初中英语定语从句专题复习 30页

TheAttributiveClause定语从句\nExercise1:用关系代词填空Theboy____________isplayingping-pongismyclassmate.Thee-mail___________Ireceivedyesterdaywasfrommysister.Ihatepeople______________talkmuchbutdolittle.Thecar_____________myfatherboughtlastmonthisverybeautiful.who/thatwhich/thatwho/thatwhich/that\n5.Theman______hairiswhiteishisgrandfather.6.Isthereastudent_________fatherisabusinessman?7.Thisisthehousein________wehavelivedfor10years.8.I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthings________youtalkedaboutjustnow.whosewhosewhichthat当先行词同时指人和物时，关系代词只能用that.\nExercise2.Myfatherandhisteachertalkedalotaboutthepersonsandthings______theycouldn’tremember.Sayall________youknow.Isthereanything______Icandoforyou?thatthatthat当先行词是something,anything,nothing,all等词时，关系代词只能用that.\n4.Thisisthefirstplay________IhaveseensinceIcamehere.5.Thisisthebestnovel_______Ihaveread.thatthat当先行词被序数词，最高级等词修饰时，关系代词只能用that.6.Whoisthegirl_______isstandingunderthetree?7.Whichisthemachine____weusedlastSunday.当主句是who或which引导的特殊疑问句，而中心词指人或物时，关系代词只能用that.thatthat\nJacksawabicycleadvertisementinanewspaper.Thepricewas68dollars.Sohewenttotheshopandaskedtoseethebicycle.Thesalesmanwashappytoshowhim.Jackcheckedthebicyclecarefully.Soon,hesaid,“Thereisn’talamponthisbicycle,buttherewasoneonthebicycleinthead.”“Yes,sir,”answeredtheman,“butthelampisn’tincludedinthepriceofthebicycle.“Notincludedinthepriceofthebicycle?”Jacksaidangrily,“butthelampwasinthead.Itshouldbeintheprice.”“Well,sir,”answertheshopownercoldly,“therewasalsoagirlonthebicycleinthead,butwecan’tgiveyouagirlwiththebicycle,either.”Itisanad________Jackisaperson____________Thebicycleintheadistheone_________________\nIt’saninventionwhichisusedforkeepingofftherain.\n《飘》It’sabookthatwaswrittenbyMargaretMitchell.Gonewiththewind\nIt’stheWallthatwasbuiltbyChinesepeople.\nIt’sananimalthat/which….\n这三组句子中的A、B句看上去很相近,因此,同学们在判断空格线上所使用的引导词时很容易出错。我们来作一解析:上述各组A句中先行词所表示的是从句中谓语动词动作发生的地点或时间,如1A句空格中指的是intheschool,2A句空格中指的是ontheday,3A句空格中指的是inthecity,因此,引导词指的是状语,从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种"谓状"关系,要分别用where,when,where;而上面各组B句中的先行词表示的是定语从句的宾语或主语,如1B句中的builttheschool,2B句中的fixedtheday,3B句中的theplacehas,从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种"动宾"或"主谓"关系,因此,引导词要用关系代词that或which(3B句是一个非限制性定语从句,只能用which)。\n关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词常省去。如：Theplay（which）IwatchedjustnowhadbeenontwiceonChannel3．我刚才看的那个戏剧在3频道上已上演了两次。A.Thatistheschool_____________westudiedthreeyearsago.B.Thatistheschool____________webuiltthreeyearsago.2.A.I’veforgottentheexactday______hegavemethefilmcopy.B.I’veforgottentheexactday______hefixedformetohavetheoperation.3.A.Beijingisacity____________thereisthefamousSummerPalace.B.BeijingisChina’spoliticalandculturalcenter,____________hasthemostuniversities.通过解析我们可知:判断是用关系代词还是关系副词要看先行词在从句中的指代。如果是谓语与状语的关系,就用关系副词,如果是主谓或是动宾关系就用关系代词。\n2.定冠词的有无(1)Thisisoneofthebooksthat_______(sell)wellinthebookstore.(2)Thisistheoneofthebooksthat_________(sell)wellinthebookstore.有时定冠词在句中有决定性的作用。有无定冠词影响着定语从句的结构。如:sell取单数还是复数?分析:在(1)中,that引导的定语从句修饰的是thebooks,而(2)中one前有了一个the,句子重心前移,这时从句修饰的是theone。因此(1)应用sell,(2)应用sells。再看:(1)Isthistheboy_______youwanttotalkto?(2)Isthisboy__________youwanttotalkto?在这两个句子中,(1)theboy是先行词,它在主句中是表语,定语从句修饰的是主句的表语,因此空格处应用whom,that(甚至who也可以);但(2)则不同,从结构上看,这个主句不全,thisboy是主语,is是系动词,没有表语(先行词),所以首先要补上先行词(名词或代词),写成Isthisboytheboy______youwanttotalkto?这里boy重复,用one代替,然后再在空白处加上关系代词whom(who),或that,即是Isthisboytheonewhom(that)youwanttotalkto?3.注意标点符号的形式有时我们会见到这样的句子:(1)Enteringtheroom,Ifoundanoteonthetable,_________read:"I’veleftforHarbin."(1)Enteringtheroom,Ifoundanoteonthetable.__________read:"I’veleftforHarbin."一个标点符号决定一个句子的结构。在(1)中,横线前是一个逗号,说明逗号前后是一个句子的两个部分。根据句意可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句,因此横线部分用which。(2)中前后两句之间用了句号,说明前后是两个独立的句子,因此,空格处应填入能作主语,代替anote的代词。因为指物,故用It。超越语法:定语从句典型错误剖析定语从句是中学英语中的一个重要语法项目,学生们在学习和使用中出现了这样或那样的错误。现将其中的一些典型错误句例总结如下,供大家引以为鉴。\n1.Isthisthepenyourfatherboughtitforyou?答案:去掉it。解析:定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当一定的成分。因此从句中不能再出现与关系词作用相同的代词或名词,以避免重复。误句中省略的关系代词(which/that)作bought的宾语,故it是多余的。2.Haveyoubeentothecompanywheresheworksthere?答案:去掉there。解析:关系副词已作了working的地点状语。3.IshallneverforgetthedayswhenIspentwithyou.答案:将when改为which/that。解析:先行词在定语从句中作spent的宾语,故用which/that,而when在从句中只作时间状语。4.Isthisallwhatyouwanttosay?答案:将what改为that。解析:先行词为指物的不定代词时,其后的定语从句用that来引导,作宾语时也可省略。而what不能引导定语从句。5.Helivedinahouse,infrontofitheplantedsomebeautifulflowers.答案:将it改为which。解析:这是一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句,which在从句中作介词宾语。6.MothercamebackonDecember21whenwasmybirthday.答案:将when改为which。解析:which指代时间(December21)作定语从句的主语。7.Thisistheringforwhichsheislooking.答案:将for移到looking之后。解析:lookfor是固定短语动词,不能够拆开使用。\n8.Isthishistorymuseumthatsomeforeignfriendsvisitedlastweek?答案:在that前加theone。解析:犯这类错误的主要原因是错把thishistorymuseum看作是定语从句的先行词。根据句子结构,thishistorymuseum应是主句的主语。故应添加一个定语从句的先行词theone作主句中语。9.ThisisthemonitorherEnglishisthebestinourclass.答案:将her改为whose。解析:用whose代替her引起定语从句,修饰先行词themonitor。10.Asyouknowit,hehasleftforAustralia.答案:去掉it。解析:关系代词as作know的宾语,再使用it就重复了。11.Themeetingwasputoff,thatwasexactlywhatwewanted.答案:将that改为which。解析:that作为关系代词不能用于非限制定语从句中。此处which指代主句(Themeetingwasputoff)。12.Idon’tlikethewaywhichyoutreatyourmother.答案:1)在which前加in。2)将which改为that。3)去掉which。解析:当先行词theway在定语从句中作状语时,其关系代词可用that/inwhich或不用。13.Hetoldthegoodnewstothosewhowaspresentatthemeeting.答案:将was改为were。解析:定语从句中的谓语动词,在数和人称上必须与主句中的先行词保持一致。该句的先行词是those,故应用were。14.TheexpertvisitedourschoolisfromShanghai.答案:在visited前加who。解析:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略。15.Who’stheoldmanwhomyoujustshookhands?答案:在hands后加上with。解析:定语从句中的关系代词whom作with的宾语,故介词with不能省略.\n定语从句归纳·拓展(一)引导定语从句的词叫作关系代词或关系副词。关系代词有who、whom、whose、that、which、as等;关系副词有when、where、why等。它们具有三个功能:1.连接主句和从句;2.指代先行词;3.在从句中充当一种成分。如:"ThisisthebookthatIwanttobuy.""that"连接主句"Thisisthebook"和从句"Iwanttobuy",指代先行词"book",并在从句中作"buy"的宾语。一、关系代词的用法关系代词的选用:第一,取决于它指代的是人还是物,指代人时可用who、whom、that或as,指代物时用that、which或as;第二,取决于它在从句中充当的成分,关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语、定语等。如:1)Themanwho/thatisstandingatthedoorismyEnglishteacher.站在门口的那个人是我的英语老师。(who/that在从句中充当主语)2)Doyouknowthemanwhom/thatwemetin指人的who和whom有格的区别:who在从句中作主语(在非正式说法中也可作宾语),whom在从句中只能作宾语,不能作主语,也可以省略。3)Theproblemthat/whichtroublesusishowtofinishtheworkintime.使我们烦恼的问题是怎样才能按时完成这项工作。(that/which在从句中作主语)\n4)Thebookthat/whichIboughtyesterdayisworthreading.昨天我买的这本书值得一读。(that/which在从句中作宾语,这时可以省略)关系代词whose一般指人,表示"该人的",也可指物,表示"该物的",在从句中作定语。如:That’sthepainterwhoseworksaresohighlyregarded.那位就是其作品受到很高评价的画家。Thebuildingwhoseroofwecanseefromhereisahotel.我们在这儿望得见屋顶的那座房子是一个旅馆。whose在以物为先行词时,可用ofwhich代替,尤其是口语中。上例相当于:Thebuildingtheroofofwhichwecanseefromhereisahotel.二、"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间;当先行词指人时,介词后的关系代词用whom,其余用which,这时的关系代词不能省略;有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面,这时的which可用that替换。当介词放在从句有关动词的后面时,关系代词which,that,whom在口语中和非正式文体中经常省略。如:Thisistheroominwhichheusedtolive.=Thisistheroom(which/that)heusedtolivein.这是他过去居住过的房间。Who’sthemanwithwhomyoujustshookhands?=Who’stheman(that/whom)youjustshookhandswith?刚才你与他握手的那个人是谁?但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。如:Thisisthebook(which/that)I’mlookingfor.这就是我在找的那本书。在这类定语从句中,介词的选择一般根据动词的需要,如上述几例,或者根据先行词来决定。如:Thereisamountainofwhichthetopisalwayscoveredwithsnow.有一座山顶总是覆盖着雪的山。\n三、关于使用关系代词的几点说明:1.指物的关系代词that和which常可互换,但下列情况下通常用关系代词that:1)当先行词是:all,none,much,little,everything,everybody,everyone,nothing等不定代词时。如:All(that)hesaidatthemeetingencouragedusgreatly.他在会上说的一切,使我们受到很大的鼓舞。2)当先行词前有形容词的最高级、序数词及thelast,thesame,theonly,thevery等修饰时。如:Thisisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.这是我所看过影片中最好的一部。Thefirstarticle(that)LucywroteinChinesewasgood.露西用汉语写的第一篇文章很好。3)先行词中既含有"人"也含有"物"时。如:Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools(that)hehadvisited.他谈起他所访问过的老师和学校。2.关系代词作表语时一般不用who,而用that。如:Heisnotthemanthathewas.他不是从前的他了。(从句中that是was的表语)3.若含有疑问代词:who,which,what等时,应避免使用关系代词who,which,而应用that。如:Whothatknowshimwillbelievehim.认识他的人会相信他。Whichofthetwocows(that)youkeepproducesmoremilk?你养的两头奶牛,哪头产奶多?\n定语从句归纳·拓展(二)--when,where,why引导定语从句学习四要素when、where、why引导的定语从句是定语从句重要内容,也是高考重要考点,学习这些定语从句时应注意下列几点:一、掌握when、where、why基本用法when、where、why是关系副词,其基本用法如下表。关系副词属性在句中作用例句when表时间时间状语IrememberthedayswhenIstayedthere.where表地点地点状语ThisistheroomwhereIlostmypen.why表原因原因状语Thisisthereasonwhywaslate.\n二、熟悉易误用when,where,why的场合若先行词虽表时间、地点、原因,但在定语从句中不作时间、地点和原因状语而作主语或宾语,属于关系代词范畴,应用关系代词that或which,而不能用关系副词when,where,why引导定语从句。例:Iregretthedays(that/which)Iwastedinthewoods.我后悔在森林里虚度的日子。(先行词在从句中作宾语)I’llneverforgettheyear1976which/thatwasfullofsadness.我不会忘记充满悲哀的1976年。(先行词在从句中作主语)Thatisthefactorythat/whichproducescars.那是生产小汽车的工厂。(先行词在从句中作主语)Thatisthefactory(that/which)hevisitedyesterday.那是他昨天参观的工厂。(先行词在从句中作宾语)Hegavethereasonthat/whichwasunreasonable.他给出一个没道理的理由。(先行词在从句中作主语)Whatisthereason(that/which)heraised?他提出的理由是什么?(先行词在从句中作宾语)\n三、了解关系副词与关系代词转换规律关系代词whom或which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词可放在后面,也可提前构成介词+关系代词whom(先行词指人)/which(先行词指物)引导定语从句(这种方法更为正式)。