初中英语语法复习指导 104页

第一章名词【考点】1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法；2.名词所有格的构成及用法；3.近义名词的辨析.一.可数名词和不可数名词（-）名词复数的构成可数名词有单数和复数两种形式.复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”或“-es”构成，其主要变法如下：1.一般情况在词尾加-s.例女II：book—books,girl—girls,boy—boys,pen—pens,doctor—doctors,boy-^boys.2.以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es.例如I：bus-abuses,class—classes,box—boxes,watch-^watches，brush-^brushes.但：stomach-^stomachs3.以辅音字母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es.例女II：city-^cities,factory-^factories,countty—countries,family-families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s.例如I：boy-^boys,daydays.4.以o结尾的词多数都加-es.例如:hcro-^hcrocs,ncgro-^ncgrocs,potato—potatoes,tomato^tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s.例如:zoo—zoos,radio-*radios,还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如：photofphotos,piano—pianos.注意：zero—zeros/zeroes5.以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es.例女口：knife—knivcs,leaf-^leaves,half—halves，shelf—shelves,thief'—thieves,但：roof-proofs、chief—chiefs、handkerchief—handkerchiefs复数词尾s（或es）的读咅方法情况读法例词在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后[s]cups,cakes,desks,在[s][z][f][切[tf]等音后[iz]glasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces在[b][d][9][v]等浊辅音及元音后[z]beds,dogs,cities,knives7-少数名词有不规则的复数形式.例女II：manmen,woman—women,tooth—teeth,foot—feet,child—children,mouse—mice,fish—fish,ox—oxen,goose—geese.【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women.例如：anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；man,woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如：menworkers,womenteachers.还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同：女口：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish\n等.但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾.8.单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people,police等.9.数词+名词作定语吋，这个名词一般保留单数形式，屮间加连字符.女口：ten-minutewalk,an8-year-oldgirl,aseven-dayholiday.10.还有些名词仅有复数形式，女I丨：peoplepolicetrousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses・11・只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：physics,mathematics/maths,theUnitedStates,NiagaraFalls,news,fal1s12•可数名词当数量不止“一”时，要用复数形式.只修饰复数的词有：many,several,afew,anumberof,both以及不包括“一"的基数词，13.人名•地名的军数箜加-s,字母•符号.数字的复数加-'s.如：threeMarys三个玛丽；twoe's两个e;fiveeight's五个八.14.当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数.如I：anappletreefiveappletreesagirlfriendtwogirlfriendsatwinsister但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式.女口：twomenteachersthreewomendoctors15.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同.如I：fruit水果fruits表示不同种类的水果；food食物foods各种食品；fish鱼fishes鱼的种类；drink饮料•酒adrink—杯/一份饮料.一杯酒；cloth布,acloth桌布.抹布；sand沙sands沙滩；tea茶atea—杯茶；chicken鸡肉achicken小鸡；orange橘汁anorange橘子；glass玻璃aglass玻璃杯，glasses眼镜；paper纸apaper试卷，论文；wood木头awood小森林；room空间.余地aroom房间二）不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词一般只有单数形式，不能与a/an或数词连用.如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：1.用much,a1ittle,little,alotof,lotsof,some,any,abitof,plentyof等表示.Therichmanhasalotofmoney.Thereissomemilkinthebottle・Isthereanywaterintheglass?Tdon't1ikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice.2.用“数词+名词（量）+of+不可数名词”这类定语，例如：apieceofpaper/wood/bread/news/meatabottle/glassoforange/water/milk/juiceacupoftea/coffeeabagofrice如果要表示“两杯茶”.“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，女口：twocupsofteafourpiecesofpaperthreeglassesofwater二•名词的所冇格名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所属关系.有两种形式：1.表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加’s,其复数形式是s'・\n例女口：astudent，sroom,students，rooms,father"sshoes.1.如其结尾不是s结尾的复数形式仍加's,如：Children，sDayWomen?sDay2.以-s结尾的单数名词或人名后应加」s构成所有格.女口：awaitress'sjob,Charles'saddress3.在表示时间.距离.长度.重量.价格.世界.国家等名词要用’s,所冇格.例如I：atwentyminutcs，walk,tenmiles，journey,aboaslongth,twopounds'weight,tendollars"worth,today"snewspaper,thecity，sparkChina"spopulationthemoon，slight5•如果某物为两人共有，只在后一个词尾加-'s,如果不是两人共有，两个名词后都要加-'s.女n:LucyandLily'sbedroom，Jane'sandTom'sbooks1.无生命名词的所有格则通常用of结构•例如：amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecoloroftheflowers.2.表示某物的一部分.抽象概念或一个名词被另一个短语或句子修饰时，通常用双重所有格.例如：afriendofmyfather"s,thetopofthehouse,thecostofliving,anexampleofhowtousethisword、afiendofmymother's我妈妈的一个朋友apictureofTom,s汤姆所拥冇的一张照片apictureofTom汤姆本人的一张照片&表示“某人的家”•“店铺”等生活.工作场所的所有格后面的名词通常省略.如：atMrWangrs（在王先生家）atthedoctor's（在医生诊所）9.可用's和of短语表示的名词所有格90.theboy'sname=thenameOftheboy（男孩的名子）thedog"slegs二thelegsofthedog（狗的腿）China"spopulation二thepopulationOfChina'scapital二thecapitaiofChina三.名词的句法作用1•作主语：Agirlisoverthere.3.作表语：Myfatherisateacher•China（中国的人口）（中国的首都）2•作宾语：1haveacomputer.4.作定T4Theschoollibrarywasbuiltlastyear.5•作宾补：Tommadehisbrotherakite>6•作同位语:Westudentsmuststudyhard.四.名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的i致问题：1.谓语和主语基木保持单复数的一致，即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：女］I：Thecomputetwasagreatinvention.Thewaterintheglassisverycold.2.集体名词（女口fam订y,class,team,group,row,police,school等）做句了主语时,①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式.女］I：ClassThreeisaverygoodclass.②如果表示其屮的所有成员吋,则谓语用复数形式.如1：ClassThreehaveamapofChirm.3.Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个时谓语用单数，表示许多时，谓语用复数.女II：Thereisasheepintheyard.\nTherearcsomesheepintheyard.1.maths,news等虽然冇s结尾，但不是复数，因此谓语仍用单数：Thenewsisveryexciting.2.glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式，故谓语用复数.如I：ThetrousersarcverycheapandIwanttotakethem.3.alotof后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式.女|丨：Alotofstudentsareplayingbaseballnow.Alotoftimewaswastedonthatwork.4.and连接两个名词做主语吋，谓语原则上用复数，但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时，谓语则用单数.如：Theteacherandhissonarcpickingapplesnow.Fishandchipsisveryfamousfood.5.therebe句型屮be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定.女口：Therei_satableandfourchairsintheroom.6.用both…and•雀接两个事物做主语时，谓语_般用复数.女II：BothyouandIarerequiredtobeheretomorrow.10・主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定.如：Awomanwitha7-year-oldchildwasstandingatthesideoftheroad.8.either***or…或者neither--*nor*-*连接两个人物做句子主语时，谓语采用就近原则•如Eitheryouorheisright.Neitheryounor_1amgoingthere.9.表示一段时间或t度概念鬲复薮名词做主语时，谓语一般用单数.女［hTwomonthsisnotashorttime.Twothousemdkilometersisquitealongdistance(距离).10.主语中含有halfof••-/(threequarters)of••-/all(of)the….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定.女II：OverthreequartersoftheinformationontheInternet£sinEnglish.Athirdofthestudentswereplayingnearthelake.Allofthewaterintheserivershasbeenpolluted.但是,population一词又冇特殊情况：What，sthepopulationofChina?ThreequartersofthepopulationinthiscityareArabs(|5可拉们人).【注意】：1.名词作主语时,:谓话动扁要在人称和数方跖LI它的主语一致2.名词作定语时，一般不用复数；但man/woman作定语时随其所修饰的名词的数而变化•anappletree一twoappletreesawomanteacher-somewomenteachers【中考链接】()1.Thesehavesavedmanychildren，s1ives.A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorC.womendoctorsD.womandoctor答案：c.该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化.woman作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致.\n()2.Thisisbedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.A.AnneandJaneB.Anne'sandJane'sC.Anne，sandJaneD.AnneandJane，s答案：D.该题考查的是并列名词的所有格•两人共有一个房间吋，只在后面的名词后加’s.()3.Arethereanyonthefarm?Yes,therearesome.A.horseB.duckC.chickenD.sheep答案：D.该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式.从谓语动词来判断，主语应该是复数名词.只有sheep可用作复数名词.()4.Whatwouldyouliketodrink,ororange?Orange,please.A.hamburgerB.chipC.tea答案：c.该题考查的是名词的类别.三种东西中只有tea能喝.・单项填空()1.Wherehaveyoubeen，Tim?I，vebeento•A.theHenryhouseB.theHenryfamilyC.TheHenry"shomeD.Henry"s()2.InEngland,if_isinthemiddleoftheday,theeveningmealiscalledsupper.A.foodB.lunchC.breakfastD.dinner()3.Youlookedforittwice,butyouhaven"tfoundit.Whynottry.A.threetimesB.athirdtimeC.thethirdtimeD.once()4.Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem?Cortainly.0.A.somebottlesofwatersC.somebottleofwaterMikehurtoneofhis((((A.tooth6.ThereisA.cakesB.feetsomeontheB.meatC.potato7.InEngland,thelastnameisA.family8.TheyaregoingtoflytoA.Germcn9.TheA.10.A.B.somebottiesofwaterD.somebottleof_intheaccidentC.handD.plate.D・pearsthe.nameB.middleC.givennameGermenThelittletoothB.watersyesterday,earD.fullnameB・GermanyC.GcrmanysD.GermansaregoingtoflytoBeijing.B.GermanyC.GermanysD.Germansbabyhastwoalready.toothsC.teethD.teeths二.用所给词的止确形式填空1.Many(Chinese)areworkinginforeigncountries.2.Allthe(run)arereadytorun•3.Thereweresome(America)intheTian'anmenSquare.\n1.Wehaveseven(40minute)(class)everyday•2.Youcanfindthemonthose(shelf)•第二章冠词【考点】1•不定冠词a与an的用法2.定冠词the的用法3.〃零〃冠词冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用來说明名词指的人或事物.冠词有两种.a/an叫不定冠词，the叫定冠词.a用在辅咅Z前，an用在元咅Z前.1.不定冠词的用法(1)・a和an均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物一-泛指.例如：Johnisastudent.MaryisanEnglishteacher.(2).指数量“一”，或某一类人或事物中的任何一个.例女II:Passmeanapple,please.1haveacomputerandacar•(3)•指某人或某物，但不具休说明何人或何物.例女口：Astudentwantstoseeyou.Agirliswaitingforyououtside.(4).表示“每一”的意思，相当于every.例女1丨：Takethemedicinethreetimesaday.Theygotoseetheirparentsonceaweek.(5).用在序数词前表示“又一，再一”.如I：T‘vetriedthreetimes•Letmetryafourthtime•TheyhadadaughtercalledJane.Thentheyhadasecondchildason•(6)•用在某些固定短语中.afew/1ittle,acup/bottieof,catchacold/bus,haveagoodtime,havealook,inaminute,makeamistake,,alotof,havearest,halfanhour,akindof,anumberof,makeacontribution，haveatalkwith2.定冠词用法(1)・特指某(些)人或某(些)事物.例女［hThebookonthedeskisanEnglishdietionerry.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.(2)•指说话人和听话人都知道或熟悉的人或事物.例如：Openthedoor,please.Whereistheteacher?Jackisinthelibrary.(3)•上文提到过的人或事物.例女口：YesterdayJohsfatherboughthimanewbike.Thebikecosthim200yuan.(4)•表示世界上独一无二的事物.例如Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.\n(1)・用在序数词和形容词最高级Z前.例如：ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.(2).用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物.例如：Thenurseiskindtothesick.Weshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.(3)•用在某些由普通名词构成的专冇名词Z前.例如：theGreatWall,theSummerPalace,thePeople"sRepublicofChina,inthemorning,intheopenair等.(4)•用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”,“某某夫妇”•例如：theBrowns,thewhites等(5)・用在器乐名称和方位词前.如:HeisplayingthepianOlo.ontheright/left,intheeast/south,inthefrontof等.(6)•用在江河.海洋.山脉等名称的前面.如:IhaveneverbeentotheHimalayaMountains.(喜马拉雅ill)(7)same之前一般用the.如:LucyandLilylookthesame.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)(8)•用在某些习惯用语中.Tnthemorning,intheend,atthebegirmingof,inthemiddleof,allthesame,allthetime,bytheway,attheageof,attheendof,bythetime,dothecooking/shopping/washing,lookthesame等【注意】：1•序数词前的“a/an”表示“又一，再2.moon，sun，morning/afternoon/evening之前冇形容词时，口J用a/an,女口：afullmoon,onacoldmorning3•被ofthetwo修饰的比较级前耍用定冠词如：Tomisthetallerofthetwo.2.在表示“越…•，越….”句型屮，比较级前要用定冠词女山Themore,thebetter•Thebusierthefarmersare,thehappiertheywillbe.3.themost+adj+n构成最高级“最…”WhoisthemostpopularfilmstarinChinanow?amost+adj+n一个非常…的…Thaveamostinterestingstorytotel1you.具体的某个阶段里的季节Thescientistcamebackto7.a/an+adj+supper/lunch•••Chinainthespringof1984.表示某一顿饭4.the+spring/summer••-+ofYesterdayBillhadaverynicesupper•3.不用冠词的情况(1)•专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词•例如:China,Canada,London,Japanese,Tom,hea1th,glass,water,wood,love(2)•名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代词时,不用冠词.例如：\nThatismycap.Shegoestoworkonfooteveryday.Ihavesomequestions.Whosecoatisthis?Godownthisstreet.(1)•复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词.Theyareworkers.Wearestudcnts.(2).称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词.例如：Idon，tfeelwelltoday,Mother.OurEnglishteacherisMissGao.(3).三餐名称前，球类活动，学科和节廿名词前，常不用冠词.例如：Ihavelunchathome.Heoftenplaysfootballafterclass.WehaveEnglishandmathseveryday.(4)•在季节.刀份.星期•节日前不用冠词，但如果这些词前面有修饰词，要加定冠词the.Everythingbeginstocomeoutinspring.HejoinedtheAmyinthespringof1982.(5).在某些固定词组里，名词Z前常不用冠词.例如：①与by连用的交通工具名称前：bybus,bybike,byplane/air,byship/sea,bytrain,bycar②名词词组dayandnight,brotherandsister,hourafterhour,hereandthere③介词词组athome,inbed/hospital,intime,ontime,atonce,infrontof,onfoot,atnoon,onduty,atnight等，(4)gotobed，gotoschool/class/work,gohome,goshopping/swimming/fishing/boating等.2.冠词的位置通常：冠词位于名词前，若名词前有形容词修饰，冠词要放在形容词之前.特殊情况：(1)•不定冠词在half,such,what,many之后.如suchanicegirl(=soniceagirl)halfanhourManyastudenthaspassedtheexam•(=Manystudentshavepassedtheexam.)Whatabeautifulflower!(=Howbeautifulaflower!)(2).不定冠词在as,so,how,too修饰的形容词2后・女口：Howcoldadayitis!(=Whatacolddayitis!)(3).副词quite和rather可置于不定冠词之前，It，squiteanicehorse.(二It，saverynicehorse)It'sratherahotdaytoday.(二Tt‘saveryhotdaytoday)(4).当名词由both或all,whole修饰时，定冠词须放在both或allZ后，wholeZ前.allthestudents,boththechildren,thewholestory3.有无冠词的词语辨析\nin(2)inthehospital在医院里Thebed（躺•病.睡）在床上womanworksinthehospital.Don"treadinbed.onthebed在床上(3)inclass在上课中intheclass在班上(4)attable在进餐atthetable在桌旁/边(5)infrontof在…前面Youcanputitonthebed.Don，ttalkinclass.Theyoftcnhavepartiesintheclass.TheGreensareattablenow.Sheiswritingaletteratthetable.LiLeisitsinfrontofme.inthefrontof在…前面（内部）Thetcacherisstandinginthefrontoftheclassroom.ameeting.(7)atschool在上学attheschool在学校里(8)bysea乘船bythesea在海边(9)gotobed去睡觉gotothebed到那张床边box•(6)gotoschool去上学年She'stooyoungtogotoschool,gototheschool至Q学校去TheyaregoingtotheschooltohaveBothofmychi1drenareatschool.IteachEnglishattheschool.Theycameherebysea.Agirlisstandingbythesea.It"slate•I，11gotobed.Gotothebed,andyou'11finda(10)gotohospital去看病Shewassoillthatshehadtogotohospital.gotothehospital去医院Mymotherhasgonetothehospitaltoseemygrandmother.(11)ncxtyear/week/month明年/卜一周/卜个月(用于一般将来时)thenextyear/morning/term第二年/天/学期We，11studysixsubjectsnextterm.Theyarrivedatthesmallvillagethenextmorning•(12)ateacherandwriter老师兼作家(一个人)ateacherandawriter老师和作家(两个人)Thewomanisateacherandwriter.Ateacherandawriteraregoingtogiveusatalk.(13)ontopof在…之上Putthisbookontopoftheothers.atthetopof在…顶部Therearesomehousesatthetopofthehill•仃4)onearth究竟，到底ontheearth在地球上(15)onwatch值口.值班Wheredidyougoonearth?Wearelivingontheearth.Heisonwatchtonight.onthewatch注意.当心Youmustbeonthewatchwhenyouusefire•(16)atnight在晚上Whatdoyouusuallydoatnight?atthenight在役间Therewillbesnowinthenightinourhome\ntown•【屮考链接】()1.Weoftenhavesportsafterclass,andIliketoplaybasketball.A.aB.anC.theD.不填答案：D.该题考查的是冠词的用法•球类运动乙前不加冠词，因此应选D.()2.ThisissongI，vetoldyouabout.Isn，titbeautifulone?A.the;theB・a;aC.the;aD.a;the答案：c.该题考查的是冠词的用法.第一空是特指，特指我给你说过的那首歌，要用定冠词the,第二空是表示某一个类别.所以应选C.()3-GreensareonvisittoabeautifulcityinChina•A・/,aB.A,theC・The,aD.The,/答案：C.此题考查“定冠词+姓氏复数”表示“夫妇二人或全家人”的用法.beonavisit是固定短语.所以应选C.()4.Thereis"u”intheword“use”・A.anB.theC.aD.no答案：c・该题考查的是冠词a用于辅音音素开头的词前，an用于元音音素开头的词前的用法.u［ju:］虽然是元音字母，但其读音是以辅音［ju］开头的，故用a而不用an.这类情况还冇ausefulbook,auniversity,aEuropeanboy,但是：anumbrella一.