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初中英语语法大全 一.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework. (表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢,后无补充的结果。) Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes. (表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事,出现了后面的结果。) 二.find和think部分用法:+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从) 宾补有以下情况:1.名词短语,Johnfoundhissonacleverboy. 2.形容词短语,Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy. 3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式,Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl. 三.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike,和want类似:◇都可接名词短语:Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.◇都可接带to不定式:Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand. 2feellike:◇后也可接名词短语:Doyoufeellikesometea? ◇后若接动词,须用动词ing形式:Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】 四.词序易错的短语:1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词,形容词在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge? Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer. Iwanttogosomewherewarm. 2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词,也放在后面。 Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom? Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit? 3enough修饰形容词和副词,enough放在后面。 Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork. Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.\n 五.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别:1Whatdoyouthinkof…?= Howdoyoulike…?“你对…怎么看?”(How…?句中有like,是动词。)2What’stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天气什么样?”(What…?句中有like,是介词“像”。) 六.双宾结构:pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth. 其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb. buy,build等可接sth+forsb. 另外,若sth是代词时,不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome. 七.部分词作连词与介词:(连词接句子,介词接名词或代词) Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.(连词) Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.(介词) 类似的,while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。 如:I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.(连词) I’llwaituntilnextFriday.(介词) 八.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:1.动词ed作形容词:表示被动或已发生,常作定语。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend. 那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用,下同。 He’seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。Thereisnotimeleft. IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。 Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago. 2.动词ing作形容词:表示正进行或功能,常作定语。\n theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthecorner(正进行) asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能) 九.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二:和心理感受有关,但ed修饰人,ing常修饰物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords. Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing. 一○.动词ing和带to不定式作主语: Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess. Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant. Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.(谓语用单数) Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数) Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(谓语用复数) 一一.“也”:either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词,少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾,前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。 注意:后三个词都不用于否定句。 一二.带to不定式用法之一:带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时,to后动词用及物动词,不及物时需加介词。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein. 一三.及物动词+副词:puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down; turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout; keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒); takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off 宾语是名词时,可放在中间或后边,是代词时只放在中间。 一四.prefer用法:prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜欢…\n prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿… prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事 一五.some-,any-,every-用法:1some-“某~,一些~”,用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-,在疑问句中仍译为“某~,一些~”Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Isanybodyinthehouse?在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何~”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.Wedon’thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每~”,强调所有,既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere?-No,TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere. 一六.动词时态和形式:八个时态:一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would+v.原形)六个形式:原形;过去式;过去分词;第三人称单数(加s/es);现在分词(v.ing);带to不定式。 一七.因为:because,常是对why的回答,语气最强。 since,位置:Since…,….Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow. for,位置:…,for….语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing. as有时也指“因为”,用法基本无限制。 一八.表推测:must,may,might,can,could,can’t must“一定”,可能性最大,常用于肯定句。 Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom. may/might“也许”一般用于肯定句,may比might可能性大。 Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher. can/could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。 Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare. Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan’tbetherenow.\n 一九.so与such区别:so是副词,后跟形容词/副词,sotall/slowly… such是形容词,后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews…; suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone…; suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies…; 若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时,不用such,而用so. somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater… 也常有“so/such…that…”句型,译为“如此…以致于…”。 二○.so的另两个用法:1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语,“…也” 上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI. Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter. 以及对话形式:A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI. 2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词,“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B: 二一.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的数量”;后者“许多的” 都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语,谓语用单数;后者作主语,谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is. Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have. 40.延续性动词:Howlong,since,for,(以上见84)until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。 HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I’velivedheresince2002. Let’swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词: Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime. 二二.all/each/both/none/either/neither: 1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.all接可数复数,谓语也用复数。Allofthewater\nispolluted.若接不可数,谓语用单数。 2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数,后谓语都用单数。 3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。 4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore. none+of+限定词+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见88 5-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday? -EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。 