初中英语综合语法 273页

名词\n问题1：---Howmanydoesacowhave?---Four.A．stomachesB．stomachC．stomachsD．stomachies以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的名词变复数时加–es；但如果以–ch结尾的名词发音为[k]时，只加–s。另外，以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，需将y变成i，再加-es；以元音字母+y结尾的则直接加-s。以辅音字母加y结尾的专有名词变复数时，也直接加-s。\n问题2：The______ofthebuildingarecoveredwithlotsof______.A．roofs;leavesB．rooves;leafsC．roof;leafD．roofs;leafs以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a.加s，如：serf---serfsbelief---beliefsroof---roofschief---chiefssafe---safesgulf---gulfs；b.去f,fe加ves，如：half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves；c.均可,如：handkerchief---handkerchiefs/handkerchieves\n问题3：Whenthefarmerreturnedhomehefoundthree______missing.A．sheepsB．sheepesC．sheepD．sheepies当sheep;deer;fish表示数量时，单复数同形；如果表示不同种类，则需加–s或–es。单复数同形的名词有：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese,Swissworks,means,head\n问题4：Some______visitedourschoollastWednesday.A．GermanB．GermenC．GermansD．Germens国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：1、单复数同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形：English-Englishman3、加–s或-es：German–Germans详见下表。\n问题6：MrSmithhastwo______,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A．brothers-in-lawB．brother-in-lawsC．brothers-in-lawsD．brothers-inlaw以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加–s。如：grown-ups。\n名词的可数与不可数\n问题1：Hegainedhis_____byprinting_____offamouswriters.(NMET95)A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中wealth为不可数名词，works作“作品”解，属单复数同形的可数名词。\n问题2：Canyougiveussome______aboutthewriter?A．informationsB．informationC．pieceofinformationsD．piecesinformation大多数不可数名词都不可能转化为可数名词，常见的有：information;news;advice;progress;fun……如：Thisisnotamatch.We’replayingchessfor_____.AhabitBhobbyCfunDgame(2001上海春季)\n问题3：Manypeopleagreethat____ofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.(NMET96)A.aknowledgeB.knowledgesC.knowledgeD.theknowledge有些抽象名词和物质名词也可转化为可数名词，用来表示某种特定的意义。aknowledgeof…表示“对……有所了解“。又如：Thismeetingisagreatsuccess.请看下面的可数与不可数名词的转化：\n名词作定语\n问题1The______isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon’tmissit.(01北京春季)A.bicycle’sshopB.bicycleshopC.bicyclesshopD.bicycles’shop名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。　　如：sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。　　如：goodstrain(货车)armsproduce武器生产customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷\n问题2Ittookusquitealongtimetogethere.Itwas________journey.（05北京春季）A.three-hourB.athreehourC.athree-hourD.threehours“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：aten-milewalk；afive-yearplan但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’s_____walk.（04上海春季）A.afourhourB.afourhour'sC.afour-hoursD.afourhours'\n问题3：Thereareonlytwelve_____inthehospital.A．womandoctorsB．womendoctorsC．womendoctorD．womandoctorman,woman,gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：amanworker→menworkersawomanteacher→womenteachersagentlemanofficial→gentlemenofficials\n名词的搭配\n问题1We’vemissedthelastbus.I’mafraidwehaveno______buttotakeataxi.(N19993)A.wayB.choiceC.possibilityD.selection可以将“havenochoicebuttodo…”视为一个结构，现在考查这类搭配的题有很多，如：IamsureDavidwillbeabletofindthelibrary—hehasaprettygood_______ofdirection.（05浙江卷）A．ideaB．feelingC．experienceD．sense类似的题还有：\n1.Here’smycard.Let’skeepin__________.(N1994)(A)A.touchB.relationC.connectionD.friendship2.Youcantakeasmanyasyoulikebecausetheyarefreeof_______.(1998上海)(B)A.fareB.chargeC.moneyD.pay3.Themanagerhasgotagoodbusiness_______sothecompanyisdoingwell.（03北京春季）（B）A．ideaB．senseC．thoughtD．Thinking4.Ikeepmedicinesonthetopshelf,outofthechildren’s______.（04天津）(A)AreachBhandCholdDplace\n问题2Aroughestimate,Nigeriais__________GreatBritain.（05上海卷）A.threetimesthesizeasB.thesizethreetimesofC.threetimesasthesizeofD.threetimesthesizeof注意名词用来表示比较的特殊用法。它的结构为“倍数+the+名词+of+对象”。常用在该结构中的名词为：thesizeof;theweightof;thelengthof…….\n名词词语辨析\n问题1Billwasdoingalotofphysicalexercisetobuilduphis_______.（05天津卷）(C)A.abilityB.forceC.strengthD.mind高考试卷中考查名词词义辨析的题目越来越多了，这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中注意同类词的比较和辨析，同时尽可能从阅读过程中汲取更多的知识。本题的意思是参加体育锻炼的目的是增强体质和力气。\n形容词和副词\n考点分析1、形容词和副词的基本用法；2、形容词和副词的位置；3、形容词和副词的级别；4、常见形容词和副词的用法比较。\n形容词的基本用法\n1、形容词的词义问题1：---I’mvery________withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.---Mm,itdoeshavea________smell.(2002北京)A.pleasant,pleasedB.pleased,pleasedC.pleasant,pleasantD.pleased,pleasantD高考中关于形容词的词义的题考得不少，复习时需密切关注。该句中pleased表示“感到满意（高兴）的”；pleasant表示“令人满意（高兴）的”。根据句意不难发现答案为D。\n问题2：Theircheerfulvoiceshowedthattheywerehavinga____discussion.(1997上海)A.noisyB.seriousC.completeD.friendly问题3：Ifitisquite_______toyou,IwillvisityounextTuesday.（05天津卷）A.convenientB.fairC.easyD.comfortableD该句中cheerful是重要的提示词，意为“欢快的”。noisy;serious以及complete显然都与题义无关。是形容词，意为“友好的”，只有它符合题义。Itisconvenientforsb.todosth.该句型意为：“某人方便（适合）做某事”；一般不说“sb.isconvenienttodosth.”其它三个词显然不符合句义。A\n2、后置定语问题问题4：Allthepeople_____atthepartywerehissupporters.(02北京)A.presentB.thankfulC.interestedD.important解析：形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是下列情况要后置：proper(本身),present(在场的，出席的),involved(有关的), concerned(相关的),left(剩下的),objecting(反对的), mentioned(提及的),selected(当选的)等。如thestudentspresent(出席的学生)thecostinvolved(所需费用)A\nf.下列情况也要后置：a.some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词的修饰语要后置．如：somethingnew;nothingserious;anythinginteresting b.else修饰不定代词和疑问代词时，要后置。如：Nobodyelseissosillyasyouare. c.不定式短语，动名词短语，分词短语，介词短语做定语要后置。如：Doyoustillremembertheafternooninthefirstyearatcollegewhentheprofessorgaveusachemistrylesson? d.以a-开头的形容词做定语要后置．如：alike,alive,alone,asleep,afraid,awake…如：Heistheonlymanawakeatthattime.\n巩固练习：Ican’tgetagoodpictureonmyTVset.Theremustbesomething____withit.A.badB.matterC.thematterD.thewrong2._____totakethisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.A.BraveenoughstudentsB.EnoughbravestudentsC.StudentsbraveenoughD.Studentsenoughbrave3.Thereis_____toholdthewater.A.nothingbigenoughB.nothingenoughbigC.bigenoughnothingD.enoughbignothingCCA\n3、以-ly结尾的形容词问题5：Whathesaidsounds________.(1993上海)nicelyB.pleasantlyC.friendlyD.wonderfully解析：1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，manly,timely,worldly(老于世故的)仍为形容词。改错：(错）Shesanglovely.（对）Hersingingwaslovely.（错）Hespoketomeveryfriendly.（对）Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2）有些以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，earlyTheTimesisadailypaper.Itispublisheddaily.C\n多个形容词修饰名词的顺序\n问题1JohnSmith,asuccessfulbusinessman,hasacar.（04辽宁）A．largeGermanwhiteB．largewhiteGermanC．whitelargeGermanD．Germanlargewhite多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--出处--材料性质，类别--名词根据这个公式，就不难排列出：大小+颜色+出处，故选择B。B\n问题2:This_______girlisLind’scousin.(05北京卷)A.prettylittleSpanishB.SpanishlittleprettyC.SpanishprettylittleD.littleprettySpanish问题3：Onedaytheycrossedthe____bridgebehindthepalace.A.oldChinesestoneB.ChineseoldstoneC.oldstoneChineseD.Chinesestoneold由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--性质--名词”的公式可知，描绘词+大小+出处的顺序，最符合答案。根据排列顺序：大小、形状+年龄+颜色+来源+质地+用途+名词可选择AAA\n常见形容词的比较\n1).worth---worthy---worthwhile2)alike---like---likely3)dead---deadly---deathly4)historic---historical5)live---lively---alive---living6)possible---probable---likely7)valueless---priceless8)respectable(可敬的、高尚的)---respectful(表示敬意的)Arespectablemanisrespectfultoothers.9)healthy(健康的)---healthful(有益于健康的)Theairatseasideishealthfultous.Soallofusarehealthy.\n巩固练习：TheWorldCupinFrancewasthebiggest_____footballmatchintheworld.A.aliveB.liveC.livelyD.living2.Anyonewhohasspenttimewithchildrenknowsthedifferenceinthewayboysandgirlsrespond(反应)tothe_____situation.A.likelyB.sameC.alikeD.similar3.It’s_____torainbutnot_____beforeevening.A.possible…probableB.probable…possibleC.possibly…probablyD.probably…possiblyBDA\n副词的基本用法\n问题1：______,somefamousscientistshavethequalitiesofbeingbothcarefulandcareless.