单项填空()1.ThismorningIhadeggandabottleofmilkformybreakfast.A.anB.aC.theD./()2.What，sthematterwithyou?1caughtbadcoldandhadtostayinbed.A.a;/B.a;theC.a;aD.the;the()3.Haveyouseenpen?Ileftitherethismorning.Tsitblackone?TthinkTsawitsomewhere.A.a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a()4.sunisshiningbrightly.A.ABAnC.TheD./()5.Thereis“h”intheword“hour”.A.aB.theC.anD./第三章形容词和副词【考点】1.形容词的用法；2.副词的用法；3.形容词和副词原级.比较级.最高级的用法；4•形容词和副词在句屮的区别和位置.一.形容词：用来说明或修饰名词.代词的词称为形容词.1.形容词的句法作用：作句子屮名词的定语•句子的表语以及宾语补足语.2.形容词在句了中的位置：\n⑴作定语时放在名词的前而,R音节少的词放在音节多的词之前.如：abigyellowwoodenwheel（一个黄色的大木轮）⑵作表语吋放在连系动词之后•女口：Thepricesoundsreasonable.（这个价格听起来算是合理）⑶作宾语补足语时放在宾语Z后.如：Wemusttryourbesttokeepourenvironmentclean.⑷后置的情况：①修饰复合不定代词吋放在代词之后•女山Somethingserioushashappenedtohim.（他发生了严重的事故）②与表示“长.宽.高.重.老.远离”的词连用时形容词后置.女口：He's1.8metrestall.（他身高1.8米.）Themoonisabout380,000kilometresawayfromtheearth.1.有关形容词的用法辨析：（1）whole与al1：记住两个词序：①thewhole+名词；②all（of）the+名词.如：liewasbusythewholemorning.（Hecanrememberallthewordshelearns.（2）tall与high,short与low：指人的个子时用tall与short；指其他事物吋—般用high与low•女口：He'sverytall/short.Talltreesarestandingonbothsidesofthatavenue.Afewpeopleliveonhighmountains.（少量的人住在高山上）（3）real与true：real一般指东西的真假，译为“真的”；而true则指事情或消息的可靠性，译为“真实的”・如:Thisisarealdiamond（钻石）andit'sveryexpensive・一一Tsthattrue?—Yes・Thearditwithmyownears・（4）interested与interesting的区别：interesting扌旨人或东西"有趣的”,作定语或表语,而interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”，只能作表语.女1丨：Themanisveryinterestingandallthechildrenlikehim.Thisbookisinterestingandyoucanreallyenjoyyourself.Taminterestedinscienee.（5）such用法：such+a（n）+形容词+名词（单数）（+that从句）.如I：1haveneverseensuchafoolish（愚蠢的）boy.Hehadsuchaterribleaccidentthathecouldneverforgetit.（6）good与well：表示“好”时，作定语或表语用good,作状语用well；表示“（身的好”时用well.女口：Doingsportsisgoodforus.（Studywe11andmakeprogresseveryday.（好好学习，天天向上）一一Howareyou?—Iamverywell.（7）nice与fine：的区别：nice表示令人愉快的，可以指东西•人物外表等；fine—般指身体或天气好.女口：Let'sgoandshare（刁｝享）thenicccakc.Sheisanicegir1.Whatafineday!He'sfinerecently.⑻toomuch与muchtoo：toomuch表示"太多的",修饰事物数量；muchtoo\n表示“太过，过分”，修饰形容词或副词.如：IamfullbecauseIhavehadtoomuchrice.Thatcoatismuchtoodear.⑼quick,fast与soon：quick与fast基本同义,quick彳主往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快，而soon则表示时间上很快即将发生.女口：Afteraquickbreakfast,hehurriedtoschoolleavinghisbagathome.Atrainismuchfasterthanabus・HisfatherwillbebacktoChinaverysoon.(10)lonely与alone：lonely是表示心理活动的形容词，意思是：“孤独的，寂寞的”，作定语或表语；alone的意思是：“独口的，单独的”，指无人陪伴,仅作表语，(作为副词的alone可作状语).如：Helivesalonebuthedoesn'tfeellonely.HeisaIonelyperson.Youcannoteasilygetonwellwithhim.(11)other与else的区别：两个词都口J以作形容词，但是用法不同,other放在名词前；else修饰不定代词.疑问词.little,much,Ju'置，另外,orelse表示“否则”，是连词.如：Theotherstudentsareontheplayground・Whoelsecanworkoutthismathsproblem?Thisisnobodyelse,smoney.It'smine.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosayforyourself?(12)special与especial的区别：表示事件不同寻常.过分或特殊时，两个词可互换，但special较为常用.另外,special还可以表示特别的目的.如：Shepays(e)specialattentiontoclothes.Thesearespecialchairsforsmal1chiIdren.(13)gonc>lost、missing的区别：gone表示“丢了，没了”，含一去不复返的意思，也可以表示“死了”，作表语或宾补，不可以作定语；lost表示“丢失”，含难以找冋的意思，可作定语•表语或宾补;missing表示“失踪了，不见了”,强调某人阿不在原处，可作定语.表语或宾补•如：Myfever(高烧)isgone,butTsti11haveacough.Theparentsfoundthelostchildatlast.Mydietionaryismissing.Who'stakenitaway?Formoredetailedinformation(详情)ofthemissinggirls,pleasevisitourwebsite(网址).(14)living,alive.live,lively的区别：四个词都来源于动词live"生活.居住”・living"活着的.现存的”，既指人又指物，指人或某物是活着的，作表语或定语，意思是没死.live指东西“活的”，指物，实况转播的，作表语或定语，可以替换为living；alive指人“活着的”，作表语,反义词dead.如果作定语，则放在名词的后面；lively有三个意思：①冇生气的.活泼的•快活的，②(色彩)鲜艳的，③生动的.真实的.eg:Alivinglanguageshouldbelearnedorally.Wehavealivinghopethatyouwillsucceed・Isshestillalive?（她还活着吗？）\nTheyarethehappiestchildrenalive.（他们是活着的最开心的孩子）Thisisalivefish.（这是条活鱼）Alivewire（电线）isdangerous.（有电的电线是危险的）Sheisaslivelyasakitten（小猫）.（她像小猫一样可爱）Hegavealivelydescriptionofthefootballmatch.05）sick与ill区别:sick和ill都表示"生病的”，但是,sick可以做定语•表语，而订1只能做表语.如：Hehasbeen订1/sickforalongtimeandheisveryweaknow.Vetshelptreatsickpetsandmostofthepets'ownerslikethem.（兽医）（16）thepoor（穷人们）/therich（富人们）等用法：“the+形容词”这一结构可以表示一・类人物，复数含义•如：Wemusttryourbesttohelpthepoor.Therichneverknowhowthepoorarcliving.二.副词：用來说明事情发生的时间.地点.原因.方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词.1.副词的分类：（见下表）时间副词频度副词地点/方位副词程度副词方式副词疑问/连接副词其他副词today,here,well,how,too，once,very,too,tomorrow,there,also,yesterday,now,twice,home,below,enough,hard,where,no「so,then,early,always,anywhere,rather,alone,when,as,on,late,quit®off,once,soon,usually,above,how,so,fast,why,either,just,outside,tonight,long,often,in,inside,much,■togethwhetheryes,no,just,er,out，already,yet,sometimeback,up,nearly,suddenhowevernot,before,S,down,onlyly,,etc.neitherago,later,away,off,almost,-ly结关系副maybe,eversincenever,far,hardly,尾词after,whenever（seldom）near,nearby,aslongas等，的副词where,perhaps,first,someday,wherevereven,all,why,certainlever,howy,sometime,last,everywhera1itt1e,when,e,abit2.副词在句子屮的位置以及作用:（1）作状语：①时间副词：一般放在句首或句尾，注意,early,late,before,later,yet等一般放在句尾,already・just—般放在动词的前面.如：\nWewillvisittheGreatWalltomorrow.TheyhavealreadybeentotheUKtwice.Soonthelostboyfoundhiswaybackhome.①频度副词：一般放在be动词Z后或者助动词与主要动词Z间，但sometimes,often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice,threetimes等一般放在句尾.如：SometimesTgetupearly.Theworkersusuallyhavelunchatthefactory.Takethismedicinetwiceaday.方式副词：一般放在彳亍为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首.句尾或动词之前.如：01dpeoplecanhardlywalkasquicklyasyoungpeople.Suddenlyhesawalightinthedarkcavc（ll|洞）.②地点副词：一般放在句尾，但here,there还可放在句首.女II：Thereyoucanseethousandsofbikesrunninginalldirections（方向）.Thefrightenedwolfranaway.Hewalkedoutquietlyandturnedbacksoon.⑤程度副词：修饰动词时，放在动词Z前；修饰形容词或副词时，放在形容词或副词之前.但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；only位置比较灵活，总是放在被修饰的词的前面•如：Tnearlyforgotal1aboutitifhedidnottel1meagain.ItwassostrangethatIcouldhardlybelievemyears.Shegottothestationearlyenoughtocatchthefirstbus.③疑问副词：用于对句子的状语进行提问，位置总是在句首.如：Whenandwherewereyouborn?Whydid1ittleEdisonsitonsomeeggs?Howdoyoudo?④连接副词：用来引导主语从句.宾语从句和表语从句，在从句中作状语.女］I：HowIamgoingtokillthecatisstillaquestion.Thatiswhyeveryoneisafraidofthetiger.Hewonderedhowhecoulddoitthenextday.⑤关系副词：用來引导定语从句，在从句中作状语.如：ThisistheplacewhereMrZhangoncelived.PleasetellmethewayhowyouhavelearnedEnglishsowell.⑨其它副词：too"也”，用在句尾;also放在动词前;either“也不”，放在句尾；nor“也不”，放在句首；so“如此，这样”，放在形容词.副词前；on/off"开/关”放在动词Z后；not放在bcZ后.助动词Z后.不定式或动名词Z前；maybe/perhaps放在句首；certainly放在句首或动词之前.如：HewenttothePalaceMuseumandIwentthere,too.Maybeyourtieketisinyourinsidepocket.--Tomdocsn"thaveacomputer.-NordoI.（2）作表语：地点副词一般可以作表语，放在be等连系动词Z后，说明人物所处的位置.如：I，mverysorryheisn"tinatthemoment.Ihavebeenawayfrommyhometownfornearly20years.Jimisoverthere.\n（3）作定语:时间副词（如now.then）以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后而.如：Peoplenowoftenhavetheirfestivaldinnersatrestaurants.Womentherewerelivingaterriblelifeinthe1920s.（4）作宾语补足语：地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语.如：Putyourdirtysocksaway,Jim!Theyarcgivingoutbadsmell!Fatherkepthiminanddoinghislessons.［注意］“动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词，则该副词应该放在代词之后.如:Hewrotedowntheword.—Hewroteitdown.1.冇关副词的重要注释：（1）as…as…常构成一些词组：assoonas••-（一旦…就…），aswellas••-（同样），as+形容词/副词+aspossible（尽可能地）.如:PleaseringmeupassoonasyougettoBeijing.MissGaohurriedtotheschoolgateasquicklyaspossible.［注释］4其构成是had+过去分词构成・\n那吋以前那吋现在2•用法①在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句.例如：Shesaid（that）shehadneverbeentoParis.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎.②状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成吋；发生在后,用一般过去时.例女I丨：Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.③表示意向的动词，女口hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示〃原木…，未能…〃•例如：Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来.3•过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas.例如：HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimsclf.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了.♦过去完成时的判断依据1）由时间状语来判定①by+过去的时间点.如：Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineclocklastnight.②bytheendof+过去的时间点.如：WehadlcarncdovertwothousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflasttcrm.③before+过去的时间点.如：TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.2）由“过去的过去”来判定.动作在前的用过去完成吋，在后的用一般过去时.如：WhenIgottothestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.3)根据上.下文来判定.ImetWangTaointhestreetyesterday.Wehadn"tseeneachothersincehewenttoBeijing.♦用一般过去吋代替过去完成吋1)两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then,and,but等连词时,\n多用一般去时.例如：Whenshesawthemouse,shescreamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来.MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.姑妈给了我一顶帽了，我把它丢了.1)两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时，如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时.例女II：WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.2)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时•例如：OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.专项训练：一、单选()1.Heaskedmeduringthesummerholidays.A.whereIhadbeenB.whereIhadgoneC.wherehadIbeenD.wherehadIgone()2.WhatJanebythetimehewassaved?A.did,doB.has,doneCdid,did.D.had,done()3.1900Englishwordsbythetime1wasten.A.learnedB.waslearningC.hadlearnedD.learnt()4.HeinthefactoryforthreeyearsbeforehejoinedtheArmy.A.hasworkedB.worksC.hadworkedD.willwork()5.Bythetimemyparentsreachedhomeyesterday,1thedinneralready.AhadcookedB.cookedC.havecookedD.wascooked()6.ShesaidshetheprinciplealreadyA.hasseenB.sawC.willseeD.hadseen()7.Shesaidherfamily_themselvesthearmyduringthewar.A.hashidden,fromB.hadhidden,fromC.hashidden,withD.hadhidden,with()8.Bytheendoflastweek，theythebridge.A.hascompletedB.completedC.willcompleteD.hadcompleted()9.Shehadwrittenanumberofbookstheendoflastyear.A.forB.inC.byD・at()10.Jimturnedoffthelightsandthentheclassroom.A.was1eftB.had1eftC.has1eftD.1eft二•用动词的适当形式填空1.We(paint)thehousebeforewe(move)in.2.They(study)themapofthecountrybeforethey(leave)-3.Paul(go)outwithJaneafterhe(make)aphonecall.4.•Tom(say)he(read)thebooktwice.(八)过去将來时1・用法：过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态，过去\n将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句和间接引语中•例如：Theyweregoingtohaveameeting.TtoldhimthatTwouldseehimoffatthestation.1.句了结构：①“、vould+动词原形”•常表示按计划或安排即将发生的事.例如Hesaidhewouldcometoseeme.他说他要来看我.②“was/were+goingto+动词原形”.常可用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的事.例如：Shesaidshewasgoingtostartoffatonce.她说她将立即出发♦此结构还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事•例如：Itseemedasifitwasgoingtorain.看来好像要下雨.3,过去将來时的替代用法：①come,go,leave,arrive,start等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将來时.例女I丨：Hesaidthetrainwasleavingatsixthenextmorning・Shetoldmeshewascomingtoseeme.她告诉我她要来看我.②条件状语从句和吋间状语从句小须用一般过去吋代替过去将来吋.例如I：Tdidn'tknowwhenshewouldcome,butwhenshecameIwouldletyouknow.我不知道她什么时候来,但她来了我会告诉你.TheteachersaidthatitwouldbeverydifficulttomakeprogressifTdidn"tworkhard.老师说，如果我不努力学习的话，就很难取得进步.♦一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或是状态女II：IfIhadachancetostudyabroad,IwouldstudyatCambridgeUniversity.如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就去剑桥大学专项练习：(一)、单选()1.一Theplaneisleavingrightnow,butJimhasn'tarrivedyet.一Well,hesaidhehereontime.AcameBwouldcomeCcanbeDwillbe()2.Assoonasthebabysawtheman,she・AwasgoingtocryBcrycdCbegantocryDwascrying()3.LiMingsaidhehappyifBriantoChinanextmonth.Aas;comeBwas;wouldcomeCwouldbe;cameDwillbe;come()4.JennysaidsheherholidayinChina.\nAspentBwouldspentCwasgoingtospentDwouldspend)5.lastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleaderonSaturday.A.isarrivingB.willarriveC.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive(一)、适当形式填空1.Shesaidthebus(leave)atfivethenextmorning.2.1wasn，tsurewhetherhe(lend)mehisbookthenextmorning・3.Hewasfifty-six.Intwoyearshe(be)fifty-eight.4.Whenevershehastime,she(help)themintheirwork.5.Wedidn,tknowwhetherhespeak)atthemeeting.二、动词的语态语态冇两种：主动语态和被动语态.英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态.主语为动作执行者时，动词用主动态；主语是动作的承受者吋，动词便用被动态（一）主、被动语态的转换:主动句:被动句:主语+谓语（主动结构）+宾语女口：Wegrewatreeyesterday.Atreewasgrownyesterdaybyus.(二)被动语态结构：被动语态最基本的句型结构是：be+及物动词过去分词一般现在时：be+过去分词一般过去吋：was(were)+过去分词—般将來时：will+be+过去分词/begoingto+be+过去分词现在进行时：be+being+过去分词过去进行时:was(were)+being+过去分词现在完成时：have(has)+been+过去分词过去完成吋：had+been+过去分词情态动词：情态动词(can,must,may,shoud)+be+过去分词1.一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词Footballisplayedallovertheworld・I’moftenaskedtodothiswork.2.一般过去吋：was/were+过去分词Theterracottawarriorswerefoundin1974nearXi'an.Theywerediscoveredbyworkersinafieldoutsidethecity.Whenwasthebu订dingcompleted?3.一般将来时：w订1(shall)+be+过去分词begoingto+be+过去分词Theresultoftheexamwi11beknownsoon.TheyaregoingtobegivenadifficuIttest.4.一般过去将来时：should（would）be+过去分词Theteachersaidtheresultswouldbepublishedsoon.Hetoldmethatthefilmwouldbeshownthenextweek.5.现在进行时：am/is/are+being+过去分词\nThenewairportisbeingbu订tbyaforeigncompany.Thesongisbeingsungbythegirlsnow.1.过去进行时:was/werebeing+过去分词ThesongwasbeingsungbythegirlswhenIgotthere.ThestudentwasbeingcriticizedwhenIwentintotheteachersofficc.2.将来完成时:willhavebeen+过去分词Bytheendofnextterm2000Englishwordswillhavebeenlearned.Thebu订dingw订1havebeenbu订tbynextyear.3.现在完成时：has/have+been+过去分词Alltheticketshavebeensold.Thebookhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.4.过去完成时：hadbeen+过去分词Fortyschoolshadbeenvisitedbylastyear.Al1theticketshadbeensoldoutwhenTgottothecinema.5.情态动词：情态动词+be+过去分词Thisroadmustbemended.Themachinepartsmaybeneededinourwork.（三）被动语态的用法1.不知道或没冇必要说明动作的执行者是谁.Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了.（不知道电脑是谁偷的）Thisbridgewasbu订tin1981.2.强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者.例如：TheglasswasbrokenbyMike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的.Thisbookwaswrittenbyhim.这木书是他写的.Yourhomeworkmustbefinishedontime.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成.3.某些动词可以跟双宾语如give・pass,bring,write；buy.make等，在变为被动语态吋如果直接宾语变为被动语态屮的主语，则间接宾语通常由介词to.for引出.例如：例如I：①Theteathcrgavethepup订ssomeadvice.间接宾语直接宾—Thepupilsweregivensomeadvicebythepianist.二Someadvicewasgiventothepupilsbythepianist.②Theyhaveboughtusmanybooks.fManybookshavebeenboughtforusbythem・=Wehavebeenboughtmanybooksbythem・4.某些动词make.hear.see.watch等在主动语态中，其宾语补足语用不带to的不定式.但在变为被动语态吋要带to•女口：Hemadeuscleantheclassroomafterschool.—Weweremadetocleantheclassroomafterschool.Isawhimcomeintotheroom.fHewasseentocomeintotheroom.5.在主丽旃如果谓语动词是含有介词或副词的短语动词，变为被动语态时不能丢掉该介词或副词.女口：Theymusttakegoodcareofthechildren.\nfThechildrenmustbetakengoodcareof.孩子们必须小心照看.1.英语中某些动词如sell.lock.draw,start等在否定句.进行时或用在某些形容词.副词前口J以表示被动意义.女口：Thiskindofbookssellswell.这种书畅销.Thedoorwon'tlock.门锁锁不上•2.被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词因为被动句屮的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如lookafter,thinkof,takecareof,workout,laughat等，也口J用于被动语态.Thechildrenweretakengoodcareofbyher.