例:MaryisthegirlwhomIborrowedabookfrom.=MaryisthegirlfromwhomIborrowedabook.玛丽就是我向她借书的那个女孩。Isthistheroomthat/whichheoncelivedin?=Isthistheroominwhichheoncelived?这是他曾经住过的房子吗?常见的有以下几种情况:1.where=in/onwhich例:Thisistheroomwhere/inwhichhelives.这是他住的房间。Icanseetheplaygroundwhere/onwhichtheydosports.我能看见他们进行运动的操场。2.when=on/in/atwhich例:Istillremembertheyearwhen/inwhichIjoinedtheParty.我仍然记得入党的那一年。Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIjoinedtheParty.我仍然记得入党的那一天。Istillrememberthehourwhen/atwhichtherocketwaslaunched.我仍然记得那个火箭发射的时刻。3.why=forwhich例:Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichhewaskilled.这是他被杀害的原因。\n但下列情况下介词不能提前:⑴用who代替whom,用that代替which时,介词不能提前。例:He’stheboywhoIlearnedEnglishfrom.这是我向他学英语的男孩。ThisshouldbetheplacethatTomsenttheparcelto.这应是汤姆送包裹的地方。⑵当whom、which省去时介词不能提前。例:Ishetheboyyouwenttherewith?他是和你一起去那儿的男孩吗?Thisistheroomhelivedin.这是他住过的房间。⑶当whom,which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时,介词一般来说不能拆开提前。例:You’retheverymanwhomI’mlookingfor.你正是我在找的那个人。\n再看下面几种结构:(一)介词+whose引导的定语从句whose引导定语从句时,可出现创新句型:介词+whose引导定语从句。解这种定语从句时需弄清从句的动词与先行词、whose后边的名词及定语从句主语之间的关系,并发挥合理想象,不难发现其中正确的逻辑关系。例:SheisthegirltowhosefatherItalkedyesterday.她就是昨天我和其父亲谈话的女孩。HeistheboyforwhosebossIwork.他就是我为其老板打工的男孩。(二)复杂介词+whom/which引导定语从句Istayatthehotelatthebackofwhichisasmallgarden.我住在后面有一座花园的旅馆。(三)数词(不定量数词)/含所属关系名词+ofwhom/which引导定语从句。例:Shehasmanybooks,onlyoneofwhichisinteresting.她有许多书,只有一本是有趣的。四、明确when,where引导定语从句需特别注意的情况1.when引导定语从句需特别注意的情况(1)当先行词为time,time前面有序数词或last加以修饰时,应用that而不用when引导定语从句。例:Thisisthefirst/lasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.这是我第一次/最后一次给你们上课。ThisisthethirdtimethathehasbeentoBeijing.这是他第三次去北京。(2)当time前面没有序数词或last加以修饰时,既可用when又可用that引导定语从句。例:Canyoutellmetheexacttimewhen/thatthesportsmeetingwillbeheld?你告诉我运动会举行的确切时间吗?Herillnesshasdevelopedtothepointwherenobodycancureher.她的病发展到没人能治的地步\nMatchthetwosentences1.I’mreadingabook.ThebookisaboutBillGates._______________________________________2.Heisateacher.TheteacherteachesusChinese._______________________________________3.Idon’tliketheman.Heissmoking.____________________________________4.Whereisthepicture?Youboughtitlastweek._______________________________________I’mreadingabookthat/whichisaboutBillGates.Heisateacherwho/thatteachesusChinese.Idon’tlikethemanwhoissmoking.Whereisthepicturethatyouboughtlastweek?\n1.Theperson_________youshouldwritetoisMrBall.2.Theteacherfrom________IlearntmostwasMrsZhu.3.Therunner____________youareaskingaboutisoverthere.4.Thegirl____________youarelookingforisintheclassroom.5.Themeeting_________weshalltakepartinwillbeheldinahotel.6.Thefactory__________Iworkedinforovertwoyearshasbeenclosed.7.Theairport________is30kilometresawayistheonlyoneinthecity8.Theperson________wontheracewasawomanfromSichuan.whowhomwho/whomwho/whomthatwhichthatwho\nDiscussingTopic1:Whatkindofteacherdoyoulike?Topic2:Whatkindofbookswouldyouliketoread?Topic3:Whatkindofclassmatedoyoulike?Topic4:Whatkindofstudentsdoyouthinktheteacherslikebest?