博远初中英语语法 51页

BEYONDTUTORSHIPBY博远初中英语语法目录1、名词………………………………22、数词………………………………53、代词………………………………74、冠词………………………………95、连词………………………………116、介词………………………………137、形容词和副词……………………208、动词………………………………229、动词时态…………………………2710、动词语态…………………………3111、非谓语动词………………………3512、句子………………………………3913、主谓一致…………………………4951\nBEYONDTUTORSHIPBY博远初中英语语法一、名词Ⅰ、名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词㈠.可数名词单数变复数⒈规则变化名词形式复数变化读音单数复数一般名词+s清辅音读作/s/deskdesks浊辅音读作/z/dogdogs以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词+es/iz/classclasses个别以ch结尾的词+s/ks/stomachstomachs以e结尾的词+s/iz/pagepages以fe,f结尾的词去fe或f为ves/vz/lifelives有些以f结尾的词+s/fs/或/fz/roofroofs以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i，+es/iz/familyfamilies以元音字母+y结尾的词+s/z/boyboys以o结尾的词，如不是外来词或缩写形式+es/iz/tomatotomatoes否则+s/z/kilophotopianoradiokilosphotospianosradios⒉特殊变化的名词复数：不规则变化⑴变oo为ee:Foot→feet,tooth→teeth，goose→geese⑵变man为men:policeman→policemen⑶单复形式相同:People,deer,sheep,fish⑷表民族的名词单复①中日不变：Chinese,Japanese②英法把man变为men③其他一般加-s:German→Germans,Russian→Russians⑸词尾加-en或-renox→oxen,child→children⒊复合名词⑴词尾+s/es或词尾变为复数:Tooth-brush→tooth-brushes；Green-house→green-houses；gentleman→gentlemen；boy/girlstudent→boy/girlstudents⑵主体名词+s或主要部分:Son-in-law→sons-in-law；Passer-by→passers-by⑶两个构成部分都变成复数:Amandoctor→mendoctors；Awomandoctor→womendoctors⑷字母、数字、符号及单词的复数形式，词尾+’s:Therearethreee’sintheword“temperature”.He’sgotfour5’s.㈡.不可数名词1．上下文决定可数与不可数:Aglassismadeofglass.Chicken小鸡（可数）与鸡肉（不可数）2.表不同类别时可用复数：tea→teas各种茶；fruit→fruits各种水果3.个别抽象名词表具体的事物时，可用复数形式：difficulty→difficulities困难的事4.有些名词单复数形式意义不同Time时间——times时代，次数51\nwood木头——woods森林sand沙——sands沙滩paper纸——papers试卷、文件、论文cloth布——clothes衣服water水——waters水域、水体work工作——works工厂、著作、工程green绿色——greens蔬菜mamer态度——mamers礼貌集体名词thepolice(全体警察)5.只有复数形式:Trousers;clothes;shorts;glasses;goods;shoes6.不可数名词数量表达:Apieceofpaper;abottleofmilk;Plentyofwater;ablockofice;acupoftea一些不定量词：someice;muchmoney;alittlewater㈢、名词所有格：在句子中表示所属关系，两种形式①of+’s②of+名词性物主代词1.一般有生命的用’s；无生命用of如：theboy’shatthetitleofthesong2.带’s必须是一个明确限定的指人的名词，同时of前名词必须为不确指的名词，带有冠词，数词，不定代词或指示代词Acousinofmyfather’s.3.双重所有格Tomisafriendofmybrother’s整体中的一部分4.中心词picture,painting,photo等双重所有格’s指收藏的；用of表示某人自己的照片，画注：①、并列名词表各自所属:Lucy’sanglily’sbedrooms.②、共同所属，最后加’s:Lucyandlily’sbedroom.③、名词有共同位语，只在同位语后加“’”：Myyoungerbrother,John’.④、表店铺、某人的家、诊所、餐馆等，名词可省略：atthedoctor’s例子：1.Theyarefrom___.They’re___.a.Germany;Germansb.Germans;Germanyc.German;Germanyd.Germans;Germen2.Allthe___teachersenjoysthemselvesonMarch8th,becauseitwastheirownholiday.a.manb.menc.womand.women3.I’mhungry.Canyougiveme___?a.somescliceofbreadb.someslicesofbreadc.somebreadd.somebreads3.Ourschoolisjustten____walkfrommyhome.a.minute’sb.minutes’c.minuted.minutes4.PeopleinAmericaeatmuch___.a.coffeeb.onionsc.beefd.icedwater练习：1.Myparentsdon’tallowmetoeat____.Inevereatany.Becausetheyarejunkfood.a.fruitsb.noodlesc.hamburgersd.vegetables2.Ihearyouhavetogetupearlyeverymorning.Right.It’soneofthe____inmyfamily.a.plansb.ordersc.rulesd.suggestions3.Whosekeyisthis?Isit___?Sheislookingforitontheplayground.a.Tom’sb.Kate’sc.Tomd.Kate51\n4.Ihavetospeaktomygrandmaloudlybecausesomethingiswrongwithher___.a.eyesb.earsc.legsd.hands5.Itisfiveyearssincewebegantoenjoya___springholidayeachyear.a.ten-dayb.tendayc.tenday’sd.ten-day6.Therearefour___and___twoatthe___.a.Johns;Marys;doctorsb.Johns;Marys;doctoer’sc.John’s;Mary’s;doctor’sd.John;Mary;doctor’s7.Aftermovingtotheirnewhouse,theLeesboughtsome____inthemallnearby.a.furnitureb.chairc.tabled.shelf8.Doyoulikelisteningto“themoonlightsonata”?Yes.Listeningto____ismyfavorite.a.Newsb.storiesc.reportsd.music9.Isawmany___abouttheearthquakeinWenchuanontheInternet.Theytoldusalotofstoriesaboutthe____.a.photos;herosb.photos;heroesc.photos;herod.photos;heros10.Wehaveno___inthefridge.Let’sgoandbuysomepeas,carrotsandcabbages.a.vegetablesb.eggsc.meald.fruit11.“Excuseme,areyou_______?”“No,weare_______.”a.American,Englishmanb.American,Germansc.American,Germend.Englishman,Americans12._____fathersmadethemhavepianolessons.A.PeterandAnn’sB.Peter’sandAnn’sC.Peter’sandAnnD.PeterandAnn13.WhatcanIdoforyou?I’dliketwo____.a.boxofappleb.boxesofapplesc.boxofapplesd.boxesofapple14—Howmany_________wouldyoulike?—Two,please．A．cupsofteaB．cupofteasC．cupsofteasD．cupoftea15.Jackisagoodfriend_____,heoftencomestoourhomeforavisit.A.ofmyfatherB.ofmyfather'sC.formyfatherD.withmyfather16.Iamverythirsty,wouldyouliketopassmesome________?---Sure,Hereyouare.A.breadB.riceC.chickensD.orange17.____ismadeof____.a.Glass;glassb.Aglass;glassc.Glasses;glassesd.Aglass;glasses18.Arethose____?a.sheep;cowsb.sheep;cowc.sheeps;cowd.sheeps;cows19.Thatbusdriverdranktwo___.a.glassofwaterb.glassesofwatersc.cupsoftead.cupoftea20.Helpyourselftosome____.Thankyou,Ireallylikethem.a.fishb.orangec.breadd.cakes21.Two____diedofcoldlastyear.a.hundredsoldpeopleb.hundredoldpeoplec.hundredsoldpeopled.hundredoldpeoples22.Myunclehasthree_______(child).23.Allthe______(boxes)arefullofapples.24.Wouldyougetmesome_____(paper),please?25.Ihavesome_____(photo)ofmyfriendJim.51\n二、数词数词可分为基数词、序数词Ⅰ、基数词1、位于another,all之后Canyougivemeanothertwodags?2、位于such,more之前Youcanfinishreadingtwosuchbooksinfourdays.基数词：1到12,单独记忆；13到19，相同后缀teen;20到90,相同后缀ty;billion,million,thousand十位与百位间加and;百位与千位间不加and;以ty结尾，十位和个位间用“-“,eighty-nine具体数字后，不加s和of:twomillion几百，几千，几万等，加s和of:millionsof特例：Twothousandofthestudentsintheschoolarewatchingamovie.Ⅱ、序数词⑴.基数词变序数词第一，二，三特殊记:first,second,third逢ve→f再加th:fifth，twelve八没t，九没e：eighth，ninth逢十把y→ie，再加—th：twentieth，fortieth第几十几只须变个位：twenty—first一般为—th:sixth一般前面用the,若有a/an，则表“又一，再一”We’lltryitasecondtime.若前有物主代词就不加theHerfirsttriptoHainan①.用“几十”复数，表年龄：Thirties三十多岁；Teens表十几岁②.用“几十”复数，表年代：1990s二十世纪九十年代当基数词用作名词或一些固定组中时，数词用复数Howmanyfoursarethereinthetwenty?⑵.分数①.分子大于1，分母用序数词复数:Onethird1/3twothirds=two-thirds2/3☆连接符“-”连接数词，名词;有数词和其他名词构成名词性短语名词用单数形式，作定语：Tendays=ten-dayten-dayholidyAhalf=a/onesecond1/2A/onequarter=onefourth1/4②.带分数：整数and分数:234twoandthreefourths③.一个分数或分数+of+名词作主语时，谓语动词与其一致Onethirdofthefoodhasbeenwasted.⑶小数0.04zeropointzerofour⑷.百分数0.35%zeropointthreefiveprecent50%fiftyhundredths=fiftypercent⑸.年、月、日：日用序数词，年最后，用“，”隔开in2010读作intwentyten;onDecember25th,2010若先日后月，月前加of⑹.时刻：①.6:00sixo’clock②.≤半小时，用pasttwentypastsix③.﹥半小时，用totwentytosix④.24小时制twenty-two,twenty-five22:25⑺.编号thetenthlesson=lessontenthefirstpart=partoneRoom401读作roomfouroone⑻.倍数三倍以上times两倍twice倍数：a,主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+as+adj.+as51\nb.s+v+倍数（分数）+thesize(amout,length……)ofc,s+v+倍数（分数）+adj.(adv.)比较级+thand,by+倍数，表增加多少倍⑼.算式2+3：twoplusthree7－2:sevenminustwo6×5:sixmultipliedbyfive24÷6:twenty-fourdividedbysix3:2:theratioofthreetotwo22:twosquard23:twocubedx3:thefourthpowerofx例子：1.---Howmuchdoesitcosttobuildtheschoollibrary?---Four____yuan.a.millionofb.millionsofc.millionsd.million2.---Shanghaihasopenedits____TVchannelthatsendsprogramsinforeignlanguages.---Great!IcanimprovemyEnglishoverit.a.firstb.afirstc.thefirst3.Johnbegantomakealivingbyhimself____.a.inhisthirtyb.inhisthirtiesc.inthethirtyd.inthethirties4.---Whereistheheadteachter?---Maybeheisin_____.a.tworoomb.thetworoomc.roomstwod.roomtwo5.About_____oftheworkersinthefactorywereborninthe____.a.twothirds;1970b.twothirds;1970sc.twothird;1970d.twothird;1970s练习：1．Todayismymother’s____birthday.Iwillbuyheragift.a.fourteenb.fourteenthc.fortyd.fortieth2._____soldiersanddoctorshavebeeninWenchuantohelpthepeoplethere.a.Thousandofb.Twothousandsc.Thousandsofd.Twothousandsof3.Wedon’thaveenoughnursestolookafterthepatients.Atleast____areneeded.a.tenanothernursesb.moretennursesc.othertennursesd.anothertennurses4.---Therearesixtystudentsinourclass.And____ofusareboys.---Wow!Youhavefortygirls!a.onefourthb.onethirdc.twofifthsd.twothirds5.Pleasewritedownthenewwordsinthetextof___.a.lessonelevenb.thelessonelevenc.lessoneleventhd.eleventhlesson6.Thesunfamilyhada____visittoCanadalastmonth.a.tendaysb.tendayc.ten-daysd.ten-day7.The____letterintheword“develop”is“v”.A.secondb.thirdc.fifthd.three8.---Howoldisyourdaughter?---____.Wehadaspecialpartyforher___birthdaylastweek.a.Ninth;ninthb.Nine;ninec.Ninth;nined.Nine;ninth9.Tomwas____togettoschoolandIwas_____.a.first;ninthb.afirst;aninthc.thefirst;theninthd.thesecond;thenineth10.Pleaseturnto___.Let’sreadthetextaloud.51\na.pagetwob.thepagetwoc.secondpaged.pagesecond三、代词Ⅰ、人称代词单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit1．人称代词顺序：单数you,he,I;复数we,you,they2．It的用法：①无人称动词的主语：表天气、时间、距离、日期等:ItrainscontinuallyinNaijinginApirl.②作先行词，引导非谓语动词或从句：Itisgoodhabittodomorningexercises.Hetookitforgrantedtoaskforhelpfromhisfriend.③惯用it作主语：Itseemedthathedidit.④指代婴儿或不明身份的人;指代无生命的动词⑤指代上文内容⑥形式宾语it句型:①it’snogood/usedoingsth②itbe+被强调部分+that从句ItisLeiFengthatwasalwaysreadytohelpothers.③itseemsthatItseemsthatthelittleboydosen’tlikethetoy.④it’sone’sturntodoIt’smyturntofeedthebirdtoday.⑤it’stimetodo/for/thatIt’stimefordinner.⑥it’s+adj.+for/ofsb.+不定式Ⅱ、物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性名词性形容词性名词性形容词性名词性单数mymineyouryourshishisherhersitsits复数ouroursyouryourstheirtheirs名词性物主代词常与of连用作定语：afriendofmineahatofhers形容词性物主代词接own之后，可跟名词，也可不跟myownbike=abikeofmyownⅢ、反身代词单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself,herself,itselfthemselves固定搭配：teachoneself自学；enjoyoneself玩得高兴；helponeself(to)随便吃些…吧leaveonebyoneself把某人单独留下；saytooneself自言自语；learn..byoneself自学…51\nⅣ、指示代词This,that代单数；ThisisanEnglishdictionary,thatisaFrenchone.This,these指离说话人所在地较近处或时间That,those指离说话人所在地较远处或时间;TheweatherinKunmingisbetterthaninChangchun.Such表“如此，这样的人或物”;such+a(an)+形容词+名词Ihaveneverseensuchafinedictionary.Same表“同样的人或物”;前面必须加theThesametoyou!Theyarenotinthesameclass.Ⅴ、不定代词复合不定代词不可数：Some-Any-No-Every-SomeoneanyoneNooneeveryone某人任何人无一人每人，大家somebodyanybodynobodyeverybody某人任何人无一人每人，大家somethinganythingnothingeverything某事，某物任何事物无一物每一个事物，一切①Some及其复合词，一般用于肯定句;Any及其复合词，用于否定句和疑问句②No,noone,nobody,nothing,表示否定意义Noonewaskindertomethanmymother.③One代可数名词，复数用ones；one与前面出现的单数名词同一类但是不同一个④None“没有任何（人/物）”noneof复数可数名词/不可数名词⑤Both两者都;All三者或三者以上，或泛指一切⑥Each两者或以上，侧重于个别;Every三者或三者以上，侧重于全体⑦Other表“其他的，别的”只作定语，一般修饰可数名词复数Theother特指另一部,指代单数名词Others表“另一些，别的（人或物）”=other+可数名词复数，不能作定语Theothers表“剩下的，其余的”，除此之外的全部人或物；=theother+可数名词复数Another不定数目的“另一个，类似的一个”，代单数名词；后有基数词或few，可接复数名词anotherfewchairs⑧Either两者中任一;Neither两者中无一，具有否定意义⑨Most指“大部分，大多数”⑩Few,little“几乎，一点没有”，具有否定意义主格和宾格所有格两者each,other互相each,other’s彼此的两个以上one,antherone,another’s△▲Onetheother△△△▲△△Oneanother△▲▲▲▲Onetheothers△△△△…..▲▲▲▲△△△△Someothers51\n△△△△….▲▲▲▲SometheothersⅥ、相互代词Eachother和oneanother通常“eachother”指两者之间的“互相”，oneanother指两者以上的人或事物的相互关系Thetwogirlsoftenhelpeachotherintheirlessons.Theboysinthisclassliketobullyoneanother.Ⅶ、关系代词Who;whom;whose;that;whichWho;whom;whose引导定语从句时，其先行词必须是人。Thisisthedoctorwhocamehereyesterday.That引导定语从句，其先行词既可指人，也可指物;which引导的定语从句，只能用来指物Themanthatisstandingbythedoorisherbrother.Ⅷ、疑问代词What表“什么，什么职业“等What’syourfather?whatdate;whatprice;whattemperature;whatnumber;whatsize…等Who,whom,whoseWhich有几种事物中挑选一个提问时用which,后面必须紧跟一个名词Whichcolordoyoulikebetter,whiteorred?例子：1.---Twoeveningpapers,please!---Onlyonecopyleft.Wouldyouliketohave___,sir?a.oneb.bitc.thisd.that2.IamCindyBrown.Youcancall___Cindy.a.usb.himc.herd.me3.