（04上海春季）A.StrangelyenoughB.EnoughstrangelyC.StrangeenoughD.Enoughstrange问题2：Canyoubelievethatin_____arichcountrythereshouldbe_____manypoorpeople?(1995N)A.such,suchB.such,soC.so,soD.so,suchAB副词enough要放在形容词和副词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。A:基本句型：such+(a)+adj.+n.;so+adj.+a+n.B:such后可加各种名词，而so后面只能加单数名词；C:so可加many,much,few,little等，而such不能。\n问题3：Wedon’tcareifahuntingdogsmells____,butwereallydon’twanthimtosmell_____.(1995上海)A.well,wellB.bad,badC.well,badlyD.badly,bad问题4：Allenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_____tocarryallthewayhome.（03全国卷）A．muchtooheavyB．toomuchheavyC．heavytoomuchD．tooheavymuchCAsmell有双重词性，作“闻起来”解是系动词，后接形容词作表语；作“嗅”解是形为动词，后接副词。该题的干扰项是B，“smellsbad”表示闻起来很臭，不可能同时放入两个空格。muchtoo是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词；toomuch是名词或形容词，可单独使用或修饰名词。\n问题5：Johnisverylazy.Hefalls______behindinhisstudies.(05(广东卷)A.veryB.farC.moreD.still问题6：—MustIturnoffthegasaftercooking?—Ofcourse.Youcanneverbecarefulwiththat.(05江西卷)A．enoughB．tooC．soD．veryBB副词的修饰关系是现今高考的热点之一，复习中应予以足够的重视。“farbehind…”表示“远远地掉在后面”。“canneverbetoo…”是一种固定的表达方式，意为“越……就越好”\n常用副词的比较\n问题1：Itwasrainingheavily.LittleMaryfeltcold,soshestood______tohermother.(2002北京)A.closeB.closelyC.closedD.closing问题2：Wedecidednottoclimbthemountainsbecauseitwasraining_______.(1996N)A.badlyB.hardlyC.stronglyD.heavilyADcloseto离……近，此处close是副词；closely表示“密切地”，与题意无关。表示“雨下得大”可用rainhard;rainheavily等，不用badly或strongly。表示“刮大风”可用strongwind。hardly是否定词，与句意无关。\n注意下面兼有两种形式的副词close与closelyclose意思是“近”；closely意思是“仔细地”Heissittingclosetome.Watchhimclosely.late与latelylate意思是“晚”；lately意思是“最近”Youhavecometoolate.Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?3)deep与deeplydeep意思是“深”，表示时间和空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.Heoftenworksdeepintothenight.Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.\nhigh与highlyhigh表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于muchTheplanewasflyinghigh.Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.5)wide与widelywide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”Heopenedthedoorwide.Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.6)free与freelyfree的意思是"免费"；freely的意思是"无限制地"Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.\n另外注意下列各组副词的用法区别1)just---justnow2)rather---fairly3)yet---still---already4)hard---hardly---rarely---scarcely5)sucha+adj.+n.---so+adj.+a+n.6)most---mostly---almost7)especially---specially8)everyday---everyday9)sometime---sometimes---sometime\n巩固练习：It’salwaysdifficultbeinginaforeigncountry,_____ifyoudon’tspeakthelanguage.A.ExtremelyB.naturallyC.basicallyD.especially2.Wouldyoube_____domeafavor?A.kindenoughB.sokindastoC.sokindtoD.kindasto3.Theguidetoldusthathewouldorganizesomebusinessmenfromabroadtohaveatour_____thenextmonth.A.sometimeB.sometimeC.sometimesD.sometimes4.Itis____thathisEnglishis_____perfect.A.sure…veryB.right…ratherC.exact…fairlyD.certain…quiteDBBD\n形容词和副词的级别\n1、as…as…结构问题1：Johnisthetallestboyintheclass,_______accordingtohimself.（05安徽卷）(B)A.fivefooteightastallasB.astallasfivefooteightC.asfivefooteighttallasD.astallfivefooteightas问题2：Whatatable!I’veneverseensuchathingbefore.Itis______itislong.（05湖北卷）A．halfnotaswideasB．widenotashalfasC．nothalfaswideasD．aswideasnothalfBCastallas“高达…”,fivefooteight=fivefeeteightinchesaswideas是比较，所以倍数词应放在前面。\n说明：1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so…as。Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.2）当as…as中间有名词时采用以下格式。as+形容词+a+单数名词as+many/much+名词Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan..3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine.\n4)倍数+the+n+of<=>倍数+as+adj.+asThisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.5)数量词+senior/junior+toHeissevenyearsseniortohiswife.Iamthreeyearsjuniortomyeldersister.\n２、morethan结构问题1：－Isyourheadachegetting______?－No,it’sworse.（05全国卷3）A．betterB．badC．lessD．well问题2：Mr.Smithowns______collectionofcoinsthananyoneelseIhaveevermet.（05山东卷）A.largerB.alargerC.thelargerD.alarge问题3：Thenumberofpeoplepresentattheconcertwas_______thanexpected.Thereweremanyticketsleft.（04福建）A．muchsmallerB．muchmoreC．muchlargerD．manymoreABA\n1）要避免重复使用比较级。(错)Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.(对)Heisclevererthanhisbrother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错)ChinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.(对)ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.4）程度词abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even等词可修饰比较级。除外，还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。以上词(除byfar)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。而byfar一般置于比较级之后和最高级之前。\n３、ofthetwo结构问题1：Ofthetwoshirts,I’dliketochoose_____one.(94上海)A.thelessexpensiveB.themostexpensiveC.lessexpensiveD.mostexpensive问题2：Ifthemanagerhadtochoosebetweenthetwo,hewouldsayJohnwas________choice.(95上海)A.goodB.thebestC.betterD.thebetter说明：在ofthetwo结构中，比较级前要加the，但如果不在ofthetwo结构中，要注意冠词的使用。后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有冠词。　比较：Whichislarger,CanadaorAustralia?Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?Sheistallerthanhertwosisters.Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters.AD\n4、the+最高级+比较范围问题1：Davidhaswonthefirstprizeinsinging;heisstillveryexcitednowandfeels________desiretogotobed.(05江苏卷)A.themostB.moreC.worseD.theleast问题2：Greenland,________islandintheworld,coversovertwomillionsquarekilometers.(2000上海)A.itisthelargestB.thatisthelargestC.isthelargestD.thelargestDD\n1)形容词最高级前必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。Theshortestboyrunsfastestinthe100-meterrace.形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。(错)Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers.(对)Tomisthetallestofthethreebrothers.2)下列词可修饰最高级，byfar,far,much,mostly,almostThishatisnearly/almostthebiggest.\n注意：a.very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。Thisistheverybest.Thisismuchthebest.b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.3)句型转换：Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass.Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentinhisclass.4)“否定词语+比较级”，“否定词语+so…as”结构表示最高级含义。Nothingissoeasyasthis.=Nothingiseasierthanthis.=Thisistheeasiestthing.\n5、和more有关的词组1)themore…themore…越……就越……Theharderyouwork，thegreaterprogressyou‘llmake.2)moreBthanA与其说A不如说BlessAthanBHeismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.3)nomore…than…与……一样(不)……，不比……多TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.noless…than…与……一样……Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.4)morethan不只是，非常Sheismorethankindtousall.\n情态动词学习五要素一、注意情态动词的推测用法推测性情态动词共有三个，其用法见表情态动词含义适用句型适用句型可能，或许肯定句Must一定，必须肯定句Can/could可能，或许否定句，疑问句\n例1：--AreyoucomingtoJeff’sparty?--I’mnotsure.I____gototheconcertinstead.(NMET2000)A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might析：选D。I’mnotsure.的语境表明把握性不大，当然我去参加音乐演奏会的可能性就比较小了，故不用must应用might\n例2：--_____thenewsbetrue?—No,it_____betrue.A.Can,can’tB.May,can’tC.May,maynotD.Must,mustn’t析：选A。因为前半句是疑问句，后半句为否定句，两空都不能使用may/might和must，应而用can和can’t。\n二、了解情态动词的完成式用法（一）should/oughttohavedone本来应做而未做，表达遗憾感情色彩例1：ItoldSallyhowtogetthere,butperhapsI____forher.(NMET94)hadtowriteitoutmusthavewrittenitoutC.shouldhavewrittenitoutD.oughttowriteitout\n析：选C。分析语境可知，口头上告知Sally如何去那里是不够的，所以我本应书面告知，却有没书面告知之，显得应使用should/oughttohavewritten表示遗憾之情。\n例2：Iwasreallyanxiousaboutyou,you_____homewithoutaword.(NMET2001)A.mustn’tleaveB.shouldn’thaveleftC.couldn’thaveleftD.needn’tleave\n析:选B。由语境可知，我真的为你担心，所以你不应该一句话不说就离开家，但实际上你确实这么做了，显然应填shouldn’t/oughttohaveleft，表示责备。\n（二）may/mighthavedone可能已做musthavedone一定已做can’thavedone不可能做例1：--Whereismypen?--I_____it.(NMET88)A.mightloseB.wouldn’thavelostC.shouldhavelostD.musthavelost\n例2：Thelightinhisroomisstillon,sohe_____tobed.A.mustn’thavegoneB.musthavegoneC.shouldn’thavegoneD.can’thavegone析：选D。由于他房间里的灯还亮着推测，他不可能已经上床睡觉了，应填can’thavegone。\n（三）couldhavedone指本来能做而实际未做，表达遗憾的感情色彩Youcouldatleasthavesentfivecards.你至少可以寄5张明信片的。\n三、熟悉情态动词委婉用法：could,would,might等情态动词均有委婉用法，它们不是过去式而是表示语气委婉、客气、礼貌，常用与疑问句，并多用于习惯表达，如wouldyouplease,wouldyoumind,wouldyouliketo等，might还可以用于肯定句表示推测，表示可能性小，might和could表示征求对方意见时，回答必须还成may,can.\n例1：--CouldIborrowyourdictionary?—Yes,ofcourseyou____.A.mightB.willC.canD.should析：选C。该句用can的委婉表达式could来征求对方意见，could和might通用，但回答时必须还成can或may，因此该题不选A.\n例2：____youmindmysmokinghere?A.ShouldBCouldC.MightD.Would析：选D。征求对方意见我是否在这儿吸烟，语气理应委婉，所以应选委婉的表达方式wouldyoumind…来征求对方意见。\n四、弄清情态动词的异化现象有些情态用于疑问句进行回答时，出现了异化现象，此时回答在某个角度不能继续使用该情态动词，而改用别的动词。\n例1：--MustIstartatonce?—No,you____.A.needn’tB.mustn’tC.can’tD.won’t析：A。由语境可知该答句表示“不必”，而mustn’t表示“不准、禁止”，不符合语境，显然应使用needn’t表示“不必”，但肯定句回答继续用must。\n例2：--NeedIhandinmyexercisebookatonce?—Yes,you_____.A.mustB.needC.canD.will析：选A。根据规定need用于一般疑问句作肯定回答应换成must,而作否定回答时，使用need的否定式needn’t。\n五、掌握征求意见情态动词的回答不少情态动词可用于疑问句征求对方意见，但人称上有时有特殊要求，请看下表：\n情态动词含义征求意见使用人称can/could可以各种人称may/might可以各种人称will/would愿意第二人称shall需要第一、第三人称must必须各种人称need需要各种人称\n例1：--_____ItellJohnaboutit?--No,youneedn’t.Ihavetoldhimalready.(NMET94)A.ShallB.WillC.CanD.May析：选A。从回答句“No,youneedn’t”的语境可知，问句征求对方意见，表示“需要”而且用语第一人称，要使用shall。\n例2：_____youpleasehelpmewithmyEnglish?A.WouldB.DoC.ShallD.Can析：A。次句表示追求对方意见，有“愿意”之意，而且又用于地二人称，应选用would。\n高考时态练习题\n1.Theysawemptyglassesandcupsandrealizedthatthreepeople_______intheroom.AwereBhadbeenChavebeenDare2.Themancan’tseewherehe_____.He______tofallintotheholeinfrontofhim.AisgoingisgoingBgoesisgoingCisgoingwillgoDgoeswillgo3.I_____anovelbyDickenslastnight,andanothernightIwillfinishit.AhavereadBreadChavereadDwasreading\n4.Idon’tsmokenow,butI______foralmosttenyears.AeversmokedB.haveeversmokedC.hadeversmokedD.waseversmoking5.LastweekIwenttoseeMikeinthehospitalandhe_____withgreatcontent.AhadrecoveredB.wasrecoveringC.recoveredD.wouldrecover6.IthoughtJimwouldsaysomethingabouthisschoolreport,buthe______itAdoesn’tmentionB.hadn’tmentionC.didn’tmentionDhasn’tmentioned\n7.Iknowheisgettingonwellrecently.He_____meregularly.A.writestoB.haswrittentoC.wrotetoD.inwritingto8.Let’sgooutnow.It_____A.doesn’trainB.hasn’trainedC.isn’trainingD.wasn’training\n9.She______hermotherwiththehousework.Atthistimesheusually______herhomework.ishelpingdoesB.helpsisdoingC.ishelpingisdoingD.helpsdoes10.Ididn’tcatchthetrain.It______at9:45am.A.hadleftB.hasleftC.wasleavingD.leaves11.Wewanttositatthetablenearthewindow.I’msorry,butit______already.A.wastakenB.hasbeentakenC.willbetakenD.hastaken\n12.Hewassonear-sightedthathedidn’tseethenoticewhich_______”Wetpaint!”A.wastoldB.readC.toldD.wasread13.Thetelephonehadbeenringingforseveralminutesbeforeit______A.answeredB.hadansweredC.wasansweringD.wasanswered14.Thedoor_____.Bettergetsomeonetohaveitrepairedrightnow.A.isn’topenB.hasn’tbeenopenC.isn’tbeopenD.won’topen\n15.Idon’tknowifhe_____.Ifhe_____,I’llletyouknow.WillcomewillcomeB.comescomesC.willcomecomesD.comeswillcome16.BeforeI_______himaweekhetriedtoborrowmoneyfromme.A.knewb.haveknownC.knowD.hadknown17.Katehascomebackhomefromherlongholidaysabroad.Oh,really?I_________visither.A.didn’tknow;I’llgoandB.don’tknow;I’llgoandC.don’tknow;I,mgoingtoC.didn’tknow;I‘mgoingto\n18.Thecomputersmadebyourcompanysellbest,butseveralyearsagonoonecouldhaveimaginedtheroleinthemarketsthatthey_______A.wereplayingB.weretoplayC.hadplayedd.played19.Ireallydon’tthinkkettywillmindit,butyou’dbettergoandseeherincaseshe_______.A.doesB.doC.willmindD.hasminded20._____Hey.Lookwhereyouaregoing!______Oh,Iamterriblysorry,_______.A.IamnotnoticingB.Iwasn’tnoticingC.Ihaven’tnoticedD.Idon’tnotice\n21.Mywatchhasstopped.Whattimeisitnow?Sorry,mywatch_____.It______attheshop.A.wasbroken;wasrepairedB.isbroken;isrepairedC.isbroken;isbeingrepairedD.wasbrokenwasbeingrepaired22.Iamterriblysorryforbeinglate,butI______inthetrafficjam.A.hadbeencaughtB.hadcaughtC.wascaughtD.caught23.Jimmysaidthathewouldcometopickmeup,buthe_____bynow.A.hasn’tturnedupB.doesn’tturnupC.won’tturnupD.hadn’tturnedup\n25.TofindthestreetwheremyformerEnglishteacherusedtoliveisnoeasytaskbecausethecity_______sorapidlyalltheseyears.A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange24.She______tennisquitewell,butshehasn’thadtimetoplaysinceshemovedtothenewschool.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.plays\n28.____You”veleftthelighton.Oh,soIhave_____andturnitoff.A.I’llgoB.I’vegoneC.IgoD.I’mgoing26.____Youaredrinkingtoomuch.____Onlyathome.Noone_____mebutyou.A.isseeingB.hadseenC.seesD.saw27.Allthepreparationsforthetask_____andwe’rereadytostart.A.completedB.completeC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompleted\n29.Howareyoutoday?Oh,Ihave_____asillasIdonowforaverylongtime.A.didn’tfeelB.wasn’tfeelingC.don’tfeelD.haven’tfelt30.ThereportersaidthattheUFO___easttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravelingB.traveledC.hadbeentravelingD.wastotravel31.Hundredsofjobs_____ifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose\n32.I’vewonaholidayfortwodaystoFloridu.I_____mymumAamtakingB.havetakenC.takeD.willhavetaken33.Anewcinema_____here.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltDisbeingbuilt34.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology________sorapidly.A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange\n35.I_____Ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.A.playedB.willplayC.haveplayedD.play36.Visitors____nottotouchtheexhibits.A.willrequestB.requestC.arerequestingD.arerequested37.JohnandI____friendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butwe____eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.Ahadbeen;haveseenB.havebeen;haveseenC.hadbeen;hadseenD.havebeen;hadseen\n38.ThisisTed’sphoto.Wemisshimalot.He____tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling39.Howaretheteamplaying?___Theyareplayingwell,butoneofthem____hurt.A.gotB.getsC.areD.were40.Youhaven,tsaidawordaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?____I’msorryI___anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit’sprettyonyou.A.wasn’tsayingB.don’tsayC.won’tsayDdidn’tsay\n(4)在forget,remember,regret,mean,try等动词后既可接动名词，也可接不定式，但意义差别较大。(5)在介词之后用动名词作宾语。注意to是介词的短语，如be/getusedto,beaccustomedto(习惯于),contribute…to…,devoteoneselfto/bedevotedto,getdownto,lookforwardto等。(6)含介词的固定句式：prevent/stop/keepsb./sth.fromdoing阻止……做……\nspend/wastetimeormoneyindoing在做……方面花费/浪费时间或金钱havesomedifficulty/troubleindoing在做……方面有些困难haveahardtimeindoingsth.做某事很艰难thereisnosenseindoing做……是没有理由/道理的(7)介词后一般只能接动名词，但在表示“除……外”的介词but和except后，有时可接不定式；当前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带to；前面没有行为动词do时，要带to。\n考点4：作宾补当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不定式(未来或全过程)或-ing形式(正在进行或一直处于某种状态)；当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时，用-ed形式。请注意复习以下6点：(1)在ask,invite,encourage,advise,forbid,remind等动词后，用带to的不定式作宾补。(2)在help后作宾补的不定式带不带to均可。\n(3)在make,let,have等使役动词和feel,smell,hear,see,watch等感官动词后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要加上to。(4)在with的宾语后，若用-ed形式，表示宾语与-ed形式在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成；若用-ing形式，表示宾语与-ing形式在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作持续进行。\n(5)getsb.todosth.=havesb.dosth.使某人做某事(主动、将来);get/have…doing使……处于某一状态中(主动、持续);get…done=havesth.done请人做/遭受(被动)。(6)makeoneself后常用understood,heard,seen,known等作宾补，表示让别人明白自己的意思/让自己讲的话被别人听到/让自己被别人看到/让自己被别人认识。\n考点7：特殊句式Whynotdosth.?=Whydon’tyoudosth.?何不做某事呢？hadbetter(not)dosth.最好(不)做某事wouldrather(not)dosth.宁愿(不)做某事woulddoAratherthandoB=wouldratherdoAthandoB=prefertodoAratherthandoB=preferdoingAtodoingB宁做A事不做B事\n考点8：独立结构(1)-ing形式的独立成分：judgingby/from(根据…判断),generallyspeaking(一般说来)，strictlyspeaking(严格说来),franklyspeaking(坦率地说)等。(2)不定式的独立结构：totellyouthetruth(和你说实话吧),tomakethingsworse(情况更糟的是)等。(3)用作介词或连词的considering(考虑到，就…而言)和given(考虑到)后接名词或that从句。\n考点击破\n一、单句填空：用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。1._____________(walk)isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.(全国)2.Eugene'sneverwillingtoalteranyofhisopinions.It’snouse__________(argue)withhim.(上海)3.Pleaseremain_________(seat);thewinneroftheprizewillbeannouncedsoon.(辽宁)4.—CanIsmokehere?—Sorry.Wedon’tallow___________(smoke)here.(江苏)Walkingarguingseatedsmoking\n5.Itisdifficulttoimaginehis________(accept)thedecisionwithoutanyconsideration.(陕西)6.Ican’tstand_________(work)withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses________(stop)talkingwhilesheworks.(北京)7.Asaresultoftheseriousflood,two-thirdsofthebuildingsintheareaneed_____________(repair).(陕西)8.Susanwantedtobeindependentofherparents.Shetried________(live)alone,butshedidn’tlikeitandmovedbackhome.(湖南)acceptingtostopworkingtoberepairedliving\n9.—Robertisindeedawiseman.—Oh,yes.HowoftenIhaveregretted____________(nottake)hisadvice!(安徽)10.Ifyouthinkthattreatingawomanwellmeansalways________(get)herpermissionforthings,thinkagain.(湖南)11.Atthebeginningofclass,thenoiseofdesks_______________________(openandclose)couldbeheardoutsidetheclassroom.(全国)12.—Theyarequiet,aren’tthey?—Yes.Theyareaccustomedto_______(nottalk)atmeals.(江苏)nottakinggettingbeingopenedandclosednottalking\n13.Isn'tittimeyougotdownto________(mark)thepapers?(重庆)14.Mr.Reedmadeuphismindtodevoteallhehadto________(set)upsomeschoolsforpoorchildren.(上海)15.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto________(walk)intheflower-linedgarden.(上海)16.Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtime________(pass)theexam.(福建)markingsettingwalkingpassing\n17.AccordingtoarecentU.S.survey,childrenspendupto25hoursaweek________(watch)TV.(上海)18.Ibelievethat’sthebestwaytopreventsuchathingfrom____________(happen)again.(全国)19.Didyouhavetroublein________(find)thepostoffice?(全国)20.Sandycoulddonothingbut________(admit)tohisteacherthathewaswrong.(上海)watchinghappeningfindingadmit\n21.Ismellsomething__________(burn)inthekitchen.CanIcallyoubackinaminute?(全国)22.Don’tleavethewater________(run)whileyoubrushyourteeth.(天津)23.Itwassocoldthattheykeptthefire___________(burn)allnight.(全国)24.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_________(carry)outthenextyear.(全国)burningrunningburningcarried\n25.TolearnEnglishwell,weshouldfindopportunitiestohearEnglish___________(speak)asmuchaswecan.(江苏)26.Heisverypopularamonghisstudentsashealwaystriestomakethem____________(interest)inhislectures.(江苏)27.Energydrinksarenotallowed________(make)inAustraliabutarebroughtinfromNewZealand.(上海)28.Myadvisorencouragedme________(take)asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.(北京)spokeninterestedtobemadetotake\n29.Myparentshavealwaysmademe________(feel)goodaboutmyself,evenwhenIwastwelve.(江苏)30.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher________(grow)upfromchildhood.(全国)31.Themotherfeltherself________(grow)coldandherhandstrembledasshereadtheletterfromthebattlefield.(上海)32.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade________(learn).Healwaysworkshard.(全国)feelgrowgrowtolearn\n33.—Comeon,pleasegivemesomeideasabouttheproject.—Sorry.Withsomuchwork________(fill)mymind,Ialmostbreakdown.(福建)34.Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhiswork____________(finish),hegladlyacceptedit.(安徽)35.Withalotofdifficultproblems________(settle),thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.(上海)36.Thedirectorhadherassistant______(pick)upsomehotdogsforthemeeting.(全国)fillingfinishedtosettlepick\n37.—DidPeterfixthecomputerhimself?—Hehadit________(fix),becausehedoesn’tknowmuchaboutcomputers.(安徽)38.JennyhopesthatMr.SmithwillsuggestagoodwaytohaveherwrittenEnglish________(improve)inashortperiod.(福建)39.Helenhadtoshouttomakeherself________(hear)abovethesoundofthemusic.(广西)40.Peterreceivedaletterjustnow________(say)hisgrandmawouldcometoseehimsoon.(四川)fixedimprovedheardsaying\n41.Asthelightturnedgreen,Istoodforamoment,not________(move),andaskedmyselfwhatIwasgoingtodo.(湖南)42.___________(walk)inthefieldsonaMarchafternoon,hecouldfeelthewarmthofspring.(安徽)43.______________(wait)inthequeueforhalfanhour,theoldmansuddenlyrealizedhehadleftthechequeinthecar.(福建)44.__________(blame)forthebreakdownoftheschoolcomputernetwork,Alicewasinlowspirits.(福建)movingWalkingHavingwaitedBlamed\n45.Hehurriedtothebookingofficeonly_____________(tell)thatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.(陕西)46.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,____________(make)itthemostpopularsportintheworld.(全国)47.Youweresillynot________________(lock)yourcar.(湖南)48.Ilikegettingupveryearlyinsummer.Themorningairissogood_____________(breathe).(宁夏)tobetoldmakingtohavelockedtobreathe\n49._____________(complete)theprojectasplanned,we’llhavetoworktwomorehoursaday.(湖南)50.When________(ask)whyhewentthere,hesaidhewassenttheretobetrainedforaspaceflight.(江西)51.Theflowershisfriendgavehimwilldieunless____________(water)everyday.(四川)52.When_____________(compare)differentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.(浙江)Tocompleteaskedwateredcomparing\n53.—Thelastone___________(arrive)paysthemeal.—Agree!(全国)54.Thetrees_________(blow)inthestormhavebeenmovedofftheroad.(湖南)55.Canthose_________(seat)atthebackoftheclassroomhearme?(福建)56.ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures________(form)inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.(广西)toarriveblownseatedforming\n57.—It’salongtimesinceIsawmysister.(全国)—Whynot________(visit)herthisweekend?58._________(search)thewebsiteoftheFireDepartmentinyourcity,andyouwilllearnalotaboutfirefighting.(湖南)59.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons__________(finish)fortheday.(重庆)60.________(give)thegeneralstateofhealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.(北京)visitSearchfinishedGiven\n-ingform—usedasanadjectiveoradverbGrammarandusage\n-ing形式作定语既可表示动作正在进行，此时相当于一个定语从句；又可表示所修饰名词的性质或用途。\narunningmanThemanrunninginthepictureisLiuXiang.attributeThemanwhoisrunninginthepictureisLiuXiang.相当于：\nRewritethefollowingsentenceswithattributiveclauses.TheteacherteachingusEnglishisMr.Qi.=TheteacherwhoisteachingusEnglishisMr.Qi.\nThepeoplesittingbehindusareallteachers.TheexpertcomingfromHuai’anisaladycalledMsCai.=Thepeoplewhoaresittingbehindusareallteachers.=TheexpertwhocomesfromHuai’anisaladycalledMsCai.\nTranslatethefollowingphrases.areadingroomawashingmachineanexcitingeveninganinterestingcrosstalk阅览室洗衣机激动人心的夜晚有趣的相声\n单个的-ing形式作定语，放在所修饰的名词前面；-ing短语作定语则放在所修饰的名词之后。\nasleepingcarasmokingroomlisteningpracticeanopeningspeechabookingofficerunningwater卧铺车吸烟室听力练习开幕词售票处自来水\nIheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.Inoticedalongqueueoutsidethebankwaitingforittoopen.2.The-ingform—usedasObjectComplement（-ing形式作宾语补足语）Thebabywatchedhisdadshavinghisfacewithgreatinterest.Wehavethefireburningallday.\n能跟-ing形式作宾语补足语的常见动词有：“五让、三看、两听、一注意、一发现、一感觉”。简单又好记！make,let,have,keep,leave,lookat,see,watch,hear,listento,notice,find,feel等。怎么记？\n1.Ourtripwasdisappointing.Wedidnotfindanyunusualplants.2.Theprogrammefortheweekendlooksexciting.Iamlookingforwardtoit.3.The-ingform—usedaspredicative(-ing形式作表语)\n4.Thenewswasshocking.Allthethreeboatshadsunkinthestorm.5.ThereportfromCookwasencouraging.Thecaptaindecidedtoattackthefollowingnight.6.Itwasastonishingtoseetheanimalsandplantsthatarefoundnowhereelseintheworld.\n1.Sixtymillionpeople_____(live)inruralareasaremovingtothecitieseveryyear.2.Thebottle_________(contain)thepoisonwassenttothelaboratory.PracticelivingcontainingFillintheblankswiththeverbgiveninitsproperform.\n3.Theman_____(sit)ontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.4.Whoisthatgirl_______(walk)alongtheriver?5.Thechildren_________(practise)playingtheviolinovertherewillgiveaperformancenextweek.sittingwalkingpractising\n6.Themanwithsun-glasses________(stand)nearacarisadetective.7.Theoldlady______(talk)tothechildrenisafamousmusician.8.Theperson_________(translate)thesongscanspeaksevenlanguages.standingtalkingtranslating\n9.Isawthem______(force)thedooropenwithahammer.10.Weheardthem_________(quarrel)aboutmoneyaftertheconcert;theylookedveryangry.11.Iheardhim________(drop)lotsofcoinsintothecollectingtin.forcingquarrelingdropping\n12.Youcanseethem__________(perform)everynightthisweekattheNewTheatre.13.Icouldhearthem__________(whisper)toeachotherduringthefirstpartoftheplay.14.Wewatchedthearmy_______(march)downthestreettowardsthepark.performingwhisperingmarching\n15.Isawthepeople_______(enter)thetheatre,andtherewere286ofthem.16.Wewatchedthreeoldmen_______(share)theirfoodwitheachother.17.Wewatchedthechildren______(dive)intothewaterfromthetopdivingboard.18.Inoticedyou_______theperformerswiththeticketsales.Thatwaskindofyou.enteringsharingdivinghelping\nHavingworkedsidebysidewithmanyenvironmentalists,Iknowthatahealthyenvironmentandstableeconomyshouldbepossibleatthesametime.Averb-inghasperfectform,e.g.,havingworked\n1.作时间状语-ing短语作时间状语要置于句首。如：Hearingthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.=Whentheyheardthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。\nHavingreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowriteback.=AfterIhadreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowriteback.收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。2.作原因状语-ing短语作原因状语置于句首。如：Beingsoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.\n=Becausehewassoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.因为太生气了，他不能入睡。HavingbeentotheGreatWallmanytimes,hedidn’tgolastweek.=Because(As)hehadbeentotheGreatWallmanytimes,hedidn’tgolastweek.因为他已经去过长城许多次，上周他就没去。\n3.作条件状语-ing作条件状语置于句首或句末。如：Workinghard,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。Beinggivenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.\n=Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.如果对这些树再多注意些，它们可能长得更好。4.作让步状语-ing短语作让步状语，可置于句首或句末，常与evenif,though连用。如：\nThoughworkingfrommorningtillnight,hisfatherdidn’tgetenoughfood.=Althoughhisfatherworkedfrommorningtillnight,hedidn’tgetenoughfood.虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是他还是挣不到足够的吃的。\n5.作伴随状语置于句首或句末。如：Theycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughing.=Theysangandlaughed;theycameintotheclassroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。\nWhenworkinginthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.=Whenheworkedinthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.注意：1.-ing短语与when,while,though,until,if等连词连用时，相当于这些连词引导的一个从句。如：\nThoughwillingtoattendtheparty,herefusedtheinvitation.=Thoughhewaswillingtoattendtheparty,herefusedtheinvitation.WhilestayinginBeijing,hecametoseemetwice.=WhilehewasstayinginBeijing,hecametoseemetwice.\nIfplayingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.=Ifyouplayallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.Thoughrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.=Thoughitwasrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.\n2.动词-ing形式在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语与主句的主语保持一致。如：Hetraveledontheplanelikethis,keepingthetortoisehiddeninablanket.=Whenhetraveledontheplanelikethis,hekeptthetortoisehiddeninablanket.\n1.a.Hearingthenews,tearsrandownherface.b.Hearingthenews,shecriedoutsadly.2.a.Enteringtheclassroom,Ifoundnobodyinit.b.Enteringtheclassroom,nobodywasfoundinit.Choosethecorrectsentence.\n3.a.Lookingoutthroughthewindow,thegardenwasbeautiful.b.Lookingoutthroughthewindow,wesawabeautifulgarden.4.a.Readingtheeveningnewspaper,adogstartedbarking.b.Iwasreadingtheeveningnewspaperwhenadogstartedbarking.\n5.a.Beingfine,wewillhavethesportsmeetingnextweek.b.Itbeingfine,wewillhavethesportsmeetingnextweek.-ing形式的否定式为在其前面加not。如：Hesatthere,notknowingwhattosay.\n1.Theircarwascaughtinatrafficjam,thus____thedelay.A.tocauseB.causingC.causedD.cause2.OnebyonePetersoldhisbitsandpieces,____onlyamiteoftheirworth.A.gettingB.gotC.togetD.getExercise\n3.Afterseeingthemovie,_____.A.thebookwasreadbyhimB.thebookmadehimwanttoreaditC.hewantedtoreadthebookD.thereadingofthebookinterestedhim\n-edform—usedasanadjectiveoradverbGrammarandusage\n一、The-ingform—usedasAttribute（-ing形式作定语）Thesefemalepigsarecloned.Sowecallthem______pigsThesefemalepigsarecloned.Sowecallthempigs________________that/whichareclonedcloned\nThekidnapperswereusinga______car.(steal)Thename________intheletterwasunknowntome.（mention)Thefiremenwererescuingthepeople_____inthefire.(trap)stolenmentionedtrappedScientificexperimentswhicharecarriedoutbystudentscanbedangerous.Scientificexperiments____________bystudentscanbedangerous.carriedout\nAfewverb-edsbeforenounscanexpresspastmeaningsinsteadofpassivemeanings.boilingwater比较boiledwaterfallentrees/leavesescapedanimalsaretiredpresidentalostenvelopefallingleavesanescapingcriminalaretiringpresident比较\nWecanalsoputanadverborsomethingelsebeforeaverb-edtoformacompoundverb-edform.广泛运用的技术训练有素的工人手写的信件欠发达地区受过良好教育的市民倍受尊敬的教授awidely-usedtechniquewell–trainedworkershand-writtenlettersunderdevelopedregionswell-educatedcitizensawell-respectedprofessor\nRewritethefollowingsentenceswithverb-edform.Ithinkcloningthatisdonebyscientistsisdangerous.Theproblemsthatarecreatedbycloningwillbeclear.Ithinkcloningdonebyscientistsisdangerous.Theproblemscreatedbycloningwillbeclear.\nWedon’twantbeaststhatarecreatedbyscientiststoreplaceusoneday.Theonlythingthatisneededisacellfromyouroldpet.Wedon’twantbeastscreatedbyscientiststoreplaceusoneday.Theonlythingneededisacellfromyouroldpet.\n二．Theverb-edformcanalsobeusedaspredicativeofasentence.eg.MygrandfatherwasdelightedtohearIhadpassedexamsTheproblemstayed______________after3days’discussion.(unsettle)unsettled注意：getverb+ed.de结构eg.getpaid/injured/hurt…….AswejoinedthebigcrowdIgot_________frommyfriends.（01全国）（A）A.separatedB.sparedC.lostD.missed\nSarah,hurryup.I’mafraidyouwon’thavetimeto______beforetheparty.（04全国I）AgetchangedBgetchangeCgetchangingDgettochange工人们都是按月计酬的Mary终于从那次受伤中恢复过来了Workersgetpaidbythemonth.Maryfinallygotrecoveredfromtheinjury.Weneedtofurtherdiscusstheproblem__unsolved.remainedB.toremainC.remainingD.toberemained\n三．Theverb-edformcanbeusedasobjectcomplementofasentence.eg.1).AsheknowsverylittleEnglish,hefindsitdifficulttomakehimself__________.(understand)2).I________________________yesterday.(寄信）3).Youmustmakeyourself＿＿＿＿whenyoutalkinfrontoftheclass.（hear)4).Aftertherobbery,theyfoundthewindows________.(break)5).Youmustn’tmakethesecretbetweenus________tothepublic.(know)understoodhadmyletterdeliveredheardbrokenknown\nThemanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_______thenextyear.A．carryoutB．carryingoutC．carriedoutD．tocarryoutHelenhadtoshout_____abovethesoundofthemusic.(2004高考广西卷)makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard\n四．Theverb-edformcanbeusedasadverbialofasentencetoexpress1).TimeWhentakentothehospital,theboybegantocrySeenfromthespace,theearthlooksblue.Whenhewastakentothehospital,theboybegantocryWhenitisseenfromspace,theearthlooksblue.\nItshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhen___atthemeetingbymyboss.（04全国IV）AquestioningBhavequestionedCquestionedDtobequestionedintroduceWhenfirst_____________tothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.Whenfirst____________myselftomyparents-in-law,Ifeltabitnervous.introducedintroducingWheneverIamintrouble,Iwilllockmyselfaloneathome,always_______________myselfmanywhys.(question)questioning\n2).ReasonShockedbythearticle,thewomanwrotealettertothenewspaper.Becausehewasshockedbythearticle,thewoman…..Digitally_________(record)inthestudio,thedisccancarrymuchmoreinformationthannormalones.recordedBecauseitwasdigitallyrecordedinthestudio,thedisc….