初中英语写作文方法 7页

花了不少的力气，终于将考试作文的基本思路及一些方法，注意事项总结了出来.考试作文做为一种语言技能测试.主要考的是考生的行文能力，只要作文内容符合主旨，逻辑合理，语法顺畅，语言得体,并适当的体现语言技能.相信一定可以拿到不错的成绩.全文节选，摘抄，总结口刘春伟老师主编的V英语应试作文写作捷径〉一书.总结出來仅供有需耍提髙英语写作水平的志同道合人士共同学习，交流，提高•销尊重版权.通过几天的总结，个人认为以下知识要点很到位，而且比较详细，经常翻阅参考,必有裨益！至于书信,便条等应用文部分，待再做总结.壹.写作的基本耍求应试作文”结构模式化”已经成为一条核心策略.一般考试作文形式不外乎：议论文,(提纲式，图表式),应用文(信件与便条)，说明文和订叙文英语的直线性(Linear)思维方式使英文文章通常都是开门见山,英语语篇一般按照直线展开，通常包扌舌四个部分：导入，主题，支撑，结论.也就是说，首先陈诉主题或中心思想，然后按照一条直线展开，分点说明中心思想，而口每个段落都会有-一个主题句，主题旬通常位于旬首，使读者一冃了然，整个语篇是一个完整的统一体.语言流畅所谓统一性是指全篇的各个段落都是为一个中心思想服务，而且毎个段落都会围绕一个主题句來展开,如果有游离于中心思想之外的句子就会使文章零散杂乱•屮心突出是因为开头第一句话就提出了主题句(controllingidea).造成段落结构松散的原因是句子的结构杂乱，要整理句子的结构，把某些句子变成修饰或限定形式，紧缩句子结构.为使段落中心突出，中心句必须能高度概括所在段落的论据.中心句的概括性和具体性是段落和文章发展的基石.思维直线性••统一性-完整性-连贯性(意义连贯,形式连贯),连贯性要使用一些过渡性的词语:表层进：first/firstlytobeginwith/second/secondlytostartwith/third/thirdlywhat'smore/alsoandthen/andequallyimportant/besidesinaddition/furtherinthefirstplace/stillfurthermore/lastbutnottheleast/finally表列举：forexample/forinstance/toillustrateasanillustration/afterall/asamatteroffact/franklyspeaking/inthiscasenamely/inotherword表，总纟吉：insummary/inaword/inbrief/inconclusion/toconclude/infact/inshort/inotherword/ofcourseitisturespecaily/thusashasbeensaid/altogetherinotherword/finallyinsimplerterms/inparticul-ar/thatis/onthewhole/therefore表强调：ofcourse/indeed/aboveall/mostimportant/emphasis/certainly/infact表让步:still/nevertheless/inspiteof/allthesame/evenso/afterall/concession/naturally表比较：incomparisionwith/likewise/similarlyequally/howeverlikewise/inthesameway/bycontrast表转折：although/but/incontrast/nevertheless/onthecontrary/ontheotherhand/otherwise/regardless/yet/despite/evenso/eventhough/forallthat/however/inspiteof/instead表"寸间：afterawhile/afterward/aslongas/atlast/atlength/atthattime/before/earlier/eventually/finally/formerly/further/furthermore/inaddition/inthefirstplace/inthepast/last/lately/meanwhile/moreover/next/now/presently/second/shortly/simultaneously/since/sofar/soon/subsequently/then/thereafteruntilnow/when贰议论文议论文的D的在丁•阐述道理，说服他人，使人相信某种道理或假设，它是所有应试作文中最常见文体•议论文通常有两种推论方法，即归纳法和演绎法•但要在应试作文比较短的篇幅中取得良好的效杲，通常会遵从以下思路:引言段,正文主题段,结论概述.引言段(introduction),为了引起读者的好奇和兴趣，引言段通常会有以下内容：1,关丁•主题的一些背景知识2,提及主题3,表明中心句(thesisstatement)正文(body),正文是一篇文章的主要部分,本部分耍讨论，回答在引言段提出的问题，而且语言的组织耍自然，有逻辑•主体部分要有儿个自然段,每个段落都要有口己的主题句，最好能在段首提出.结论/结尾段(concludingparagraph),结尾部分耍言简意赅，与主题密切相关，要总结观点或提出希望，并给读者留下深印象.文章中如果缺少了这三犬部分屮的任何一部分，都会使人感到结构残缺.对于一篇150-200字的文章,耍在短短的篇幅中把问题说明清楚，应该遵循下面这个黄金比例:开头结尾各15%,中间的正文主题要在70%左右.才能组织出一篇结构合理的文章.应试议论文的形式虽然多变.其实都是在考察两种能力：1,Canyouexpressandsupportyouropinion?2,Canyouchooseanddefendapointofview?