庄(alone不可作定语)  三五.belongto与be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(人)  Thissuitismine/Lucy’s/mybrother’s/hers.(某物是某人的)
  57.by常见用法:1“通过”IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitbylookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.  2“截止到”Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?  Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.  3“被”ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.  4“经过”Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.  5“在……旁边”Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver

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