\n1).＿＿＿＿bythebeautyofnature,thegirlfromLondondecidedtospendanothertwodaysonthefarm.（04辽宁）2)._______alargenumberofpeople,theshowwasindeedagreatsuccess.A．AttractingB．AttractedC．TobeattractedD．HavingattractedBA\n3).ConditionTreatedwithelectricity,thecelltissuewillsplitintoseveralparts.Ifitistreatedwithelectricity,thecelltissuewillsplitintoseveralparts.Ifitistakenthreetimesaday,themedicinewillworkbetter.Takenthreetimesaday,themedicinewillworkbetter._____time,he’llmakeafist-classtennisplayer.A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given\n五．verb-ingandverb-edasadjectives\nThisisso________alessonthatsomanystudentsare_______ofit.(bore)相似动词总结：tire/disappoint/move/exciting/frustrate/touchsatisfy/amaze/convince/encourage/exhaust……..boringbored\naninterestingcrosstalk有趣的相声BecauseofinterestingperformancesgivenbyFenggongandNiuqun,Ihavebecomeinterestedincrosstalk.\nThisisan____________winoverthebestteaminthisregion.(encourage)Hewasso_____________inthisexamthathisinstructorwas____________.(disappoint)Theywereall______________(move)bythe____________story.(touch)Withsomany________evidences,thepolicearenow_________thathehascommittedthecrime.(convince)encouragingdisappointingdisappointedmovedtouchingconvincingconvinced\nMr.Smith,_____ofthe_____speech,startedtoreadanovel.（03北京春季）A．tired;boringB．tiring;boredC．tired;boredD．tiring;boring\nAfterhisjourneyfrontabroad,RichardJonesreturnedhome,_____exhausting          B.exhaustedC.beingexhausted    D.havingexhaustedShelefttherestaurant,disappointed.Shelefttherestaurantandwasdisappointed.他度假回家，累的要死Hearrivedbackhomefromvacation,deadtired.\n几个特殊的过去分词的运用：lost/given/dressed/seatedlost:Icannotfindmylostwallet.Whenhecameintomyroom,Iwaslostinthought.Heisnotunderstoodbyhisfriends,soheoftensitsalone,feelingextremelylostgiven:鉴于，考虑到;指定的,规定的Givenhishealth,wewillhavetosendforadoctor.Givenmoretime,Iwilldothejobbetter.Wearetofinishthetaskatthegiventime相当于considering\n________thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.（2000北京春季）GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven_____inawhiteuniform,helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.（05湖南卷）DressedB.TodressC.DressingD.Havingdressed\nThepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtoremain_____astheplanewasmakingalanding.（04上海春季）A.seatB.seatingC.seatedD.tobeseating________inthemountainsforaweek,thetwostudentswerefinallysavedbythelocalpolice(05江苏卷)A.HavinglostB.LostC.BeinglostD.Losing\nTheAttributiveClause(定语从句)\n从句的特点1.从句也要符合句子的基本结构2.从句只是做为句子某一成分出现的3.从句的关联词是从句开始的标志\nThegirlwhoisstandingthereisMary.whoisstandingthere先行词关系词whoisstandingthere\n判断关系词在定语从句中做什么成分？1.Themanwho/thatcametoourschoolisMr.Wang.2.Thegirl(whom/that/who)ImetisLucy.3.Helivesintheroomwhosedoor/thedoorofwhichisgreen.4.Ilikethebook(which/that)youboughtyesterday.5.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyonewhosefamilywaspoor.6.Ilikethepersontowhomyoujusttalked.\n7.Itsoundedlikeatrainthat/whichwasgoingundermyhouse.8.Weshallneverforgetthedayswhenwelivedtogether.9.Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.10.Thisisthehousewhere/inwhichhelivedlastyear.11.Canyoutellmethereasonwhyyouarelateforschool.\n掌握定语从句的关键关系词主语宾语定语状语人物that/whothat/who/whomthat/whichthat/whichwhose+n.the+n.+ofwhichofwhich+the+n.介词+关系词WhenWherewhy\n考点一：that和which1.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythinghehadstolen.2.ThisisthebestbookI’veeverread.3.Theonlythingmattersistofindourwayhome.4.Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersons______wesawthen.5.Sheheardaterriblenoise,broughtherheartintohermouth6.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingthewindows,mostofhadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.(that)(that)that(that)whichwhichthatwhich可互换，下列情况要照办，that用法比较多不妨对你说一说：不定代词这路货要用that准没错；先行词前有限制千万不要用which;要用which别着急；介词提前逗隔离。\nConsolidationHismoviewonseveralawardsatthefilmfestival,________wasbeyondhiswildestdream.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it2.Hewaseducatedatthelocalhighschool,____hewenttoBeijingUniversity.afterwhichB.afterthatC.inwhichD.inthat\n3.Tomhandedeverything______hehadfoundintheparktothepolice.thatB.whatC.whichD.whatever4.Thisisoneofthebestfilms______thisyear.theyhavebeenshownB.thathasbeenshownC.thathavebeenshownD.whichhasbeenshown\n1.Thefarm_________Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook.2.Isthisthehouse_____________Shakespearewasborn?3.Inthedarkstreettherewasn'tasingleperson__________shecouldturnforhelp.4.TheEnglishplay________mystudentsactedattheNewYear'spartywasagreatsuccess.inwhich/wheretowhominwhich考点二:介词+关系代词（which/whom）onwhich\n解题方法：还原法即把先行词还原回到定语从句中，观察先行词在定语从句中做什么成分.一找二查三选：定语从句和先行词：先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分即定语从句中的动词和先行词的搭配：适合的关系词\n5.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,_____________hecouldseewhatwasgoingoninsidethehouse.6.Luckily,we’dbroughtaroadmap____________wewouldhavelostourway.7.Thisistheteacher___________wehavelearnedalot.8.Thegentleman_____________youtalkedtomeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.fromwhomaboutwhom考点二:介词+关系代词（which/whom）throughwhichwhichwithout\n1.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,_______wasveryreasonable.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhichC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose2.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone___theycantalkfrequently.A.who               B.asC.aboutwhich     D.withwhomShowyourselfoff!\n3.Isawawomanrunningtowardsmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas,shehadrunbackinthedirection________shehadcome.A.ofwhichB.bywhichC.inwhichD.fromwhich4.Johnaskedthepoliceman__________heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.A.withhimB.whoC.withwhomD.whom\n1.Therearetwobuildings,________standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.thelargerB.thelargerofthemC.thelargeronethatD.thelargerofwhich2.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%_______aresoldabroad.ofwhichB.whichofC.ofthemD.ofthat3.Iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking,thefirst________Ireallyenjoyed.A.ofthatB.ofwhichC.thatD.whichShowyourselfoff!\n4.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,_______thesailingtimewas226days.A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich5.Therearealtogetherelevenbooksontheshelf,______fivearemine.Aonwhich      BinwhichCofwhich      Dfromwhich\n考点三:先行词是表示时间，地点，原因的名词时关系代词与关系副词引导定语从句的区别1.AfterlivinginParisfor50yearshereturnedtothesmalltown______hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when2.Itwasanexcitingmomentforthesepeoplethisyear,______forthefirsttimetheirteamwontheWorldCup.A.thatB.whileC.whichD.when作主宾that/which作状语when/why/where\n3.Thefactory_____wewillvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich4.Anyway,thatevening,____Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater,Iendedupstayingathisplace.A.whenB.whereC.whatD.which5.Iwillneverforgetthedays_____weworkedtogetherandthedays___wespenttogether.A.when;whichB.which;whenC.what;thatD.onwhich;when\n6.---Whatdoyouthinkofteaching,Bob?---Ifinditfunandchallenging.Itisajob____youaredoingsomethingseriousbutinteresting.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that7.Moart’sbirthplaceandthehouse_______hecomposed‘TheMagicFlute’arebothmuseumsnow.A.whereB.whenC.thereD.which8.Lifeislikealongrace_____wecompetewithotherstogobeyondourselves.A.whyB.whatC.thatD.where\n9.She’llneverforgetherstaythere_____shefoundhersonwhohadgonemissingtwoyearsbefore.thatB.whichC.whereD.when10.Becauseofthefinancialcrisis,daysaregone____local5-starhotelscharged6,000yuanforonenight.ifB.whenC.whichD.though11.Somepre-schoolchildrengotoaday-center,______theylearnsimplegamesandsongs.A.thenB.thereC.whileD.where\n12.Thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivity____sightmattersmorethanhearing.whenB.whoseC.whichD.where13.Occasionsarequiterare____Ihavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.A.whoB.whichC.whyD.when\n考点四:as/which1.Theearthisround,_____isknowntoall.2._____isknowntoall,theearthisround.3.