初中英语名词语法 16页

初中英语名词语法名词的种类英语中，名词分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，这类词的中心词的第一个字母要大写。常见的专有名词有：国家名称——China,Japan,England,Cuba,Australia,Brazil,France…;语言——Chinese,Japanese,English,French…;人名/地名(大到某个省市，小到某个房间)——ZhouEnlai,Jim,NewYork,Shanghai…由普通名词构成的专有名词——theGreatWall,theSummerPalace,thePalaceofMuseum;thePeople’sHospital……。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：(1)个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：pen,student,desk,book,bike。(2)集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family,class,people,school。(3)物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air,water,paper。(4)抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work,time,news。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。有些名词在一种场合下属于这一类，在另一种场合下又属于那一类。例如有些物质名词也可用作个体名词，意思上有一定变化，这些词需要平时多加记忆。如：　　glass玻璃-aglass玻璃杯iron铁-aniron熨斗　　copper铜-acopper铜币tin锡-atin洋铁罐　　paper纸-apaper报纸，证件wood木头-awood树林　　又如一些抽象名词，当意思转变而表示某类个体时，就成了个体名词：　　youth青春-ayouth青年人relation关系-arelation亲属　　democracy民主-ademocracy民主国家authority权威-anauthority权威人士　　power威力，电力-apower大国necessity必要性-anecessity必需品beauty美-abeauty每人，美的东西练习题：1、---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,________ororange?---Orange,please.A.hamburgerB.chipC.teaDmilk2、Whenwesawhisface,weknew____asbad.A.somenewsB.anewsC.thenewsD.news3、InEngland,if____isinthemiddleoftheday,theeveningmealiscalledsupper.A.foodB.lunchC.breakfastD.dinner4、What’syour_______forbeinglateagainA.ideaB.keyC.excuseD.news5、Wherearethestudents?Aretheyin_______?A.theRoom406B.Room406C.the406RoomD.406Room6、Theteachersaidweneededtochoosethree____fortheschoolconcert.A.farmersB.doctorsC.driversD.singers7、-Whatclassareyouin____,Mike?-I’min____.\nA.GradeThree,ClassTwoB.ClassTwo,GradeThreeC.classtwo,gradethreeD.gradethree,classtwo8、Don’tmake____somuch.Thebabyissleeping.A.thingsB.mistakesC.voiceD.noise9、Allthefootofthehillyoucouldhearnothingbutthe_____oftherunningwater.A.shoutB.noiseC.voiceD.sound10、LaoSheisthe________ofTeaHouse.A.doctorB.actorC.scientistD.writer答案1-5CCBCB6-10DBDDD名词的数(名词分为不可数和可数两大类)1．不可数名词1）不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括专有名词，物质名词和抽象名词。例如：Paris,Europe,health，wood，glass,advice，information，news,progress,fun。2）有些集合名词用作不可数：equipment,furniture,machinery,jewellery,clothing,luggage.3）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：学科名称mathematics，physics，专有名词theUnitedStates，theUnitedNations。4）抽象名词表示具有某种特征，状态，情感，情绪的人或事，如a\ansurprise(success,beauty,honor,experience,failure,pity,pleasure)Haveadeliciousbreakfastaheavysnow,awonderfultimeAknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.2．可数名词(可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词)名词复数构成方法如下：(FormationofthepluralofEnglishnouns)1）一般情况在名词后加-s。例如：desks，days，classes。★bath,mouth,path,truth,youth等后加~s时，读音发生了变化2）以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es，读作[iz]。