而且以上两种能力的考察归根结底是以提纲式作文和图表(画)式作文来体现的.1、提纲式作文Direction:A:Title:FastFoodB:WordLimit:about200wordsC:YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow1＞在节奏迅速的当今时代快餐受到了人们的青睐2、快餐受欢迎的原因，营养方面比较差3、对快餐的态度应该是少吃为佳提纲式作文是一种控制性作文，写作者要根据题U和提纲，确定文章的中心思想，然后紧紧围绕屮心思想展开讨论，表达提纲的主旨。但要注意，提纲只是文章屮必须包括\n进去的内容耍点，只是为文章提供一个支撑的骨架，不能拘泥，硬搬。提纲式议论文的内容可以划分为以下几个人樞①原因式作文要求考卞对一类社会问题或现象的原因进行分析解释。例如Myviewonfakecommodities1、冃前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品，为什么会有■这种现象。2、举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人，社会等的危害。虽然题日的要求多变，但通常可以采用以下的模式來解决：第-•段：引入话题（引出文章要进行解释的某种现象或问题），表明作者对此问题的看法和态度。第二段：过渡性语言，概括全段主题，支持自己的观点的有力证据或理由（各个理由或论据之间加上合适的过渡性语言）。第三段：结论因此，原因式提纲式作文的写作思路具体规范一下，町以遵循以下格式：paragraph1thesisstatement:Aphenomenonorprobleminsocietyandmyview/attitudeonitparagraph2reasons:transitionalexpression+reason1transitionalexpression+reason2paragraph3conclusion,torestatethethesis②分析解决式：所谓分析解决式是指针对某-社会现彖找出其解决办法。此类似与原因式，但不同的是，分析解决式不仅耍分析事件或现象的原因外，还耍有相应的解决方法。这类题冃，通常会采用以下的模式來解决：第一段：引入话题，（引出文章要进行解释的某种现象或问题），表明作者的态度或看法。第二段：过渡性语言+分析造成这种现象或问题的原因（儿个原因）第三段：过渡性语言+就上述问题的起因逐个给出对应的解决办法或建议。第四段：总结+发出倡议或号召或展與未来。因此，可以将分析解决式作文的格式归纳如下：parag即h1thesisstatementsphenomenonorprobleminsociety/myattitudeonthisissueparagraph2reasons:transitionalexpression+reason1transitionalexpression+reason2paragraph3solution/advice:transitionalexpression+solution/advice1transitonalexpression+solution/advice2paragraph4conclusion:torestatethethesis③对比/比较式：此类作文要求考生比较两个事物或观点的优缺点,并且要有自己的观点，有自己的倾向.多数情况下，对赞成的事物要多写优点,对于反对的事物，优点少写，多谈缺点，这样在结论的时候才能达到另人信服的效果•此类通常有以下的语言模式出现:Whichideadoyouagreewith?/Doyouagreeordisagreewiththestatement./whichkindof...doyouprefer?/Whichdoyouthinkisbetter?/Thenwhichonedoyouagreewithandwhy?/Writeashortessayinwhichyoudiscusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeach...写作此类作文为了能使文章脉络清晰，使阅卷者能够迅速的找到文章的行文思路，通常采用下面的交桥式格式：第-•段：引入话题（引出对该问题的不同看法），承认不同看法各自有各自的理由。第二段：过渡性语言+陈诉一方的观点或优点。第三段：过渡性语言+陈诉另一方的观点或缺点。第四段：结论表明fl己的立场是支持——方的。sth'sadvantagefaroutweighsitsdisadvantagesDirection:ForthispartyouaregoingtowriteanessayonthetopicofCityLifeandSuburbanLife.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinebelow.1、最近儿年愈來愈多的居民选择在郊区牛活。2、城市生活和郊区生活各有各的特点。3、我的观点……此类作文的写作方式非常丰富，基木可以分为：A,交替式优点比较法（一个段落写A的优点，另一个段落写B的优点）B,交替式缺点比较法（一个段落写A的缺点，另一个段落写B的缺点）C,板块式优缺点比较法（既在一个段落的空间里，谈到A的优点的同时谈一下B的缺点，或谈到A的优点后再谈A的缺点，反」E此比较法形式多样，只要可以起到另人满意的比较效果，都可取）。④驳斥式：主要针对一些社会上比较流行而乂存在谬谋的做法或看法來进行批判的一种命题模式。这种命题方式的对应思路既类似丁-比较式，乂类似于原因式，其格式不外乎下面的模式：第一段：引出社会中存在的一种谬谋现象或看法，并提岀白己的立场第二段：过渡性语言+实例例证该现象或看法的谬误所在第三段：重申自己的观点Direction:Scientificdiscoveryhasbroughtaboutmanynegativeeffectstoourlifeatthesametimeofpromotingourlife.Somepeoplethinkthatthedevelopmentofscieneehasdisastroussideeffectssothatweshou-Idnotliveinmodernsociety.What'syourpointofview?