6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday? -Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。 all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个” 二三.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法:1MustI…?我必须…吗? A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t. 2MayI…?我可以…吗?A:MayIgooutforawalknow? B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t. 3NeedI…?我有必要…吗? A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t. 二四.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字,不加s及of.否则加s,加of.如:thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople. ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of:severalmillionpounds 二五.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语,QT主语用it.\n Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit? 2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can’tshe?> Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe? QT要结合think后的从句而定。 3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let’s…用shallwe? Getupnow,willyou?Don’tbenoisy,willyou? Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou? Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let’sdoitnow,shallwe? 4Therebe句型,QT主语用there. Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn’tthere? ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn’tthere? Therewon’tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere? 二六.虚拟语气部分用法:在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气,即if从句中用一般过去时,而主句动词用would/should+动词原形,表示与现在相反的主观设想,也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。(注意:虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.) Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反) IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小) 二七.other/others/theother/theothers/another: 1如果不特定指出哪一个,是泛指,“另一个”要用another,后加可数名词单数。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.(没特定指出哪一杯茶,是泛指。cup是单数。) another也可+数字+可数复数:Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks. 2如果只有两个或只有两部分,就给出了范围,其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.),有如下用法:\n 第一种,所说内容只有两个: Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodatscience.【只有两个,用theother,不加s,后面名词可省略。】又如:Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.这双鞋子很怪,一只蓝色,而另一只绿色。 第二种,只有两部分:此种情况下theother后接可数名词复数,或不接名词而只在theother后加s.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsaregirls/theothersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.(其他孩子都留下了。) 3如果没有显示出只有两部分,未给出范围,则是泛指,不加the. LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others. Haveyouanyotherquestions? Alicedidn’tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers. 4other的另一用法:用比较级的形式,体现最高级的含义。 Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(划线中boy用单数)= Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.(划线中boy用复数) 他比班里任何男孩都高(他是班里男孩中最高的)。 二八.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是对长度或时间段提问。Howlongistheriver?-It’s5,000kilometerslong. Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002. 2howoften是对频率提问,如:never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。 HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek. 【若只有次数,则用howmanytimes提问: HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.】 3howsoon是对“in+时间段”提问: HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.\n 4howfar是对时间段’s+walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。 -Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool? -Fiveminutes’walk./Anhour’sride./Thirteenminutes’drive. 或者说:It’sabout20kilometers(far)away.(问和回答不同。) 二九.分数表达:二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如: halfanhour=ahalfhour半小时It’shalfpastseven.(省略冠词) 以下情况中,分子(基数词)若超过一,分母(序数词)需加s: 三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds 四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter 四分之三:threefourths或threequarters. 五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它类推。 若分数所在of短语作主语,谓语依of后的名词而定: Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名词复数时,谓用复)Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.(指不可数时,谓用单) 三○.到达:1getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China 接地点副词时,不带to.getthere/home/here. 2arrivein+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou),arriveat+小地点(school/hospital),arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用:Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive. reach只作及物动词,后直接加地点:reachBeijing/England 但常不说reachhome/there/here. 三一.感叹句:What+名词短语+主语+谓语! Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!\n Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity! How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语! Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare! Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris! 三二.because/instead/out等与加of的区别: 1because后接句子,becauseof接名词或代词。 Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness. 2instead是副词,单独在句尾。insteadof还要接名词或代词。 Wedidn’thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit. 3out副词,可单独用,但若接地点,先加of.(也可作介词, “向…外”,可不加of.一般不要求掌握。) Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly. 三三.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo: muchtoo“过于”,加形容词或副词原级。muchtoobig/slowly等。 toomuch“太多的”,加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。 toomany“太多的”,加可数复数。toomanybooks/people等。 三四.alone/lonely:1alone,“独自一人;单独”不含感情色彩。 可当形容词,但只在系动词后作表语:Jackisalone.杰克是单身。 Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老妇一个人在屋里。 可当副词,修饰动词:Shelivesalone.她独居。 Canyoumovethestonealone?你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗? Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。\n (注意:不可说veryalone.但可说verymuchalone.是特例) 2lonely,“孤独的;寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。 可在系动词后作表语:Theoldmanislonely.这位老人是孤独的。 Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多亲戚,但感到孤独。(lonely和心理感受有关,而alone和心理感受无关。) 也可在名词前作定语:alonelyperson一位孤独的人 alonelyvillage一个偏僻的村庄(alone不可作定语) 三五.belongto与be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(人) Thissuitismine/Lucy’s/mybrother’s/hers.(某物是某人的)
57.by常见用法:1“通过”IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitbylookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike. 2“截止到”Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow? Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere. 3“被”ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun. 4“经过”Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme. 5“在……旁边”Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver
57.by常见用法:1“通过”IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitbylookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike. 2“截止到”Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow? Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere. 3“被”ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun. 4“经过”Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme. 5“在……旁边”Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver