初中英语语法专项名词 6页

初中英语语法专项名词（讲义）　　一、名词（n.）表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词　　（一）名词的分类　　名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。可数名词包括个体名词（表示一类人或物的个体。如：boy,desk,cat,window）和集体名词（由若干个体组成的集合体。如：family,class,police）。不可数名词包括物质名词（表示无法分为个体的实物。如：water,paper,silk,money）和抽象名词（表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework）专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如：Tom,theGreatWall,theSpringFestival,France,theUnitedStates）　　（二）名词的数　　1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：　（1）一般情况下,在词尾加s.eg.book--books,dog--dogs,pen--pens,boy--boys　　（2）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.　　eg.beach-beaches,brush-brushes,bus-buses,box-boxes（es读音为〔iz〕（3）以"辅音字母＋y"结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加eeg.city--cities,family--families,　　（注：以"元音字母+y"结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days）　　（4）以元音字母o结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下：　　①加eg.tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.zoo-zoos,radio--radios　　③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg.piano-pianos　　④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s,eg.photo（photograph）--photos,kilo（kilogram）kilos　　⑤zero变复数时，既可加s,也可加eg.zeros／zeroes　　（5）以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es.eg.wife--wives,leaf-leaves,half--halves,knife-knives,thief--thieves（res读音为[vz]　　妻子骑牛拿起刀,wife--wives;calf---calves;knife----knives;追得贼狼满街跑,thief---thieves;wolf----wolves碰倒架子丧己命,shelf---shelves;self---selves;life----lives手帕树叶半空飘.leaf----leaveshalf----halves　　（6）有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母。eg.man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,Englishman--Englishmen,Frenchman--Frenchmen,foot--feet,tooth--teeth,child--children,mouse-mice,Ox-Oxen（公牛）　　（7）还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fishworks　　（8）另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes　　另外,①当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。eg.anappletree,fiveappletrees,agirlfriend,twogirlfriends,atwinsister　　但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。　eg.twomenteachers,threewomendoctors　　②可用"量词+of+名词复数"这一结构表示可数名词的数量。eg.aroomOfstudents,two\nboxesOfpencils　　2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的"量"的表示方式如下。　（1）表不定数量时,一般用much,（a）little,alotof／lotsof,some,any等词修饰。（2）表确定数量时,一般用"数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如：two／three／...+量词复数十of+不可数名词。　　eg.abagOfrice,twoglassesOfmilk,fourbottlesOfwater　　3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。　　eg：fruit水果--fruits表示不同种类的水果；food食物--foods各种食品；fish鱼--fishes鱼的种类；drink饮料、酒--adrink一杯／一份饮料、一杯酒；cloth布--,acloth桌布、抹布；sand沙--sands沙滩；tea茶--atea一杯茶；chicken鸡肉--achicken小鸡；orange橘汁--anorange橘子；glass玻璃--aglass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜；paper纸--apaper试卷、论文；wood木头--awood小森林；room空间、余地--aroom房间　　（三）名词的所有格（表示人或物的所属关系）（1）有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。　　①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，在词尾加's.　eg.Mike'swatch；Women'sDay　　②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加'。　eg.teachers'office,students'rooms　　③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有，只需在最后一个名词后加's.　　eg.TomandMike'sroom汤姆和迈克的房间（表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房）　　④两个或两个以上名词并列，表示分别所有，需在几个名词后都加's.eg.Mary'sandJenny'sbikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车（表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车）⑤在表示"店铺，某某家，诊所"的名词所有格后面，一般省去被修饰的名词。athisbrother'satthedoctor'satthebarker'satMrread's　　⑥用所有格表示时间或距离的方法：tenminutes'drive十分钟车程，amonth'sholiday一个月的假期　　⑦用所有格表示节日的方法：Teachers'Day,Children'sDay.