可以将驳斥型英文的写作格式归纳如下：paragraph1thesisstatement:Awrongbelieforprobleminsocietyandmycriticismtowardthisview,paragraph2disputingprocess:transitionalexpress+evidence1transitionalexpress+evidence2paragraph3conclusion:torestatethethesisandmypointofview以上为提纲式议论文的一些总结。3、图表（画）议论文图表（画）式作文和提纲作文一样，都是根据题冃所提供的已知信息进行写作，不同之处在于，其限定性要求是以图表或者图画的形式來间接规定的•对于这种命题形式的作文，首先要对图表或图画作出认貞分析，弄清图表（画）所含有的信息以及不同信息之\n间的关系，抓住其表现趋势.山于这种作文形式的信息载体不是文字而是图表，所以需要注意以下儿点:第一、不能遗漏图表（哋）屮的信息，否则不能全而体现命题的写作要求，容易跑题或不切题。第二、在图表（画）中，特别是图表似作文中会有大量的数据，应该体现一定的数据，靠事实來说话，以数据來支持。第三、结尾处应该对图表（画）所表现的趋势加以预测。此类命题般广泛接受的模式如下：第一段：描述图表（画），概括图表（画）所表现的社会问题。如果是图表式作文，在本段中不耍出现具体的数据來说叨情况，否则开头缺乏概括性，而图画式作文则要求文字稍微详细一些，但篇幅不可超过全文的1/3。第二段：在图表式作文屮，用图表数据来论证第一段的主题，或者分析各个数据产生的原因，在图画式作文屮，揭示图画的主旨。第三段：在图表式中分析预测走势，在图画式屮发表议论或提出建议。町以把这种类型文章的格式归纳如下：paragraph1:thesisstatement:Aphenomenonorproblemravealedbythediagramparagraph2:analysisofthediagram:transitionalexpress+analysis1transitionalexpress+analysis2paragraph3:solution/suggestion/expectation图表（画）作文会有一些口己的语言1、图形种类泛指图表：adatagraph/chart/diagram/illustration/table饼图：piechart2、图标/数值直方图或拄形图：barchart/histogram图解：scheme绘制：plot趋势llll线图：linechart/curvediagram简图：sketch插图：plate表格IS：table区域：section流程图或过程图：flowchart/sequencediagram图标：block程序图：processing/proceduresdiagram箭头：arrow节图：draft圈：circle图画：picture/depiction阴影区：shadedarea漫画：cartoon垂直线：verticalstroke肖像image星号：asterisk连环両：comic调查结果：protocol3.开头段常用语言：在图表式作文第一段，我们通常耍概括图表的内容，并揭示其中的含义，要用到以卞语言：Thetable/chartdiagram/graphshows（that）...show,describe,illustrate,canbeseenfrom,reveal,represent,indicate,depictfigure/statistic/number/percentage/proportionThescheme/sketch/blockshowsthat...Thearrow/circle/shadedarearepresents...Thetableisaprotocoloftheexperiment...Accordingtothetable/chartdiagram/graph,Asisshowninthetable/chartdiagram/graph,Ascanbeseenfromthetable...Aswecanspotfrominthechart...Itcanbeseenfromthefigures/statistics,wecanseefromthefigures/statistics,Itisclearfromthefigures/statistics,Itisapparentfromthefigures/statistics,4.数据变化：在描述图表式作文的内容时，会遇到一些表示“变化”的词，可以增强文章的语言表达色彩固定不变：fixedintime波fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave转变：changeovertime稳定:remainstable/stabilize/leveloff增加I：increase/raise/rise/goup/soar/shootup最高点：peaked/reachedapeak/highpoint减少：decrease/growdown/drop/fall/decline/reduce/slump最低点：bottomedout/reachedthebottom形容词/副词：about/almost/approximately/dramatic/dramatically/exactly/gradual/gradually/justover/nearlyover/precisely/sharp/significant/significantly/slight/slow/stable/stably/steady/steadily/steep/steeply/sudden/suddenly/rapid/rapidly5比较级或借数，比例关系asmanyas/thelargestgroup/almosthalfof/ranksfirst/byfarshowtherationof/to:呈比例similartodoublethenumberofbeinadirectrationto/with:呈正比differentfrombeinainverserationto/with:呈反比morethancomparewithtwiceasmanyasonthecontrary/incontrasttothreetimesasmanyasthesameashalftheamountof对于一篇一二百字的文章中，各个部分应该％遵循下面这个黄金比例，即开头和结尾各占15%左右，中间的主题止文要70%左右。