---MayIborrowyourdictionary,Jim?---Oh,sorry.Itisn’t___.a.hisb.hersc.myd.mine4.”Have____try,youaresoclosetotheanswer,”theteachersaidtoEric.a.theotherb.oneanotherc.otherd.another5.Shehaswrittenalotofbooks,but____aregoodones.a.anyb.somec.fewd.many6.Ihavetwoboxes.Oneisbig,____issmall.a.anotherb.othersc.otherd.theother6.TheShuteshaven’tdecided____togothereforafieldtripthisweekend.a.howb.whyc.whered.what1.---____didyoubuyformomforMother’sDay?---Someflowers.a.Howb.Wherec.Whend.What练习：1.---Betty,help___tosomesoup.---Thanksalot.a.youb.yourc.yourselfd.yours51\n1.---Isthere___intoday’snewspaper?---Yes,ourNationalTableTennisTeamwonallthesevengoldmedalsoncemore.A.somethingnewb.anythingnewc.somebodyspeciald.anybodyspecial2.Ifind____easytoteach____English.Heisveryclever.a.it;himb.it;hisc.that;himd.that;his3.---Doyouknowthegirlbetween___?---Yes,she’smypenpalfromAustralia.a.heandmeb.himandIc.himandmed.heandI5.Readingcanincreaseyourwords.Whenyouread,youwillfindwordsrepeat(重复)_____andbuildupyourvocabularyquickly.a.ourselvesB.itselfC.themselvesD.himself6.---Does________knowtheanswertothequestion?---Me.A.everybodyB.anybodyC.somebodyD.nobody7.---YouspeakEnglishverywell．YoumusthaveagoodEnglishteacher．---Butnoonetaughtme．Ilearneditallby________．A．meB．IC．mineD．myself8.---Again,mycomputerdoesn’twork.---___mustbesomethingwrongwiththeCPU.a.Thereb.Thatc.Itd.This9.---Father’sdayiscoming.Whatwillyoudoforfather?---I’llsend___acard.a.himb.herc.med.you10.Isaw___playinginthestreetatthattime.a.themb.theyc.theird.theirs11.Jimwillgive___ashorttalktomorrow.a.web.usc.ourd.ours12.____wassummeranditwasveryhot.a.Sheb.Hec.Itd.This13.____hashappenedand____didit?a.Who;whob.What;whoc.What;whatd.Who;what14.Thebottleisempty.Thereis___init.a.anythingb.somethingc.nothingd.everything15.Thefilmisn’tinteresting._____peoplelikeit.a.Fewb.Alittlec.Afewd.Little16.That’s____wewanttosay.a.whenb.whoc.howd.what17.Tomand____willgotoseeourteacher,for____isill.a.I;sheb.me;shec.I;herd.me;her18.Thisbluesuitlooksbetterthanthatgreen____.a./b.onec.suitsd.ones19.Wouldyoulike____morecoffee?a.littleb.anyc.somed.another20.He’sagoodfriendof______(she).21.Sheisastallas______(she)father.22.Wewant______(they)tohelpus.23.Tominvited______(we)todinner.51\n24.Let_____(we)help____(you)with____(your)English.25.Thesebooksareveryimportantto____(I).四、冠词Ⅰ、不定冠词a/an，辅音音素前用a;元音音素前用an⒈指人或事物的某一类Aknifeisatoolforcuttingwith.⒉相当于one,表示“一个”，但不如one强烈Hewillbebackinadayortwo.⒊相当于acertain,onelike,指某人或某物，但不具体说明AMr.lingiswaitingforyou.⒋相当于any,表示种类Atrianglehasthreeangles.⒌相当于every或per，表示“每”Thecarisrunning50milesanhour.⒍用于adj.最高级前，无比较含义Thisisamostusefulbook.=Thisisaveryusefulbook.⒎用于序数词前，表“再一，又一”Pleasegivemeasecondchance.⒏词组haveacoldalongtimeinaword总而言之Ⅱ、定冠词the⒈特指某些人或事物BeijingisthecapitalofChina.⒉谈话双方都知道的人或事物Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?⒊指上文提到过的人或事Isawagirl.Thegirliscrying.⒋世上独一无二的人或事Themoongoesaroundtheearth.⒌单独名词前表示一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.⒍形容词最高级前Whoisthetalleststudenthere?⒎形容词前表示一类人或物Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.⒏形容词前表某种抽象概念Thebeautifulneverdies.⒐有些专有名词前：江河、湖海、山脉、沙漠、岛、杂志、建筑等theYellowRivertheGreatWall⒑序数词前thefirst⒒姓氏的复数前表示一家人TheTurnersarewatchingTV.⒓乐器前playthepiano⒔方位名词前TheislandtotheeastofJapan⒕用于含有普通名词的专有名词thePeople’sRepublicofChinatheSummerPalace颐和园⒖在“动词+某人+介词+定冠词+人体某一部分”，习惯上用theIhithimonthenose.⒗固定词组：intheendallthetimeⅢ、零冠词⒈表地名、国名，人名的专有名词前England；China;Mary;Beijing;room321⒉泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或物Theyareteachers.⒊抽象名词Failureisthemotherofsuccess.⒋物质名词表示一般概念时Mancan’tlivewithoutwater.⒌季节、月份、节目、假日、日期、星期前March8isWomen’sDay⒍称呼、官衔、职位、学科、语言的名词前Theymadehimmonitor.WehaveChinese,Maths.⒎三餐、球类、娱乐playchessplayfootballhavebreakfast但三餐前有形容词或特指，可用Weenjoyedthelunchyouofferedverymuch.⒏两个/两个以上名词并用Ican’twritewithoutpenorpencil.⒐By+交通工具bybus⒑gotohospital去看病gotothehospital去医院atschool在上学attheschool在学校类似的还有attable在进餐atthetable在桌子旁atsea在航海atthesea在海边Ⅳ、不用冠词的序数词⒈已有物主代词或this,that,any,every,some,no及these,thosemyfirstclass51\n⒉作副词Hecamefirstintherace.⒊在固定词组中firstofallⅤ、冠词位置⒈名词或名词性短语的最前面aprettyboy⒉Such/half/many+a/an+(adj.)+n.⒊So/too+adj.+a/an+n⒋All/both/double/threetimes等后，名词前⒌Quite,rather于单数名词连用，不定冠词放在其后；若名词有形容词修饰，不定代词前后均可Quiteastrongteamoraquitestrongteam例子：1．Myfatheris____engineer.Heworksveryhard.a.ab.anc.thed./2.TheWarlordsis__mostwonderfulmovieIhaveeverseenandIexpecttoseeitfor___secondtime.A.the;ab.the;thec.a;thed.a;a3.Look,_____walkmanthatIboughtlastyearisn’tworkingproperly.a.ab.anc.thed./1.---Howdoesyourfathergotowork?---____.a.Byabikeb.Onfeetc.Bythecard.Bybus练习：1.Who’s____youngmanwithlonghair?He‘safriendofmine.a.ab.thec.and.his2.____youngestleaderinourschoolis____mancalledJohnson.a.The;ab.A;thec.A;ad.An;an3.On____sunnyafternoon,myparentsandIhadagoodtimeonthebeach.a.theb.anc.ad./4.---Whatwouldyoulikefor____breakfast,Mr.Green?---Twopiecesofbreadand____cupoftea,please.A.a;ab.a;thec./;ad./;the5.Heusuallygoesto___workby___bike.a./;theb,the;thec,/;/d,a;a6.____earthweliveonisbiggerthan___moon.a.The,ab.The,thec.An,ad.An,the7.Father’sDayiscoming.It’son____thirdSundayinJune.a.ab.anc.thed./8．---WhatshouldIbuyforTom’sbirthday?---Howabout____camera?Helovestakingphotos.a.ab.anc.thed./1.---Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink,Betty?---Yes,____cupofcoffee,please。A.ab.anc.thed./9.Tomis____honestboy.Henevertellslies.10.____richwishtobericher,and___poorfeartobepoorer.11.Thereis____bookinherhand.51\n12.Hehastriedtwice,andheisaskedtohave___thirdtry.五、连词㈠并列连词⑴表转折关系的But（但是）；while（而，然而）；yet(可是)Heisshort,whilehisbrotheristall.⑵表因果关系的So（所以）Itwaslate,soIwenthome.For（因为）Itismorning,forthebirdsaresinging.表选择关系的:either…or…(或者…或者…);ratherthan(而不，也不),orOra.或b.祈使句+or为“否则”Studyhard,oryouwillfailc.否定句中，名词/代词+or+名词/代词，与or后面的名词/代词一致orelse（否则）;otherwise（要不然）Hewentratherthanstayedasanunwelcome.⑶表联合关系的:Notonly…butalso;aswellas;both…and…;neither…nor…Anda.表示和，且在肯定句中b.祈使句+and…..and为“那么”之意Studyhard,andyouwillsucceedc.形容词/副词and形容词/副词意为“渐渐”againandagain名词+and+名词表同一种事或同一人时，用动词单数Thesingeranddancerhascome.Both:a.Bothyouandsheareright动词用复数b.Boththeanswersarerightboth“两个都”Both…and…用于否定句，表示部分否定Either+单(动)，名词单Eitherof+名词复数Youmayeitherofthehats.Eitheryouorhehastogo.=Eitherheoryouhavetogo.Neither(of)+名词复数，动词单neither….or…就近一致㈡从属连词⑴连接主语从句、表语从句与宾语从句that;if;whetherWhether（是否）和If（是否）引导宾语从句只用whether①与动词不定式连用；②与or(not)连用Askherifshewillcomewithme.⑵引导状语从句①接时间状语：since,until,after,before,when,while,assoonas,wheneverI’lltellyouassoonasIknow.②接地点状语：where,whereverSitwhereveryoulike.③接让步状语：although，though,evenif,howeverAlthoughshewastired,shekeptonworking.④接原因状语：as,because,since,nowthat⑤接目的状语：that，sothat,inorderthat⑥接条件状语：if,unless,once,incause⑦接结果状语：so…that,such…that⑧接比较状语：as…as…,notso…as…,less(more)…than,the…the…ThisismorethanIcanaccept.⑨接方式状语：as,asif,asthough51\n辨析：⒈When表两个动作一先一后地进行，可指时间的某一个点，可表一段时间。有时可表两个连续的动作，相当于assoonas(一…就…);还可表可是、然而。While同时，表两个动作同时进行，不能表时间的某一点Assoonas表两个连续进行的动作Itwasrainingwhenwearrived.HefellasleepwhilehewasdoinghisEnglishexercises.Assoonasthebellrang,thestudentswentintotheirclassroom.⒉Because表原因和理由，强调直接原因和因果For表间接原因和理由，或对主句中事实的解释Since表原因时比because弱，比as强，表一种已知的、显然的理由。作“既然”，常放在句首As表原因时意义最弱Sinceyouareallhere,let’sbeginanewlesson.Hewaslatebecausehemissedthebus.We’dbetterburryasitisgettinglate.Iaskedhertostaytea,forIhavesomethingtotellher.例子：1.Iamreallysorry._____Ican’tgoswimmingwithyouthisSunday.It’sOK.Wecangotogethernexttime.a.sob.andc.ord.but2.Remembertoreturnthebooktoschoollibraryontime,____youwillbefined.A.orb.andc.butd.then3.Lindatriedtobecomeanexcellentteacher____atlastshesucceeded.a.sob.orc.butd.and4.Ihear____yourgrandpa______yourgrandmalikewatchingMinOpera.A.both;andb.either;orc.neither;nord.notonly;butalso5.Theworkershavedecidedtofinishthetaskontime,____itmeanstheywouldhavenoweekendsthesetwomonths.A.afterallb.eventhoughc.asif练习：1.---Whenwillmymumcometoseeme,dad？---Shewillcometoseeyou___youfinishyourtraining.a.untilb.ifc.whend.while.2.---Didyouseewhothedriverwas?---No,thecarransofast____Icouldn’tgetagoodlookathisface.a.thatb.whichc.asd.after3.IlikewatchingCCTV4_____itcanhelpmelearnmoreabouttheworld.a.ifb.becausec.thoughd.until4.We’regoingtoHepingCinema.Youcancomewithus,___youcanmeetustherelater.a.andb.butc.ord.so5.Duringtheearthquake,manyschoolbuildingsfelldown.____thepeopletheredidn’tgiveuphope.a.Andb.Soc.Butd.Or6.Inthisworldthereisnoshortcuttotake,People,nomatterhowclevertheyare,can’tsucceed___theyworkhard.a.aslongasb.eventhoughc.unlessd.although7.Billwon’tmakeanyprogress___hestudiesharderthanbefore.a.ifb.whenc.becaused.unless51\n8.Ididn'tknowanythingaboutit_______myfathertoldme．A．untilB．becauseC．ifD．after六、介词Ⅰ、表时间⒈表某时刻，用at:atsixo’clock年龄、重大节日:attheageof20atChristmas固定词组：atnoonatlunchatnight⒉表某一天或某一天上下午（具体的某一天或专指）:onMondayonJune1stonnewyear’sday固定词组：ontime⒊表年月季节，特别上午、下午、晚上用in:intheeveninginhalfanhourinJanuary固定词组：intimeintheend⒋表时间的长度，用for：fortenhoursforamoment⒌表从过去某一时刻到现在用since：since7o’clocksince1998⒍表在某个时间以后，用after：after8o’clcokthedayaftertomorrow⒎表时间的开始，用from;表时间的终结，用to：fromMondaytoFriday⒏表早于，在…之前，用before：beforelong不久longbefore很久thedaybeforeyesterday⒐表不迟于某时，用by:bythen到那时从前bytheendoflasttermⅡ、表地点⒈较小的地方，（在某个具体地点或门牌号）用at:atthegateatthebusstop⒉表接触的面上，边上，线上，用on:onthewallABBisintheeastofACisontheeastofAACDistotheeastofAAD⒊大地方，或在…内用in：inthesun在阳光下inNo.5middleschool⒋near：nearourschool⒌infrontof在前面inthefrontof在前部⒍behind在后面⒎along沿着alongtheriver⒏两者之间betweenbetweenthetwocities三个或三个以上amongamongthetrees在树丛中Ⅲ、表方式⒈伴随（用工具或身体的某部分）用with“和，用”Playwithwithhisfamilywithmyowneyes⒉方式、手段、动作执行者用by:byair(交通工具)⒊表目的、原因用for:it’stimefor该干…thankyoufor（doing）为….而感谢⒋表情况、特点（用某种语言、材料）用in:insurpriseinEnglish⒌表对象，对….而言，用to:toone’ssurprisetalktosb⒍表所属，用of:afriendofmyfather’s51\nⅣ、各个介词的用法In⒈表地点，场所，部位beinjuredintheeye⒉表状态，情况处在…中Theroseareinflower⒊表职业，活动从事于；参加着inthearmy⒋表服饰agirlinred⒌某种材料以及语言、声音⒍表动作的方向和结果进入到…中；或breaksthintwo把…断成两半comeinthehouse⒎表时间在…期间；在…以后从说话时间算起的一段时间以后inone’sthirtiesI’llcomeandseeyouagaininfivedays.辨析：In+一段时间一般将来时Thebabywillstopcryinginhalfanhour.After+一段时间一般过去时Thebabystoppedcryingafterhalfanhour.After+一点时间一般将来时TheywillvisittheirteacherafterFriday.Attheendof时间、地点过去时，将来时在…结束时；在…的尽头Attheendoflastterm,wehadasportsmeeting.Bytheendof时间完成时“到….底（末）为止”Bytheendoflastterm,wehadfinishedreadingthisbook.For+一段时间完成时Ihavehadthebookfor2weeks.Since+过去的一点时间完成时HehaslivedinBeijingsince1980.Within在…以内Idon’tthinkhewillgoawaywithinthreedays.On⒈在…上abackonthetable⒉靠近Hesatonmyright⒊向着；对着smileonsb.对某人笑⒋根据…，凭…..,靠…Actonsb’sadvice按照sb的劝告做⒌在….供职，是….的成员Heisonpeople’sdaily.⒍处于…情况中beonleave在休假⒎以…的方式；通过…ontheradio从收音机里By⒈靠近bytheriver⒉表增减程度Heisolderbyfouryearsthanjohn⒊到…为止bysixo’clockUntil⒈表“某一行为或状态一直持续到…”until10o’clock⒉靠…手段，用…方法+名词，代词，动词ing交通或通讯For⒈表目的为了fightfornationalindependence⒉表对象，用途等为；对于；供；适合于aletterforyou⒊表目标，去向leaveforthecountryside⒋表时间、距离、数量Iwaitbehereforlong.During在…（时间）内duringthewinterwegoskatingThrough从…开始到…结束It’sveryhotthroughthewholesummerthisyear.51\nOf⒈表…的数量或种类akindofoil⒉表构成的材料Thedressismadeofsilk.Off⒈从…下来，离开Theballrolledoffthetable.⒉离…一些距离Welivedinahouseoffthemainroad.With⒈具有；带有；加上；包括…在内acupwithahandle⒉在…身上takeonumbrellawithyou⒊表同时或同一方向随着changewiththetemperature⒋表使用具体的工具、手段等身体的某部分或器官digwithapick用镐挖掘⒌表行为方式以….，带着fightwithcourageWithout表“没有，不带有”About⒈表“关于，论及”Whatdoyouknowabouthim?⒉表时间、数量、年龄的大小大约⒊表地点在附近，在周围各处Hewantstotravelabouttheworld.At⒈指（人或物）所在之处Hewillwaitformeatthestation.⒉朝、向Hethrewastoneatthecar.⒊指时间、年龄⒋指状态Youwillfinditdifficultatfirst.⒌指速度或价钱Thecarranat300milesanhour.Athomeinhissimplehome物主代词或定冠词修饰时可用inAgainst⒈反对Itwasaraceagainsttime.⒉与v连用表碰撞Hehitheadagainstthewill.⒊衬托，靠着Placetheladderagainstthetree.From⒈从表起点⒉距离⒊由…发生⒋由….，表来源Theirschoolistenmilesfrommybrother.Into⒈表向内的动作或方向，动态；in静态Throwitintothefire.⒉变成…状态Heworkedlateintothenight.辨析：Across穿过某一平面Through从内部Past一旁经过Over越过某一高度By比near更近ExceptAllthestudentscamebackexceptTom.ExceptforThisisagoodarticleexceptforsomegrammermistakes.51\nBesidesBesidesthisbook,Ihaveanothertwobooks.Above高over直上up向上●●●●●∣＼／∣∣＼／∣∣○∣∣●On(与面接触，在上)○∣●Beneath(与…..,在下)○∣○∣∣／∣＼∣∣／∣＼∣●●●●●Below低under直下down向下例子：1.WhenwasthefirstmanwithA(H1N1)fluinmainlandChinaknownforsure?_____May11,2009.a.inb.onc.ford.since2._____theheavyrain,wedidn’tgocampinglastSunday.Whatapity!a.Thankstob.Becauseofc.Insteadofd.Asfor2.---Alltheclerkswenthome___Mr.Wang.why?---Becausehehadtofinishhiswork.a.exceptb.besidesc.withoutd.beside.3.---Whendidyourunclearrive____China?---HegottoGuangzhou____themormingofthe16thofApril.a.at;inb.in;inc.to;ond.in;on4.---Whenwasthecarinvented?---Itwasinvented___1885.a.atb.inc.ond.for5.ThisisthepenIusuallywrite___.a./b.inc.ford.with6.Wushuisbecomingmoreandmorepopular___foreigners.a.amongb.forc.ind.to7.____ateacher,Johnthinksthathismaindutyistohelpthestudentstobecomebetterlearners.a.Asb.Byc.Aboutd.With8.---Mary,wouldyouliketogohiking___me？---Yes,I’dloveto.a.inb.atc.tod.with练习：1.TheYoungPioneerswalked___thegateswithUncleWang.A.throughb.acrossc.overd.after2.It’stime___theweatherreport.TurnontheTV,please.a.tob.forc.atd.in3.---Whatwouldyoudi___thelostlibrarybook?51\n---Iwouldtrytofinditorpay___it.a.about;forb.for;toc.with;tod.with;for4.Pleasedon’ttellittoothers.It’sasecret___youandme.a.betweenb.amongc.withd.in5.Theyhavetowalk__8countryparksand___20hillsandmountains.a.up;upb.over;overc.through;overd.along,down6.---InnerMongolialies___thenorthofChina.---Mongolialies___thenorthofChina.a.on;inb,at;inc,on;atd.in;on7.Therearetwoclasses_________Saturdayafternoon．Wecan’thavearestthisweekend．A．atB．onC．inD．of8.Shanghaiis____theeastofChina.a.onb.toc.ind.with9.Don’tread____thesun.It’sbad___youreyesa.in;tob.under;forc.with;tod.in;for51\n七、形容词和副词Ⅰ、表语形容词：alone;asleep;afraid;awke,worth;awave;content;ill;alive;ashamed;sure;sorry;fond;glad巧记：单独睡觉害怕醒来值得吗？知道惭愧就不能满足活着，确信有病别难过，喜爱高兴是良药。Ⅱ、比较级和最高级变化规则构成方法原形比较级最高级一般词尾+er和estLongLongerlongest以e结尾的词+r和stLargeLargerLargest重读闭音节、以单个辅音字母结尾，双写辅音字母BigBiggerBiggest以辅音字母+y的双音节词，先改y为i，再+er和estBusyBusierbusiest多音节和部分双音节，前加more和most.不规则变化Good/wellBetterbest1.(not)as+原级+as和……（不）一样；as+形容词+a+单数名词+asIamastallasyou.Thisbuildinglooksnotso/ashighasthatone.2.比较级+thanless+原级+than一方不及另一方超过另一方的程度或数量，比较前加程度的状语：even;alot;abit/little;still;much;far;yetMorethan超过3.最高级用序数词、byfar,nearly,almost,bynomeans,notquite,notreally来修饰4.形容顺序：限定描绘大长高形状年龄和新老颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠副词顺序：程度+地点+方式+时间5.The+最高级+in/of三者或三者以上Sheisthebeststudentinclass.注：①.oneofthe+最高级TheYellowRiverisoneofthelongestriversinChina.②比较级+and+比较级moreandmore+原级Thingsaregettingmoreandmorebeautiful.③某些以—or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替thaninferior;superior;junior;senior;priorHeissuperiortoMr.Wanginmathematics.④.the+比较级,the+比较级themore,thebetter⑤.比较级+thananyother+单数名词表“比其他任何一个都”Heistallerthananyotherbuyinhisclass.⑥.比较级前可用“数词+名词”构成名词短语表确定的度量Heistwoinchesthanhisfather.⑦.more…than与其说……不如（强调前者）Sheismoredelightthanwise.⑧.次数、倍数、分数和百分数；大于或小于的量数须前置HeistwiceasoldasI.Ⅲ、副词：1．时间副词：always,often,usually2．地点副词here,there,home3．疑问副词how,when,where,why4．方式副词carefully,happily,slowly5．程度副词very,so,too,quite51\n例子：1.Don’tworry.Heis____tolookafterlittleBetty.a.carefullyenoughb.enoughcarefulc.carefulenoughd.enoughcarefully2.Thismathproblemis___thatone.a.soeasyasb.asdifficultasc.muchdifficultthand.lesseasierthan3.Theboyisgetting____.a.tallerandtallerb.moreandmorec.tallandtallerd.moretallerandtaller4.Jimmyusedtobeashortboy,butnowheisthe___inhisclass.a.tallb.tallerc.tallest5.Paulisthe___ofthetwochildreninhisfamily.a.mostfattestb.fattestc.fatterd.fat6.---Linda,passmyglassestome,please.Ican___readthewordsinthenewspaper.---Withpleasure.a.hardlyb.nearlyc.clearly7.It’s___abeautifulstamp.a.quiteb.tooc.veryd.so练习：1.Paper-makingis_____ofancientChina.a.oneofthegreatestinventorb.oneofthegreatestinventorsc.oneofgreatestinventiond.oneofthegreatestinventions2.Don’tlaughather.Sheis____anyoftheothersinyourclass.a.ascleverastudentasb.asacleverstudentasc.socleverastudentasd.soacleverstudentlike3.---Couldyoutellme___itisfromheretothesciencemuseum?---It’sabouthalfanhour’swalk.a.howfarb.howlongc.howsoon4.---Mslinisverypopularamongthestudents.---Yes.Herclassesare___livelyandinteresting.a.alwaysb.sometimesc.hardlyd.never5.Yourbedroomissodirty.Youshouldkeepit___a.dryb.openc.cleand.quiet6.Mikelooks___thanpaul,buttheyareofthesameage.a.youngestb.theyoungestc.youngerd.veryyoung7.Itwas___weatherthattheydecidedtogooutofapicnic.a.suchfineb.suchafinec.sofined.sofinea8.______,motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.a.Howeverlateisheb.Howeverheislatec.Howeverishelated.Howeverlateheis9.---Haveyoufinishedyourreportyet?