______isknowntoallthattheearthisround.4.ThisisthesamepenasIlost.ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.5.Thisissuchaninterestingbook__wealllike.Thisissointerestingabook_____wealllike.Thisissuchaninterestingbook___wealllikeit.Thisissointerestingabook____wealllikeit.which/asAsItasasthatthat1.as引导定语从句在从句中做主语或宾语2.as可引导非限制性从句，带有‘正如,正像’asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpected,as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。3.当先行词被thesame；such;so;as修饰时用as引导限制性定语从句。\n1._____isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.it      B.As       C.That          D.What2. ____isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.A.Which      B.When       C.What       D.As3.___Iexplainedonthephone,yourrequestwillbeconsideredatthenextmeeting.A．When      B．After     C．As     D．Since\nway作先行词后跟定语从句的情况：1/Hemanagedtoachievehisgoalinaway___________youthoughtwasimpossible.2/Theway________________heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.3/Theway________________heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.4/Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuttheway___________________hesaidit.that/whichthat/inwhich/省略(that/which)that/inwhich/省略\ncase/situation/point/condition/place/position状况，情形引导定从做状语where/inwhich做宾语(that/which)1.We’retryingtoreachapoint____bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.2.Ithinkyouhavegottothepoint_____achangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.whichBwhere/inwhich\n3.Ifsomethingisdog-eat-dog,itisasituation_____peoplehavetotakecareofthemselvesandlookaftertheirowninterests.A.onwhichB.inwhichC.bywhichD.forwhich4.He’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwhereheislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.B\n5.IcanthinkofmanycaseswherestudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn’twriteagoodessay.6.Today,we’lldiscussanumberofcases______beginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.(07陕西)A.whichB.asC.whyD.whereD\n7.Aftergraduationshereachedapointinhercareer_____sheneededtodecidewhattodo.(07江西)A.thatB.whatC.whichD.where8.——Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourselves?    ——Yes，there’sonepoint_____wemustinsiston．(江西)     A．why         B．whereC．how     D．/DD\nGrammar\nLookatthefollowingsentences.Payattentiontothedifferences:Thisisthebookthatyouaskedmetobuy.Thisisthejustbookthatyouaskedmetobuy.Iknowhisphonenumber.Idoknowhisphonenumber.function?\nEmphasis用词或短语帮助强调so,very,just,theonlyYouaretheverypersonIamlookingfor.Mendon’tenjoyshoppingatall.Whatonearthareyoudoing?Whyintheworldareyoualwayslate?atall,onearthintheworldYouaretheonlypersonwhoishonestinthisworld.\n用助动词帮助强调Dobecareful!Hedidtellmethenews.Shedoeslovetalking.强调谓语（predicate）有人称和数的变化Doteachhimalesson!\nItisIwhoamwrong.Itisinasmallfactorythatmybrotherisgoingtowork.强调句型Whatkindofsentencesarethey？\n强调句型(sentencepattern)1.构成(structure)Itis/was+强调部分+that(who/whom)+其他成分强调除谓语以外的句子成分强调人只能是单数\nTheywillhaveameetinginthehalltomorrow.强调主语Itistheythat/whowillhaveameetinginthehalltomorrow.强调宾语Itisameetingthattheywillhaveinthehalltomorrow.强调地点状语Itisinthehallthattheywillhaveameetingtomorrow.强调时间状语Itistomorrowthattheywillhaveameetinginthehall.\n2.强调句型的注意点\nItisyourfatherwhoiswrongthistime.ItishisparentswhohavecometoChina.①主谓一致：被强调部分作主语时，其形式与谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。主语谓语一致\nItisMarywhooften____(help/helps)mewithmyEnglish.ItisIthat____(be)againstyou.ItistheboystudentsofClassTwowho____playingfootballontheplayground.helpsamare\n②人称照应：强调主语用主格，强调宾语用宾格。ItisIwhoamwrong.ItwasherwhomIsawinthestreetjustnow.主语主格宾语宾格\n这次得冠军的是她。Itwas____thatwonthechampionshipthistime.你明天要去采访的是他。sheItishimwhoyouwillinterviewtomorrow.\nItmustbePeterwhohasletthissecretout.ItmaybenextweekthatsheleavesforTokyo.Itmightbelastnightthatthethiefbrokeintheirhouse.③be前面可加情态动词\n④问句形式：一般问句：Is/Wasit+被强调部分+that+----Isitthedictionarythatyouarelookingfor?Wasityesterdaythathewasfired?\nWhatisitthatyouwantmetodo?Whowasitthattoldyouthenews?Whenwasitthatyoucalledme?Howwasitthatyousucceed?特殊问句：疑问词+is/was+it+that+-----\n他想申请的是这家公司吗？________________thathewantstoapplyfor?你们是在哪里买到这本小说的？IsitthiscompanyWherewasitthatyouboughtthenovel?\nIdidn’trealizewhattroublehewasinuntilatthattime.ItwasnotuntilatthattimethatIrealizedwhattroublehewasin.⑤当强调not…until结构时，必须将notuntil连用,后面接肯定式。\nTheteacherdidn’tstophislessonuntilthebellrang.(改成强调句）Itwasnotuntilthebellrangthattheteacherstoppedhislesson.直到他父亲来了男孩才开始做作业。Itwasnotuntilhisfathercamethattheboybegantodohishomework.\n把“Itis/was---that”去掉，如果剩余部分句子结构仍然完整，那么这个句子就是强调句；如果句子不完整，则不是强调句。如：ItistruethatheoncewenttoAmerica.Itwasat8o’clockthathecameback.主语从句强调句型3.强调句型的判断\n1.Itwasatthetheatre__________Lincolnwasmurdered.A.whereB.atwhichC.whichD.that2.Itwasthetheatre_________Lincolnwasmurdered.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.theone\nItwasmidnight_____hecameback.Itwasatmidnight____hecameback.whenthatItisintheclassroom_____wewillhavethetest.Itistheclassroom_______wewillhavethetest.thatwhere\n4.强调句型高考考点1）强调句型与定语从句合用，增加试题迷惑性。ItwasonthedaywhenhejoinedthePartythathewaskilled.他正是在入党的那天被杀害的。定语从句\nItwasinBeihaiPark________theymetforthefirsttime________theoldcoupletoldustheirlovestory.A.where;thatB.that;thatC.where;whenD.that;when该题中“theymetforthefirsttime”为被强调部分“BeihaiPark”的定语()\n2）强调句型与宾语从句合用，强调句型用于宾语从句,为一大热门考点。例如:Shelookssad.Couldyoupleasetellme________thatpreventsherfrombeingashappyasbefore?A.whatitisB.itiswhatC.howitisD.itishow()\nExercises:\n1.---Wasitin1969_____theAmericanastronautsucceeded_____landingonthemoon﹖---Quiteright.A.when;onB.that;onC.when;inD.that;in\n2.Itwas_____hesaid_____disappointedme.A.what;thatB.that;thatC.what;whatD.that;what3._____isnopossibility______Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;whetherB.It;thatC.There;thatD.It;whether\n4.--Wherewas＿＿＿＿youpickedupthewallet﹖--Justneartheschoolgate.A.itB.itthatC.theplaceD.theplacethat5.Imustfindoutwhy＿＿＿＿somanystudentsmadethesamemistake.A.isitthatB.wasitwhichC.itiswhatD.itwasthat\n6.＿＿isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ItC.ThatD.This7.Ourclassroomisveryclean.Doyouknowwho＿＿cleanedit﹖A.wasitthatB.itwasthatC.wasitwhoD.hewas\n8.Isitinthefactory＿＿youvisitedlastweek＿＿thiskindofcarismade﹖A.／；thatB.where；whenC.where；thatD.／；when9.Itwas_____1920＿＿regularradiobroadcastsbegan.A.until;whenB.notuntil;whenC.until;thatD.notuntil;that\n10.Itistenyears________MissGaoreturnedtoChina.A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.as11.Itwillbethreeyears________wegettogetheragain.A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.before\n倒装结构inversion\n英语句子的自然语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序被称为“倒装”。谓语全部放在主语之前，为全部倒装；只把助动词，连系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，为部分倒装。倒装的原因，一是语法结构的需要（如某些疑问句）；二是为了强调；三是保持句子的平衡或是上下文紧密相接。\n一、全部倒装（谓语全部放在主语之前）此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时\n1.therebe句型,其中be动词有时可exist,live,stand,lie,seem,appear,remain,happen等词代替(全部倒装）1)Thereisanexperiencedteacherandmanylovelystudentsintheclassroom.2.方位词in,out,there,here,inside,outside,up,down,away,off,downstairs,upstairs等以及now,then放在句首时，谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run等，并且句子的主语是名词。（全部倒装）注意：主语是人称代词时，仍用自然语序。Awaytheywent.(=Theywentaway.)2)Therelayawindingbrookinfrontofanoldhouse.2)Nowcomesyourturntosweepthefloor.1)AwayflewthebirdwhichIboughtyesterday.