初中英语语法讲解——冠词 18页

初中英语语法讲解一一冠词一、冠词的概念冠词是一个虚词，它置于名词之前，限定名词的意义•冠词可分为定冠词，不定冠词和零冠词三类.二、不定冠词：a/anl・a用于辅音发音开头的词前，而不是辅音字母前面，女U：abook,adesk;有些单词虽然是以元音字母开头，但需用a修饰，这些单词可以连成一句话:Inauniversity,aEuropeanunitedaone-eyedmantostealausefulthing,thenranawayalongaone-wayroad.Thisisausualthing.在一所大学里，一个欧洲人联合独眼龙偷了一件有用的东西，然后沿着一条单行道逃跑了。这是一件平常的事。2・an用于元音发音开头的词前，而不是元音字母前，如：anapple,anhour.有些单词虽然是以辅音字母开头，但发音却是以元音开头，这些单词可以连成—句话：Anhourago,anhonestmanacceptedanhonorabletask.一个小时以前，一个诚实人接受了一项光荣的任务。a/an的用法：l.a/an用于单数可数名词前，表示“某一”“一…”或者“一个”的意思.abookaboyamanabirdadoganhouraninterestingbookabigdogadangerousanimal2•表示类别：这种用法是指某人或某物属于某一种类，或者指某一种类的人或物中的任何一个或一件，或者指某一种类的人或物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。例如：Thatisapen,notapencil.那是钢笔而不是铅笔。（指属于某一种类）Givehimapear,please!请给他一个梨。（指某一种类中的任何一个）Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.大象比马大。和one的区别：a/an表示类别种类，而one强调数量abus（表示是一辆公交车而不是一辆小汽车也不是火车）onebus（强调是一辆车而不是两辆或三辆）Thereisacatunderthechai匚椅子下面有一只猫。（强调种类）Thereisonecatunderthechai匚椅了下边有一只猫。（强调数量）\n3•用来指某人或某物，但有不具体说明是谁或是什么，如：\nAcomradefromShanghaiiscomingtogiveusatalkthisafternoon.一位來自上海的同志今天下午将给我们作报告。Mymotheronceworkedinaschool.我母亲曾在一所学校工作。4.表示基本单位，作“每一”讲。例如：threetimesaday10yuanakilosixclassadaythirtymilesanhour等。5•不定冠词a/an可用在一种职业，阶级或宗教的名称前。如：Whafsyourfather?He\adocto匚你父亲是什么职业？他是名医生。MrBlackisnowaChristian.布莱克先牛现在是名基督教徒。6•用在序数词前表示“再一”，“又一”，如：Youcantryitasecondtime讦youfail.如果你失败了，你可以再试一次。7•与专有名词连用表示“某一个”，“一个叫・・・・・・的人”，如：AJohniswaitingforyouatthegate.一个叫约翰的人在门口等你。8•用于说明事物同一性质、特征、程度或大小，表示“相同”，相当于血same.如：Theyareallofasize.他们大小都一样。9•和形容词最高级连用，修饰名词，表示“非常”，如：Itisamostfunnystory.那是一个非常滑稽的故事。10•用于视为一体的两个名词之前，意为“一副、套、只”，如：aknifeandfork一副刀叉atableandchair一套桌椅awatchandchain一只带表链的表abowandarrow一畐U弓箭11.定短语:onceuponatime从前takealook看一看catchacold感冒alittle一点点afew一点儿havearest休息三、定冠词the的用法：l.the表示特指。表示名词所指的人或事物是同类中的特定的一个，以别于同类中其他的人或事物，相当于汉语中的“那个”或“这个”的意思。thebookinmybagtheboyunderthetreetheapplesinthebasketthehospitalnearmyhome\n2•可以和单、复数名词,也可以和不可数的名词连用。thebooksthebookthericethebreadthefootballtheoldmantheinterestingbooktheteachersthewomen\n3•用法:1)・定冠词的最基本的用法是“特指叫表示某个或某些特定的人或物。Doyouknowthegirlinaredskill?你认识那个穿红裙子的女孩吗？BeijingisthecapitalofChina.北京是中国的首都。2)・再次提到上文提到过的人或物，应该用定冠词the。例如：Tomhasanapple,Theappleisbigandred.Thereisaboyunderthetree.Theboyismybrother.3)・指谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如：Let'sgoandgiveittotheteacher.咱们去把它交给老师吧。Openthedoor,please!请打开门。4)・用于某些固定词组中。例如：inthemorning/afternoon/evening等。5)・用在形容词前表示一类人。