---No,I’llfinishitin_____tenminutes.a.anotherb.otherc.mored.less10.Remembertosende-mailtome.Allofushopetohearfromyou____a.quicklyb.soonc.fastd.quick11.Ittakesalongtimetogotherebytrains,it’s____byboat.a.quickb.thequickestc.muchquickd.quicker12.Whensummercomes,itgets____and____(hot).13.WhospeaksEnglish______(well),Jim,TomorLinTao.51\n14.Whichisthe_____(big)parkinthecity?15.Thereis_____(little)waterintheglassthaninthebottle.16.Janeisacarefulgirl.Shealwaysmakes_____(few)mistakesthanyoudo.八、动词行为动词（实义动词）、连系动词、助动词、情态动词Ⅰ、情态动词⒈Can⑴.表能力Canyoudriveacar?注：①beableto与can意思相同②表一个动作成功地完成了，必须用wasabletoHewasabletoleaveEuropebeforethewarbegan.⑵.表“建议”或“请求”，可用canI…？CanIborrowyoubike?⑶.表惊讶,怀疑,不相信等态度(主要用于否定句,疑问句)Howcanyoubesocareless?⑷.表”允许”或”请求允许”相当于may(可以),但比may广泛Can不仅表说话人同意,允许,也可表客观条件的许可;may表说话人得许可Noonecansmokeintheoffice.⑸.表可能性Canyougowithus?⒉Could⑴.为can的过去式，表过去有能力及过去存在的可能性Hecouldn’tgothatday.⑵.现在和将来时，代can，表更客气，或可能性不大⒊May⑴.表客气或委婉的请求；回答用may,显得冷淡、不客气MayIcomein?⑵.表“可以”，说话人同意、许可，或在疑问句中，征询对方的许可Maynot表“不可以，不许，禁止，阻止”，常用mustn’t⑶.表可能，用于肯定句或否定陈述句Itmayraintoday.⑷.表祝愿，常用倒装Mayyousucceed!⒋Might⑴.may过去式，表过去的“可能”和“允许”，多用间接引语Hesaidthatthenewsmightbetrue.⑵.可代may表可以做的事或可能发生的事⒌Must⑴.表“必须，应当”第一人称时，表说话人认为有义务，有必要做某事第二三人称时，说话人的命令或要求别人做某事疑问句中，表询问对方的意图Wemustloveourcountry.Imusttakeadayofftomorrow.Youmustfinishtheworktomorrow.⑵.mustnot表不应该，不许可，不准，禁止Youmustn’tspeakloudlyinthelibrary.注：must问句的否定回答，用needn’t,不必MustIdomyhomeworknow?Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.⑶.表肯定的揣测（只用于肯定句）；一定，必定Theladymustbeadoctor.注：①表现在对已发生的事情的推测“must+have+过去分词”“想必是”“（过去）一定”Ifyouwereattheparty,youmusthaveseenmary.51\n②表对现在某个动作或即将发生的事情的推测must+be+v-ing一定Let’shurry.Theymustbewaitingforus.⒍Haveto⑴表”不得不，必须“Must强调说话者的主观看法Haveto强调客观的需要Must仅表现在和将来的义务Imissedthetrain,soIhadtotakeataxi.⑵.表“推测”“定是”Shehastobesick.⒎Need⑴.表“必须”主要用于否定句和疑问句Youneedn’ttrytoexplain.注：needn’t+have+过去分词，谈论过去发生的事情表“做了没有必要做的事情”Weneedn’thaveboughtthepresents.⑵.need用于及物动词⒏Dare主要用于否定和疑问句，表“敢于”Notoneofthemdaredmentionthis.注：及物动词，后可跟动词不定式DoIdaretoaskher?⒐Oughtto表“应该”做某事，可与should互换Yououghttobepunctual.注：oughtto+have+过去分词，表对过去该做而未做之事的责难，后悔或遗憾的心情Yououghttohavehelpedher.⒑shall⑴.陈述句二、三人称，表说话人的强烈意愿和决心，“允诺、警告、命令”等，意为“必须”Youshallhaveyourbookbacksoon.⑵.疑问句中，一、三人称，表征询对方意见或请求，意为“要不要”ShallIturnonthelight?⒒should⑴.表“义务或责任”意为应该IshouldspeakandwriteEnglisheveryday.⑵.表推测、预期Theyshouldbeherebynow.⑶.should跟have+过去分词肯定句，表过去应该做而未做否定句，表过去不应该做但做了的事Helooksverytired.Heshouldhavehadagoodrestathome.⒓will⑴.表“意志、意愿”He’llhelpyouifyouaskhim.⑵.表一种习惯性动作或状态，有“总是、惯于”fishwilldieoutofwater.⒔wouldwill过去式⑴..表人的意愿、个人想法，或在疑问句中用第二人称，表有礼貌，较婉转的请求Iwouldliketobuyasilkscarformywife.⑵.与动词连用，表过去反复发生的动作Theoldretiredworkerwouldoftengototheparktoplaychess.例子：1.Theyellowcoat___beLinda’sbecausenobobylikesyellowexcepther.51\na.can’tb.canc.mustn’td.must1.Thebabyistooyoung.You___giveherbigpieceoffood.a.mayb.munstc.maynotd.mustnot2.IsMr.Browndrivingher?I’mnotsure.He___comebytrain.a.mayb.shallc.needd.must3.Doyouhavetogetupearlyinthemorming?Yes.I____.Ican’tbelateforshool.a.dob.canc.haved.am练习：1.Mum,couldItakemypertoschool?No.asastudent,you___takeittoschool.a.mustn’tb.mightnotc.couldn’td.needn’t2.___yougetsomemilkforme?Sure.a.Mayb.Mustc.Shouldd.Could1.Thiscap___tina’s.Iknowshehasaredcap.No,it___betina’s.Iamwearinghercapnow.a.maybe;maynotb.mightbe;can’tc.couldbe;mustn’td.mustbe;mustn’t2.IsMrBrowndrivinghere?I’mnotsure.He___comebytrain.a.mayb.shallc.needd.must3.IsLucyknockingatthedoor?No,it____beLucy.SheisinJapannow.a.need’tb.mustc.can’td.mayn’t4.Thereissomebobyatthedoor.__Igoandseewhoitis?a.Shallb.Mustc.Willd.Would5.MustIdomyhomeworkatonce?No,you_____.a.mustn’tb.needn’tc.can’td.maynot6.They____dowellintheexam.a.canbeabletob.beablrtoc.canabletod.areableto7.ShallIgetonemorecakeforyou,Dad?Thanks,butyou____,I‘vehadenough.a.maynotb.mustnotc.can’td.needn’t8.Pleasebequiet!I__(can,may,must)nothearherclearly.12.___(can,may,must)Igetupatsixo’clocktomorrowmorning?13._____(can,may,must)youbeherebeforeeighto’clocktomorrowmorning?Iamafraidnot.14.____(can,may,must)Itakesomemedicine?No,you____(needn’t,can’t,maynot).Youneedagoodrest.15.Whosepensarethese?Thisoneismine,theother____(would/could/must)beMary’s.16.Thereissomethingwrongwithmybike.You_____(must/may/need)usemine.17._____(can,may,must)Ireturnthemagazinetomorrow?51\nYes,you___(must,can,may).Everyoneshouldobeythelibraryrules.18.Idon’tthinkit____(can,may,must)rain.Soyou____(can,need,must)nottakeyourumbrellawithyouⅡ、助动词⒈Be⑴Be+现在分词⑵Be+过去分词⑶与形容词，名词，代词，从句等构成“系+表”thecatisverybig.⑷Be+动词不定式⒉Have⑴Have+过去分词⑵和动词不定式连用构成谓语，表因客观环境，促使不得不做的事Thecarhasleft,andifwewanttocatchthetrain,we’llhavetotakeataxi.⑶Have可用于实义动词，“有，吃”⒊Do⑴构成一般现在或一般过去时的疑问句，否定句⑵代替前面刚出现的动词，以避免重复Thismateriallooksnice,sodoesthanone.⑶Do可作实义动词，“做，于”⒋Shall/will⑴Shall/will+动词原形表将来⑵Should/would+动词原形表过去将来时注：will表某种倾向或习惯性动作Ⅲ、连系动词连系动词：须和它后的表语一起构成系表结构状态动词be表象系动词Seem,appear,look感官系动词Look,sound,taste,smell,feel变化系动词Become,come,get,grow,go,make,run,turn,fall待续系动词Keep,remain,stay,stand,rest练习：1．Thecake___good.Ican’twaittoeatit.a.feelsb.soundsc.becomesd.smells2.TheEnglishsong___verynice.Canyouguesswhoissinging?a.Smellsb.tastesc.sounds3.What____yourmotherlooklike?Shehaslonghair.a.doesb.doc.is4.Waht’smomcookinginthekitchen?It____sogreat!Idon’tknow.Let’sgoandseeita.soundsb.tastesc.feelsd.smells5.I____tiredlastnight.a.amb.feltc.lookedd.fell6.Herface___pale(苍白)whensheheardthebadnews.a.gotb.isc.turnedd.was51\n7.I___busynow,butI___freenextweeka.am,amb.am,willc.am,willbed.being,willbe8.Themooncake_____good.Doyouwantanotherone?9.Theflowers______verysweet.Ⅳ、实义动词：⒈及物动词，本身意义不完整需接宾语才能使其意思完整①动词+宾语Ienjoyedthefilmverymuch.②动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Iaskedhimaquestion.