短语动词屮的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏.&主动形式表示被动意义女口wash,clean,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义.或need+doing,例如：Thefoodtastesgood.Thecoatwasheswell.Thisdresswearscomfortable・Mywatchneedsmending.9.固定结构；sthneeddoing二sthneedtobedoneHavesthdoneThadmybikerepaired・四、主动语态变被动语态的步骤：一看二划三变一看：看句子的时态二划：划出句子的主.谓.宾来.三变：①把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语.②把主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态•③把主动语态中的主语放在介词byZ后作宾语，将主格改为宾格.Allthepeoplglaughedathim.Hewaslaughedatbyallpeople.英语被动语态专项练习一、单项选择()1.ThePeople'sRepublicofChinaonOctober1,1949.A.foundB.wasfoundedC.isfoundedD.wasfound()2.EnglishinCanada.A.speaksB.arespokenC.isspeakingD.isspoken()3.ThisEnglishsongbythegirlsafterclass.A.oftensingsB.oftensangC.isoftensemgD.isoftensung()4.ThiskindofcarinJapan.A,makesB.madeC.ismakingD.ismade()5.Newcomputersallovertheworld.A.isusedB・arcusingC.arcusedD.haveused二、用动词的正确形式填空.1.Nopermissionhas(give)foranybodytoenterthebuilding.2.Cansuchathing(prevent)fromhappeningagain?3.Anewhouse(build)atthecorneroftheroad.4.Thisbike(buy)lastyear・\n5・Didyouseethehousethat(destroy)byfirelastyear?三、非谓语动词：不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词.对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to,但变为被动语态时就要带to；冇些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同.这些都是历年中考的重点.(-)非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式.动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式.1.不定式：动词不定式”todo”表示一个具体的.个别的还没有做的事.而动名词表示经常的情况.一eg:Thatetoswim.表示现在讨厌去游泳，还没去.Ihateswimming.表示经常讨厌游泳.1)不定式作宾语或宾语补足语①常跟不定式作宾语的词有want,like/love,need,hope,begin/start,learn,agreetry,等.tell,ask,want,wish,warn,help,encourage等词后面常可跟不定式作宾语补足语.如：Hewantedtogothereforaholiday・(不定式togothere做宾语)Weonlyneedtoputthecandiesonitnow.(不定式toputthecandles做宾语)Annbegantoputthecandiesonhercakes.(彳、定式toputthecandles做宾语)Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet・(不定式toplay做宾语)Iwarnedyounottoclimbthettee.Butyoudicin'tlistentome.(不定式toclimbthetree做宾语补足语)【注意】②不定式短语作宾语时，如杲还带有宾语补足语，通常用it作形式宾语，而不定式短语放在宾语补足语Z后.如：Hefounditverydifficulttogettosleep・IfinditinterestingtostudyEnglish.③begin,start,like,hate,love后接不定式或动名词作宾语，区别不大.Like后接动名词指经常性的动作，接不定式指一次貝体的动作.女口：1liketraveling・1liketotravelbytrain・④用不定式和分词作宾语补足语都可以，但意义不同的动词这样的动词有感官动词如：see,hear,look,notice,watch,observe,feel\n等，使役动词have,make,get等.接不带to的不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing表示动作的连续性，进行性.Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了.（强调〃我看见了〃这个事实）Tsawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.（强调〃我见他正干活〃这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活.在被动语态中则to不能省掉•如：LittieTomwasoftenmadetodotheheavyworkonthefarm.Shewasneverheardtosingsowellbefore.分词包括现在分词和过去分词两种•现在分词表示主动进行，过去分词表不被动完成.♦接动名词与不定式做宾语意义不同的情况：停止，屮断做某事后去做另一•件事.停止做某事.忘记去做某事.忘记做过某事.记得去做某事记得做过某事①stoptodostopdoing②forgettodoforgetdoing③remembertodorememberdoing④trytodo⑤goon来做的事.（未做）（已做）侏做）（已做）2)3)4)⑥meantodo打算.meandoing意味着不定式作口的状语或在-•些作表语的形容词后作状语表示原因或结果•如:Hegotupearlytocatchtheearlybus.Inordertopasstheexam,heworkedvery1’msorrytohearthat・Someoftheapplesarehardtoreach・不定式作定语：不定式短语作定语必须放在被修饰的词之后.女口：Ihavealotofworktodo・Whataboutsomethingtoeat?在疑问词how,what,when,where,which等词后作宾语或宾语补足语:如:hard.(原因)(结果)努力，试图做某事.trydoing试验，试着做某事.todo做了一件事后，接着做另一件事.goondoing继续做原Hetaughtushowtouseacomputer・Nobodytolduswhattodo・Canyoutel1mewhichtochoose・5)常用不定式的句型：①It'stime(forsb)todosth=It'stimeforsth是做…的时候了It'stimetohavelunch.二It'stimeforlunch.It'stimeforRoberttogotoschool.②Thereisnotime/need/use/•••todosth没有时间/必要…做某事Therewasnotimetothink・Therewerenotenoughpeopletopickthem・\n①Ittakessbsometime/moneytodosth某人花费…时间/钱做某事\nIttakesmetenminutestowalktoschool.Ittookthemhalfamonthtofinishthework.④be+形容词+enoughtodosth做某事足够…•Thegirlisoldenoughtogotoschool.Dannyidnottai1enoughtoreach⑤be+too+形容词+todosthSheistootiredtowalkfartherWearetooexcitedtosayaword(6)bereadytodosthHeis⑦It，sItisIt'stheceiling.太……而不能做某事怎于做某事alwaystohelpothers•+形容词+difficultnecessaryforforforsth⑧beafraidtodoHeisafraidtoThelittiegirl⑨prefertodosth、sbtodosthJimtolearnustolearnEnglishwell.不敢做某事对于某人来说做…•很•••・・Chinese.tel1hisfatheraboutit•isalwaysafraidtostayathomealone.ratherthandosth,宁愿…•、也不愿…IprefertolistentomusicratherthanwatchTV•⑩wouldliketodosth/wouldlovetodosth常用于口语屮，表示"喜欢…・”I’dliketohaveacupoftea.Wouldyouliketoplayfootballwithme?hadbetterdosth表示"最好”It，scoldoutside.You"dbetterputonyourcoat.Wi11/Wouldyoupleasedosth请某人做某事好吗？Wouldyoupleaseopenthewindow?2.动名词1)・动名词是由动词原形+ing构成，在句中可作宾语.表语•同位语等.要求用动名词做宾语的动词是：mind,enjoy,miss,,finish,suggest,advise,practise,admit,avoid,appreciate,forgive,imaginc,include,escape,excuse,face,feel,keep,miss,delay,consider,dislike,finish,resist,risk,mention,can"thelp,can"tstand,giveup,keepon,lookforwardto,beusedtodoing,succeedin,looklike,devoteto,stickto,objectto,thankyoufor,excusemefor,putoff,getdownto,be(kept)busy,feel/seemlike,there"snouse/good/need,havedifficulty/trouble/problems(in),haveagood/wonderfu1/hardtime(in),…等等.Somepeopledonotenjoysmoking.Hekeptlaughingathissister.1).某些固定结构(动名词特殊用法)©on(upon)+doing“就…"・例如：Onhearingthenews,Ichangedmyplans.②go+doing(大部分指运动和游戏).例如：liewentshopping/hiking/swimming/fishingetc.②动词need,require,want作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义.be\nworth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义.如：Thewindowneeds/requires/wantscleaning/tobecleaned.Hermethodisworthtrying.2.现在分词1）宾语：以下儿类动词可以接现在分词作宾补：①see,hear,smell,feel,watch,find,notice,observe,lookat,listento等表示感觉的动词，现在分词的动作与谓语同时发生.Camyousmellonythingburning?1sawthemswimminginthepooljustnow.②have,keep,get,set,send,leave等表示“致使”等意义的动词.Iwon，thaveyoudoingthat.Hisremarks1eftmewonderin百hisrealpurpose.♦注意：感觉动词后面的现在分词宾补表示止在进行的动作，即非全过程；耍表示动作的全过程，要用不定式.Isawhimcrossingtheroad.Isawhimcrosstheroad.2）定语：IhaveafriendlivinginLondon.Willthepeoplesittingatthebackpleasekeepquiet?♦3）状语:①吋间状语常在句首.Hearingthebadnews,sheburstintotears.②条件状语较少见，常在句首.Workinghard,youwillmakeit.③原因状语常在句首.Notunderstandingtheproblem,heaskedtheteacheragain.④结果状语常在句末.OnebyonePetersoldhistomatocs，gettingonlyasmallamountoftheirworth.⑤程度状语常在句末.Itisfreezingcold.⑥伴随状语常在句末，表示伴随情况•行为方式.补充说明等.Theystoodattheroadside,wa.tchingtheprocession.3.过去分词1）过去分词作表语ThebookisinterestingandI'minterestedinit.这本书很冇趣，我对它很感兴趣.2）过去分词作定语作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词，表被动或完成.Theconcertgivenbytheirfriendswasasuccess.\n他们朋友举行的咅乐会大为成功.3）过去分词作状语①过去分词作状语冷示被动的和完成的动作.Writteninahurry,thisarticlewasnotsogood!因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好.②过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语.Givenanotherhour,Icanalsoworkoutthisproblem.再给我一个小时，我也能解这道题.③过去分词作宾语补足语能够接过去分词作宾补的动词冇以下两类：表示感觉或心理状态的动词.女II：see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,feel,notice,think等.IheardthesongsunginEnglish.我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.Hefoundhishornctowngrcatlychanged.他发现他的家乡变化很大.（过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found）专项训练一、根据句意，用所给动词的适当形式填空.1.Isitnecessary(learn)aforeignlanguage?2.Heisgoodat(swim).3.Doyouhaveanything(say)foryourself?4.Itsspringnow.it，stime(plant)trees.5.Don'tkeepme(wait)foralongtime.6.Thepolicemantoldtheboysnot(play)inthestreet.7.Hersonistooyoung(dress)himself.8.Theice(cover)withsnowisdangeroustowalkon.9.Thescientisttiredtohavethebird(fly)away.10.Thestorybookisworth(buy)二、选择填空.((((1.A.2.A.3.A.4.I，mthirsty.Willyougetmesomething_drinkB.todrinkC.eatD.eatingHowlongdidtodecorateItwasgrcattohaveB.youspend_B.decoratefunaofhavingLily,keepthewindow_yournewhouseyesterday?C.decoratingD.decoratedpicniconthehill.C.haveD.had•Thesandstormhasn"tstoppedyet.一一一OK,V11dothat.A.closeB.closedC.openD.opened()5.Apolicemansawtwothievesagirl"smobilephoneonabusandhecaughtthematonce.A.tostealB.stealingC.stoleD.stolen\n()6Excuseme,sir.Lookatthesignonthewall“NO”•Oh,I，msorry.I，11neverdoitagain.A.PARKEDB.SMOKEC.SPITTINGD.SMOKED()7.Boysandgirls,willyoupleasetheparkthisafternoon?——OK.A.notclcaningoutB.nottocleanoutC.tocleanupD.cleanupA.sing;tosingB.singing;singingC.sing;singingD.tosing;singing()9.TheGrcatGreenWallwillstopthewindfrom()8.DoyouoftenhearJohninhisroom?Yes.Listen!Nowwecanhearhiminhisroom.thecarthaway.A.blowB.blowingC.blewD.toblow()10.Whynot9■A.lethimtogohomeB.tolethimgohomeC.lethimgohomeD.tolethimtogohome屮考题辨析:1.I"minterestedinanimals,soIeverySaturdayworkinginananimalhospital.A.payB.getC.take答案:D.该题考杳的是pay,get,这四个动词屮，只冇spend常用于D.spendtakespend这四个动词的用法区别.在“spend---clingsth.”的句型里,所以选D.2.Listen!Helenissinginginthenextroom.TtbeHelen.ShehasgonetoBeijing.A.can"tB.mustn，tC.mayD.should答案：A・该题考查的是情态动词的用法.表示否定地推测通常用cadt・3.Icalledyouyesterdayevening,buttherewasnoanswer.Oh,IamsorryIdinneratmyfriend"shouse.A.haveB.hadC.washavingD.havehad答案：c.该题考杳的是动词的时态.他们谈论的是昨天晚上某一时刻发生的事情，所以用过去进行时.4.Howlonghaveyouthebook?Forabouttwoweeks.A.boughtB.hadC.borrowedD.lent答案：B.该题考杳的是延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法区别.这四个动词屮只冇had是延续性动词，它的现在完成时可以同表示一段时间的时间状语连用.5.Iheardhimjustnow.A.tosingB.singC.singsD.sang答案：B..该题考杳的是sec/hear••-sbdo/doingsth句型的用法.用不定式表示已完成的动作，用现在分词表示正在进行的动作.冇这样用法的词还有see,hear,feel,watch,notice,lookat,listento等6.MayItakethemagazineoutofthereading-room?No,you\nA.darenotB.mustn"t答案：B.该题考查的是情态动词may的用法・：表示许可或可能性.在疑问句中，may表示征询对方许可,肯定回答用may,否定回答用mustn,t.一、单项填空()1.sjointhem.A.()2.yesterdoy.A.)3.A.Listen!SomeofthegirlsaretalkingOurteacher,MissteachesIdon,tthinkIhaveseenB.C.needn"tD.don"taboutHarryPotter.Let，B.talkC.wi.lltalkD.talkedChen,_EnglishontheradiothedaybeforetaughtteachD.hadtaughtC.Elyouinthatdressbefore.B.wasseeingC.sawD.see)4.Susan"sparentshaveboughtalargehousewithaswimmingpool.Itbeveryexpensive.A.mustB.canC.mustn,t)5-Coffeeisready.HowniceitA.looks)6.“Mr.Zhu,overweight,A.nottoeatD.cant!Wouldvoulikesome?B.smellsC.soundsD.feelsyou"dbettertoomuchmeat.Youarealready”saidthedoctor.B.toeatC.noteatD.eatthisorthat.Heisalready)7."Don，talwaysmakeMichaelabigboy,dear,”A.8.(spring.A.9.Mr.Bushsaidtohiswife.doB.todoC.doesD・didSorry,Icar/thearyouclearly.Wil1youpleaseE-mailaddress?I’llwritcitdown.reviewB.reciteC.reportD.repeatDon"tyourcoat,Tom!It，syoureasytocatchcoldin1.2.3.4.takeawayB.takeoffC.takedownYougoandaskMcimei.She_must;canB.must;mayC.need;canD.用所给动词的适当形式填空Nomatterwhat(ride)WhatdoyouItisNonewsA.10.A.D.takeoutknowtheanswer.can;maytheweatherislike,thewaves.usethekeyfor?_(use)formaking(be)goodnews.I'youcanalwaysfindsurfersouttherobotwork.msureJaneisstillallright.Areyoufeelingbetterthesedays?Yes,muchbetter.I(notfeel)aswe11asthesedaysforalongtime.5.It(rain)heavily,you，dbetternotgooutnow.6.ThecityofXian(become)cleanerandcleaner.7.Theboysenjoy(see)fightfilmsverymuch.\n1.Helefttheroomwithout(say)goodbye.2.Rice(grow)inthesouthofChina.3.Manytrees(plant)inourschoolyardtheseyears.第五章数词【考点】1・基数词的用法2.序数词的用法数词分为基数词和序数词.基数词表示数口，序数词表示顺序.1）基数词的用法①基数词在句中主要用作主语.宾语.定语.表语.同位语.ThirtyofthemarePartymembers.（主语）Howmanyappleswouldyoulike?Three,please.（作宾语）ThenineboysarefromTianjing.（定语）Sixplusfouristen.（表语）Wefourwillgowithyou.（同位语）②表示一个具体数字时,hundred,thousand,m订lion,b订lion—律用单数;在表示“几百.几千.几百万”等不确定数字吋则用其复数+of+复数名词.Ourcountryhasapopulationof1,300millionpeople.Therearethreethousandstudentsinourschool.Afterthewar,thousandsofpeoplebecamehomeless.③表示“……I"的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代.Hediedinhisforties.（inone,s+基数词的复数形式）Thisstorytookplaceinthcl930s.（inthe+年代s）④表示时刻用基数词.Wegetupatsix.Theworkersbegintoworkateight.表示“几点过几分”，用介词past,但必须在半小时以内（包括半小时在内）.表示“几点差几分”用介词to,但必须在半小时以上.例如：10:1012:307:55tenpasttenhalfpasttwelvefivetoeight9:15aquarterpastnine8:40twentytonine9:45aquartertoten表示“几点几分”还可直接用基数词表示.7:15sevenfiftcen,11:30eleventhirty,9:20ninetwenty⑤读写：57fifty-seven41forty-one（十位与个位之间用连字符）639：sixhundredandthirty-nine（百位与十位之间用"and”）四位或四位以上的数字：从右向左用分节号“，”分节，每三个数为一节,第一节而用thousand,第二节而用million,第三节而用billion,2005twothousandandfive78,436,592seventy-eightmillion,fourhundredandthirty-sixthousandfivehundredandninety-two⑥“基数词+名词”构成的合成形容词做定语时，中间加连字符，名词用单数.seven-dayholidayfive-minutewalkthirty-year-oldgirl\n2)序数词的构成及用法①在相应的基数词后面加词尾-th.女口：four-fourthseven-seventhten-tenththirtccn-thirtccrith特另U注意：onefirst,twosecond,threethird,fivefifth,eighteighth,nineninth,twelvetwelfth.以-ty结尾的基数词变序数词吋，变y为i,再加-eth・女口：twenty-twentiethforty-fortiethninety-ninetieth表示“几十几”或“几百几”的基数词变序数词时，只要将个位数变为序数词就可以了.如：twenty-onetwenty-firstninety-fiveninety-fifth②序数词主要用礙鬲，前面要加定冠词the.例如：—Thefirsttruckiscarryingafoodbasket.Johnlivesonthefifteenthfloor.③序数词冇时前而可加不定冠词a,an来表示“再一”，“又一”这样的意思.We'11havetodoitasecondtime.Shal1Taskhimathirdtime?WhenIsatdown,afourthmanbegantospeak.④年份.H期的表达：年用基数词表示(四位通常分两组来读)，日期用序数词表示.例如：1949年|•月一日读作：October(the)first,nineteenforty-nine2004年九月十口读作：September(the)tenth,twothousandandfour⑤表示分数时，分了用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示.分了是1,分母用单数，分子大于1时，分母加-S・例如：1/3onethird3/4threefourths1/2onesecond2/5twofifths⑥序数词有时用缩写形式：数字+序数词的末尾两个字母first—1stsecond->2ndthird-^Srdfourth->4thtwenty-second—22"1*thirty-first—31"⑦给东西编号时，序号在前用序数词，序号在后用基数词.LessonOne二thefirstlessonClass3Grade6No.15MiddleSchoolPage25Book3Room408No.16bus()1.AboutstudentsinourclasscandescribethatplaceinEnglish.A.three-fifthsB.three-fifthC.third-fiveD.third-fifths答案：A.该题考查的是分数的表示法.分子用基数词，分母用序数词.分了大于1时，分母应加-s,因此应选A.()2.ChinesearelookingforwaystolearnEnglishwe11beforeBeijing2008OLympics・A.ThousandB.ThousandsC.ThousandofD.Thousandsof答案：【）.该题考查的是数词的用法.Thousand前面没有具体的数字，这时数词用复数形式，后而加of.所以应选D.、一、单项填空)1.ItissaidthatSARShaskilledmorethanpeopleworldwide.\nA.threehundredsB.threehundreds'C・thrcchundrccTsD.thrcchundred)12.Howmanyworkersarethereinyourfactory?Therearetwo.A.hundredsB.hundredC.hundredofD.hundredsof)13.Whichisthesmallestnumberofthefour?A.Two-thirdsB.AhalfC.AquarterD.Three-fourths()13.Whatdoyouthinkofawar,LiMing?I'venoidea.Butit，safactthatpeoplehadtoleavetheirhometownduringtheWaronIraq.A.threethousandsB.thousandofC.thousandsofD.severalthousands()14.Weallthinkthatthecenturywillbringusmorehopes.A.twenty-firstB.twentieth-firstC.twenty-oneD.twentieth-one第六章代词【考点】1.人称代词的主格.宾格形式及其主要用法；2.名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式.区别及其主要用法；3.反身代词的形式.意义及其主要用法；4•常见不定代词的一般用法；2.指示代词的一般用法，并了解其在上下文中的指代用法；3.相互代词的基木用法；4.疑问代词的基本用法.&关系代词的基木用法.一、代词的定义代词是用来代替名词及起名词作用的词.二、代词的分类代词按意义.特征及语法功能口J分为九类：人称代词.物主代词.指示代词.反身代词.相互代词.疑问代词.不定代词.关系代词和连接代词.1.人称代词1）人称代词指“我”“你”“他”等词，有人称.性.数.格的变化，如下表所人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称ImeweUS第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythem2）人称代词有主格和宾格之分.通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语（动词宾语或介词宾语）•如:I1iketabletennis.（作主语）Doyouknowhim?（作宾语）\n3）人称代词作而时用宾格较多，尤其在口语屮.女恥Whoisknockingatthedoor?Itfsme.注意（1）人称代词单独使用时，一般用宾格，女口：Who，sstandingoverthere?Me.谁在那边站着？我.（2）She和he可用来表拟人，She可指月亮•土地.国家.船只.