\nThehousethattheybuiltitin1987stayedupintheearthquake.Iwillneverforgetthepoorboywhohavenoarms.Wehavedoneeverythingwhichcanbedone.HeistheonlymanwhoIknowinthecity.Ihavebeentotheparkwhichtherearealotofflowers.TheparkwheretheoldpeopleusuallygotoiscalledZhongshanpark.Jimaskedthatwhowon.Look!ThetreewhereJackisclimbingisquitetall.改错（在学习定语从句时常会出现以下的错句）\n.单项填空。1.-Doyouknowthemanistalkingwithyourfather？-Yes，he’sourheadmaster.A.heB.  who  C.which  D.whom2.Isthistherivercanswim？A.which  B.inwhich  C.that  D.theone3.Thisisthebesthotelinthecityknow.A.where  B.which  C.that  D.it4.Canyoulendmethedictionarytheotherday?A.thatyouboughtB.youboughtC.thatyouboughtit  D.whichyouboughtit5.Anyone_withwhatIsaidmayputupyouhands.A.whichagrees  B.whoagreeC.whoagrees  D.whichagree6.Mywatchisnottheonlythingismissing.A.that  B.it  C.whichD.  who7.ThemancoatisblackiswaitingatthegateA.who’s  B.whose  C.that D. ofwhich.8.Thegirl_isreadingunderthetree__mysister.A.which；is  B.whom；was  C.who；is  D.who；was9.Iloveplaces__thepeoplearereallyfriendly.A.that  B.which  C.where  D.who10.Theworld__ismadeupofmatter.A.inthatwelive  B.onwhichweliveC.wherewelivein  D.weliveinⅡ.用适当的关系代词that，which，who，whom填空。1. Thefirstthing__youmustdoistohaveameal.2. April1stistheday_iscalledAprilFool’sDayinthewest.3. Thefamily___hadlosteverythinginabigfiregotmuchhelpfromtheirfriends.4. Thehouse__weliveinisveryold.5. Didn’tyouseetheman_Italkedwithjustnow？\n1.Istillrememberthenight_______Ifirstcametothehouse.2.I'llneverforgettheday________  wemeteachotherlastweek.3.MrBlackisgoingtoBeijinginOctober,_______isthebestseasonthere.4.Iwillneverforgetthedays_______Ispentwithyourfamily.5.I'llneverforgetthelastday______wespenttogether.6.Thisistheschool______Iusedtostudy.7.Doyoustillremembertheplace______wevisitedlastweek?8.Doyoustillremembertheplace_______wevisitedthepaintingexhibition?9.HaveyoueverbeentoHangzhou,_____isfamousfortheWestLake?10.HaveyoueverbeetoHangzhou,______liestheWestLake?11.TomwillgotoShanghai,______livehistwobrothers.12.IliveinBeijing,____isthecapitalofChina.13.Therewasatime______therewereslavesintheUSA.14.Itisthethirdtime______youhavemadethesamemistake.15.Itwasinthestreet_____ImetJohnyesterday.16.Itwasabout600yearsago____thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade.17.Themoment_____Isawyou,Irecognized(认出)you.18.Thisistheverynovelabout____we'vetalkedsomuch.19.Thisistheway____hedidit.20.Whoisthestudent_____waslateforschooltoday?21.Who_____knowshimwantstomakefriendswithhim?22.Whatelsewasthereinmybrother____youdidn'tlike?23.Helivesintheroom____windowfacestothesouth.24.Helivesintheroom,thewindow_____facestothesouth.25.ThisisMr.Johnfor____sonIbroughtabookyesterday.26.ThisisMr.Johnfor_____Iboughtabookyesterday.27.Thisisthehour_____theplaceisalwaysfullofwomenandchildren.28.Andthereisonepoint______I'dlikeyouradvice.29.Winteristhetimeofyear______thedaysareshortandnightsarelong.30.Ihopeyouwillfindthisvalleyabeautifulplace____youmayspendyourweekend.\nThankyouverymuch!