这样才能组织出一篇结构合理的好文章。当然对于不同的情况有时候需要具体情况具体分析二.开头的写法（开头指岀文章主题，并为主题的发展做铺垫）1、现彖法：指在文章的开头就指出某种社会现象。并对此提出口己的看法常用词汇：事件：issue/problem/question热门，棘于hot/heated/urgent/burning/pressing/pervasive/rampant争论：debate/controversy/argument/dispute一致同总consensus引起注恚inthelimelight/broughtintoattention/focus/concern带來问题：impose/cause出现问题：loomup/cropup而临问题:confront/encounter/facequestion使恶化：worsen/deteriorate紧急（l勺：acute讨厌：undesirable困扰：beplagued/embarrassed/upsetby广泛的：pervasive/rampant/prevalent见证：witness存在：underway惊人的：alarming套用句型：withtherapid/amazingdevelopmentof...accordingtorecentsurvey/poll/study,therehaveoccurred…thereisaheated/focuseddebateatpresentabouttheissueof・・・allreliableevidencejustifiesthefact/viewthat.・・isarampantissueintoday'ssociety\nrecently/nowadays/atpresent,thephenomenonof・•・hasloomedupwidepublicconcernthealarmabouttheissueof...hascausedconsiderable/generalattentionthequestionof...hasbeeninthelimelight/broughtintofocusnowadays,oursocietyiswitnessingmoreandmore・・・allavailableevidencepointstothefactthat...2、观点法,开头就提出社会上人们的看法和观点,从而引出自己的主题和论据常用词汇：观点：idea/opinion/belief/attitude/illusion涌现：springup认识：recognize/beawareof/beconsciousof构成威胁:posethreaton认为:regard/view挑战:challenge影响思维:shapeourmind明显的:marked/obvious/conspicuous/visible承认:ackownledgement/recognition/admission威胁，危险:stake热衷：preoccupation/enthusiasm抱怨:groan/complain前呆：prospect破除观点:explodethebelief根深蒂固的观点：deep-seatedidea假想:premise/assumption怵］扰：beobsessedwith毋庸质疑:undisputed正确的：justified传统观点：orthodoxy套用句型：Nowpeopleinsignificant/growingnumbersareawareoftheideathat...Nowpeopleinsignificant/growingnumbersarecomingtorecognizethat...Researchers/scientistshaveestablishedtheconceptthat...Itswellknown/believed/agreedthat...Variousviewsexistastotheproblem/phenomenonof...Oneofthehottest/mostpopular/seriousissuesmanypeopletalk/complainaboutnowadaysis..・People'sviewsaredivergentonthequestionof...whenaskedabout...theoverwhelminglymajorityofpeoplewill...3、正反对比论证法,开头首先引起人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法和观点，然后提出作者对此问题的态度。正反论证法与观点法有一定相似，不同是，正反论证法多用于有争议的主题，而观点法只是在开头提出一种见解或观点。常用词汇：反对：object/against假想：assumption认为：maintain/accept/hold/conceive适度的，适虽的：moderate争议：controversy怀疑的：skeptic招致反对：provokecriticism不满：beef/lament/fuss/grumble不可避免的:inevitable可行性:feasibility歪曲事实:distort套用句型:Thereismuchdiscussionnowadaysastotheproblemof...Thosewhoobjectto...arguethat...Butthosewhoadvocate...ontheotherhand,arguethat...Thereisnoagreementamongpeopleastotheissueof・・・Somepeoplesaythat...Otherssaythat...Astome,（Iamonthefirstsideoftheargument.Thefollowingexamplescanprovemystandpoint.）Thereisapublicdebateastotheissueof...Whenaskedabout...thevastmajorityofpeoplesaythat...butotherspeopleviewitas.