党派.猫.鸟等柔美可爱的东酋，he可指马.象.狗等动物.女口：Themoonhasrisen,Sheisroundandbright.月亮升起来了，她又大又园.Givethedogsomefood.Maybeheishungry.给狗一些食物，他也许饿T.—4）人称代词在thanZ后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以.如:Heisolderthanme.HeisolderthanIam.1.物主代词1）表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词•物主代词分为形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词，如下表所示.数人称类别单数复数第一人称第二人称笫三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs汉语我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他（她.它）们的2）形容词性的物主代词的作用相当于形容词，放在名词前作定语，不能在句中单独使用•例如:Ourteacheriscomingtoseeus.Thisisherpencil-box・3）名词性的物壬花词相当于名词，等于“形容词性的物主代词+名词”可用作主语.宾语和表语.Ourschoolishere,andtheirsisthere.（作主语）IsthisEnglish-bookyours?（作表语）No.Mineisinmybag.（作主语）I'vealreadyfinishedmyhomework・Haveyoufinishedyours?（作宾语）注意:its与it'S的区别，读音相同但its是形容词性或名词性的物主代词而it's二itis或ithasItsroom.它的房间.It'sanEnglishbook.它是本英语书.It'srainedallmorning.雨卜了一上午.（It's二ithas）2.指否代词指示代词包扌舌：this,that,these,those.\n1）this和these指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人,that和those指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：Thisisapenandthatisapenci1・Wearebusythesedays・Inthosedays,theworkershadahardtime・2）有时that和those多指前面讲到过的事物，this和these常指后面将要讲到的事物，例如：Ihadacold・That"swhyIdidn'tcomc.What1wanttosayisthis;pronunciationisveryimportantinlearningEnglish.3）that或those可代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复，例如：TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinGuangzhou.TelevisionsetsmadeinBeijingarejustasgoodasthosemadeinShanghai.4）在打电话时，this表示自己一方，that代表电话另一方•例如：A:Hello!ThisisMary.Whoisthat?B:TsthatJackspeaking?1.反身代词1）反身代词作“自己”解,经常用在by,enjoy,help,hurt,teach,wash,dress,lookafter等词后作宾语，表示动作冋到主语本身，即句子的主语和宾语是同一人或物.其形式如表所示.第…人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimself/herself/itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves2）反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语•意为“亲自”，“本人”・Shetoldmethenewsherself・Isawthegirlherself・3）作表语，表示身体“正常”，“常态”.Itdoesn'tmatter・1'11bemyselfsoon・Heisnotquitehimselftoday.4）在下列短语中必须用反身代词：helpyourself/yourselvesto,enjoyoneself,leaveonebyoneself,allbyoneself,byoneself（亲自|独自地）2.不定代词用來代替或修饰不定数字或不定范围的词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语.表语.宾语和定语.现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：1)some与any的区别①some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”，作形容词时，后而可以接①不可数名词+动词的单三形式；②可数名词+动词复数.Somericeinthebaghasbeensoldout.Look!Somestudentsarecleaningthe1ibrary.②any多用于疑问句.条竹习和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”，用作形容词时，后而可以接①不可数名词+动词的单三形式；②可数名词+动词.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleaseaskme.Thereisntanyorangeinthebottle.Haveyougotanytea?③any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”.any多用于疑问句或否定句屮，some\n多用于肯定句屮.Howmanypeoplecanyouseeinthepicture?Ican，tseeany.Tfyouhavenomoney,I'll1endyousome.①some用于表示邀请或请求的问句中，希望对方给予肯定回答.女口：Wouldyoulikesomebananas?MayIaskyousomequestions?②any用于肯定句当屮，表示任何一个，后面跟单数名词•女口：Youmaycomeatanytime.Jimistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.注意：与some,any结合的词，女1丨something,somebody,someone,anything,anyone,anybody在肯定句.否定句.疑问句.条件句中的用法，大致和some,any的用法相同.2）few,afew,little,alittle在用法上的区别义用法表肯定意义表否定意义修饰可数名词afew有一些，有儿个Few很少，儿乎没有修饰不可数名词alittle,有一点，有一些Little很少，没有什么①用作形容词：I"mgoingtobuyafewapples.Hehasfewfriendshere.HecanspeakonlyalittleChinese.Thereisonlyalittlemilkintheglass.Theyhadlittlemoneywiththem.②alittle和little也可用作副词,alittle表示“有点,稍微”，little表示“很少”.rmalittlehungry.（修饰形容词hungry）Lethimsleepa1itile.（修饰动词sleep）Mary,goalittlefaster,please.（修饰副词比较级）Shesleptverylittlelastnight.3）other,theother,another,others,theothers,else的区另【J.用法代名词形容词单数复数单数复数不定another另一个others别人，其他人another（boy）另一个（男孩）other(boys)其他男孩特定theother另一个theothers其余那些人.物theother(boy)另一个男孩theother(boys)其余那些男孩①otheruf作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的.别的”.Wherearchisotherbooks?Ihaven"tanyotherbooksexceptthisone.②other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“theother”，表示两个人或物中的"另一个”•常与one搭配构成“one・・・,theother…”句型.liehastwobrothers,oneis10yearsold,theotheris5yearsold.Sheheldarulerinonehandandanexercise-bookintheother.\n①other作代词用时，可以有复数“others",泛指“另外的人或物”.常与some搭配构成"some....,others”句型.Somewenttothecinema,otherswentswimming.Thiscoatistoolarge.Showmesomeothers,please.②“theothers”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”.Wegothomeby4o'clock,buttheothersdidr/tgetbackuntil8o'clock.Tnourclass,TomisEnglish,theothersareChinese.③anotherH以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为三者或以上中“另一个”，述可以跟代词one.Youcanseeanothershipinthesea,can，tyou?Marydoesn'twanttobuythisskirt.Wouldyoupleaseshowheranotherone?©another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”.如：rmstillhungryafterI’vchadthiscake-Pleasegivemeanother.⑦else与other同义，但只能用在不定代词和疑问代词之后，其所有格形式为else，s•4)every与each的区别.eachevery1）可单独使用，或与of连用1）不可单独使用2）可作代词，名词.形容词2）仅作形容词，作定语，3）着重“个别”3）着重“全体”，毫无例外4）用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物4）用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物Theteachergaveatoytoeachchild.Eachballhasadifferentcolour.当我们说eachchild,eachstudent或eachteacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况.而当我们说everychild和everystudent时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此.EverystudentlovestheEnglishteacher.二AllthestudentslovetheEnglishteacher・Everychildlikesplaying.二Allthechildrenlikeplaying.5）Everyone与everyone的区别：everyone意为"每人，人人”，只指人,不指物，后面不能与of连用；everyone意为"每个”通常用來指物，后面可以与of连用.6）"every+基数词+复数名词”或"every+序数词+单数名词”表示“毎隔….・（汉语减去一）”或“每….”如:everythreedays/everythirdday每隔两天（每三天）IgotoItalyeverysixweeks・我每隔五周（每六周）去一趟意大利.Pleasewriteoneveryotherline・请隔行写7）all,whole和both的用法.（Dall指三者以上，或不可数的东西.谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数.在句中作主语.表语.宾语•同位语和定语.AllofuslikeMrPope.我们都喜欢Pope先生.（作主语）=WealllikeMrPope.（作同位语）\nAllthewaterhasbeenusedup.（作主语）That，sallfortoday.（作表语）Whynoteatal1（of）thefish?（作宾语）Alltheleadersarehere.（作定语）（2）both作代词.—①与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”.LucyandLilybothagreewithus.Theybothpassedontheirsticksatthesametime・Ilowarcyourparents?Thcy，rebothfine.②与“of+代词（或名词）”连用,表示“两者都”.BothofthemcametoseeMary.Bothofthebooksareveryinteresting.③单独使用，表示“两者（都）”.Michaelhastwosons.Bothareclever.1don"tknowwhichbookisthebetter,1shallreadboth.（3）both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”.Bothhisyoungersistersareourclassmates.Therearetai1treesonbothsidesofthestreet.（4）both和all都可直接修饰名词，如果名词前有限定词时其而只能用bothof或allof・如：Bothofthetwonewbooksareinteresting・（5）both和all在句屮的位置是位于be动词.助动词•情态动词之后，行为动词之前.女口：Weareal1here.Theyhaveal1finishedtheirhomework.（6）both的反义词是neither,all的反义词是none・如：Bothofusaredoctors•Neitherofusisadoctor.（全部否定）\n（7）all与whole在表示“全部的”•“整体的”意思时，all强调由个体组成的全部，要放在冠词.物主代词.或其他限定词Z前；而whole表示不可分割的整休，要放在限定词之后.如：allthestudentsallthefoodthewholeschoolthewholestory8）no和none表示“无,没有”no=nota,notany，做定语，后跟可数名词或不可数名词；none后跟of短语，在句中做主语或宾语，表示“没有任何东西或人”.如:ThereisnoTknownone注意：①nobody,airorwateronthemoon.ofthem•noone,nothing只能单独使用，后而不能跟of短语.如:他们当中没有人会讲英语.误：NobodyofthemcanspeakEnglish.正：NobodycanspeakEnglish.IE：NoneofthemcanspeakEnglish.,noone②nobody,noone,nothing和none常用做简略回答.一般情况下,冋答howmany或howmuchWhatsinthebox?Whoisintheclassroom?Howmanypeoplearethere6.相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词.两组.在当代英语nothing冋答what问句；nobody和noone冋答who问句；none问句・如：Nothing•Nobody/Noone.inthepark?None.相互代词有eachother和oneanother中，eachother和oneanother没有什么区别•相Weshouldlearnfromeachother/oneanother.Doyouoftenwritetoeachother/oneanother?互代词可在句中作宾语或定语•作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式.（作宾语）（作宾语）Weoftenborroweachother's/oneanother"sbooks.（作定语）Thestudentscorrectedeachother's/oneemother'smistakesintheirhomework.（作定语）七.疑问代词疑问代词共有五个词who,whom,whose,what和which.疑问代词用来构成特殊疑问句，一般都放在句首，并在句子屮作为某一句子成分.例如：Whoisgoingtocomeheretomorrow?（作主语）Whatisthat?（作表语）Whoseumbrellaisthis?（作定语）Whomareyouwaitingfor?（作宾语）What和which作定语的区别:which用于在一定范围内的人或物屮进行选择;而what则没有此限制.如:Whichsportareyouintoday?八•关系代词关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词.关系代词有\nWho,whose,whom,that,which.它们在句屮可用作主语，表语，宾语，定语.在主句屮,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词.例如：Ihatepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.I，mlookingatthephotographwhichyousentmewithyourletter.Withthemoneythathehadsaved,hewentonwithhisstudy.Doyouknowtheladywhoisinterviewingourheadmeister?三.题选及解析—()1.Mary,pleaseshowyourpicture.A.myB.mineC.ID.me答案：D.该题考查的是人称代词和物主代词的用法.在木题屮，动词show的后面要跟双宾语，空片处缺少一个间接宾语，所以应选me.()2.What，sonTVtonight?Isthereintercsting?A.somethingB.anythingC.nothingD.everything答案：B.该题考查的是不定代词的用法.这是一个疑问句.在疑问句中，通常用anything・()3.ofthemhashisownopinion.A.BothB.SomeC.EveryD.Each答案：D.该题考查的是不定代词用法.因为谓语动词是单数形式，所以both和some都不对.every不能作主语，所以只有each合适.()4.Whereismypen?Oh,sorry.Thavetakenbymistake.A.yoursB.hisC.mineD.hers答案：A・该题考查的是物主代词的用法.根据题干的背景，我们可以判断岀错拿的钢笔应该是对方的，所以选yours.()5.Oh,thereissomeoneknockingatthedoor.mustbeyourneighbour•A.ThereB.SheC.HeD.It答案：D.不明性别的人用it代替.()6.Johnisn"tinterestedinsports.A.NeitheramIB.SoIamC.NorIamD.SoamI答案：A.该题考查"Neither/Nor+助动词+主语”表示“…•也不・・・.”句型的用法.耍用倒装语序，动词的人称和数由主语决定.如果耍表示肯定意义“…•也….”时，用“so+助动词+主语”.也是倒装句型.如：Hehasgoneout•sohavehissisters•但：如果两个句子的主语是同一个(些)人吋，Neither*/Nor或So后面不需要用倒装句型.如：JennywritesEnglishverywell.Soshedoes.Hehasn"tfinishedallthework.Neitherhehas.7.areworkers•A.I,you,andheB・You,IandheC.He,youandTD.You,heandT答案：D.该题在考杳人称代词并列使用的问题.处于礼貌，一般情况下是第二.三人称代词在前，第一人称代词在后.但是在主动承担错误或责任时,需要强调本人，第一人称代词可以放在前面.四.能力提高练习一).单项填空()1.Tom,Pleasepasstheglasses.1wanttoreadthenewspapers.A.youB.meC.himD.her\n()2.TheEnglishnovelisquiteeasyforyou.Therearenewwordsinit.A.alittleB.littleC.afewD.few()3.Doyouwantsandwich?Yes,please!IusuallyeatalotwhenI，mhungry.A.otherB.anotherC.othersD・theother()4.ThedoctorsandnursesaredoingtheirbesttofightSARS.Theythinkmoreofothersthan•A.theyB.themC-themselvesD.theirs()5.Whichdoyouprefer,abottleoforangeorabottleofmilk?,thanks.I'dlikeacupoftea.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None()6.Oh!Icameinahurryandforgottobringfood.Nevermind.Youcanhave.A.usB.oursC.youD.yours()7.CanIcomethiseveningortomorrowmorning?isOK.I，mfreetodayandtomorrow.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None()8.Howareyougoingtoimprovethisterm?Workharderthanlastterm.A.ourselvesB.myselfC.himselfD.yourself()9.Couldyoutellmesheislookingfor?Hercousin,Susan.A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which()10.Ishere?No.LiLeiandHanMeihaveaskedforleave.A.everybodyB.somebodyC.anybodyD・nobody一).用所给代词的适当形式填空1.Thisisnotmypencil-box.(I)isinthebag.2.Treesareplantedin(we)countryeveryyear,3.IsthatbikeMissGao，s?Yes,itis(she).Beautiful,isn，tit?4.Help(you)tosomefruit,Jack.5.Whotaughtyourbrothertosurf?Nobody.Helearntallby(he).四).用适当的疑问代词和关系代词填空1.isthepopulationoftheworldtoday?2.jumpedtheIongestofal1inthelongjump?3.colourisyourmother"sdress?It，sblack.4.isyourcar?Theredoneinfrontofthetree.5.ofthefollowingcanyouoftenfindonamedicinebottle?1know,sir.It，sinstruction.\n第七章介词和连词【考点】1.常用介词及其词组的主要用法和意义；2.常用动词.形容词与介词.副词的固定搭配及其意义.3.并列连词and,but,or,so等的主要用法；4•常用的从屈连词的基本用法【精讲】1.介词的功能介词是一种虚词，不能单独使用.介词口J与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语.介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语.例如：2•常用介词的用法辨析(1)表时间的介词①in/on/at;during;for表示时间点用at.例如：atsixo'clock,atnoon,atmidnight.表示在某个世纪，某个年代，某个年龄段，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，卜午，晚上时，用in.例如：inthenineteenthcentury/inthe1960s/inhisfifties/in2002/inMay/inwinter/inthemorning/afternoon/evening如果表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用on.onMonday/onJuly1过/onSundaymorning等.during表示“在…期间”，强调“自始至终”Wedidalotofinterestingthingsduringthesummerholiday・②for,since,after出for,since和after引导的词组都口J表示从过去某一点开始的时段,但for和since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往耍与现在完成时连用.for后面跟时间段,而since后跟时间点…而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用•例如：TheyhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.ThavenJtheardfromhimsincelastsummer.Afterfivedays,theboycameback・③in,afterin与将来时态连用时，表示“过多t时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段吋间的词语.After与将来吋态连用吋，后面只能跟表示吋间点的词语.After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段吋间的词语.例如：Hewillbebackintwomonths・Hewillarriveafterfouro'clock・Hereturnedafteramonth.④till,until意为“直到…才”在肯定句中谓语动词要用延续性动词，表示某个动作一直延续了多长时间.在否定句中谓语动词要用短暂性动词，译为“直到…•才”.女口：You'dbetterstayinbedtilltomorrow・Hedidn,tgotobeduntilelevenlastnight・until可以用于句首,t订1不能放在句首•如:Unt订yesterdayIdidn,tknowit・直到昨天我才知道这件事・(2)表示地点的介词\n①in,on,at毗一般指小地方；in-般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”.例如：HearrivedinShanghaiyesterday.Theyarrivedatasmallvillagebeforedark・Thereisabigholeinthewall.Theteacherputupapictureonthewall.②over,above,onover,on和above都可表示“在上面”，但具体含义不同.Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under,above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below.On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面，其反义词是under.例如：Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Weflewabovetheclouds.Theyputsomeflowersontheteacher"sdesk.©across,throughacross和through均可表示"从这一边到另一边”，但用法不同.across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行.through的含义与in有关，表示从内部“通过.穿过”.例如：Thedogranacrossthegrass.Theboyswamacrosstheriver.Theywalkedthroughtheforest.Tpushedthroughthecrowds.①infrontof,inthefrontofinfrontof表示"在某人或某物的前而"，在某个范围以外；inthefrontof表示“在……的前部”，在某个范围以内•例如：Therearesometalltreesinfrontofthebuilding.Theteacherissittinginthefrontoftheclassroom.②in,on,to表示“位于”in表示在某范围Z内；to表示在某范围Z外；on表示相临或接壤ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.JapanistotheeastofChina.Mongolia1iesonthenorthofChina.2.介词的固定搭配介词往往同其他词类形成了同定搭配关系•记住这种同定搭配关系，才能正确使用介词.①介词与动词的搭配listento,laughat,getto,lookfor/up/after/at,waitfor,hearfrom,turnon/off,turnup/down,worryabout，thinkof,lookafter,spend…on---,catchupwith,comeupwith,leavefor等.②介词与名词的搭配ontime,intime,bybus,onfoot,withpleasure,onone"swayto,introuble,atbrcakfast,attheendof,intheend等・③介词与形容词的搭配belatefor,beafraidof,begoodat,beinterestedin,beangrywith,befullof,\nbesorryfor,befamousfor,等.2.连词的功能用来连接词，短语，从句或句了的词叫连词.连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独使用.连词可分为两类：并列连词和从屈连词.3.并列连词并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子•常见的并列连词有：①表并歹U关系的and,both…and…,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…等.②表选择关系的or,either・・・or等.③表转折关系的but,wh订e等.④表因果关系的for,so等.4.从属连词从屈连词用来引导从句.常见的从屈连词有：①引导时间状语从句的after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,assoonas等.②引导条件状语从句的if,unless,aslongas等.③引导原因状语从句的because,as,since等.④引导目的状语从句的sothat,inorderthat等.⑤引导让步状语从句的though,although,evenif,eventhough等.⑥引导结果状语从句的sothat,so---that,such---that等.⑦引导比较状语从句的than,as---as等.⑧引导方式状语从句的asif,asthough等.⑨引导名词从句的that,if,whether等.7.