带双宾语的动词：bring;buy;cook;draw;find;get;hand;leave;lend;make;offer;pass;pay;read;return;sell;show;teach;tell;write③动词+宾语+宾补Wecallhim”Fatty”带名词作宾补：call;leave;mane;make;think带形容词作宾补：turn;prove;want;paint;keep;get⒉不及物动词，不能直接带宾语Theyworkinafactory.易混淆的及物动词不及物动词Visit;ask;win;answer;fell;beat;serve;marryEnter;discuss;attend;reach;drop;kill;raiseReply(to)return(to)point(to,at)rise(up)knock(at,into)wait(for)listen(to)arrive(in;at)fall(down;off)die(of;from)延续性动词，动作是可持续；非延续性动词，表短暂的动作，动作一经发生便立即结束，如buy,die,leave练习：1．Somethingiswrongwithhisears.Hecan’t___anything.a.hearb.seec.watchd.touch2.Please___thelightwhenyouleavetheroom.a.turnonb.turndownc.turnoff3.Anewkindofcomputer____lastmonth.a.inventedb.wasinventedc.discoveredd.wasdiscovered4.Ican____youmydictionary,butyoucan____itforonlyaweek.a.borrow;lendb.lend;borrowc.lend,keepd.keep;lend5.Whenwe____therailwaystation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.a.arriveatb.reachedinc.gottod.arrivedin6.Wouldyoupleasebekindenoughto____theTValittle?I’mdoingmyhomework.a.turnupb.turnoutc.turndownd.turnoff7.Hecriedsohard.It____thathehadlostonemilliondollars.a.lookedb.asifc.appearsd.seemed8.Shetellsmethatherbrother____theteamformorethanthreeyears.a.hasbeeninb.hasjoinedc.hasgonetod.hasbecomeamemberof9.I’mafraidIcan’t_____alltheflowersandtreesInyourbackgarden.a.sayb.talkc.speakd.name10.pleasewritetomeassoonasyou____shanghai.a.arriveb.reachc.gottod.come11.ifyou____him,youwill____thismatch.a.win;beatb.win;winc.beat;wind.beat;beat51\n12.englishis____aforeignlanguageinChina.a.usedforb.usedbyc.usedasd.usedto13.Jill_____thearmyin1942and____manyfightssincethen.a.joined;joinedb.tookpartin;hasjoinedc.tookpartin;hasjoinedd.joined;hastakenpartin九、动词时态Ⅰ、一般现在时⒈表经常的或习惯性的动作nowandthen,fromtimetotome,often,always,sometime,everyday,onSunday(s)等Myfatheroftengetsupearlyinthemorning.⒉表现在的状态Theboyistwelve.⒊表主语具备的性格、能力和特征IspeakEnglishverywell.⒋表客观事实和普通真理Thesunrisesintheeast.⒌一般现在时表将来时间条件⒍表书信、报纸、通道、牌示、广播等”说、报导“，用sayTheradiosaysitwillbecallintheafternoon.动词变化构成读音举例一般词尾+s清辅音后发/s/;浊辅音和元音后发/z/runputstayrunsputsstays在以/s//z//ʃ//tʃ//dʒ/等音结尾+es或s/iz/finishteachpasslosefinishesteachespassesloses以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，变y为i再+/z//Z/crystudycriesstudies以辅音字母+o结尾+es/z/goesgoesⅡ、一般过去时⒈表过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态Thepolicestoppedhimonhiswayhomelastnight.⒉表过去某段时间内常发生或反复发生的动作Lasttimeweoftendidexperiment.⒊时间条件状语从句中，代过去将来时Hesaidhewouldnotgoifitrained.“woulddo”表过去经常反复发生的动作Iwouldaskyoutothinkcarefullybeforeyouask.特征时间如：atthattime(moment)，justnow，during，afewdaysago动词变化规则：构成读音举例一般+ed以清辅音结尾，发/t/以元音或浊辅音结尾，发/d/以t和d结尾，发/id/WorkWorked51\n以不发音的e结尾，+dHopehopedStopStopped以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写辅音，再加edbegbegged以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i+edCrycried不规则变化gowentⅢ、一般将来时形式：will+动词原形；begoingto+动词原形⒈表将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态I’llcometopickyouupat6:00Wednesdayevening.⒉将来经常或反复发生的动作I’llcomeandseeyoueverySundaynextyear.⒊表揣测Thiswillbethedictionaryyou’relookingfor.⒋“begoingto+动词原形”,表现在打算在最近或将来要做的事或表根据迹象认为很可能要发生的事Wearegoingtohaveanewsubjectthisyear.⒌Be+动词不定式表按计划要发生的事或表征求对方意见Wherearewetostaytonight?⒍Be+about+动词不定式表即将做某事Thesportsmeetingisabouttostartnow.⒎表位置转移的动词:come,go,leave,start,arrive,fly等现在进行时,可表按计划或安排将要发生的动作Heisleavingforshanghaitomorrow.辨析：begoingto表经过考虑的打算will表意愿、决定Ⅳ、现在进行时形式：be+V-ing⒈表说话时正在进行或发生的动作Listen!someoneissingingintheclassroom.⒉表当前一段时间的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作Theyareworkinginafactorythesedays.⒊表现阶段正在进行（today,thesedays,thisweek等）⒋Always,continually,constantly,forever表频度副词连用，常表厌烦、不满、赞扬等They’reforeverquarrelingaboutsomething.⒌有时代一般现在时，表一个经常性的动作或状态，为表感情或为了强调情况的暂时性Howareyoufeelingtoday?⒍Come,go,leave,arrive等现在进行时，表将要发生的动作Thetrainisarrivingsoon.⒎不能用现在进行时：感觉动词hear,smell,taste,notice,look,seem,appear感情动词hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive（原谅）存在状况be,exist,remain(保持)，stay,obtain（获得）从属或占用：have,possess拥有，own,contain,belory,consistof,form思考、理解：understand,know,belive,think,doubt,forget,remember动词变化规则：构成举例一般+ingWorkworking不发音的e结尾，去e+ingcomecoming51\n以ie结尾，该ie为y，再加ingdiedying只有一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写辅音字母，+ingputputting以上四个练习：1．Comeon!you___upwithliuhua.a.catchb.willcatchc.caughtd.hascaught2.Johnoften___withhisdogafterschool.a.playsb.playedc.isplayingd.wasplaying3.Thecar____atreeandstopped.a.hitsb.hashitc.hitd.hadhit4.We____himamomentago.a.seeb.won’tseec.sawd.willsee5.Mother___verybusy.Sheoften___homeverylate.a.is;comeb.willbe;comesc.is;comesd.is;iscoming6.Maryisnothere.she___aletterinherroom.a.iswritingb.wrotec.writesd.willwrite7.Sorry.I___tohelpyouatten.Iwasbusyatthemoment.a.won’tcomeb.can’tcomec.didn’tcomed.shouldn’tcome8.Why___you_____yesterday,alice?a.didn’t;comeb.don’t;comec.haven’t;comed.shouldn’t;come9.Thesingersaid,”thankyouverymuch.NowI____anothersongforyou.”a.willsingb.amabletosingc.singd.wouldsing10.What____afarmer____?Afarmer_____rice,fruit,flowersandsoon.a.does;do;growsb.do;do;isgrowingc.is;doing;isgrowingd.is;doing;grows11.Ifit____tomorrow,wewon’tstartthesportsmeeting.a.rainb.rainsc.willraind.rained1.Mike____outtomeethismotherassoonashesawher.a.rushesb.willrushc.rushedd.hadrushed2.Pleasebequiet.Thebady____.a.issleepingb.sleepsc.hassleptd.wassleeping3.I’msorry,I____noticeyou.When____youcome?a.don’t,willb.don’t,didc.didn’t;didd.don’t;do4.Thegirlalways____Chinesetomath.a.prefersb.preferredc.willpreferd.ispreferring16.He____(arrive)herenextweek.17.Tomorrow_____(be)Sunday.18.Heshop____(open)at8:00a.m.tomorrow.19.Lcuy,Ineedsomehelp.Canyoucomehere?Yes,I________(come).20.