theold老人theyoung年轻人therich富裕的人thepoorthedeaftheblind6)・用在表示“姓”的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇二人。例如：TheWhitesarespendingtheirholidayinEngland.TheGreenscametoChinatwoyearsago•7)・用在由普通名词构成的表示场所的专有名词前。\n8)9)theGreatWall长城theUnitedStates美国theSummerPlace颐和园theOctoberRevolution十月革命theChinesePeopledLiberationArmy中国人民解放军theLongMarch长征•用在序数词或形容词最高级前ThefirstthingIwanttosayistolistencarefullyinclass.Heisthetallestoneinourclass.•世界上独一无二的事物等(月亮.地球.天空.宇宙)theglobe太阳系theuniverse宇宙theatmosphere大气层Thesunrisesintheeast.Theearthgoesroundthesun.10)•在世纪，年代名词前用冠词。\ninthe1980s或inthel980's20世纪80年代inthenineteenthcentury二十世纪11）•在江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河前用the。theChangjangRiver长江theWestLake西湖thePacificOcean太平洋12）•在表示方位的词前，如：Thesunrisesintheeast,andsetsinthewest.太阳从东边升起，从西边落卜JiangxiliesinthesouthofChina.江西位于中国的南方。13）在乐器名称前常用定冠词，如：Heoftenplaysthepianoatfiveintheafternoon.他常在下午五点弹钢琴。Canyouplaytheviolin?你会拉小提琴吗？14）用于表示计量的名词前,如byth£・・・・“以.••计算”，如：bythedozen按打计算bythehour按小吋汁算区别：byweight按重量计算bydozens按打计算byvolume按体积计算byhundreds数以百计，很多15）用在报刊、杂志、条约、历史、事件、时期、朝代等前面，如：theNewYorkTimes纽约时报theMiddleAges屮世纪16）定短语:inthemorning在早上thedayaftertomorrow后天thenextday第二天bytheway顺便【对比】有the和没有the意义不同的词组：attable在吃饭atthetable在桌子旁atschool上学attheschool在学校gotobed上床睡觉gotothebed朝床边走去inhospital/prison住院（坐牢）inthehospital/prison在医院/在监狱infuture今后inthefuture将来takeplace发生taketheplace取代inoffice执政intheoffice在办公室gotochurch/college/hospital/prison/school做礼拜、上大学、住院坐牢、上学gotothechurch//college/hospital/prison/school到教堂去、到大学去、到医院去、到监狱去、到学校去\n四、零冠词:所谓零冠词，即指不使用冠词的情况：用法：1）在物质名词，抽象名词前不用冠词，如：Thedeskismadeofwood.Whatiswork?Workisstruggle2）专有名词前通常不用定冠词，如：England,ChinaMaryLileiMr.Green3）在星期、月份，季节，节日等名词前，如：Wehavefourseasons・spring,summer,autumnandwinter一年有四季：春夏秋冬WeoftengotoseaafilmonSunday.我们经常周日去看电影。TomorrowisNationalDay.明天是国庆节。4）名词前有物主代词，指示代词，不定代词，名词所有格修饰时（this,my,that,those,these,her）,女口：thismorningmypenyourwatchwhosebike5）在球类运动、一日三餐、学科和语言的名词前，如：havebreakfastplaychessplaybasketball（注意：在乐器前必须加定冠词如弹钢琴playthepiano,playtheviolin）6）在独一无二的职位、头衔、称呼的名词前，如：Mr.Smith,headofthegroup,willplanforthewholetrip.小组的组长史密斯先生，将全面制定这次旅行的计划。Doctor,Iamnotfeelingmyselftoday.大夫，我今天感觉不太舒服。7）man泛指人类时，前面不加冠词，如：Mancansavetheearth,mancandestroytheearth.人类能够拯救地球，人类也能够毁灭地球。Mancan'tlivewithoutairandwate匚没有空气和水，人类不能牛存。8）名词在介词后不是抽象概念时，不用冠词，如：Heisstillinhospital.他任在住院。9）单数名词相对应使用时，不用冠词，如：daybyday天天littlebylittle渐渐地stepbystep逐渐地\nalldayandallnight整日整夜fromtimeotime时不时地handinhand手拉手10）as/though引导的让步状语从句中，如果前置的是名词，名词前不加冠词。