例如：bus-buseswatch-watchesbox-boxesbrush-brushes但是stomach-stomachs除外。3）以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后加-es，读作[z]。例如：hero,Negro,tomato,potato.但不少以-o结尾的名词，变复数时只加-s。例如：radio-radiosphoto-photospiano-pianos有些以-o结尾的名词有两种复数形式。例如：zero-zeros(zeroes)，volcano--volcanos\es但以-oo结尾的名词只加-s。例如：bamboo-bamboos，zoo-zoos4）以“辅音+y”结尾的名词，把y改成i再加-es，读作[iz]。例如：factory–factoriescountry-countries5）以“元音+y”结尾的名词，或专有名词以“y”结尾的，直接在词尾加s，读作[z]。例如：boys，toys，Germanys，Henrys6）以-f或-fe结尾的名词，一般把“f”或“fe”改成“v”再加-es，读作[vz]。例如：wife,life,self,leaf,wolf,shelf,knife,half.但是roof,gulf,chief,serf,belief,proof,safe例外加~s。而scarf(围巾),hankerchief则有两种复数形式：scarfs和scarves,hankerchiefs和hankerchieves★字母，单词，引语或缩略语加’s\s.two‘f’sinoff,manyVIPs,threedon’ts★数词的复数形式要在其末尾加s或es。threesixesandtwofours★有些集体名词用作复数：cattle,police,people,poultry。集合名词作整体看时用作单数，而指其成员看时应用其复数形式。这样的词有:class,family,crowd,group,team.7）不规则变化：①改变单数名词中的元音字母，或其他形式。例如：foot-feet child-children mouse-mice\n②单、复数形式相同。例如：asheep-twosheep adeer-threedeer（鹿）此外还有means，fish，works以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、币制等单位的名词,yuan，jiao，fen，jin，mu等③只有复数形式。例如：trousers，glasses（眼镜），compasses（圆规），thanks，clothes，remains（遗物，遗体），ashes（骨灰），contents（内容），goods（货物）。④表示“某国人”名词的单、复数形式因习惯不同而各异。单、复数形式相同，如aChinese-twoChinese，aJapanese-twoJapanese。这类词包括所有以-ese（或-ss）结尾的表示民族名称的词，如Swiss，Portuguese等。词尾加s，如aGerman-threeGermans，anAmerican-twoAmericans，Russians变词尾man为men的有：Frenchman\woman，Irishman,Dutchman,Englishman等。⑤复合名词(Compoundnouns)的复数形式因词而异。例如：主体名词变成复数形式film-goer(s)，looker(s)-on，sister(s)-in-law没有主体名词grown-ups,go-betweens.两个组成部分皆变为复数形式manservant-menservantswomandoctor-womendoctors8）有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。例如：papers报纸，文件     manners礼貌goods货物                    works工厂；著作looks外表                    glasses眼镜greens青菜                   hairs几根头发times时代                    sands沙滩，沙地irons脚镣手铐              drinks饮料forces军队                   spirits酒精，情绪woods树林              advices报道，情报9）一些物质名词有时以复数形式出现。例如：teas（各种茶），silks（各种丝绸），fruits（各种水果）,fishes,foods,threecoffees两杯咖啡Theboyburstintotearsatthebadnews.Therisingwatersdidalotofharmtothecrops.Thestonebridgebrokedowninheavyrains.10）word一词作“消息”或“通知”解时，前面不加“a”或“the”，也不用复数形式。例如：WordcamethatthemeetingwillbeheldonFriday.通知说，星期五开会。★注意下列词组中的单、复数：keep/breakone'sword守（失）信leaveword留言inaword简言之word for/byword逐字地uponmyword说实在话inotherwords换句话说eatone'swords收回前言，认错wasteone'swords白费口舌haveafewwords/awordwith与--说几句话havewordswith与某人吵嘴名词的所有格(Genitivenouns)1．表示有生命的东西的名词(-sgenitive)这类名词所有格一般在名词后加“'s”，其构成形式如下：1）一般名词后加“'s”。例如：mybrother'sbagthechildren'sclothes★Haveyouseenmysister,Kate’sbicycle?2）以-s或-es结尾的专有名词的所有格，只在名词右上方加“'”。例如：theworkers'club3）以-s结尾的专有名词的所有格，以读音[z]结尾的，一般可在名词的右上方加“'”，也可加“'s”，其读音分别为[z]、[iz]。例如：Engels'/Engels'sworks,Dickens'/Dickens'sbooks4）复合名词所有格的词尾“'s”加在后面的名词之后。