・・Whenfacedwith・・・quiteafew/mostpeopleclaim/believethat...butotherpeopleregard...asThereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof...Thosewhoobjecttotheideaarguethat...Butpeoplewhofavor...arguethat...Thereisaheateddebatetodayabouttheproblemofseemstoprovokewidecriticismintoday'ssocietyThereisgrowingskepticismtoward・・・4、数据法，增强文章的可信度和说服力當用词汇：调查：poll/survey/research高居榜百：atthetopofthelist民意调查：poll/gallup显示：show/display/demonstrate/indicate进行调查：conductasurvey/asurveyundergone稳定：remainstable/stabilize/leveloff…数据：statistics/datattik：estimation从某角度:intermsof套用句型:accordingtothesurvey/research/poll...thefigureindicatesthat...Asurveyisundergoneabout...Anastonishingnumberisdisclosedduringanationalsurvey•…Suchstatisticspresentanundisputablefactthat...5>问题法，在文章开头提出一系列问题，引起读者好奇，从而展开对问题或事件原因的讨论。此法相对来说表达主题的能力不是很明显，有些问题的设计不合理或明知顾问，会导致首段屮心不突出，主题句表达苍白/套用句型：Oneofthebasic/hottopicfacingoursocietyis:what...Howdoyouthinkoftheproblemof...?lnseekinganswerstothequestions,...Inanswertothesequentions,wemust...Whyistherea...(agrowingdrifttoward・・・)insociety?ltisnoeasytasktoidentifythecauseforit.6>名人名言法常用词汇：谚语：proverb深思：contemplate俗语：oldsaying哲学家：philosopher座右铭：motto警句：epigram评说：remark被验证：beconfirmed声言：statement议论：comment回应：echo被否定：beshattered套用句型:Oneofthegreatmenonceremarkedthat...Nowadaysitstillhasarealistic/profoundsignjficance・Oneofthescientistsoncesaidthat...Nowadaysitisstillworkinginourmodernsociety.Onegreatwirterhadeversaidthat...Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharethisbelief.Theremarkisstillconfirmedbypeopleintoday'ssociety./hasbeensharedbygenerations・7、故事法Lastweek,aclassmateofmine...Thestoryisnotrare.lthasdrawn\npublicattentiontotheproblemofThestory/case/incidentisnotrare/unique/unusualinourlife・Suchastoryiswell-acknowledgedbypeople:...8、定义法定义:notion/definition理念,概念：concept…,definedasis...bydifinitionwegenerallydefine...as...bytheword"...",wemean...三、主题段落的写作段落与段落之间，以及段落的不同层次Z间都应该有口然的过渡，以达到文章通顺流畅的目的。1、并列法(分类法)，分类时常用：mostofall/next/moreover/inaddition/besides/furthermore/tobeginwith/tostartwith/firstofall/first/second/third/additionally/apartfrom套用句型:Amongthemostimportantreasonsofferedbypeoplefor...,oneshouldbementioned...Amultitudeoffactorscouldcontribute/accountfortheincreasein...Anumberoffactorscouldcontributetothesuccessin...Amultitudeoffactorscouldleadtothefailurein.・・Anothercontibutingfactor/contributorycauseof・・・is•…But…alongisnottheanswer.Anotherbestwaytoexpain•…is•…atthefirstglance—moreover—thelastbutnottheleastWhat'smore,...2、比较对照法，用于比较优缺点或不同观点的文章，经常伴有正反对比论证的开头。