常用连词的用法辨析(1)while,when,as这三个连词都可引导吋间状语从句，但用法有所不同.①当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事•While,when,as都口J用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句.例如：As/When/While1waswalkingdownthestreet,1noticedapolicecar.②当两个长动作同吋进行的吋候，最常用的是wh订e・例如：Whilemotherwascookinglunch,Twasdoingmyhomework.③当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as.例如：Aschildrengetolder,theybecomemoreandmoreinterestedinthingsaroundthem.④当两个短动作同吋发生吋，或表示“一边…一边…”吋，最常用as.例如:Justashecaughtthefly,hegavealoudcry.Shelookedbehindfromtimetotimeasshewont⑤当从句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用when.例如：Whenhefinishedhiswork,hetookashortrest・⑥当从句是瞬间动作，主句是延续性动作吋，通常用when.例如：WhenJohnarrived,Iwascookinglunch.(2)as,because,since、for这四个词都可表原因，但用法有区别.①如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because・因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末.例如：Istayedathome,becauseitrained.Whyaren'tyougoing?\nBecauseIdon，twantto.①如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或since.Since比as稍微正式一点・As和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头.例如：Ashewasn"tready,weleftwithouthim.SinceIhavenomoney,Ican"tbuyanyfood.②for用来补充说明一种理由，因此，for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里.For引导的句子不放在句子的开头.例如：IdecidedtostopandhavelunchforIwasfeelingquitehungry.(2)if,whetherif和whether都可作“是否”讲,在引导宾语从句时一般可互换•例如:Iwonderwhether(if)youstillstudyinthatschool.Tdon,tknowwhether(if)he1ikesthatfilm.在下列情况F,只能用whether,不能用if：①引导主语从句时.例如：Whetherhewillcometothepartyisunknown.②引导表语从句吋.例如：ThequestioniswhetherTcanpasstheexam.③后面直接跟不定式时，if则不能.例如：1haven'tmadeupmymindwhethertogothereornot.④介词后面的宾语从句.如：We'retalkingaboutwhetherwe，11gotoHainanforaholiday.⑤与ornot连用时.女口：I’dliketoknowwhethcrhe'11comeornot•(3)so…that,such...that,sothat①so---that中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词,而such...that屮的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语.引导一个结果状语从句.TmsotiredthatTcam'twalkanyfarther.Itwassuchawarmdaythathewentswimming.②如果在名词Z前冇many,much,little,few时，用so,不用such.Hehassolittleeducationthatheisunabletogetajob.IhavehadsomanyfallsthatIamblackandblueallover.③引导一个廿的状语从句.女mHegotupearlyyestcrdaysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus•(4)either…or…，neither…no「notonly…butalso••-这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分.当它们连接两个并列主语时，动词要随相邻的主语变化.Eitheryouorheiswrong.Neitherhenorhischildrenlikefish.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudentswanttobuythebook.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwantstobuythebook.(5)although,but这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中.谋：Althoughheisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers正：Althoughheisoversixty,heworksashardasothers.正：Heisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers.\n(2)because,so这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子屮・误：BecauseJohnwasill,soTtookhimtothedoctor.IE：BecauseJohnwasill,Itookhimtothedoctor.正：Johnwasill,so1tookhimtothedoctor.中考题辨析1.WhenwillMrBlackcometoBeijing?September5.A.OnB.ToC.AtD.In答案：A.表示时间的介词的用法.表示某一天用介词on.2.Theboysfeltsadastheylostthegirlsinthetalkshow.A.byB.inC.toD.on答案：C.该题考查的是介词和动词的固定搭配.lose表示输给谁的时候用介词to•应选C.3.1likeridingfast・It'sveryexciting・Oh!Youmustn'tdoitlikethat,itmayhaveanaccident.A.andB.orC.soD.but答案：B.该题考查的是并列连词的用法.答语的意思是“你不要那样做，否则会发生事故的・”在这四个并列连词中，只有or有这样的意思，所以应选B.4.Johnfellasleephewaslisteningtothemusic・A.afterB.beforeC.whileD.assoonas答案：C.该题考查的是引导吋间状语从句的常用从属连词的用法.本句的含义是“约翰在听咅乐的时候睡着了・”表示在干某事时发生了某个事情”通常用wh订e.因此应选C.5.Shehurriedtoschoolshemightnotbelate・A.thatB.sothatC.becauseD.so答案：B.该题考查sothat引导的目的状语从句.根据句意应该“她匆忙赶往学校，以便她不会迟到”.sothat引导的目的状语从句可转换成动词不定式短语.如：Shehurriedtoschoolinordernottobelate・一.单项填空()1.WetraveledovernighttoParisandarrived5o'clockthemorning.A.on;inB.at;inc.at;onD.in;on()2.Where'sLily?Weareallhereher.A.besideB.aboutC.exceptD.with()3.Shesentherfriendapostcardabirthdaypresent.\nA.onB.asC.forD.of()4.JackhasstudiedChineseinthisschooltheyearof2000.A.sinceB.inC.onD.by()5.Whatisawritingbrush,doyouknow?Tt‘swritinganddrawing.A.withB.toC.forD.by()6.Englishiswidelyusedtravellersandbusinesspeopleallovertheworld.A.)7.A.)&toB.forC.asD.bythehelpofmyteacher,Tcaughtupwiththeotherstudents.InC.WithD.OnisthesouthofChina,andMacaoistheUnderB.HongKongwestofHongKong.A.)9.A.()10.A.in;toYou"dItdocsn"tmatter.inB.ofJapanlies_toB.inB.to;toC.to;inD.in;inbetternotgooutnow.It'sraining.Mynewcoatcankeepwitheastofaboutrain.二.用适当的介词填空1.2.C.theC.D.offChina.D.attrainstationtomeetyouraunt?mycar.HowareyougoingI’mgoingthere_Mum,todayisMother"sDay.MikeandIwanttoinviteyoutodinnerusatBenjingRestaurant.HangzhouisfamoustheWestLake.tothehave3.4.Todaysomencwly-produccdmobilephonescantakepicturescamera.5.CouldyoutellmeifthereisaflighttothecapitalMarch,25th?三.用适当的连词填空—1.theyarebiothers,theydon'tlooklikeeachotheratalL2.Thedresswasveryexpensive,Ididn"tbuyit.3.DoyouknowIcouldpasstheexam?Sorry,1’venoidea.4.Mr.BrownknowslittleJapanese,hecan"tunderstandtheinstructionsonthebottleofthepills.5.Thewarwasoveraboutayearago,theAmericansoldiersinIraqarestillhavingalotoftroubletodealwith.第八章句子种类【考点】按照句子的用途，口J分为陈述句.疑问句•祈使句和感叹句.按照句子的结构，英语句了可分为简单句.并列句和复合句.中考对句了的考杳主要集中在以下几个方而：1.陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；2.祈使句的构成形式及基木用法；\n3.一般疑问句.特殊疑问句.选择疑问句.反意疑问句的构成形式及基木用法;4.由what,how引导的感叹句的构成形式.用法及区别.对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述.•・陈述句的构成形式及基木用法1•陈述句：用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法.肯定式：主+谓Tomhasanewcar・Theflowerisn'tbeautiful.2.陈述旬否定式的构成①如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词（be,have/has-现在完成时态,had一过去完成时态）.情态动词（can/could,will/would,may/might,must,等）或连系动词be,则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式.Heisplayingtheguitar.（肯定）Heisnotplayingtheguitar.（否定）Wecangettherebeforedark.（肯定）Wecan'tgettheebeforedark・（否定）②如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其屮又没冇情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don't,doesn't或didn,t・同吋把该实义动词变为原形.其他所要变化的：someHeplaystheviolinwel1.Hedoesn'tplaytheviolinShewonthegame・Shedidn'twinthegame.④除not以外，否定词no,never,句.any,alotof-*many/much,too-^either,already-*yet（肯定）well.（否定）（肯定）（否定）nothing,nobody,few等也口J构成否定述冇：both—neither,both-^and—neither・・・nor,ever—never,allfnone,either---or->neither---nor,等，例女1丨：Thereissomethingwrongwithmybike.—Thereisnothingwrongwithmybike・Ihaveeverseenthefilm.-*Ihaveneverseenthefilm.二.祈使句的构成形式及基本用法祈使句是用来表示命令•请求.建议.号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号“！”或句号”・朗读吋一般用降调.1.肯定的祈使句：①祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果耍特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语.Bequiet.Youbequiet!②“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用.Docomebackatonce!Dobecareful・③please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开.\nOpenthewindow,please.Or:Pleaseopenthewindow.①Let引导祈使句时，后而需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用第一.第三人称.LetJackwaitaminute.Let'sgotoschool.（Let's二Letus）②在祈使句中，Let's和Letus是有区别的.Let's包括说话者，而Letus不包括说话者在内.这点从反意疑问句中可明显看出.Let'sgoskating,shallwe?（表示内部的建议）Letustryagain,willyou?（表示向别人发出请求）1.否定祈使句通常以Do—t或Never开头•其结构通常是：“Don，t（Never）+动词原形+其他成分”例如：Don'tdothatagain!Don'tbelatenexttime!Neverleavetoday?sworkfortomorrow!二.一般疑问句.特殊疑问句.选择疑问句.反意疑问句的构成形式及基木用法（-）一般疑问句：能用Yes/No來回答的疑问句1.一般疑问句的肯定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词•情态动词.be动词开始，通常要求以yes,或no来冋答的疑问句，通常用升调.DoyouknowMr.Smith?Canyouswim?2.一般疑问句的否定结构①在一般疑问句的否定结构屮，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语Z后.但如果用not的简略形式t,则须将-1?t与一般疑问句句首的be,have,助动词或情态动词写在一起.在实际运用屮，一般都采用简略式.Areyounotafootballfan?Aren'tyouafootballfan?Willshenotlikeit?Won'tshelikeit?②与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定.若答语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构;若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构.Aren'tyouafootballfan?你不是足球迷吗?（不，我是足球迷.）（是的，我不是足球迷.）（她不会喜欢这个吗？）（不，她回喜欢的・）（是的，他不会喜欢的）Yes,Iam.No,Tamnot.WonJtshelikeit?Yes,shewill.No,shewon't.(-)特殊疑问句特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+—般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如杲主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序.特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调•例如:Whoisondutytoday?HowlonghaveyoubeeninBeijing?Whattimedoyougetupeverymorning?\nWhatmustIdonow?常用的特殊疑问句询问内容疑问词或句型例句回答职业，身份whatWhatisyourfather?Whatdoesyourfatherdo?Whasyourfather'sjob?Heisadoctor.姓名或关系whoWhoisthatboy?HeisJack.Heismybrother相貌特征what・Tike?Whatisshelike?Whatdocsshelooklike?Sheisbeautiful.目的what…for?Whatdidtheycomeherefor?Toattendameeting.原因whyWhydidtheycomehere?Becausetheyhaveameetingtoattend.天气howwhat・・・like?Howistheweathertoday?Whatistheweatherliketoday?It'sfine・颜色whatcolor…？Whatdolorisherskirt?It?sred.服装尺寸whatsizeWhatsizedoeshewear?HewearsSize40.几点钟whattimeWhattimeisit?What'sthetimenow?It's7:30.星期几whatdayWhatdayisittoday?It'sTuesday.几号，□期whatisthedate…？Whatisthedatetoday?It'sMay2nd.年龄（多大）howoldHowoldishe?lieis3&持续多长时间（多久）howlongHowlonghaveyoubeenhere?Forfivemonths.长度（多长）howlongHowlongisthebridge?It's500metres.距离（多远）howfarHowfarisitfromheretothezoo?It's6kilomctres.频度（多经常）howoftenHowoftendoyoucomeback?Onceaweek.吋间经过（多快）howsoonHowsoonwillshearrive?Inanweek.数量（多少）howmany（可数名词）howmuch（不可数名词）Howmanyjacketsdoyouhave?Howmuchcoffeedoyouwant?Three.Twocups.价格howmuch/whatHowmuchisit?Howmuchdoesitcost?What"sthepriceofifit?Fivedollars.咼度（多高）howtall（人，树）howhigh（ill,建筑物）Howtallisshe?Howhighisthetower?She's1.73metres.It's450metres.人口或得数whatWhasthepopulationofChina?It's1.3billion・||What'sfiveplusfour?|lt'snine.\n（三）选择疑问句：选择疑问句是说话者提岀两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择冋答的疑问句.其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”.选择部分由or连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调.不能用yes或no回答，答案必须是完整的句了或其省略式.Isyourbagyelloworblack?It'sblack・・Wouldyoulikesometeaorcoffee?Eitherwilldo.・Whichdoyoulikebetter,singingordancing?Ilikedancingbetter.（四）反意疑问句：反意疑问句是指在陈述句z后附加一个意思与z相反的简短问句，问对方是否赞同的疑问句•附加问句的否定式必须缩写.1.肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句.Iamyourteacher,aren'tI?Hedidn,tstudyhard,didhe?2•附加疑问句的主语必须是人称代词.Jimhasacomputer,doesn'the?Yourmotherwenttothesupermarket,dicin'tshe?1.如果陈述句屮含有否定副词never（从不，决不），hardly（几乎不）或其他表示否定代词或形容词，如nothing,nonenoone,nobody,neither,few,little等,则附加问句只能用肯定式.女口：Theyhardlywritetoeachother,dothey?Hehasfoundnothing,hashe?Fewpeopleknewthesecret,didthey?2.当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时，英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异.英语回答时只看实际情况，若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”,答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”,而译成汉语时，则必须把yes译“不是”,把no译成“是的”・Youwon'tbeawayforlong,w订1you?你不会离开太久，是吗？Yes,Iwill.不，我会离开很久.No,Iwon't.是的，我不会离开很久.1don'tthinkshe'11comebybike,w订1she?我认为她不会骑自行车，是吗？Yes,shewill.不，她会骑自行车来.No,shewon,t.是的，她不会骑自行车来.3.如杲陈述部分出现否定前缀或后缀时，附加疑问句仍用否定结构.Themanwasunhappy,wasn?the?Thegirlistoocareless,isn'tshe?Heisuniikehisbrother,isn,the?4.附加疑问句的主语必须是人称代词•Jimhasacomputer,doesn,the?Yourmotherwenttothesupermarket,didn'tshe?\n1.陈述句主语是something,anything,nothing,everything时,附加疑问句主语用it;女II杲陈述句中主语是"anybody,everyone,everybody,none〃等时，简短问句等主语用they或he；Everyoneishere,aren'tthey?Nothingiswrongwithmyeyes,isit?2.陈述部分是Therebe结构，附加疑问句仍用there作主语.Therewillbeafootballmatchinourschool,isn'tthere?3.陈述部分含有情态动词must+be表示“推测,判断”时，附加疑问句用aren,t/isn't+主语，而不可用mustn,t;如果must表示“必须”时，疑问部分则用needn,t.Itmustbeyours,isn,tit?Youmustbeveryhungry,aren'tyou?Shemustgohome,needn,tshe?当陈述部分有mustn,t表示“禁止”吋，附加疑问句一般用must・Youmusttplayfootbal1inthestreet,mustyou?4.当陈述部分是I’m/Iam…结构时，.附加疑问句一般用aren,tI・1'mrighttodoso,aren't1?5.陈述部分是"Ithink/believe/guess/suppose+宾语从句”时，反意问句要与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致，并注意否定转移.Tthinkshewi11comeontime,won'tshe?Shedoesn,tthinksshecanfinishtheworkwell,canshe?12•当祈使句为Let's…结构时，附加疑问句用shallwe;如果是Letus…结构时，则用will/won,tyou.其他祈使句也用will/won,tyou.Let'sgoskating,shallwe?Letusgohome,willyou?John,passmethebook,willyou?13•感叹句•感叹句后加反意疑问句时，其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式.例如:Whatfineweather,isn，tit?多好的天气啊,是吧？14.当陈述部分谓语动词是need,dare,usedto,且这些词被用作实义动词时，其反意疑问句需用do的适当形式.例如：Heneedshelp,doesn，the?他需要帮助，是吗？15.陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时，反意疑问句的主语用it,当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时，其反意疑问句的主语用they•例如：Thisisaplane,isn'tit?这是一架飞机，是吗？Thesearegrapes,aren'tthey?这些是葡萄，是吗？16•陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时，反意疑问句的主语可以用one,也可用you（美式英语用he）.例如：Oneshouldbereadytohelpothers,shouldn，tone?17.当陈述部分主语是从句.不定式（短语）.动词-ing形式吋，反意疑问句的主语应该用it.例如：Whatyouneedismoreimportant,isn，tit?你需要的东西更重要，是吧？18.陈述部分冇hadbetter时，反意疑问句中要用hadn't.例如：Wehadbettergotoschoolatonce,hadn，twe?我们现在最好马上去上学，好吗？\n19.若反意疑问句是“祈使句+简短问句”，则不论祈使句是肯定还是否定,简短问句都用z，//willyou"单项选择()1.A.Sheputsomeleavesonthedesk,9•didn,tshedoessheB.doesn,tsheC.didsheD.()2.Tomnevertellsalie.9■A.doesheB.doesn"theC.doesnotheD.doesTom()3.Letusgotoplayfootball,9■A.shallweB.willyouC.won'tyouD.willnotyou()4.Tdon,tthinkheishavingameeting,9■A.docsheB.doIC.isheD.isn，the()5.Sheisn"tathome,isshe9■»A.Yes,sheisnotB.No,sheisn,tC.No,sheisD.Yes,sheisn't()6.Theywenttotheparkyesterday,9■A.don"ttheyB・didn"ttheyC.arcn‘ttheyD.can"tthey()7.Alicestayeduplatelastnight,9■A.dicin'therB.didn'tAliceC.didsheD.didn,tshe()8.MissAnn"sneverbeentoParisbefore,9•A.issheB.hastsheC.isn'tsheD.hasshe()9.Maryhadatalkatschoolyesterday.9■A.hadsheB.hadn"tsheC.didsheD.dicin'tshe()10.Youareastudent,?A.doyouB.aren,tyouC.areyouDdon,tyou二.将下列句子变为反意疑问句.1.Theelephantisr/tlikeasnake,9■2.Nobodylikestoagreewithyou,9■3.EveryonehasbeentoJapan,9■4.Idon'tthinktheteacherisfromAmerica,9•5.Therewerefewstudentsthere,9•二.由what,how引导的感叹句的构成形式.用法及区别用以表示快乐.痛苦等强烈感情.句末用感叹号“！”，读时用降调，冇用what和how开头的两种形式.1.what开头的感叹句:①what+a/an+形+单数可数名词+主.谓!Whatabeautifulcityitis!Whataninterestingstoryshetoldus!②what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+主.谓！Whatexpensivewatchestheyare!Whatterribleweatheritis!2.How引导的感叹句:①How+形（副）+主谓！Howcolditis!Howhardheworks!②How+陈述句(主语+谓语)！\nHowheloveshisson!HowImissyou!①How+形+a/an+名词+主.谓！Howtallatreeitis!②上述两种感叹句口J以互相转换.例如：Whatacleverboyheis!-^IIowclevertheboyis!Whatacolddayitis—Howcolditis!二.题选及解析1.usefulcomputeritis!A.WhatB.WhataC.WhatanD.How答案：B.该题考杳的是感叹句的结构.这个感叹句的中心词是一单数可数名词computer,所以耍用what来修饰，又因为useful第一个发音是辅音，what之后的不定冠词用a,而不用an.2.isitfromJiaxingtoHangzhou?1’mnotsure,butittakesaboutninetyminutestogettherebybus.A.HowmanyB.HowoftenC.HowmuchD.Howfar答案：D.该题考查的是特殊疑问句疑问词的选择•问话者是在问距离，所以应用howfar来提问.3.willittakeustogettherebybus?Abouttwohours.A.HowsoonB.HowoftenC.HowlongD.Howquick答案：c.该题考查的是特殊疑问句疑问词的选择•问话者是在问时间，所以应用howlong来提问・4.Help!Thereisasnakenearthehouse.afraid.Itwillgoawaylater.A.Don,tB.NotC.Don,tbeD.Be答案：C.该题考杳的是祈使句的结构.