例如：herson-in-law'sphoto5）如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词加“'s”；如果不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“'s”。例如：JaneandMary'sroom（共有）Jane'sandTom'sbooks（不共有）6）在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的名词所有格后面，一般省略它所修饰的词。例如：atMrGreen's在格林先生家tomyuncle's到我叔叔家atthetailor's在裁缝店atthebarber's在理发店atthedoctor's在诊所7）1.起修饰作用的名词，如不表示所有关系，通常不用“'s”。例如：roomnumber,atooth\nbrush,coffeecup,classmeeting,studentlife,wordorder2．表示无生命东西的名词(ofgenitive)这类名词通常采用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。例如：thegateoftheschool,thewindowoftheroom3．有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词也可以加“'s”来构成所有格。例如：today'snewspaper,atenminutes'walk,China'sindustry,sixdollars'worth,twotons'weight等。★4．双重所有格(Doublegenitive)a/anyfriendofmine(=one/anyofmyfriends)somedaughtersofMrsGreen's(=someofMrsGreen'sdaughters)afriendofmymother’s表示部分概念afriendofmymother只表示所属关系of前有一定要有a,an,twoany,some,several,another一般不用one；或this,that,these,those表示爱憎褒贬等感情，this(lovely)daughterofmyaunt’s,不用the，of后必须是特定的人someofpicturesofthestudent’s\Tom’s\you用于名词化的词：thestruggleoftheoppressed常考的可数名词和不可数名词1.常考的不可数名词furnitureluggageclothingequipmentpoetryjewelrymachineryweaponrysceneryinformationknowledgehomeworkevidencefoliageadvertisinghealthA:流体airwaterB:颗粒状物体ricesaltC:抽象名词informationD:总称名词poetrymachineryE:疾病不可数diabetes糖尿病measles麻疹F:自然现象raindropsG:学科不可数mathematicseconomicsstatisticsphysicspoliticsmechanicsgeneticsgeologygeographychemistryphilosophybiologyhistory2.常考的不规则单复数man/men　woman/women　tooth/teeth　foot/feet　goose/geese　basis/bases　analysis/analyses　crisis/criseshypothesis/hypotheses　axis/axesalga/algae　larva/larvaefungus/fungistimulus/stimuli　datum/data　bacterium/bacteriamedium/media　spectrum/spectra　mouse/mice　child/childrenphenomenon/phenomena　radius/radii3.常考的单复数同型的名词aircraftspacecraftseriesspeciesmeanssheepdeerbisonsalmontroutcarp4.常考的可数名词discoverycloudmineralmetalsubstancepopulationefforteffectanimalplant\nmammalinsecttreeherbshrubelementfunctionfeaturepictureresultcluestarreasonaudiencedevicestructurehumanhumanbeingsystemfashionresourcesourceoriginpioneerautomobilepurposestyleresponsenumberamountvarietyquantitytypekindinfluenceemotionchange5.即可数又不可数的名词sugar,cloth,water,detail,paper,work,light,science,form,interest,art,area,color,disease,illness,rock,stone,matter,food,culture,noise,liquid,solid,gas,climate,film,material,population,temperature,experience,speech,usetime,life,action,activity,studyrock(砂岩)rocks(块岩)work(工作,作品)works(著作)paper(纸)papers(论文,报告,文件)area(面积)areas(地区,区域)time(时间)times(次数)room(空间)rooms(房间)water(水)waters(水域)collections由同一种物品构成,可数histhreecollectionsofshortstoriescollection由不同种物品构成,不可数hisartcollection※当一个不可数名词表种类时,可数.可数/不可数:①有无数的概念②抽象/具体advertisement广告可数advertising广告业不可数★fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish可数名词且单复数相同；fishes指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：Therearemanyfish/kindsoffishesinthepool.