女thChildas/thoughsheis,sheplaystheviolinperfectly.\n尽管是个孩子，但她小提琴拉得很好。11）有些一人兼多个身份的情况，只在第一个名词前加冠词，其他几个不再加冠词。女口：AteacherandwriterwillcometovisitourschoolnextMonday.下周一，一个老师兼作家要来参观我们学校。12）系动词turn后如有名词，通常不加冠词，但名词前有形容词修饰时要加冠词。女口：Ihopedtobecomeapianist,butIturnedteacher.我本想成为一名钢琴家，可最终成了教师。13）有些不可数名词前尽管有形容词修饰，也不能使用a/an,如：Hereisgoodnewsforyou!报告你一个好消息。Whatgoodadviceyougaveme!你提的建议多好啊!14)定短语:bybus乘坐公共汽车atfirsttakecareof照顾payattentionto注意五、冠词的省略afterschool放学后atnoon在中午introuble处在麻烦中withpleasure高兴地，乐意地inbed卧床onfoot步彳亍takepartin参力Uatdinner在吃饭冠词的省略主要指可用可不用冠词的情况。具体用法如下:1、文章标题、书名等前冠词的省略。（文章的标题、新闻标题、广告语、书名、电报中，在不引起歧义的情况下，冠词课不用，从而使行文更加简明、快捷。）如：HistoryofChinabeforeHanDynasty《汉朝以前史》2.部分并列或对称名词前冠词的省略a・两个并列名词都有冠词在前面时，第二个名词前的冠词常可被省略。如:Isthebabyaboyor（a）girl?这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩啊？b.在一些对称结构中，常可以讲尅词省略。如：from(the)eastto(the)west从东到西from(the)morningto(the)night从早到晚3•序数词前定冠词的省略a.日月表达中March（the）eighth83月8日\nb•并列使用两个序数词，后面序数词前的定冠词常省略。thethirdand(the)forthlesson第三课和第四课4•一些固定短语屮冠词的省略take(an)interestin对感兴趣catch(a)cold感冒take(a)pridein以为豪四、有the和无the：1.inhospital住院/inthehospital在医院里2.infrontof在(外部的)前面/inthefrontof在(内部的)前面3.takeplace发生/taketheplace(of)代替4.gotoschool上学/gototheschool到学校去5.nextyear明年/thenextyear第二年6.ateacherandwriter一位教师兼作家(一人)/ateacherandawriter一位教师和一位作家(两人)练习题：一、填空I.Thereispictureofelephantonwalk2.Thisisusefulbook.Pvereaditforhour.3.elephantismuchheavierthanhorse.4.doctortoldhimtotakemedicinethreetimesday.5•Let'sgooutforwalk.6.Itstoohot.Opendoor,please.7.Thereiswomanoverthere.womanisMeimei'smother.8.sunrisesineast-9.ChangjiangRiverislongestriverinChina.10.Areyougoingtodoitsecondtime?II•WashingtoniscapitalofUSA.12.TurnersarelivingattheendofTurnerStreet-13.Hejoinedthearmyinspringof1995.14.oldmanisteacher-Helikesplayingbasketballaftersupper.15•AfterIhadquickbreakfast,Ihurriedtoschool.16.Aresheepkeptbyfarmersforproducingwool\nandmeat?\n16.TheywenttoPeople'sPark,butwebothwenttoPeople'sCinemayesterday.17.IoftenwatchTVinevening.18.dayofDecember20,1999isMonday.19.Whatimportantnews!二、选择填空1.一Howaboutcharityshow?一Ishouldsayitwassuccess.Aethe;aB.the;/C.a;aD.a;/2.Onsunnyafternoon,myparentsandIhadagoodtimeonthebeach.A.theB.anC.aD./3.一Doyouplaypianoinyourfreetime?——No,Ilikessports.Ioftenplaysoccerwithmyfiends.A./;theB.the;/C.the;theD.a;a4._Eric,whatwouldliketobewhenyougrowup?…actorlikeJackieChan.A.TheB.AC.AnD./5.Leaningcountrylanguageisabetterwayofknowingculturebehindit.A.the;aB.a;theC./;theD.a;/6.Maryhasabadcold.Shehastostayinbed.A.aB./C.theD.an7.