在这种主题段落写作中，分别列出某事物或观点的优点和缺点，通过这种比较对照得出某种结论。常用词汇：超过：outweigh无与伦比：withoutrivals明显的优势：distinctadvantage缺点：drawback/demerit可取的：preferable相反的：reverse比较，对比：toweigh...and...区别:distinction抵消:offset/counterbalance套用句型:Bycontrast,itisalsoimportanttonotethat..・TheadvantagesofAoutweighanybenefitwegainfromB.TheadvantagesofBcarrymoreweightthanthoseofA.GoodasAis,however,ithasitsowndisadvantages・AlthoughAhasadistinctadvantageoverB,itcannotcompetewithBin•••AlthoughAenjoysconsiderableadvantageof・・・itcannotcompetewithBin・・.Inviewofthissituation,peopleputforwardtwocountermovestosolveit.Astowhetheritisablessingoracurse,however5peopletakedifferentattitudes/stands・Peoplerarelyreachanabsoluteconsensusonsuchacontroversialissue・everyiconhastwosides./everyknifeisdouble-edged./Fireisagoodservantbutabadmaster....itselfisneithergoodnorbadanditsvaluetopeopleandsocietydependsonhowitisused.weshouldexploititsmeritsandshun/avoiditsdrawbacks・Theadvantageofhavingroommatealwaysoutweighthedisadvantages・Finally,theincomparableadvantageisthat...thiskindofchangeisbothpositiveandnegative/Itgoeswithoutsayingthat,・・・ontheonehand,ontheotherhandthosewhowelcomeitmaintaintheviewthat,...atthesametimeofbenefitingourlife,computerisalsobringingaboutitssideeffect,somepeopleholdthat...otherpeople,onthecontrary,advocate…Infact,neitherofthemisabsolutelyreasonable・3、因果法，通过分析儿个构成事件发生的原因，來解释某个结果的形成。归MT：attributeto/ascribeto/oweto导致：leadto/resultin/giveriseto/entail/cause套用句型：Therearealsofactualreasonsfordisagreeingwiththebelief.Thereasonfor...arecomplex,butonefactorisconsiderationeverywhere.Thereasonfor..Isvaried.Andmaybetheylieinthefactthat.・・Thecauses/reasonsfor...arecomplicated/profound.Andperharpstheyarefoundinthefactthat.../Andthefirstreasonmaybe..・onemayattributetheincreaseto..・whyare..・?Foronething・・・anotheris...perharpstheprimaryreasonis..・Thesuccess/failure/declinestems/derives/resultsfromthefactorsasfellows.Oneliesin.•.anotherisfoundin...stillanotherconsistsin...thereisanotherreasonwhyIcastmyprefereneeforismainlyresponsiblefor...wemaylookintoeverypossiblereasonexcepttherealone.Theleading/underlying/rootcause/for・・・is..・thesefactors,coupledwiththefactorof・・・,1eadto…thisisamarkedsituation,butreasonsforitarenothardtofind・4、攸9证法,通过歹U举某些事实來证明某种观点的正确性。例证法往往是和具他段落手法结合使用举例说明。常用词汇：举例illustrate/illustration引用：cite/quoteanexample事例tociteanexample适用的例子jacaseinpointin:forexample/forinstance证据：evidence/proof彳（容质疑：itgoeswithoutsaying/undeniable表明：unfold/expose/index/reveal/exhibit套用句型：wemaycite/quoteasingle/commonexampleof・..wemaymentionanotherexampleof・…Thefollowingexamplescanprovemystandpoint・Icanthinkofnobetterillustrationofthisideathanthefactthat•…Thereisnowevideneethat...themoststrikinginstance...