祈使句的否定结构是：“Dorft(Never)+动词原形+其他成分”符合这一要求的只冇C.5.Youcouldhardlybelievewhathesaid,?A.couldyouB.couldn"tyouC.canyouD・wereyou答案：A.陈述部分含冇表示否定意义的次hardly,因此疑问部分应用肯定形式.故选A.三.能力捉咼练习一).单项填空()1.Excuseme,isthenearestbookshop?Godownthestreetandturnleftatthesecondcorner.A.howB.whatC.whereD.who()2.isitfromourschooltotheBellTower?Abouthalfanhour"sbusride.Shallwegoandvisitit?A.HowlongB.HowoftenC.HowfarD.Howmuch()3.Lindahadnothingforbreakfastthismorning,?No.Shegotuptoolate.A.hadsheB.hadn'tsheC.didsheD.didn"tshe()4.Theroomissodirty.wecleanit?Ofcourse.A.W订1B.WouldC.DoD.Shall()5.,sir?Size41,IthinkA.WhatsizedoyouneedB.Whatcan1doforyouC.HowdoyoulikethisshirtD.What'sthematterwithyou()6・goodweather!Whynotgooutforawalk?\nA.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Howa()7.It，sanicecar.haveyoubeeninit?JusttoShanghai.A.HowmuchB.HowlongC.HowsoonD.Howfar()8.totheUnitedStates?No,never,butIwenttoCanadaafewyearsago.A.HaveyoubeenB.HaveyougoneC.DidyougoD.Willyougo()9.wereyouawayfromschoollastyear?Abouttwoweeks.A.HowoftenB・HowsoonC.HowlongD・When()10.doyouwant?1wantaCDofpopularsongs-A.WhichCDB.HowmanyCDsC.WhatCDD.Howmuch二.句型转换(按耍求改写下列句子)1.Bruceboughtadictionaryyesterday.(改为否定句)Bruceadictionaryyesterday.2.Mr.Smithdoesmorningexerciseseveryday.(改为——般疑问句)Mr.Smithmorningexerciseseveryday?3.AllanwillgobacktoEnglandbyplanenextmonth.(就划线部分捉问)AllangobacktoEnglandnextmonth?4.Therearesomeapplesonthetable.(改为否定仙Thereapplesonthetable.5.Whensheseesyou,shewilltellyouthenews(划线提问)shetellyouthenews?第九章宾语从句【考点】1.引导宾语从句的连词和代词选择；2.宾语从句的语序；3.宾语从句的时态.考查的主要形式是单项填空.完型填空.短文填空和完成句子•阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到宾语从句•一.宾语从句的引导词根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类.1.由that引导的宾语从句.That在口语和非正式-文休中可以省略.引导的是陈述句.例如:Hesaid(that)hewantedtostayathome.Shedoesn,tknow(that)sheisseriously订1.1amsure(that)hewillsucceed・2.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句(连接代词和连接副词后面的句子用陈述句).这些连\n接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分.例如：Doyouknowwho(whom)theyarewaitingfor?CanyoutellmewheretheNo.3busstopis?Idon"tknowwhythetrainislate.（介词宾语）（地点状语）（原因状语）1.曲if或whether引导的宾语从句.If和whether在句中的意思是“是否".例如：1wanttoknowif（whether）helivesthere・Heaskedmewhether（if）Icouldhelphim.在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if：①引导主语从句时.例如：Whetherhewillcometothepartyisunknown.②引导表语从句时.例如：ThequestioniswhetherIcanpasstheexam・③后面直接跟不定式吋，if则不能.例如：ThavenJtmadeupmymindwhethertogothereornot.④介词后面的宾语从句.女口：We'retalkingaboutwhetherwe'11gotoHainanforaholiday・⑤与ornot连用时.如：I'dliketoknowwhetherhe,11comeornot.一.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序.二.宾语从句的时态1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句可用任何时态.如：Idon'tthink(that)youareright.Pleasetel1uswhereheis.CanyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?It'ssaidthattheyhavefinishedthework・2.如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去吋，过去进行吋，过去将来吋，过去完成吋）.例如：①如果宾语从句动作和主句动作紧接发生，则从句用一般过去时态.MrKingdidn'tknowwhenhissoncamehomeyestcrdayevening.②如果宾语从句动作和主句动作同时发生，则从句用过去进行时态.Hesaidthathewasmendinghiscomputer・③如果宾语从句动作发生在主句动作之前，则从句用过去完成吋态.TheyaskedmewhereThadgoneduringthemayDayholiday.④如果宾语从句动作发生在主句动作z后，则从句用一般将来时态.Hesaidthathewouldcomehereontime・3.如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时•例如：OurteachersaidthatJanuaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.Scientistshaveprovedthattheearthturnsaroundthesun.【中考演练】1.MissGreendidn,ttellusin2002.A.wheredoessheliveBWhereshelives答案：D.该题考杳的是宾语从句的语序和时态.宾语从句应用陈述句的语序,，时态应与主句保持一致，所以应选D.C.wheredidsheliveD.whereshelived2.Wouldyoupleasetellme?\nA.whendidhecomehomeB.wherehewouldplayfootballC.ifhehadseenthefilmD.whyhedidn，twatchthegame【解析】答案：D.该题考杳的是宾语从句的语序和时态.主句用的实际上是现在时，宾语从句在这个句子里应用陈述句的语序和一般过去时.1.Idon"tknowwhen•A.willthetrainleaveB.thetrainwillleaveC.wouldthetrainleaveD.thetrain1eave【解析】答案：B.该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态.只有B在语序和时态上符合耍求.2.Wedon，tknow•ItissaidthathewasborninSweden.A.whatheisB.ifhe1iveshereC.wherehecomesfromD.whichcountryishefrom【解析】答案：C•该题考查的是宾语从句的语序.按照他们谈论的话题可知:他们说的是某人是哪里人.A和B可以排除掉.D的语序不对，只有C正确.3.Theteacherwantedtoknow.A.whywashelateforschoolB.howhecananswerthisquestionC.ifhecouldfinishthemontimeD.whetherhisparentsarestrictwithhim【解析】答案：c.该题考查的是宾语从句的时态和语序问题.主句是一般过去吋态，从句也应该用过去的某种吋态.A虽是过去吋态，但不是陈述句语序；B,D是陈述句，但不是过去时态，故只冇C是正确的.一.单项填空()1.Doyouknowduringthecomingsummerholiday?A.whatwillTomdoB.whatdidTomdoC.whatTomwilldoD.whatTomdid()2.Twanttoknow.A.whatishisnameB.what，shisnameC.thathisnameisD.whathisnameis()3.DoyouknowIcouldpasstheexam?A.thatB.whetherC.whatD.which()4.Jimdoesn"tunderstand.A.whichisthewaytothemuseumB.whyhiswifealwaysgoesshoppingC.whatisthewaytothemuseumD.whydoesshealwaysgoshopping()5.Couldyoutellmesheislookingfor?A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which()6.Mr.Kingdidn,tknowyesterdayevening.A.whendoeshissoncomehomeB.whenhissoncomeshomeC.whendidhissoncomehomeD.whenhissoncamehome()7.Couldyoutellmethebikethismorning?\nA.howdocshemendB.howhemendsC.howhemendedD.howdidhemend()8.1，mwaitingforthemail.Doyouknowitwillarrive?Usuallyitcomesby4:00.A.howB.whereC.whenD.what()9.Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellme?Certainly.Gostraightalonghere.It，snexttoahospital.A.howwecangettothepostofficeB.howcanwegettothepostofficeC.howgettothepostofficeD.howcouldwegettothepostoffice()10.CanIhelpyou?CanyoutellmetaketoA.howsoonwillitB.C.howlongitwillD.二•按要求改写句子：合并为宾语从句1.howhowCouldyoutellme?Doeshecomegetthere?soonlongfromitwillwillitCanada?Yes.I’dlikeatickettoMountEmci.1.Thedoctorasked.Howlonghashebeenlikethis?2.Shedidn"tknow.WilltheygotothefarmnextSunday?3.Myteachertoldme.Theearthtravelsaroundthesun.4.Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?Mr.ZhaoaskedMaChao.第十章直接引语和间接引语(DirectSpeechandindirectSpeech)直接引述别人的话，叫“直接引语”.用自己的话转述别人的话，叫“间接引语【间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句•直接引语一般询后要加引号，间接引语不用引号.女口：Johnsaid,a1likereadingadventurestories.”约翰说：“我喜欢看历险故事・”Johnsaidthathelikedreadingadventurestories.约翰说他喜欢看历险故事.一・陈述句(Statements)直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导(that在口语屮常省略)，从句中的人称.时态.指示代词.时间状语.地点状语等要作相应的变化.在这一方面，汉语和英语有许多相似之处，因此在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时，要特别注意句子的意义.1.人称的变化①Hesaid,“Ilikeitverymuch.他说："我非常喜欢它.fHesaidthathelikeditverYmuch.他说他非常喜欢它.②Hesaidtome,〃丄brokeyourCDplayer."他对我说：〃我把你的CD播放器摔坏了.：—Hetoldmethathehadbrokenmy;CDplayer.他告诉我说他把我的CD播放器摔坏了.—2•时态的变化如主句的谓语动词是一般过去吋，直接引语变间接引语吋，从句的谓语动词\n在时态上要作相应的变化.如主句的谓语动词是现在时，从句的时态则无需变化.直接引语变间接引语时的时态变化例句直接引语间接引语一般现在时f一般过去时Hesaid,afraidIcan'tfinishthework./zHesaidthathewasafraidhecouldn"tfinishthework.现在进行时f过去进行时Hesaid,musingtheknife."Hesaidthathewasusingtheknife・现在完成时f过去完成时Shesaid,venotheardfromhimsinceMay.〃ShesaidthatshehadnotheardfromhimsinceMay.一般过去吋f过去完成时Hesaid,cametohelp〃you.Hesaidthathehadcometohelpme.过去完成时不变Hesaid,〃Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper"liesaidthathehadfinishedhishomeworkbeforesupper.一般将來时f过去将来时Shesaid,I"11doitafterclass."Shesaidthatshewoulddoitafterclass.3.指示代词•时间状语•地点状语和动词的变化直接引语传换成间接引语时的变化例句直接引语间接引语thisfthat这个f那个Shesaid,11finishtheworkthismorning."Shesaidthatshewouldfinishtheworkthatmorning.these—those这些f那些Hesaid,"Thesebooksaremine.，zHesaidthatthosebookswerehis.now—then这时f那时Hesaid,"It，snineo'clocknow.Hesaidthatitwasnineo'clockthen.today〜thatday今天一那天Hesaid,〃Ihaven"tseenhertoday.z，Hesaidthathehadn"tseenherthatday.yestcrday—thedaybefore昨天-*前一天Shesaid,〃Iwentthereyesterday.Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.tomorrow-*thenext/followingday明天第二天Shesaid,11gotheretomorrow.Shesaidthatshewou1dgotherethenext/followingday.ago-^before以前Shesaid,"Heleft30minutesago.〃Shetoldmethathehadleft30minutesbefore.here—there这里一那里Hesaid,"Mysisterwashereoneweekago.Hesaidthathissisterhadbeenthereoneweek\nbefore.come—goShesaid,〃I'11comeShesaidthatshewouldgo来一去herethisevening.therethatevening.注：①直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变.如:Hesaid,〃Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.〃Afriendinneedisafriendindeed,"Mothersaidtome.fMothertoldmethatafriendinneedisafriendindeed.②如果在当地转述，here不必改为there,动词come不必改为go.如果在当天转述，yesterday,tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变.一.疑问句(Questions)直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序(主语在谓语前面),句末用句号，主语的人称•时态和状语等也要作相应的变化.1.一般疑问句:直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether或if引导.主句中的谓语动词是said吋，耍改为asked.没有间接宾语的，可以加一个间接宾语(me,him或us等).如©Hesaid,ArcyouinterestedinEnglish?"—Heasked(me)ifIwasinterestedinEngilsh.②Hesaid,“Didyouseehimlastnight?”—Heasked(me)whetherThadseenhimthenightbefore.2.特殊疑问句：直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原來的疑问词引导.女恥"WhatcanIdoforyou?”heaskdeme.Hesaked(me)whathecoulddoforme.二.祈使句(Imperatives)转述祈使句时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell,ask,order等动词，其句型是:tcll/ask/ordcrsomeone(not)todosomething.如果祈使句为否定式,在不定式的前面加上not.如：①“Makesurethedoorisshut,”shesaidtoherlittleson.—Shetoldherlittlesontomakesurethedoorwasshut.②“Don，tsmokeintheroom,”hesaidtome.fHetoldmenottosmokeintheroom.直接引语变间接引语专项练习题一一.将所给直接引语变为间接引语，每空一词：1."Icimhavingsupper,”hesaid.Hesaidthathavingsupper.2.'Tveseenthefilm,”Ginasaidtome.Ginamethatshethefilm.3.“Iwenthomewithmysister,”shesaid.Shesaidthathomewithhersister.4.Thetcachcrsaid,"Thesunisbiggerthanthemoon.\nThetcachcrsaidthatthesun二、单项填空()biggerthanthemoon.1.A.2.A.3.A.C.Ourteacheraskedusourdictionariestoschool,bringB.broughtC.bringD.tobringTheteachertoldtheboystudentsfootbal1onthegrass,notplayB.notTomdidn"tgoDoyouknowhowHowyouknowwhy4.Shelookssad.Couldbeingashappyasbefore?A.5.A.6.A.C・7.A.8.toplayC.playedtoschool?B.WhydoyouknowD.Doyouknowwhypleasetel1methatyouwhatitisB.itisBettyaskedhersister_nottocomeD.playpreventsherfromD.itishowtotherailwaystationtoseeheroff.B.nottogoC.tonotcomeD.tonotgoroundtheearth.whatC.howitisThepupi1askedhisteacherweathcrthewhethertheMr.Liasked;takemoonmoonWangB.SheaskedhimgoesB.thatthemoonwentgoesD.whetherthemoonwentLingataxitotheairport.asked;takingC.told;takeD.told;totakeA.whosedietionarythisiswhosedietionaryisthisMary'smotheraskedher•thatwhethershehadfinishedherherhomeworkifshehadfinishedherhomeworkc.9.A.B・whosedictionarythatwasD.whosedietionarythathomeworkB.ifshehasfinishedC.homework()10.DoyouA.whatC.whatD.thatifshehadfinishedherisheknow?hedoingisdoingB.D.whathedoingwhatdoeshedo第十一章状语从句【考点】1.吋间状语从旬2.条件状语从句3.原因状语从旬4.结果状语从旬5.比较状语从句6.廿的状语从句7•让步状语从句&地点状语从句9.方式状语从句用来修饰主句屮的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句.根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，口的状语从句，让步状语从句.一・时间状语从句1.时间状语从句常用when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas等连词来引导.例如：ItwasraininghardwhenIgottoschoolyesterday.Whilehewasdoinghishomework,thetelephonerang.\nAshewalkedalongthelake,hesanghapp订y.HehadlearnedalittleChinesebeforehecametoChina.Afterhefinishedmiddleschool,hewenttoworkinafactory.1.在吋间状语从句里，通常不用将来吋态，用现在吋态表示将来的动作或状态.例如：I，11ringyouupassoonasIgettoNewYork.1willtellhimeverythingwhenhecomesback.Hewon'tbelieveituntilheseesitwithhisowneyes.2.在带有t订1或imt订引导的吋间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到……时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词.如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到……才……”，“在……以前不……”，谓语动词可用瞬间动词.例如：Theyoungmanreadtillthelightwentout.Let"swaituntiltherainstops.Wewontstartunti1Bobcomes.Don"tgetoffunt订thebusstops.二.条件状语从句1.条件状语从句通常由辻,unless引导.例如：Whatshallwedoifitsnowstomorrow?Don"tleavethebui1dingunlessTtel1youto.2.在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态.例如：I，11helpyouwithyourEnglishifIamfreetomorrow.Hewon'tbelateunlessheisill.3•“祈使句+and(or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带冇条件状语从句的复合句.例如：Hurryup,oryou"11belate.=Ifyoudon，thurryup,you，11belate.Studyhardandyouwillpasstheexam.=Tfyoustudyhard,youwi11passtheexam.三.原因状语从句1•原因状语从句通常由because,since,as引导.例如：Hedidn"tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.Asitisraining,weshallnotgotothezoo.Sinceyoucam'tanswerthequestion,「11asksomeoneelse.2.because表示直接原因，语气最强.Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句Z后.回答由why提出的问题，只能用because.As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因.由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首.例如：Whyaren,tyougoingthere?BecauseIdon'twantto.Ashehasnocar,hecan"tgetthereeasily.Sincewehavenomoney,wecan"tbuyit.3.because和so不能同用在一个句子里.四.结果状语从句1.结果状语从句由so---that,such---that,sothat引导.例如：Heissopoorthathecan"tbuyabikeforhisson.Sheissuchagoodteacherthateverybody\nlikesher.Mypenci1fel1underthedesk,sothatTcouldn，tseeit.1.so・・・that语such...that可以互换.例如：在由so...that引导的结果状语从句屮，so是副词，与形容词连用.其结构是："…so+形容词（副词）+that+从句”.例如：Hewassogladthathecouldn"tsayaword.Thehal1issobigthatitcanhoid2,000people.Motherlivessofarawaythatwehardlyeverseeher.在由such---that引导的结果状语从句中,such是形容词,它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词,也可不带.如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an.例如：Ttwassuchahotdaythatnobodywantedtodoanything.Hehadsuchlongarmsthathecouldalmosttouchtheceiling.Hemadesuchrapidprogressthathedidverywellinthemid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的•例如：Itwassuchawonderfulfilmthatallofuswantedtoseeitagain.=Thefilmwassowonderfulthatal1ofuswantedtoseeitagain.Itissuchanimportantmatchthatnobodywantstomissit.=Thematchissoimportantthatnobodywantstomissit.2.如果名词前由many,much,little,few等词修饰时，只能用so,不用such.女口：Soonthereweresomanydeerthattheyateupal1thewi1droses.Hehassolittietimethathecan"tgotothecinemawithyou.二.比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由as---as,比较级+than…等连词引导.例如：TomrunsfasterthanJohndoes.Thisclassroomisasbigasthatone.三.目的状语从句1.目的状语从句通常由sothat,inorderthat引导.例如：Westartedearlysothatwecouldcatchthefirsttrain.Hestudiedhardsothathecouldworkbetterinthefuture.Weusedthecomputerinorderthatwemightsavetime.2.sothat既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句.区别这两种从句的办法冇两个：①目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can,could,may,might等.②从意思上看，口的状语从句往往表示的口的很明确.例如：Speakclearlysothattheymayunderstandyou.（戸的状语从句）Jackisbadlyillsothathehastorest.（结果状语从句）四.让步状语从句1.让步状语从句通常由although,though等连词引导.例如：Thoughheisyoung,heknowsalot.AlthoughIamtired,Imustgoonworking.2.although(though)不能用在同一个句子中•例如:我们不能说：Thoughitwasraininghard,buthestillwentout.应该说：Thoughitwasraininghard,hestillwentout.或Itwasraininghard,buthe\nstillwentout.二.地点状语从句地点状语从句常常由where来引导.例如：Gowhereyoulike.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.【中考链接】()1.Youwil1stayhealthyyoudomoreexercise,suchasrunningandwalking.A.ifB.howC.beforeD.where答案：A.该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择.从意思上看，从句应是-个条件状语从句，在这四个选项屮只有if能引导条件状语从句，所以选A.()2.Shallwegoonworking?Yes,1prefertohavearest.A.whenB.ifC.becauseD.though答案：D.该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择.