\n3.直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，有时用倒装。（全部倒装）“What’sup,Tom?”askedMother.“Thecarismine,”saidTom.注意：主语是代词时，不倒装。“Thecarismine,”hesaid.4.为了平衡句子结构的需要,或为了强调状语(常为介词短语)，或为了使上下文紧密衔接时，将状语提前（全部倒装）1)Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.2)Nearbywerethecanoesinwhichtheyhadcometotheisland.\n5.主语太长，表语太短，为了平衡句子结构的需要,将表语提前。（全部倒装）1.Insidethepyramidaretheburialroomsforthekingsandqueens.2.Gonearethedayswhenweareenslaved.3.Presentatthemeetingaretenfamouswriters.such和be连用作表语时，也常用倒装语序，如：1.Suchwasnothisintention.4.Amongthechildrenwasanoldman.2.Sucharethefacts.\n二、部分倒装把助动词，连系动词或情态动词放在主语之前\n1.用于疑问句。（部分倒装）Shalleverythingbereadybeforeyouarrive?WhatcanIdoforyou?注意：疑问词做主语或修饰主语时，主谓不颠倒.Whocanworkitout?Howmanystudentshavereadthisbook?2.用于省略if的虚拟条件从句中，should/were/had被放在句首。（部分倒装）1)HadInotadoptedmyclassteacher’sadvice,Iwouldhavemadesuchaseriousmistake.2)Weresheyou,shewouldtellherparentsthetruth.3)ShouldIearnmoney,Ishouldlivebetter.\n3、so,as,neither,nor,nomore位于句首，表示前面的情况也适合于另一人或物时。（部分倒装）TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.Ifyouwon'tgo,neitherwillI.--DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother?--Idon'tknow,_____.A.nordon'tIcare　B.nordoIcareC.Idon'tcareneitherD.Idon'tcarealso注意：若只是表示对前面所述内容的肯定，确认，主谓不倒装TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.“It'sraininghard.”“Soitis.”\n4.含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首，如hardly,rarely,seldom,scarcely,barely,never,not,few,little,neither,nor,notonly,hardly…when,innocase,bynomeans,nosooner…than,manyatime,often等。（部分倒装）1)Notuntilthe19thcenturywasthewrittenexaminationprobablyknown.2)Notonlywaseverythinghehadtakenawayfrom,butalsohisGermancitizenship.3)Notasinglemistakedidhemade.4)HardlyhadIreachedthebusstopwhenthebusstarted.\nHardlyanyonebelievethattoday.NotonlyyoubutalsoshehasbeentoBeijing.NeitherthegirlsnorJohnistoblame.1.Notonlyissheagoodsinger,butalsosheisagooddancer.2.NeitherdidhewatchTVnordidhegotothecinema.3.Notuntilitisdarkwillwecomehome.注意1：修饰或连接主语时，主谓不倒装Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance.注意2：如否定词不在句首不倒装，例如：\n5.only+状语（副词、介词短语、状语从句）放在句首时。（部分倒装）1)OnlythendidIrealizethevalueofreadingaloudeverymorning.2)Onlybymeansoftalkingcanweavoidmisunderstandingeachother.3)Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1918washeabletogethappilybacktowork.\n6.“so/such+表语/状语+that从句”结构中的so或such引导的表语/状语放在句首时。（部分倒装）1）Sofrightenedwassheinthedarknessthatshedidn’tdaretomoveatall.2）Suchalovelychildishethatallofuslovehim.3）Sohurriedlydidsheleavethatsheforgottoswitchoffthelights.\n7.用于形容词（名词/动词）+as/though的让步状语从句中。（特殊倒装）1)Proudastheyare,theyareafraidtoseeus.2)Childasheis,heknowsalot.(Asmallchildasheis,heknowsalot.)3)Tryhardastheywould,theycouldnotliftthebox.4)Youngestasheisinourclass,hispronunciationisthebest.\n8.用于表示祝愿和祝福之类的句子中。（部分倒装或全部倒装）1）Mayyousucceed/behappy!2)LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!\nExercises:1.Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver_____howseriousthepollutionwas.A.didthevillagersrealizeB.thevillagersrealizeC.thevillagersdidrealizeD.didn’tthevillagersrealize2.Itwasnotuntil1920____regularradiobroadcastsbegan.A.whileB.whichC.thatD.since3.IfinallygotthejobIdreamedabout.Neverinallmylife_____sohappy.A.didIfeelB.IfeltC.IhadfeltD.hadIfelt\n4.—Whycan'tIsmokehere?—Atnotime_______inthemeeting-room.A.issmokingpermittedB.smokingispermittedC.smokingisitpermittedD.doessmokingpermit5.Nosooner_______thanitbegantorainheavily.A.thegamebegan　B.hasthegamebegunC.didthegamebegin　D.hadthegamebegun6.—DoyouknowTomboughtanewcar?—Idon'tknow,_______.A.nordon'tIcare　B.nordoIcareC.Idon'tcareneither　D.Idon'tcarealso\n7._____canyouexpecttogetapayrise.A.WithhardworkB.AlthoughworkhardC.OnlywithhardworkD.Nowthatheworkshard8.Now____Sally’sturntokeepguard.A.thereisB.isgoingC.hascomeD.comes9.Notonly_____pollutedbut_____crowded.A.wasthecity;werethestreetsB.thecitywas;werethestreetsC.wasthecity;thestreetswereD.thecitywas;thestreetswere\n10.So___thatnofishcanliveinit.A.thelakeisshallowB.shallowthelakeisC.shallowisthelakeD.isthelakeshallow11.Little_____abouthisownsafety,thoughhewasingreatdangerhimself.A.doeshecareB.didhecareC.hecaresD.hecared12.Wasitin1969_____theAmericanastronautsucceeded____landingonthemoon.A.when;onB.that;onC.when;inD.that;in\n13.______forthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetothefilmssooften.A.IfitisnotB.WereitnotC.HaditnotbeenD.Iftheywerenot14.---Davidhasmadegreatprogressrecently.---_____,and______.A.Sohehas;soyouhaveB.Sohehas;sohaveyouC.Sohashe;sohaveyouD.Sohashe;soyouhave15.Here____thegoodnewsforeverymanandeverywomanwho____inthetown.A.is;liveB.is;livesC.are;liveD.are;lives\nGrammarReviewtheuseof“It”\n1.用作人称代词,代表前面提到的人或事。1)Who’sit?___me.2)Lookatthepicture.__isapictureofourschool.It’sIt2.用于代替指示代词this和that。---Isthisjacketyours?---Yes,__is.it\n3.用以表示时间、距离、天气、气候、季节、环境等。1)Itishalfpasteightnow.2)It’sonlyhalfanhour’swalkfromheretoourschool.3)Ihopethatitwillbefinetomorrow.TimeDistanceWeather\n4)It’sspringnow.5)It’squiethere.SeasonCircumstance4.作引导词,在句中作形式主语或形式宾语,代替后面的短语或从句。1)Insteadof“todo”ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishwell.\nIfounditnecessarytotellhimaboutthematter.2)Insteadof“doing”Itisnousequarrellingwithhimaboutit.Ithinkitnogoodtalkingtoher.\n3)Insteadof“clause”Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherhewillcomeornot.Ithinkitnecessarythatwewillattendthemeeting.\n5.用于强调句型中It+be+被强调部分+that/who(aperson)从句e.g.ImetTomintheparkyesterday.1)ItwasIwhometTomintheparkyesterday.2)ItwasTomwhoImetintheparkyesterday.\n3)ItwasintheparkthatImetTomyesterday.4)ItwasyesterdaythatImetTominthepark.\nShedidn’tgotobeduntilherfathercameback.1)Notuntilherfathercamebackdidshegotobed.2)Itwasnotuntilherfathercamebackthatshewenttobed.\n1)ItisreportedthatChinahaslaunchedanotherman-madesatellite.2)Itisorderedthatthesoldiersshouldcrosstheriveratonce.3)Itseemsthathehaslearntthenews.Notice\n4)IthappenedthatItooknomoneywithme.5)Itmattersverymuchwhethertogoornot.6)Itsurprisedmethathefailedtopasstheexam.7)ItwasnotlongbeforehereturnedtoBeijing.\n8)Itwillbelongbeforehecomesback.9)ItisfiveyearssincehejoinedtheParty.10）ItwasOctorberwhenwemetinShanghai\nDoes_____matterifhecan’tfinishthejobontime.A.thisB.thatC.heDit2.They are all classmates.___isnowonder ___ they should help each other with their studies．A.This；whether    B.It;ifC.That；that    D.It；thatPractice\n3.I don’t think___possible to master aforeign language without much memory work. A. this      B. that      C. its      D. it4.Was it during the SecondWorld War___he died? A. that  B. while  C. in whichD. then\n5.It was not until 1920___regularradiobroadcastsbegan.A. while  B. whichC. that D. since6.It was  about 600 years ago ___the first o’clock with a face and an hour hand was made. A. that   B. until   C. before   D. when\n7.It was only when I reread this poemsrecently____I beganto appreciatetheir beauty.  A. until   B. that C. then  D. so8.Was ____ that I sawlast nightattheconcert?   A. it you   B. not youC. you  D. that yourself\n9.It was five o’clock in the afternoon __they climbed up to the top of the mountain.A.sinceB.when C.that   D.until10.It was at five o‘clock in theafternoon___theyclimbed up to the topof the mountain．A.sinceB.when C.that   D.until\n11.Is___necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?A.thisB.thatC.itD.he12.I’mquiteabletoaffordthesuit._____istoocheap.A.ItB.WhichC.ItsD.There\n13.____isapitythatheshouldbeabsentfromthemeetingtoday.A.ThereB.ThatC.ItD.He14.---____isweekssincehewasdrunk.Hehasn’tbeendrunksomuchlikethis.A.HeB.ItC.ThatD.There\n15.---Mymotherlovesmusic,butshecan’tsing.---So_____me.A.isitB.itisC.itiswithD.itissowith16.____nousearguingaboutsuchamatterwithhim.A.ThereB.ItisC.ThatisD.Thisis