\n/thelistofsuchexamplesisnumberous・Theaboveinstancesdriveustoanaturalconclusionthat・…toillustrate/Asanotherinstance/lfonemoreexampleisneeded,Icouldmention.../GiventheexamplesIjustoutlined,!canonlysaythat...5、ftt驳法，此类主题段的写作往往是跟在观点式或正反对比论证式的开头后而。首先提出某种在社会上比较流行的说法，然后对此观点进行批驳，并用充分的事实理由作为论据。揭示：reveal/disclose/unfold/expose/indicate有道理：agrainoftruth/holdwater无价值的：flimsy决不：onnoaccount/innocase/undernocircumstance无根据的：groundless深思：onasecondthought无保证的:unwarrantd表明观点:air/voiceone'sview荒谬的：fallacious/ridiculous/absurd排除可nferuleoutthepossibility言论assertion/statement±?K：assert套用彳U型；Acarefulexaminationoftheseargumentswouldrevealhowgroundlesstheyare.Onthesurface,itmayseemasoundsolution,butcarefullyweighingonthemind,wefindthat...Atfirstthought,itmayseemanattractiveidea,butoncloseranalysis,wefindthat...Themainproblemwiththisargumentisthatitisignorantofthebasicfactthat...Theobviousdrawbackinthisviewisthatitisblindtothefactthat...whattheyfailtounderstand/consider/mentionisthat...ButIdon'tthinkthisviewwillholdwater.It'sundeniablethat...ThereisaIong-runningcontroversyastowhether...AsfarasIamconcernedjdon'tfindanyechoofthisideainmyheart.Onthecontrary,ifstotallyanonsenceonasecondthought.Inaword,theissueisnotcomplicatedandcontroversial.Thereismuchdebateupontheissueof...Wecansafelyconcludethat...四、结尾的写法点睛Z笔。评卷人的楮力更多投向文章开头，每段的过渡和文章的结尾。1、总结法，最常见的结尾方式，是指根据全文内容，得到一个总结性的言论来结束文章。常用词汇：得到结论:draw/cometo/arriveataconclusion总之：allinall/inaword/tosumup/ingeneral证明观点：justify/confirm/warranttheview不容质疑：indisputable/striking套用句型:Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat...Takingintoaccountallthesefactors,wemayarriveattheconclusionthat...Alltheevidence/analysissupports/justified/confirms/warrantsa/anunmistakable/unshakableview/soundidea/fairconclusionthat...Alltheavailable/reliableevidencegoestoshowthat.../pointstothefactthat...Inviewoftheabove-mentionedfacts,weshouldundoubtedcometotheconclusionthat...tosumup,.../toconclude,...2、呼吁法，所谓呼吁法是指在文章结尾处论及与读者的切身利益相关的论点，然后提出倡议呼吁人们作出努力來参与行动。常用词汇：解决问题：tackle/handle/takeupthequestion困境：plight忽视问题：failin/ignore/beblindtotheissue急切imperative套用句型：wemustcallforanimmediateaction/method,becausethecurrentdendencyof...Jfpermittedtodevelopatwill,itwillresultinthedestructionof...3、预测法，为了鼓舞人心，通过预测未來的方法來结束文章。