从意思上看，只有选though才能说得通.()3.Noneofusknewwhathadhappcncdtheytoldusaboutit.A.whenB.untilC.afterD.though答案：B.该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词选择.木句的意思是“在……以前我们没人知道这件事•”要表达着一意思应用“not・・・until”这一句型.()4.Ihopeyou'11enjoyyourtrip,dear!Thankyou,mum.I’11giveyouacall1getthere.A.untilB.assoonasC.sinceD.till答案：B.该题考查的是引导状语从句的从属连词的选择.木题的意思是“一到那里，我就给你打电话要表达这个意思应选用assoonas.【中考演练】一.单项填空()1.he，sold,hecanstillcarrythisheavybag.A.ThoughB.SinceC.ForD.So()2.Doyouknowifhetoplaybasketbal1withus?Ithinkhewillcomeifhefreetomorrow.A.comes;isB.comes;willbeC.willcome;isD.willcome;willbe()3.Inthezooifachildintothewaterandcan"tswim,thedolphinsmaycomeuphim.A.willfall;tohelpB.falls;tohelpC.willfall;helpD.falls;helping()4.Idon"trememberheworkedinthatcitywhenhewasyoung.A.whatB.whichC.whereD・who()5.Wewillstayathomeifmyaunttovisitustomorrow.A.comesB.comeC.willcomeD.iscoming()6.Thepoliceaskedthechildrencrossthestreetthetrafficlightsturnedgreen.A.not;beforeB.don,t;whenC.notto;unti1D.not;after()7.Iwaslateforclassyesterdaytherewassomcthingwrongwithmybike.\nA.whenB.thatC.untilD.because()8.I'11goswimmingwithyouifIfreetomorrow.A.wi11beB.shal1beC.amD.was()9.Intheexam,theyouarc,themistakesyouwillmake.A.careful;littleB.morecareful;fewestC.morecareful;fewerD.morecareful;less()10.Youshouldfinishyour1essonsyougoouttopaly.A.beforeB.afterC.whenD.while第十二章定语从句（一）【考点】1.定语从句的功用和结构2.关系代词和关系副词的功用3•各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法考查的主要形式是单项填空.完型填空.短文填空和完成句子•阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到定语从句.【精讲】一.定语从句的功用和结构在复合句屮，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词.定语从句是一个形容词从句，表示“……的”.定语从句放在先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导.定语从句在复合句屮起定语作用.关系代词和关系副词有以下三个作用：1.关系代词.关系副词用来引导定语从句，他们在先行词Z后，定语从句Z前，起桥梁和纽带作用，使两者联系起来.定语从句必须放在先行词之后.2.关系代词.关系副词指代先行词.3.关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句屮充当一个句子成分，关系代词作主语.宾语或定语，关系副词作状语._关系代词：thatwhichwhowhomwhoseshchas先彳亍词指人时用：whowhom指物时用:which,that既指人又指物.whose是who和which的所有格形式，表示“…的”.注：1•“===二二”表示先行词，“”表示定语从句.2.定语从句的单.复数与先行词的单.复数一致.eg：1.Idon'tlikethemen世ho…（丄"企12—更£」卩black.（关系代词who,that定语从句屮作主语・）2.Theboo（叭0叫11吐）丄电丫ismybrother.（关素代词who,whom,that在定语从句屮作宾语・）3.Theapplesthat（which）Iboughtaregreen.（关系代词that,which在定语从句中作宾语・）4.ThisisthepresentEb@E_（yj］j£h）ji£__gdY2JP£_fQ匚哎bj工◎d©b（关系代词that,which在定语从句审作宾语，可省略）5.Doyouknoweverybody理血上塑匕女二血亠卫吐乞？（关系代词who在定语从句中作主语・）\n2.Theroom吐£§幺亜耳范二丄头21空ismine.（关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语•）3.Thegirlwh9§E_f史也£匚」§一9卫匚「匹吐1匹ismyclassmate.（关系代词whose在定语从句屮作定语・）关系副词：whenwherewhy关系副词when引导定语从句吋，在从句屮作吋间状语，不能省略，其先行词通常是表示时间的名词，如day,time,week,year等.When=at（in,on）whicheg:1.1willneverforgettheday5吐©111辿）丄」0」卫£。卫色卫工myJ）n・（that・which做介词on的宾语,做时间状语,表示ontheday）=1willneverforgettheday如』也£亘丄胆丄匹°卫~飪吸.=1wi11neverforgettheday戒£Q丄-jgj卫£_dElOCTlY.（关系副词when在定语从句中做时间状语，when二ontheday）（»也11丄.jollieddZ妲必zJLjgjL匹dJJuqj^y）2.Thatwasthespring工屯乞匸（卫也丄9®bw胆丄卫0』：?1in.（that.which做介词in的宾语，做吋间状语，表示inthespring）=Thatwasthespringjn』也［£bhg胆邑b9工r•=Thatwasthespring曲£1JuvwbQE"（关系副词when在定语从句屮做时间状语，when二inthespring）（when也乞能§_虹£丄二L』"£如一以丄也工也旦…回卫一）3.Istillrememberthenoonthat（which）Ifirstcametothevillageat?（that,which做介词at的宾语，做时间状语，表示atthenoon）=1stillrememberthenoon◎■时i］gh丄fj工§匸gqmg如丫［1丄qgg?=1stillrememberthenoon、虫目11丄JXg.◎匸£©世目我9我也£_丫丄］丄（关系副词when在定语从句中做时间状语,when二atthenoon）（\yhgnLfl工§匚£◎咚我9主h£jdJ丄级兰三並■卫理理QULflXg主£亘世£一屯9ghgvi丄!ag£紊副前where引导定语从句时，在从句中作地点状语，不能省略，其先行词通常是表示地点的名词，如home,place,room,school,town,village等.Where=at（in,on）which1.Thisistheroom切址（妙］gh）丄丄］丫£」卫・（that.which做介词in的宾语，做地点状语，表示intheroom）=ThisistheroomInjyhich1live.（inwhich=intheroom）=ThisistheroomwhereIlive.（关系副词where在定语从彳Ji"做地点状语,where=intheroom）(whereIlive二Iliveintheroom.)2.Thisisthefhat（which）ChairmanMaoonceworkedon.（that,which做介词on的宾语，做地点状语，表示onthefarm）=Thisisthefarm企ij卫更L妲山匹丄四比也（onwhich=onthefarm）=Thisisthefann、也£徑（血]理如地29匹生邑9辻亘・（where=onthefarm）（关系副词where在定语从句屮做地点状语，where=onthefarm）（whereChairmanMaoonceworked=onthefarmChairmanMaoonceworked）—灵紊环齐、;hy£i辱吾i从石時双习j；祚诟1亓祐i「禾館看喀「箕无彳亍词是reasoe.Why=forwhich\nDoyouknowthereason吐1y丄1吐匸£更女？=DoyouknowthereasonforwhichIleftearly?注意：用关系代词还是关系副面莞呈五浜羽总冠从亦jl的谓语动词.及物动词后面无宾语，就必须用关系代词；而不及物动词后面要用关系副词.1.Thisisthefactorythat（which）Ivisitedlastyear.（visit为及物动词，that\which做visited的宾语.）2.ThisisthefactorywhereIworkedlastyear.（work为不及物动词,where做worked的地点状语，where=inthefactory）（whereTworkedlastygar二iri[hefaetgryJworked]©吐一丫£型・）3.Iwillneverforgcttheday§thq匚（which）I§R£门匸wi^hmy址匹如工.（spend为及物动词，that,which做spent的宾语・）4.Iw订1neverforgetthedayswhenIworkedwithmyteacher.（work为不及物动词,when做worked的吋间状语.When二inthedays）（呗£卫L一卫QT^edwithmyteacher.二印功£daysTworkedwithmyteacher.）三7艮亲代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来.关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句屮充当一个成分.关系代词做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语.1.作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致，且不能省略•例如：®Idon,tlikepeoplewho（that）talkmuchbutdolittle・（关系代词who,that在定语从句审作主语・）②Thecarsjvhj£h（也或）牡号一卫工左ugqQj卫Hubgj一比空j卫££sei1verywell.（关系代词which,that在定语从句审作主语.）2.作宾语：（可以省略）①Sheisthepersonwho（whom,that）Imetat（关系代词who,whom,that在定语从句屮作宾语・）②Thebookghq匸一（yhj©）mygrqqdmo切弐gqvgmgiscalled"TheGreatEscape”.（关系代词who,that在定语从句屮作宾语・）3.作定语（不能省略）关系代词whose在定语从句屮作定语.©What'sthenameoftheyoungman曲©§g-§］§左工」§旦屯£旦工?（2）Thegir1whosefatherisateacherstudiesveryhard.4.作状语（不能看就）①I，11neverforgettheday^when（onwhich）IfirstcametoBeijing,（关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语.When二ontheday）②Thisisthehouse、\畑氓丄』亘§』9工!3・（关系副词where在定语从句屮作地点状语,Where二inthehouse.）（whereIwasborn=Iwasborninthehouse.）三.各个关紊祀iiln矣紊前离Wj真栋Jtf亦1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语.©Theperson妙2（块吐2」2匸9血丄虹卫1卩如丫mustpayforit.（关系代词who,that在定语从句屮作主语・）\n②Theboy理也（11述2丄DYedHlng丄也gt）］qeKjacketisveryclever.（关系代词who,that定语从句屮作主语•）1.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语•例如：①Doyouknowtheyoungman凹如©192丄血。」2卫£左亠或二］3£一&吐£?（关系代词whom,who,that在定语从句屮作宾语・）②MrLeewhom（»也匹…1也生0…丫9丄.卫迴卩丄我9…hascome.（关系代词whom,who,that在定语从句屮作宾语・）2.whose指人，在定语从句中作定语.©Thegirl妙。§£胛块阪」§」丄］isstayingathometoday.②1knowtheboyV也§£.工吐IwjLl旦卫匸9坦§§曲3.which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语.①Adictionaryisabookwhich（that）givesthemeaningofwords.（关系代词which,that在定语从句中作主语•）②Ilcrcisthebookwhich（that）thetcachgi;mgntiongdygsggrdqy.（关系代词which,that在定语从句屮作宾语・）4.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语.®I?vereadthenewspaperthat（which）carriestheimportantnews.（关系代词that,which在定语从句中作主语•）②Whoisthepersonwho（that）」s理閃］ngJbhgnewspaperoverthere?（关系代词who,that在定语从句屮作主语・）5.when指时间，在定语从句中作状语.①I，11neverforgetthetimgwhen（atwhich）weworkedonthefarm.（关系副词when在定语从句中作吋间状语•When二atthetime）（whonweworkedonthefarm.二死the口加wgworkedonthefarm）②HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhen（Onwhich）1left・（关系副词when在定语从句中作时间呱藹「When匚on「theday）6.where指地点，在定语从句【I〔作状语.①Thisisthehousewhgrg（in妙jgh）咚［iY£d丄空工L_yg_©T・（关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语,Where二inthehouse・）（where（inwhjch）we1ivedlastyear.二inghehousewe1ivedlast;yea「）②Thefactorywhere（inwhich）hisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.（关系副词where在定语从句屮作地点状语•Where二inthefactory）（where（inwhich）hisfatherworks=inthefactoryhisfatherworks.）三.关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有吋为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：①Thatwastheroominwhighwghad1iY£dforteny£ags.（关系代词which在定语从句屮作介词in的宾语・）=Thatwastheroomwhich（lb述）ylmd口丫旦一辽…垃工…辽卩丫胆匚勺・（关系代词which,that定语从句屮作介词in的宾语•）二Thatwastheroomwhgrg咚一』理」一匚」（关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语.Where=intheroom）\n①Thisisthegir]withwhomyoula]kgd.（关系代词whom在定语从句中作介词with的宾语•）三.具体使用吋还要注意下列问题：1.只能使用that,不用which的情况：①先行词是all,fcw,little,much,something,nothing,everything,anything等不定代词时，只用that.Allthathesaidistrue.（关系代词that在定语从句中作宾语•）②先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等词修饰时，只用that.Somebananasthathepiekedweregreen.（关系代词that在定语从句中作宾语.）②先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,no,any,all,等词修饰时，只用that.（当先行词是人时，也可用关系代词who或whom）Heistheonlyforeignerthat（who）hasbeentothatplace.（关系代词that,who在定语从句中作主语•）③先行词被序数词修饰时，只用that.Hewasthesecondpersonthattoldmethesecret.（关系代词that在定语从句中作主语・）④先行词被形容词最高级修饰吋，只用that.ThisisthebestbookthatThavereadthisyear・（关系代词that探寤力胡7审族话」…⑤先行词既包括人又包括物时.Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsthatheremembered.（关系代词that在定语从句屮作宾语・）2.只能用which,不用that的情况：①在非限制性定语从中•例如：Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.②定语从句由介词+关系代词引尊「元存礙砺而「丽茹Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.3.指人时，当先行词为everybody,everyone,anyone,everyone等时要用who,而不用that.【屮考范例】1.Doestheteacherknoweverybodyplantedthetrees?Yes,hedoes.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.who【解析】答案：D.该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择.因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句屮作主语，所以只冇who合适.2.TheletterIreceivedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant.A.whoB.whereC.whatD・that【解析】答案：D.该题考查的是定语从句的关系代词的选择.因为先行词是物,而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，所以只有that合适.3.Whereisthescientistgaveusthetalkyesterday?HehasgonebacktoQinghuaUniversity.A.whomB.whoC.whoseD.which【解析】答案：B.该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择.因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适.\n1.1hatepeopletalkmuchbutdolittle.A.whoseB.whomC.whichD.who【解析】答案：D.该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择.因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有讪。合适.【练习】一.单项填空()1.WhoisthemanwastalkingtoourEnglishteacher?Oh!It，sMrBaker,ourmathsteacher.A.heB.thatC.whomD.which()2.Ihatethepeopledon"thelpotherswhentheyareintrouble.A.whoB.whichC.theyD.where()3.TheforeignervisitedourschoolisfromCanada.A.whichB.whenC.whoD.whom()4.GeorgeMallorywasanEnglishschoolteacherlovedclimbing.A.whoB.whomC.heD.which()5.ThisistheplaceIhaveevervisited.A.thereB.whenC.whereD.which()6.Nobodyknowsthereasonshedidtcometothemeeting.A.thatB.whichC.whyD.when()7.Themoonisaworldthereisnolife.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.why()8.Hehasforgottenthedayhearrived.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which()9.Hestillremembersthedayshespentwithyourfamily.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.onwhich()10.Mr.White,carhadbeenstolen,cametothepoliceman.A.whoB.thatC.whoseD.which二.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空1.Thehouseweliveinisverybig.2.Theboyiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.3.Thisisthepresenthegavemeformybirthday.4.Themantalkedtoyoujustnowisanengineer.5.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolshehadvisited.6.Thereisnothingintheworldcanfrightenhim.7.Shewearsagoldring,isveryuncommoninourclass.8.Wevisitedafactorymakestoysforchi1dren.9.Isthistheplaceyourfatheroncelived?10.F11neverforgetthedays1joinedtheLeague.定语从句（二）在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句.如:Thestorythat（which）youreadisTheRescue.ShelookedatJeff,Whowaswavinghisarms.\n关系代词例句that在句中作主语或宾语指物①Aplaneisamachinethat（which）canfly.（作主语）②Thenoodles（that,which）1cookedweredelicious.（作宾语）指人①Let'saskthemanwho（that）isreadingthebookoverthere.（作主语）②Thegirlwho（whom,that）wesawyesterdayisJim"ssister.（作宾语）which在从句中作主语或宾语指物©Theyplantedthetreeswhich（that）dicin'tneedmuchwater.（作主语）②Thefishthat（which）weboughtwerenotfresh.（作宾语）Who,whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语指人①Theforeignerwho（that）visitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.（作主语）②Theboywho（that）brokethewindowiscalledMichael.（作主语）（3）ThcpersontowhomyoujusttalkedisMrLi.（作宾语｝④MrReadistheprofessortowhomyoushouldwrite.（宾语）whose在从句中作定语指人①MissFloweristheteacherwhosehousecaughtfirelastweek.②HarryistheboywhosemotherisourMathsteacher.上面两句中的Jeff和story是定语从句所修饰的词，叫“先行词”.定语从句放在先行词的后面.引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who（宾格whom,所有格whose）和关系副词where,when,why.关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分.一.由关系代词引导的定语从句二.由关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词例句when指时间①Istil1rememberthedaywhen(onwhich)Ifirstcameto(②We"11neverforgetthehappytimewhen(atwhich)weworkedonthefarm.where指地点©Thisisthehousewhere(inwhich)welivedlastyear.②Thefactorywhere(inwhich)hisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.why指原因①Therearcseveralreasonswhy(forwhich)wecan"tdothat.②Hecouldn'tgivetheteacheragoodreasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslateforschool.注：1・theit和which在从句中作主语时，不能省略；作宾语时，在口语和非正式\n文体屮经常省略・whom也常可省略.2.关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先彳亍词和从句之间.为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的词，也可以把介词放在从句中冇关动词的后面.如：Theathlctc坦亠吵9HLW坦］Kgisafamousrunner.=Theathletewhom(who,that)youtalkedtoisafamousrunner.但含有介词的短葫jiii二竅不拆开「齐面乃顶玉动词的后面.如：Isthisthewatchwhiigh(that)heig1ooKi卫gf9£?ThecHdmeinjvhoni(whdl］述)jt血jnu工§£§卫匸£JLqqKjJigJifIE工isverywel1now.3.关系代词that在从句屮作介词宾语时，介词不能放在它的前而，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面.女II：Thecity星述(曲丄辿)」1匹丄］y竺」isveryfaraway.4.关系代词whose还口J以在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语.如：Thebossisaverykindperson.一.限制性定语从哥和非禎匍程定语皿1.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义.这种从旬和主句的关系I•分密切，写吋不可用逗号分开.©Shehasfoundthenccklacc(that,which)shelosttwoweeksago.②HowdoyouapologisetoyourfriendWhosebikeyoulost?③Theaccidenthappenedonthedaywhen(onwhich)Ilostmyjob.2.非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不I•分繭扮;貝豆対死存［环(故座iSS说明,如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚.这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，般不用that引导.①Helen,兰hg胆§更匚且眼範i】iyleft,saidthatthismealwasthebestshehadeverhad.②Lijiang,whereTwasborn,isverybeautiful.③John,whospeaksSpanish，worksthere-④pirmcrstartswithasmalldish，\咂或亠丄丄皿旦、§坦匸©二©Yesterday1metLiPing,'、畑亠丄99炬0丫型丫卓［实d•⑥IspentawholeafternoonwithJohn,whowasveryfriendlyandhelpful.—正有些定语从句，究竟是限制性的还是非限制性的，要根据上下文来判断.第十三章主谓一致【考点】1.语法一致的原则2.意义一致的原则3.邻近一致的原则【精讲】谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致.主谓一致一般遵循三条原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近一致原则.一•语法一致的原则1.以单数名词或不定代词，动词不定式短语，动名词作主语时，谓语动词要用\n单数；主语为复数时，谓语用复数，例如：Hegoestoschoolearlyeverymorning.Thechi1drenareplayingoutside.Toworkhardisnecessaryforastudent.1.由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数.BothheandIareright.Mr.BlackandMrs.BlackhaveasoncalledTom.但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数.Histeacherandfriendisabeautifulgirl.Thepoetandwriterhascome.ThepoetandthewriterhavecomeBreadandbutterisadailyfoodinthewest.3•由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each,every,no修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式.例如：Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.Eachmanandeachwomanisaskedtohelp.4•主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有but,except,besides,with,togetherwith,aswell等介词短语，谓语动词仍用单数.