需要注意的是除了父亲节和母亲节其他节日我们都用名词复数的所有格表示，因为爸爸妈妈每个人就只有一个所以不用复数，Mother'sDay,Father'sDay（2）无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构　eg.amapofChina,thebeginningofthisgame,thedooroftheroom（3）特殊形式　　①可用's和of短语表示的名词所有格　　eg.theboy'sname=thenameOftheboy（男孩的名字）　thedog'slegs=thelegsofthedog（狗的腿）　　China'spopulation=thepopulationOfChina（中国的人口）China'scapital=thecapitalofChina（中国的首都）　　②双重所有格　　eg.afiendofmymother's我妈妈的一个朋友　apictureofTom's汤姆的一张图片(四)名词作主语时的主谓一致(1).如主语是单数,后跟with,togetherwith,aswellas,like,but,except等引导的短语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式.LiHuawithmeoftengoestothecinema.Thewomanwithtwochildreniscominghere.(2).复数形式单数内容的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式.\nThenewsissurprising.Mathsisanimportantsubject.(3).单数形式复数内容的名词作主语,谓语动词用复数形式.Thepolicehavecaughtthethief.Thepeoplethereareverykind.(4).一些集体名词如family,class,team等作主语时,若强调整体,谓语动词用单数形式,若强调个体,谓语动词用复数形式.Hisfamilyisnotalargeone.他家不是个大家庭。HerfamilyarewatchingTV.他全家人在看电视。Theteamisplayingverywell.这个队打得很出色。Theteamareallfamousplayersinourcountry.全体队员都是我国有名的运动员。(5).表示时间,金钱,距离的名词加s后,应视为一个整体,故谓语动词用单数形式.TwohoursisenoughforustogetthereOnehundreddollarsisenough.Fivekilometersisalongwayforthechildern.(6).复数名词shoes,trousers,glasses等由pair修饰时,谓语动词的单复数形式要由pair决定.Thepairofshoeslooksnice.Thattwopairsoftrousersarebothtoolong.(7)由and连接两个或两个以上的名词作主语时,如表示整体概念,谓语动词用单数形式.若表示个体概念,谓语动词用复数形式.Myoldfriendandclassmatehasjustcomebackfromabroad.我的老校友刚从国外回来.ThesingeranddanceristoattendourEnglishevening.那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家将参加我们的英语晚会.(8)"Thenumberof+复数名词"作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。"Anumberof+复数名词"作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。(9)neither...nor;either...or...;notonly...butalso等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要遵循就近原则。(10)of+抽象名词=形容词beofimportance=beimportant2．不可数名词"量"的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示"量"的概念，可以用以下两种方法：（1）用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any等表示多少，例如：Therichmanhasalotofmoney．Thereissomemilkinthebottle．Isthereanywaterintheglass？Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice．（2）用apieceof这类定语，例如：apieceofpaperapieceofwoodapieceofbreadabottleoforangeaglassofwater（milk）acupofteaacupofteaabagofricethreebagsofrice如果要表示"两杯茶"、"四张纸"这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：twocupsofteafourpiecesofpaperthreeglassesofwater不可数名词也可用alotof,lotsof,some,any,much等来修饰。初中英语语法专项习题1-名词1.()1Shewasveryhappy.Sheinthemathstest.A.makesafewmistakeB.madeafewmistakesC.madefewmistakesD.makesfewmistake()2Weneedsomemore____.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC.potatoesD.potatoe()3_____are____forcuttingthings.A.Knife/usedB.Knives/usedC.Knife/usingD.Knives/using()4Whatbig____thetigerhas!A.toothB.teethC.toothsD.toothes()5Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree___.A.leafsB.leavesC.leafD.leave\n()6-Canwehavesome___?-Yes,please.A.bananaB.orangesC.appleD.pear2()1Theygotmuch___fromthosenewbooks.A.ideasB.photosC.informationD.stories()2Hegaveus____onhowtokeepfit.A.someadvicesB.someadviceC.anadviceD.aadvice()3Whenwesawhisface,weknew___wasbad.A.somenewsB.anewsC.thenewsP.news()4What___lovelyweatheritis!A./B.theC.anD.a3()1-Wouldyoulike___tea?-No,thanks.Ihavedrunktwo____.A.any,bottlesoforangeB.some,bottlesoforangeC.many,bottlesoforangesD.few,bottleoforanges()2Heishungry.Givehim___toeat.A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbreadC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads()3Itreallytookhim:___todrawthenicehorse.A.sometimesB.hourC.longtimeD.sometime()4Iwouldliketohave___.A.twoglassesofmilkB.twoglassofmilkIC.twoglassesofmilksD.twoglassofmilks()5Canyougiveme____?A.ateaB.somecupofteaC.acupteaD.acupoftea()6Pleasegiveme___paper.A.oneB.apieceC.aD.apieceof()7Johnbought___forhimselfyesterday.A.twopairsofshoesB.twopairofshoeC.twopairofshoesD.twopairsshoes4()1-Howmany____haveyougotonyourfarm?-I'vegotfive.A.sheepsB.sheepC.pigD.chicken()2Some___cametoourschoolforavisitthatday.A.GermansB.GermenC.GermanyD.Germanies()3.Agroupof______willvisitthemuseumtomorrow.A.HungarianB.AustralianC.JapaneseD.American5()1Thistableismadeof___.A.manyglassB.glassesC.someglassesD.glass()2-Whatwouldyouliketohaveforlunch,sir?