常用词汇：解决方案：recipe/solution/remedy/measure/approach鼓舞人心的:encouraging/promising/cheerful迅速有效的:instant/effective/valid有回报的:rewarding/pay-offf不久的将來：foreseeablefuture/nearfuture致//于：becommitted/devoted/engagedto前•景，予贞测J：prospect持续努力：sustaintheefforts套用句型：Fortunately,however,moreandmorepeoplecometorealizetheimportsneeof•…andimprovementisinnearfuture・Thereisnoeasysolutiontotheissue,but・・・mightbehelpful/beneficial.Thereisnoeffectiveapproachtotheproblemof...,butourcommitmentwillberewardedaslongasweinsistonassumingourresponsibilityonit.Theeffectthat...willbringaboutarefar-reaching....willexertaprofoundinfluenceon…inmyjudgment,however,•••It'simportanttosustainoureffortsto...Indeed,itisnotaneasythingfor....ButIthink,...4、结尾常用的总结性IS言Admittedly/Aconclusionfrom...,isthat.../Allinall/Asafinalcomment/Atlast/Atlength/Consequently/Finally/Fromthispointofview/hence/lnaword/lnberief/lnconclusion/lnshort/lnsummary/Onaccountofthis,wecanfindthat.・./Onthisbackgroundjt'sconeludedthat...tosumup/tosummarize5.结尾要注意的问题，不要犯以下的错误，这些误区不但不能起到辅助文章中心，重川文章主题的作用，反而有害于它。①远离主题②空喊口号TryourbestfromnowoniThisiswhatweshoulddo!③痛下决心Let'sbedeterminedtobehardworkinginournewconstructionprocessinourmodernizationdevelopment•五、如何发表个人观点1、表示门己支持的观点IfIwereforcedtoagreewithoneofthetwo\nmethods,mychoicewouldbefor...Iamoneofthemanypeoplewhosupporttheideaof...Asfaras...concerned,Iprefer...Formypart,!amasupporterof...Ipreferto•…because・・・Onthequestionof・・・Ihaveforalongtimeadmittedthat...when..・moreoftenthannot,preferto・・・GiventhefactorsIhaveoutlined,!believethat...Therefore,Istronglyrecommendthat...Istronglycommmittothenotionthat...Havingweigheduptheargumentsonbothsides,Iaminclinedtobelievethat...2>表示个人反对的观点Admittedly...,butIthinkitisadvisablethat...Atfirstsight/galanee,theideasoundsreasonable,butifwetakeafurtherlook,wecanfindthatitdoesnotholdwater.However,althoughmanypeople...,Ifeelit'sbetterto・・・Ifindthestatementof...tobetoonarrow・Deepdown,!disagreewiththeabovestatement,andsupportthesuperiorityof・・・Ican*tagreewith...IfeelsuchanattitudeisnegativesndthatitcanbringonlyfurthernegativeconsequericestothesociContrarytogenerallyacceptedideas,Iarguethat...3、表示折衷I目观，点Thequestionofwhether...isonethathasconcernedmanypeople」tisheldbysomepeoplethat・・・However,thereisanequallygoodargumentthat...Frommypointofview,bothviewsarereasonabletosomeextend・Therisnoagreementamongpeopleasto・・・Somepeoplefocusonwhileothersmaythink…Frommypointofview,bothviewsgotoextremesandweneedafurtheranalysisoftheirviews.六、削弱议论文表现力的误区议论文不外乎考察两种能力，一种是能否表达并支持自己的观点，另一种是能否在两种观点中选择一种观点并说叨其」E确性1、过多主观性语言和议论在表达个人观点的时候需要特别注意的是，一定要控制好主观性语言在文章中出现的频率。英文写作喜欢用事实说话，让读者自然而然的得到某种结论，而不是把个人的思维强加给读者。我们只需要在文章开头或结尾处表达自己的龙场就可以了,其他的地方需要用客观事实來说话。2、个人体会作为论据把个人经验或体会作为文章的主要论据，这样文章就失去了代表性，客观性。不能用口己或自己的身边事來议论。3、空喊口号，论据不足事实论据太少，只是空喊口号。有的写作者喜欢表立场，下决心，用政治色彩很浓的词语，都违背以理服人原则。4、过多使用口语化语言为増强语言的表现力，议论文中要减少口语色彩的词汇和语言结构的使用。不要总使用if/because/when/dorYt/carTt,减少Ithink/you/we/us等表示个人行为语言的频率。使用比较正式的语言，例：cannotdonotmustnotManypeoplethinkthat■•变为使用・・manypeopleacknownledgedthat/holdtheviewthat/maitainthat等。5、其他因索如缩写形式的使用/人称指代/动词代替动词短语/从句引导词/分词结构与句子的选择/各种句式的选择