—Ijusthavecupofmilkforbreakfast.—That^snotenough・A.a;aB.the;theC.the;/D./;the8.Thereis800-meter-longroadbehindhospital.A.an;anB・a;aC・an;theD.a;the9.Whataboutrentingabike?Itwillcostyou$2houror$4day.A.A;theB.an;aC・the;aD・an;an10.Itisnotgoodideatodriveforhourswithoutbreak.A.a;aB.the;theC.a;theD.the;a11.fineday!Let'sgoouttoflyakite.A.WhatB.HowC.HowtheD.Whata12.Mybrotherstudiesinuniversity.universityisveryfarfromhere.A.an,TheB.a,TheC.the,AD.a,A\n1.Bobiseleven-year-oldboy,butheknowsalotaboutChinese.A.anB.aC.theD./2.—Willyougettherebytrain?一No,I'lltakebus.A./,aB.a,theC.IJD.the,a3.GreatWallislongestwallintheworld.A.A；aB・The；theC・A；theD・The；a4.newbridgehasbeenbuiltoverHuangpuRiver.A.The；aB.A；/C・A；theD.An；the5.womanoverthereispopularteacherinourschool•A.A；anB・The；aC・The；theD・A；the6.Heusedtobeteacherbutlaterheturnedwriter.A.a；aB.a；theC./；aD.a；/7.Theymadehimking.A.aB・theC・anD・/8.AustraliaisEnglish-speakingcountry.A.aB・anC・theD・/21•Beijingisbeautifulcity.ItscapitalofChina.A.a；aB.the；theC./；theD.a；the22.ShanghaiisineastofChina.A・/B・anC.aD.the23.Pvebeenastudenttherefornearlytwoandhalfyears.A.aB・anC・theD・/24.BillisEnglishteacher.Helikesplayingfootball.A.a；theB.an；theC-a；/D.an；/25.Themuseumisquitefar.Itwilltakeyouhalfhourtogettherebybus.A.an；/B.an；aC.a；/D./；/五、练习题1・Therewillbeinterviewbetweenthemanagerandhisassistantsthisafternoon^A.anB.aC.theD./2.LittleTonyishonestboy.Henevertellslies.A.aB.anC./D.the3・Pleasestayfordinner.Itwillbereadyinhalfhour.A.aB.anC.theD./4.Canyouseeone-eyedcowinfield?\nA.,an,theB..a,theC・./,theD..7C・The…anD.The...a2.girlwithatoyinherhandismylittlesister._A.AB.AnC.TheD./9・Myfriend,Harry,hisfavoritesportisplayingolf.A.aB.anC.theD./10.Lastweek,IwrotearticleonourSchoolFoodFestivaltoShanghaiStudents9Post.A.theB.anC.aD./11.ITspleasureformetobeinvitedtoplaypianoattheconcert・A.the,aB.a,theC.a,aD.a,/12.Iliketoreadbook.It'sbetterthanreadingontheInternet.A./B>aC.anD.the13.Heorderedabooksometimeagoandnow—bookhasarrived.A.aB.theC.anD./machinehasarrived.14.Heorderedawashingmachinebyphonetwodaysago,andA.aB.anC.theD./15.teachersaidthatJackwasnewstudentandhewashonest.A.The,a,\B.A,the,aC.A,a,anD.The,a,an16.Tomlikesplayingfootball,whileLilylikesplayingviolin.A.the.../B./...theC.the...theD./.../17.Pleasegeteverythingready.Ourmeetingwillbegininhalfhour.A.aB.anC.theD./18.It'sabouthalfhoufswalkfromheretonearestundergroundstation.A.a...theB.an...theC・/...theD.the・・・a19.Morecollegegraduateswouldliketoworkinwestpartofourcountrynextyear.A.the,theB.IJC./,theD.the,/20.Mygrandpausedtohavewalkinthegardenaftersupper・A.a,aB・/，aC.a,/D./,/21•ThescientistsfromUnitedStatesliveinNinthStreet・A.the,theB./,theC./,/D.the,/22.Thereisreportintoday'snewspaper.It'sabouttheInternationalFilmFestival,Shanghai.A.aB.anC.theD./23.MrWangisambulanceman.Heisalwaysbusywiththework.A.aB.theC.anD.the24-Theoldladyteacheschildrentoplaypianoataweekendschool.A.aB.anC・theD./25、Lindaalwaystakesactivepartinsportsafterschool.A./B.aC.anD.the26、CanIhavelookatthephotoofyourpenfriend・A.aB.anC./D.the\n语法专项——冠词1.2.3.4.Therewillbeinterviewbetweenthemanagerandhisassistantsthisafternoon..A.anB.aC.theLittleTonyishonestboy.Henevertellslies.A.aB.anC./Pleasestayfordinner.ItwillbereadyinhalfA.aB.anCanyouseeone-eyedcowinD./D.the5.6.A.,an,theB..a,theC.・/,theA:Whichgirlisyourdaughter,Mr.White?A.aB.anHisfatherisengineer.HealwayswearsA.a...aB.a...anC・an...ahour.C.thefield?D・.a,aB:Oh,look,thatlittleonein_C./D.theuniformatwork.D.an...anD./7.8.youngmanbesidemeisuniversitystudent.A・An...aB.An.../C.The...anD.The...a_girlwithatoyinherhandismylittlesister._AB.AnC.Thegolf.B.anC.theD./_articleonourSchoolFoodFestivaltoShanghaiStudents'Post.B.anC.aD./pleasureformetobeinvitedtoplaypianoattheconcert・B.a,theC.a,aD.a,/A.AB.AnMyfriend,Harry,hisfavoritesportisplayingA.aLastweek,IwroteA.thell.IfsA.the,a12.Iliketoreadbook.IFsbetterthanreadingontheInternet.A./B.aC.anHeorderedabooksometimeagoandnow_bookhasarrived.A.aB.theC.anHeorderedawashingmachinebyphonetwodaysago,andA.aB.anC.the9.10.13.14.D./D.theD./machinehasarrived.D./12.teachersaidthatJackwasnewstudentandhewashonest.A.The,a9\B.A,the,aC.A,a,anD.The,a,an13.Tomlikesplayingfootball,whileLilylikesplayingviolin・A.the.../B./...theC.the...theD./.../14.Pleasegeteverythingready.Ourmeetingwillbegininhalfhour.A.aB.anC.theD./15.It，sabouthalfhoufswalkfromheretonearestundergroundstation.A.a...theB.an...theC./...theD.the…a16.Morecollegegraduateswouldliketoworkinwestpartofourcountrynextyear.A.the,theB./,/C./,theD.the,/17.Mygrandpausedtohavewalkinthegardenaftersupper・A.a,aB./,aC.a,/D./,/21•ThescientistsfromUnitedStatesliveinNinthStreet.A.the,theB./,theC./,/D.the,/22.Thereisreportintoday，snewspaper・IfsabouttheInternationalFilmFestival,Shanghai.A.aB.anC.theD./23.MrWangisambulanceman.Heisalwaysbusywiththework.A.aB.theC.anD.the24.Theoldladyteacheschildrentoplaypianoataweekendschool.A.aB.anC.theD./25.Lindaalwaystakesactivepartinsportsafterschool.\nA./B.aC.anD.the26>CanIhavelookatthephotoofyourpenfriend.A.aB.anC./D.the