-I'dlike____.!A.chickenB.achickenC.chickensD.thechicken()3Childrenshouldmake____foroldpeopleinabus.A.roomB.aroomC.roomsD.theroom6()1Tablesaremadeof___.A.woodB.somewoodsC.woodenD.woods()2Iwonderwhy______aresointerestedinaction(武打片)films.A.peopleB.peoplesC.thepeopleD.thepeoples()3Ihaveread____oftheyoungwriter.A.worksB.workC.thisworksD.theworks7()1Let'smeetat7:30outsidethegateof___?A.thePeople'sParkB.thePeoples'ParkC.thePeopleParkD.People'sPark()2___Chinesepeopleare___hardworkingpeople.A./;aB.We;theC.The;theD.The;a()3Howmanywerethereinthestreetwhentheaccidenthappened?A.policemanB.policesC.policeD.peoples8()1Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____.A.setB.oneC.pieceD.pair()2LastweekIboughtaTV____.A.pair.B.setC.pieceD.block()3Thereisaofwoodleftontheground.A.cupB.piece,C.boxD.pair9()1Therearesixty-seven___inourschool.A.women'steacherB.womenteachersC.womanteachersD.womenteacher()2Therearefive___inourfactory.A.womandriverB,womendriverC.womandriversD.womendrivers\n10()1Theywritemostoftheir___inEnglish.A.businessletterB.businesslettersC.businessesD.businessesletters()2Wecametoa___atlast.andwentin.A.watchshopB.watchesshop,'C.watchingshopD.watchsshop()3Thisshopsellsapples,bananasandthingslikethese.It'sa___.A.foodshopB.bookshopC.fruitshopD.vegetableshop()4Shebrokea___whileshewaswashingup.A.glassofwineB.glassforwineC.glasswineD.wineglass()5I'veforgottenbothofthe____.A.roomnumbers.B.roomsnumberC.roomsnumbersD.roomnumber11.1.September10this____inChina.A.Teacher'sDayB.Teachers'DayC.TeacherDayD.TeachersDay()2-Isthebroomunder____desk?-No,it'sunder____.A.theteacher's;myB.teacher's;mineC.teacher's;meD.theteacher's;mine()3Excuseme,whereisthe___?A.men'sroomB.mens'roomC.men'sroomsD.menrooms12()1Thefootballunderthebedis____.A.LilyandLucyB.Lily'sandLucy'sC.Lily'sandLucyD.LilyandLucy's()2Thisismy____dictionary.A.sisterMaryB.sister'sC.sister,Mary'sD.sister'sMary's()3Hewentto___shoptobuyashirt.A.atailorB.thetailorC.atailorsD.thetailors'()4Joanis____.A.Mary'sandJacksisterB.MaryandJack'ssisterC.MaryandJacksisterD.Mary'sandJack'ssister13()1Inafew____time,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.yearB.years'C.year'sD.years()2It'sabout___walkfrommyhouse.A.tenminuteB.tenminutes'C.tenminute'sD.tenminutes()3Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere.It'sabout_____.A.thirtyminutes'swalkB.thirtyminute'swalkC.thirtyminutes'walkD.thirtyminuteswalk()4Half___telephonecallsaremadeinEnglish.A.theworldB.worldC.theworld'sD.world's14()1____facetothesouth.A.WindowsoftheroomB.ThewindowsoftheroomC.Theroom'swindowsD.Thewindowsinroom()2Pleasetaketwo___.A.pictureoftheparkB.picturesoftheparkC.thepicturesofaparkD.pictureofapark()3Theworkersarerepairing___.A.theroofofthehouseB.aroofofthehouseC.roofofthehouseD.thisroofofhouse15()1MissSmithisafriendof____.A.Mary'smother'sB.Mary'smotherC.mother'sofMaryD.Marymothers()2Thisisabookof___.A.TomB.Tom'sC.herD.him()3Thepostcardissentby____.A.afriendofmyfatherB.afriendofmyfather'sC.myfatherfriendD.myfatherfriend's16()1Sydneyisacityof___.A.AmericaB.GermanyC.AustraliaD.Japan()2Myfatherlikesbuyingus___.A.carsB.flowersC.peasantsD.presents\n()3InEngland,thelastnameisthe___.A.fullnameB.familynameC.middlenameD.givenname()4MrGaoisateacher.Heworksinanew____.A.shopB.schoolC.factoryD.hospital17()1Myfatherisa____.Heworksinahospital.A.teacherB.doctorC.farmerD.soldier()2-WhichanimallivesonlyinChina?-The____.A.tigerB.monkeyC.pandaD.elephant()3Aprilcomebefore___andafter___.A.March;MayB.May;MarchC.June;MayD.March;February()4Whichofthefollowingisright?A.Chinahasalargepopulation.B.Chinahasmuchpopulation.C.Chinahasmanypopulations.D.Chinahasagreatdealofpopulation.()5Pleasedolikethis.Foldthepaper____andcutalongthefold.A.intopiecesB.inhalfC.onhalvesD.tohalf