(池子里有很多鱼/种类的鱼)/Ipreferfishtomeat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼) 注：不同国籍人的单复数 国籍总称（谓语用复数）单数复数中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes新目标七年级名词变复数练习题一、写出下列名词的复数形式\n1、orange2、class3、text4、monkey5、piano6、child7、shelf8、bed9、country10、family11、toy12、foot13、Japanese14、radio15、photo16、army17、tomato18、fox19、woman20、knife22、sheep二、选择填空1、Thereonthewall.Theyareverybeautiful.A.arephotoesB.arephotosC.isaphotoD.isphotos2.ThiskindofcarmadeinShanghai.A.isB.areC.wereD.has3.Therearefourandtwointhegroup.A.Japanese,GermenBJapaneses,GermenC.Japanese,GermanD.Japanese,Germans4.That’sartbook.A.anB.aC.theD.are5.Theboyshavegotalready.A.twobreadB.twobreadsC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopieceofbread6.Theoldmanwants.\nA.sixboxesofapplesB.sixboxesofappleC.sixboxofapplesD.sixboxsofapples7.Theresomeintheriver.A.is,fishB.are,fishsC.is,fishsD.are,fish8.Theretwointhebox.A.iswatchB.arewatchesC.arewatchD.iswatches9.Weshouldcleantwiceaday.A.ourtoothB.ourtoothsC.teethD.ourteeth10.The_____meetingroomisnearthereadingroom.A.teacherB.teacher’sC.teachers’D.teachers11.InBritain_____areallpaintedred.A.letterboxesB.lettersboxesC.letterboxD.lettersbox三.写出下列各词的复数形式　　amishesheitthatthisyoupendeskkeyorangeboyfriendparentmotherfathersisterbrothersondaughtercousincaseboxcardfamily按要求变换句型（把1—10句变为复数句）1.Thisismyfriend.2.Thisisabike.3.Thatisherbrother.4.Thisisabook.\n5.Thatisaneraser.6.Itisaredorange.7.Heisateacher.8.What’sthis?9.Thisismymother.10.HeisaChineseboy.初中英语名词练习题二㈠、基本型写出下列名词的复数形式：1.pencil-box___________2.wife_______3.Sunday________4.city______5.dress_______6.Englishman______7.match_______8.Chinese________9.zoo________10.exam________11.German__________12.Ihavealotof________(作业)todoeveryday.13.His_______(裤子)arenew,butmineareold.14.Itisthebestoneofthe_________(照片)inmyfamily.\n15.Aretheybuildingany_______(图书馆)inthecity?16.Canyoucutthisbigpearintotwo_______(半)?17.Attheendof_______(八月),youmustgetreadyforthenewschoolyear.18.Treesareplantedinmostofthemountainv________.19.Ilikea_______.It’sneitherhotnorcold.20.T_______comesafterMonday.㈡、提高型来源：1．June1stis____Dayallovertheworld.A.Child’sB.Childs’C.Children’sD.Childrens’２．September10this___DayinChina,isn’tit?A.Teacher’sB.Teachers’C.TeacherD.Teacherof３．_____ismadeof_____.A.Glass;glassB.Aglass;glassC.Glasses;glassesD.Aglass;glasses4.Thisis_______news.\nA.suchagoodB.averygoodC.sogoodaD.suchgood5.what______itis!Let’sgoswimming.A.afineweatherB.finedayC.afinedayD.badweather6.TheylikeChinese_____.A.foodandpeoplesB.foodsandpeopleC.foodsandpeopleD.foodandpeople7.LucyandIgotoschool_____everyday.A.onfeetB.onfootC.byfootsD.bybuses8.–Arethose_____?-No,theyaren’t.They’re_____.A.sheep;cowsB.sheep;cowC.sheeps;cowD.sheeps;cows\n9.Whatareyoulisteningto,Jane?