例如：Theteacherwithhisstudentsisgoingtovisitthemuseum.Nobodybuttwoboyswaslateforclass.2.一些只有复数形式的名词，如people,police,cattle,clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数.例如：Alotofpeoplearcdancingoutside.Thepolicearclookingforlostboy.3.由each,some,any,no,every构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数.例如：Iseverybodyready?Somebodyisusingthephonc.4.冇两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses,shoes,trousers,chopsticks,scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数.例如：Wherearemyshoes?Ican,tfindthem.Yourtrousersaredirty.You'dbetterchangethem.如果这类名词前用了apairof等，则往往用作单数，谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式.例如：Herearesomenewpairsofshoes.Mynewpairofsocksisonthebed.二.意义一致的原则1.表时间.距离.价格.度量衡等的名词作主语吋，谓语动词通常用单数.例如：Twentyyearsisnotalongtime.Tendollarsistoodear.2•有些集合名词,如family,team等作主语时,如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数；如指其屮每个成员，则用复数.例如：Myfamilyisbigone.MyfamilyarewatchingTV.2.不定代词由all,most,more,some,any,none作主语时，也耍依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式.如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数.例如:\nAl1oftheworkhasbeenfinished.Allofthepeoplehavegone・4•疑问代词作主语时，其谓语动词也有两种情况：主语表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数；主语表示单数意义，则谓语动词用单数.例如：Whoisyourbrother?WhoareLeaguemembers?1.“分数或百分数+of+名词”构成的词组作主语吋，其谓语动词要以of后面的名词而定.名词是复数，谓语动词用复数：名词是单数，谓语动词用单数.例如：Itissaidthat35percentofthedoctorsarewomen・Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.2.half,therest等表示不定数量的名词作主语吋，如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数；如果所指为单数意义，动词用单数.例如：Ihavereadalargepartofthebook,therestismoredifficuIt.Onlytenstudentsattendedtheclassbecausealltherestwereoffsick.3.由what引导的主语从句作主语吋，通常谓语动词用单数形式•但如果所指内容为复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式.例如：Whatshesaidiscorrcct.Whatsheleftmearcafewoldbooks.&凡是以“定冠词+形容词（或分词）”作主语，往往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式.如果这种主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数；如果指的是一个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式.例如：Thesickhavebeencuredandthelosthavebeenfound.Thedeadisafamousperson.9.表示“…•加•减\乘\除……等于…・”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数.Whatistwoandfour?Twotimesfouriseight•10.“manya+单数名词”结构屮，虽然表示复数意义，但因屮心词是单数,谓语动词也用单数形式.Manyastudenthaspassedtheexam.=Manystudentshavepassedtheexam・11.anumberof+复数名词做主语，谓语动词有复数.Thenumberof+复数名词做主语，谓语动词有单数.一.邻近一致的原则1.由连词or,eitheror,neithernor,notonly・・・butalso,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致.例如：EitheryouorTamright.Neitherthechildrennortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit.2.在“Therebe”句型屮，谓语动词和靠近的主语一致.Therearetwoapplesandoneegginit.3.aswellas和名词连用吋，谓语动词和第一个名词相一致.HeaswellasTisresponsibleforit.不但是我,他对这件事也有责任.4.以here开头的句子，其谓语动词和靠近的主语一致.Hereisaletterandsomebooksforyou.【中考链接】()1.Howtimeflies!Tenyearspassed.\nA.haveB.hasC・isD.are答案B・该题考查的是主谓一致.Tenyears通常被看作是一个时间整体，谓语动词用单数形式.()2.NotonlyhisparentsbutalsohisbrothertotheSummerPalace.TheyhavenJtbeenback.A.havebeenB.havegoneC・hasbeenD.hasgone答案：D.该题考查的是主谓一致.如果由notonly---butalso连接两个并列主语，其谓语动词同相邻的主语保持一致，谓语动词应用单数形式.乂因为他们还都没有冋来，所以用hasgone而不用hasbeen.()3.Neithermyfathergoingtoseethepatient.A.norIamB・norIareC・ormeareD.ormeis答案：A・该题考查的是主谓一致.Neither…nor是一组连词，可连接连个并列主语，其谓语动词应同靠近的主语I保持一致，因此应选A.()4.Look!ThereplayingwiththetouristsonYinheSquare.A.areanumberofdeerB.areanumberofdeersC.isanumberofdeerD・isanumberofdeers答案：A・该题考查的是主谓一致.这个句子的主语是anumberofdeer,是个复数概念，因此谓语动词应用复数形式.(deer单复数相同)【小考演练】选择填空()1.Theysaidtheeighteenthandlastlessonquiteeasy.A.isB.wasC.areD.were()2.WhenareyougoingtoKummingforyourholidays?Ihaven"tdecided.thisSundaynextSundayisOK.\nA.Both;andB・Either;orC.Neither;norD・Notonly;butalso()3.HelenJoanspeaksbeautifulChineseaftertheycametoChina.A.Neither;norB.Notonly;butalsoC.Both;andD.AandB()4.ofthemhashisownopinion.A.BothB.SomeC.EveryD.Each()5.Arethereanyonthefarm?A.horseB.duckC.chickenD.sheep()6.Myshirtwhiteandmytrousersblue.A.are;areB.are;isC.is;isD.is;are()7.Twomonthsquitealongtime.Yes.1，mafraidthathewillmissalotoflessons.A.isB.areC.wasD.were()8.Theoldmanhastwochildrenbutofthemliveswithhim.A.bothB.noneC.neitherD.al1()9.Ourknowledgeofcomputergrowingallthetime.A.beB.isC.areD.were()10.EveryoneexceptTomandJohntherewhenthemeetingbegan.A.isB.wasC.areD.were二.用所给动词的适当形式填空1.(be)everythingOK?2.Nobody(know)theanswertothequestion.3.Tendividedbytwo(be)five.4.Mostofthedrinkingwater(be)fromtheBlackRiver.5.NotonlyshebutalsoT(do)morningexerciseseveryday.fordifferentreasons.第十四章词类、句子成分和构词法(一)词类：英语词类分十种：名词.形容词.代词.数词.冠词.动词.副词.介词.连词.感叹词.1.名词(n.)：表示人.事物•地点或抽象概念的名称.女I丨：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange・2.代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词.如：who,she,you,it・3.形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征•如:good,right,white,orange.4.数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序.女I丨：one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5.动词(v.):表示动作或状态.如：am,is,are,have,see・6.副词(adv.):修饰动词.形容词或其他副词，说明吋间.地点.程度等.女口：now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.7.冠词(art..):用在名词前，帮助说明名词.如:a,an,the.8.介词(prep.):表示它后而的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系.女|丨in,on,from,above,behind.9.连词(conj.):用来连接词.短语或句子.如and,but,before.10.感叹词（interj..）表示喜.怒.哀.乐等感情.如I：oh,well,hi,hello.（-）\n句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语•谓语.宾语.定语.状语.表语.宾语补足语.1.主语是句子所要说的人或事物,冋答是“谁”或者“什么”•通常用名词或代词担任.如：I'mMissGreen.2.谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回答“做（什么）”.主要由动词担任.女I丨：Jackcleanstheroomeveryday.3.表语在系动词之后，说明主语的身份或特征，冋答是“什么”或者“怎么样”•通常'由名词.代词或形容词担任.女［I：MynameisPingping.4.宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”.通常曲名词或代词担任.女H：Hecanspelltheword.有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人.指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语•间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面.女口：Hewrotemealetter.有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语，放在直接宾语后面，來强调间接宾语.如：liewrotealettertome・5.定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词.代词.数词等担任.如：Shanghaiisabigcity・6.状语用来修饰动词.形容词.副词，通常由副词担任•如：Heworkshard.7.宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么，通常由形容词或动词充当.女口：Theyusuallykeeptheirclassroomclcan.Heoftenhelpsmedomylessons・TheteacherwantedmetolearnFrenchallbymyself.同位语通常紧跟在名词.代词后面，进一步说明它的情况.如I：WhereisyourclassmateTom?（三）构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法•派生法和转换法.1.合成法：如：spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等.2.派生法：（1）派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+（t）ion④形容词+ness⑤其他・女口：inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge（2）派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/cd④friendly⑤dangerous⑥Chinese;Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+（i）an女II：snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,foilwing,da订y（每日的），nervous,delicious（3）派生副词：①形容词+ly②其它女口：slowly,angrily,full^fully,good-^wcll,possible—possibly等等.3.转换法：（1）形容词一动词如：dry（干燥的）-*dry（弄干），clean（干净的）-*clean（打扫，弄干净），等等.（2）动词f名词，如:look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等.（3）名词f动词如：hand（手）一（传递）,face（脸）一（面对）等等.(4)形容词->副词如：early—early,fast^fast等等.(5)副词->连词，女U：when(什么吋候)一(当时候)，等等.\n(4)介词->副词女口：in(到……里)一(在里面；在家)，on(在…上)一(进行，继续)，等等.第十五章交际用语【考点】近年來的中考试题中，对口常交际用语的考查比重越來越大.涉及到在各种情景下的问和答；涉及到英语国家的文化习俗；涉及到口语和书面表达.考杳的形式冇听力理解，冇补全对话，冇单项选择，冇情景反应，冇书而表达.【名师精讲】初屮阶段要掌握的30个日常交际项口是：1•问候Greetings©Goodmorning/aftcrnoon/cvcning.Hello/Hi.Howareyou?②Fine,thankyou,Andyou?Verywel1,thankyou.1.介绍Introductions①ThisisMr/Mrs/Miss/Comrade---.②Howdoyoudo?Nice/Gladtosee/meetyou.③Mynameis….I'mastudent/workeretc.(here).2.告别Farewells①Ithinkit，stimefortoleavenow.②Goodbye!(Bye-bye!Bye!)Seeyoulater/tomorrow.(Seeyou.)Goodnight.4•打电话Makingtelephonecalls①Hello!MayIspeakto•••?Isthat…(speaking)?②Holdon,please.Ile/Shcisn"thererightnow.Can1takeamessageforyou?(3)1calledtotell/askyou••-④Goodbye.1.感谢和应答Thanksandresponses©Thankyou(verymuch).Thanksalot.Manythanks.Thanksfor…②Notatall.That'sallright・You，rewelcome.responses6•祝愿，祝贺和应答Goodwishes,congratulations,\n①Goodluck!Bcstwishestoyou.Haveanice/goodtime.Congratulations!②Thankyou.③HappyNewYear!MerryChristmas!Happybirthdaytoyou.④Thesametoyou.7•意愿IntentionsI，mgoingto…Iw订1…I’dliketo•••Iwant/hopeto••-&道歉和应答Apologiesandresponses①I’msorry.(Sorry.)I’msorryfor/about…Excuseme②That?sallright・Itdoesn"tmatter.Thatsnothing.9.遗憾和同情RegretsandsympathyWhatapity!I，msorrytohear••-10•邀请和应答Invitationsandresponses①Willyoucometo…？Wouldyouliketo…？②Yes,1'dloveto•••Yes,it，sverykind/niceofyou.③I'dloveto,but…11•提供(帮助等)和应答Offersandresponses①CanIhelpyou?Whatcan1doforyou?Here,takethis/my•••Letme…foryou.Wouldyou1ikesome…？②Thanks.Thatwouldbenice/fine.Thankyouforyourhelp.Yes,please.③No,thanks/thankyou.That，sverykindofyou,but…\n12.请求允许和应答Askingforpermissionandresponses①MayI…？Can/CouldI…？②Yes/Certainly.Yes,doplease.Ofcourse(youmay).That?sOk/allright.③I，msorry,but…You"dbetternot.13•表示同意和不同意Expressingagrccmcntanddisagrccmcnt©Certainly/Sure/Ofcourse.Yes,please.Yes,Ithinkso.②That'strue/OK.That，sagoodidea.1agree(withyou).③No,Idon，tthinkso.I，mafraidnot.Treal1ycan'tagreewithyou.14•表示肯定和不肯定Expressingccrtaintyandunccrtainty①I’msure.I，msure(that)…②I，mnotsure.I’mnotsurewhether/if•••③Maybc/Pcrhaps15.喜好和厌恶Likesanddislikes①Ilike/love••-(verymuch).Ilike/loveto…②Tdon,t1ike(to)…Ihate(to)…16.谈论天气Talkingabouttheweather①What，stheweatherliketoday?How'stheweatherin…？②Tt，sfine/cloudy/windy/rainy,etc.It，sratherwarm/cold/hot/etc.today,isn"tit?17.购物Shopping①WhatcanIdoforyou?May/CanIhelpyou?②Iwant/I,dlike…Howmuchisit?That'stoomuch/expensive,1"mafraid.That?sfine.I'11takeit.Letmehave…kilo/box,etc.\n(3)1lowmany/niuchdoyouwant?Whatcolour/size/kinddoyouwant?①Doyouhaveanyotherkind/size/colour,etc.?18•问路和应答Askingthewayandresponses©Excuseme.Where'sthemen's/ladies'room?Excuseme,canyoutellmethewayt()•••?Howcan1getto…？1don"tknowtheway.②Godownthisstreet.Turnright/leftatthefirst/secondcrossing.Tt‘sabout•••metresfromhere.19•问时间或口期和应答①Whatdayis(it)Askingthetimeordateandresponsestoday?What'sthedatetoday?Whattimeisit?What'sthetime,please?②11，sMonday/Tuesday,etc.It'sJanuary10'h・It，sfiveo,clock/halfpastfive/aquartertofive/fivethirty,etc.It'stimefor…20.请求Requests©Can/Couldyou…forme?Will/wouldyouplease…？MayIhave…？②Pleasegive/passme…Pleasewait(here/amoment).Pleasewaitforyourturn.Pleasestandinline/lineup.Pleasehurry.③Don'trush/crowd.Nonoise,please.Nosmoking,please.21•劝告和建议Adviceandsuggestions①You，dbetter•••Youshould…Youneed(to)•••②Shallwe…?Let，s…What/Howabout---?22.禁止和警告Prohibitionandwarnings①Youcam，t/mustn，t…Ifyou…，you"11••-②Takecare!Becareful!Lookout23•表示感情Expressingccrtaincmotions①喜悦Pleasure,joyI'mglad/pleased/happyto•••That"snice.That'swonderful/great.②焦虑Anxiety\nWhat'swrong?What'sthematter(withyou)?I，m/He,s/She‘sworried.Oh,whatshallT/wedo?①惊奇SurpriseReally?Ohdear?Isthatso?24.就餐Takingmeals©Whatwouldyouliketohave?Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat/drink?②I’dlike•••Wouldyoulikesomemore…？Helpyourselftosome…③Thankyou.I，vehadenough/Justalittle,please.25.约会Makingappointments①Areyoufreethisafternoon/evening?Howabouttomorrowmorning/afternoon/evening?Shal1wemeetat4:30at***?②Yes,that'sallright・Yes,F11befreethen.③No,Iwon'tbefreethen.ButI'11befree•••④Allright.Seeyouthen.26•传递信息Passingonamessage©Willyoupleasegivethisnote/messageto…？②askedmetogiveyouthisnote.③Thanksforthemessage.27.看病Seeingthedoctor①There，ssomethingwrongwith…I，vegotacough.1feelterrible(bad).Idon，tfeelwell.I'vegotapainhere.Thisplacehurts.②Takethismedicinethreetimesaday.Drinkplentyofwaterandhaveagoodrest.It，snothingserious.You'11beright/wellsoon.\n2&求救Callingforhelp①Help!②What'sthematter?29.语言困难LanguagedifficultiesPardon.Pleasesaythatagain/moreslowly.Whatdoyoumeanby…？I’msorryIcan'I'msorryIknow30.常见的标志和说明BUSINESSHOURSOPENMENUPHOTOSONSTOPEXITtfollowyou.onlyalittleEnglish.SomecommonFRAGILECLOSEDNOPAUSEsignsandinstructionsOFFICEHOURSTHISSIDEUPSMOKINGPULLNOPARKINGPUSHNODANGER!OFFPLAYENTRANCEINSTRUCTIONS同学们在中考复习时，首先应熟记教材第一至三册中出现的常用交际用语和习惯表达法.重点掌握问路.打电话.购物.看病.就餐和谈论天气等六种情景屮的表达方法.明确学习交际用语的目的是为了培养与讲英语人士进行口头交际的能力.学习日常交际用语，要了解西方的风土人情，必须记住一些典型的日常交际用语；要明确谈话的场合和对象，因为在许多交际场合，怎么问和怎么答都有一些约定俗成的语言；要注意中西文化传统和背景的不同，使用得体的语言.因此，同学们必须熟悉这些套话，熟练地掌握它们.这样才能结合门己所处的环境,知道在什么时候.什么地方.用什么方式.对什么人使用恰当的语言表达出自己的意思，给予正确的应答，还要能自如应付各种形式的测试，如单项选择.对号入座.补全对话及排列顺序等.做这类题廿的思路和方法归纳起來有以下九点：1.要根据不同的情景，使用不同的表达法.2.要正确判断出对话的情景.3.问话或答语不能离题.4.用筛选法选择正确对话.5.从语意进行判断.6.根据习惯用法进行选择.7.答语耍符合西方人的文化.风俗和习惯.8.要使用文明礼貌的语言.9.要遵照口语交际特点，不要死套语法规则.【中考范例】()1.Wouldyouliketogooutforawalkwithus?,but1mustfinishmyhomeworkfirst.A.OfcoursenotB.That?sallrightC.I'dlovetoD.Yes,Ido【解析】答案：C.该题考查的是如何婉拒别人的邀请.对方邀请出去散步，但因为要做家庭作业而婉言拒绝.符合这一情景的答语只有C.()2.1haven'tseenJackforthreedays.Isheill?•Hismothertoldmethathewasinhospital.A.IamafraidsoB.IhopenotC.Idon"texpectD.Iamafraid\nnot【解析】答案：A・该题考查的是如何回答别人的询问.对方询问某人是否冇病，由于答话人已经知道某人有病(从后一句答语可知)，只能给岀肯定冋答.()3.Thankyouforyourdeliciousdinner.•A.Don'tsaythatB.It，snothingC-Idon，tthinksoD.Pmgladyouenjoyedit【解析】答案：D.该题考查的是如何冋答别人的感谢和赞扬.说英语国家的人在回答别人的感谢和赞扬吋与屮国人的习惯不同，他们不是自我谦虚，而是表不高兴.()4.Turntheboxover,please.Can'tyousecthewords“”?A.DANGERB.MENUC.THISSIDEUPD.FRAGILE【解析】答案：C.该题考查的是常用英语标志和说明.只有看到箱子上有“THISSIDEUP”这样的标志，才能发现箱子放倒了，才会让对方把箱子反过來.【中考链接】一.单项选择()1.Ihopeyoudon，tmindmypointingoutyourmistakes.A.Notatal1B.You'rewelcomeC.OfcourseD.It'sapleasure()2.Fmsorry.Fvebrokenyourcup..A.Itdoesn'tmatterB.ThankyouC.NotatallD.Excuseme()3.Shal1wegotothezootomorrow?A.Itdocsn"tmatter.B.Thatsnothing•C-Goodidea!D.You'rewelcome.()4.WillyougoshoppingtogetherwithusthisSunday,Jenny?Yes,.A.TdoB.dliketoC.T‘dlovetodoD.T‘mbusy()5.Whatanicemeal!Thankyouforhavingus.•A.Itdoesn"tmatterB.ItwasapleasureC.NotniceenoughD.Withpleasure()1.——?Holdon,please.A.AreyouBruce,pleaseB.WhoareyouC.Areyouathome,BruceD.May1speaktoBruce,please()2.CouldyoutellmehowtogettoPetersonBuilding,please?A.Don，taskmeB.Sure.YoucantaketheNo.3busC.You，rewelcomeD.Thankyouallthesame()3.Oh,whatanicepicture!Youdrawverywell.A.Yes,it，sverybadB.YoursisgoodC.OfcoursenotD.Thank\nyou()4.What'swrongwithyou?A.c.5.I'vegotaheadacheI，vegotanewbikeHappyNewYear!B.She，D.Tm11takesomemedicineadoctorA.c.6.A.C.7.A.C.&YouarehappyHappybirthdayWhatstheweatherIlikethewcathcrIdon"tliketheweather——It'ThesametoYes,like?B.D.youI'mhappy,tooA.c.9.A.C.——9■WhatsthedateWhcitdayisittoday-WouldyouliketoI，dloveto.ButI，No,IwouldWhatcanTdoforIcanhelpmyselfYes,pleasehelpmeB・D.sIt，ssunnyIt，srainSaturday.B.WhattimeisitD.Howcometomymuchisithouseforsupper?mafraidIcan"tB.Yes,Ican"tD.Yes,Iwouldn，tyou,madam?B.No,Idon，tneedD.I’dliketobuyapairofshoesofmydaughter()10.1'vepassedtheexam.A.Congratulations!C.Thankyoufortellingme.B.Badluck!D・It，snothing.