____or____?A.amusic;anewsB.music;newsC.music;newsD.music;anews10.Howmany____and____arethereinyourclass?A.boystudent;girlonesB.girlsstudents;boysonesC.boysstudent;girloneD.girlstudents;boyones11.Agroupof____aretalkingwithtwo___overthere.A.Frenchmen;GermansB.Frenchmen;GermenC.German;FrenchmenD.Germans;Frenchmans12.Thatbusdriverdranktwo_____.A.glassofwaterB.glassesofwatersC.cupsofteaD.cupoftea13.Mrs.Smithisanoldfriendof_______.A.Bob’smotherB.Bob’smother’sC.motherofBobD.Bobmother’s\n14.Thetallmanwithabignoseis_______teacher.A.TomandCarlB.Tom’sandCarl’sC.TomandCarl’sD.Tom’sandCarl15.Thereis______treeinourschool.A.a8-metres-tallB.an-8-metre-tallC.an8metrestallD.an8metre’stall ㈢、综合型1.In____time,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.afewyearB.afewyears’C.fewyearsD.afewyear’s2.Didyouhearthe______report?A.policeB.policemen’sC.policemans’D.policemens’3.Webought_____formymother’sbirthday.A.somemeatsB.somepiecesmeatC.apieceofmeatD.piecesofmeats4.–Whoseisthisnewdesk?-It’s_____.\nA.SueandJim’sB.SueandJimC.Sue’sandJim’sD.Sue’sandJim5.–Wouldyoulike_____coffee?-No,thanks.I’vedrunktwo__.A.any;bottlesoforangeB.little;bottleoforangesC.some;bottlesoforangeD.afew;bottleoforange6.–Howmany_____doyouwant?-Two,please.A.kilosofeggB.kiloofeggsC.kilosofeggsD.kiloofbread7.Therailwaystationistwo_____fromourhouse.A.hour’sdriveB.hours’driveC.hour-driveD.hoursdrive8.–Whereareyougoing,Lucy?-_______.A.TomyuncleB.Tomyuncle’sC.AtmyuncleD.Atmyuncle’s\n9.Haveyouread_____?A.anewspaperoftoday’sB.todaynewspaperC.today'snewspaperD.atodaynewspaper10.There’realotof___downthere,buthardlyany___.A.horse;peopleB.horses;peoplesC.cow;peopleD.sheep;people11.Lucyputalotof____in____oftea.(2000西安)A.sugar;thetwocupB.sugars;thetwocupsC.sugar;thetwocupsD.sugars;twocups12.Mr.Linoftengivesus_______bye-mail.(2000上海)A.somegoodinformationB.somegoodinformationsC.goodinformationsD.agoodinformation13.–Isthisyourroom?-No,it’s_____room.(2000广州)A.boxofappleB.boxesofapplesC.boxofapplesD.boxesofapple\n17.–Helpyourselftosome_________.-Thankyou.Ireallylikethem.(2001汕头)A.fishB.orangeC.breadD.cakes18.ThisisanoldphotoofminewhenI_______.(2001吉林)A.haveshorthairsB.hadshorthairsC.haveshorthairD.hadshorthair19.Whereis________sweater?Ican’tseeit.(2001四川)A.LucyB.LucysC.Lucy’sD.Lucys’20.Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already.(2001天津)A.toothB.toothsC.teethD.teeths21.Weallhad______lastmonth.Didyoutraveltoanywhere?A.sevendays’holidayB.sevenday’sholidayC.seven-daysholidayD.aseven-daysholiday22.Yesterdayafew_____cametovisitsome______inShantou.A.German;placesofinterestB.Germans;placesofinterestsC.Germans;placesofinterestD.Germen;placesofinterest\n23.Whenautumncomes,______ofmosttreesturnyellowandthenfalldown.A.leafB.leafsC.leaveD.leaves将下列词组译成英语：两个男工人两个女工人两个小孩3个中国人3条鱼4只绵羊4只鹿5英尺6颗牙齿6个女人7只脚7个男人一杯咖啡：一瓶牛奶：一杯茶：