____Jim____(do)hishomeworkatfiveeveryafternoon?21.Ourteachertolduslight______(travel)muchfasterthanthesound.22.He____(sit)downandbegantoreadhisnewspaper.23.Thefilm______(notbegin)until8lastnight.51\n24.Theradiosaysthere_____(be)aheavyrainthedayaftertomorrow.25.Whereisyourmother?She______(cook)inthekitchen.Ⅴ、过去进行时⒈表过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作；常与then,atthis/thattimeyesterday,atninelastnight等At8o’clockyesterdayevening,Iwashavingdinnerwithsomefriends.⒉表移动的动词如：come,start,stay,leave,fly等过去进行时，可表过去将要发生的动作Hewasleavingthefollowingday.⒊与Always,continually,constantly,forever，frequently连用,强调过去经常性或习惯动作，表说话人的赞美、厌烦等情绪Hewasconstantlyaskingquestions.他老是没完没了地提问题。注：静态动词：be,have,seem,dependon等不用进行时态知觉、认识或情感如see,hear,believe,know,like,love,want,wish等也无进行时Ⅵ、过去将来时would+动词原形was/were+goingto动词原形⒈表从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，宾语从句常见Iwonderedwhyhewouldn’tgowithus.⒉用was/weregoingto表曾经打算或准备做的动作Shesaidshewasn’tgoingtobefreethisSaturday.⒊Was/were动词不定式或was/wereabout动词不定式Weweretofinishtheworkinthreedays.⒋表过去的习惯性动作Everyeveningshewouldteachustoreadandwrite.Ⅶ、现在完成时⒈过去已开始，持续到现在（也许持续）的动作或状态，常与today,thesedays,since,for…,thismonth,now连用For+时间段；since+时间点TheyhavelivedinBeijingsince1972.⒉过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果Ihavejustedpostedaletter.注：表短暂性的，不与一段时间的状语连用appear,begin,borrow,buy,close,come,die,fall,find,finish,join,kill,leave,lend,sell,start,stop短暂性持续性Fallasleep/gotobed/gotosleepBeasleepMakefriends/becomefriendsBefriendsDieBedeadLeaveBeawayBuyHaveOpenBeopenCloseBeclosed51\nJoinBein+组织/be+成员BeginBeonFinishBeover辨析：have/hasto曾经去过have/hasgoneto已去了already,yet表已经，前者肯定句；后者否定句，疑问句Just刚才justnow一般过去式ever曾经；到目前为止，否定句，疑问句never从来不，完全否定recently近来过去不久到现在before泛指从现在往前ago包括现在时间的过去某时以前过去时Ⅷ、过去完成时⒈表在过去某一时间之前已经发生或完成的动作，常与“by/before+过去时间”Ihadneverseensuchawonderfulmatchbeforethatday.⒉与when,assoonas,as…as,before,until.nowthat表原因，动作先后Thetrainhadjustleftwhentheygottothestation.⒊表意愿、意图等动词think,hope,want,intend,plan,mean等，表本来打算做而没有做的事Ihadthoughtthatallknewaboutit.⒋Nosooner…than…,hardly(scarcely)…,whenHardlyhadwegotintothecountrywhenitbegantorain.⒌一般过去时代替过去完成时含有动作已完成意义的动词，arrive,enter,open等，主从句两动作紧紧相连WhenIarrivedatthestation,Iheardthetrainhadalreadyleft.Whenheenteredtheoffice,heheardthetelephoneringing.Before,after,assoonas,已说明主从句动作先后发生Afterheclosed(=hadclosed)thedoor,heleftthehouse.ItelephonedyouassoonasIgothome.例子：1._____you____thebooktothelibrary?Yes.Iborrowedanotheroneamomentago.a.Do;returnb.Are;returningc.Will;returnd.Havereturned2.Itelephonedyouamomentago.Butyouweren’tin.Sorry,I_____tothereadingroom.a.wentb.camec.havegoned.go3.Thematch___beforewegotthere.a.buysb.willbuyc.wouldbuyd.hasbought4.Who___intothelibrarywhileMissYangangMeimei____?a.wascoming;talkedb.came;weretalkingc.comes;iscomingd.came;talked练习：1．He___hishomeworkthistimeyesterday.a.isdoningb.wasdoingc.didd.willdo2.theytoldusthatthey___threehundredtreesbythetimetheworkersgotthere.3.Mrsmith____inAmericathistimelastyear.51\na.istravelingb.wastravelingc.wouldtraveld.hadtraveled4.Bytheendoflasttermwe____toEnglishbooks.a.readb.readingc.wasreadingd.hadread5.WhenIsawhissmilingface,Iknewhe____goodnewsofhisparents.a.hashadb.hadhadc.washavingd.has6.Uptonow,everything____well.a.isgoneb.hasgonec.god.willgo7.When___youbuythecar?I___.a.did;haveboughtitforamonthb.did;boughtitmonthaagoc.will;boughtitforamonthd.will;wouldbuyitinaweek8.Bytheendoflasttermbill_____(catch)upwithbruce.9.What____you____(do)thistimetesterday?10.We____(sweep)thefloorwhenourteachercamein.11.What___theboy___(do)whentherewasaknockatthedoor?12.Theoldman_____(fall)asleepbeforetheTVplaywasover.13.He____just____(finish)hishomework.14.Sofar,I_______(make)quiteafewfriendshere.15.Areyousureyou_____(lose)thebook?Yes,I_____(look)foriteverywherebutIstillcan’tfindit.16.Shanghai____(be)asmalltownhundredsofyearsago.Nowit______(become)alargecity.动词时态综合练习：1.PrisonbreakisthebestAmericantvpalythatI____theseyears.a.watchb.willwacthc.havewatchedd.waswatching2.Whyareyoujinsuchahurry,mike?There____anNBAbasketballgameintenminutes.a.willhaveb.willbec.isgoingtohaved.aregoingtobe3.MayIspeaktopeter?Sorry,heisnotathome.He___toshanghia.a.hasbeenb.hadbeenc.hasgoned.goes4.Jimmy___tvwhenhismothergothome.a.willwatchb.watchesc.iswatchingd.waswatching5.Bythetimewegottothecinema,thefilm___forfiveminutes.a.hasbegunb.hadbegunc.havebeenond.hadbeenon6.Ithoughtthatdinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwe___.a.willhaveb.havehadc.neverhadd.hadeverhad7.Ithoughtit___interesting,butitwasn’t.a.wasb.wouldbec.willbed.is8.I___e-mailstomypenpalwhenSusancalledmelastnighta.wassendingb.amsendingc.sent9.Iwon’treturnthebooktothelibrarybecauseI____readingit.a.wasn’tfinishb.don’tfinishc.won’tfinishd.haven’tfinished10.DoyouknowHuangTingwell?Yes.SheandI_____friendssincewemetinwuhanlastsummer.51\na.havemadeb.werec.havebeend.become1.MayIspeaktotom?Sorry,heisnotathome.He___toshanghai.a.hasbeenb.hasgonec.goes十、动词的语态：Ⅰ、主动动作发出者；被动动作承受者⒈不知道谁是动作的执行者mywatchwasstolen.⒉没必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者thebicyclesmustnotbeputhere.⒊强调或突出动作的承受者theletterwasposted.⒋处于礼貌措词等原因不愿说出动作的执行者youarewishedtodoitmorecarefully.⒌为使句子结构简练，紧凑，上下连贯，也即出于行文的需要Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasforedtoleavehishomelandforpoliticalreasons.⒍在文章标题、广告、新闻等中常用省略助动词be的被动语态Telephonecallplaced.Roudblocked.主动变被动Didjohnwritetheletterhimself?→Wastheletterwrittenbyjohnhimself?同位语Whendidtheyfinishthework?→Whenwastheworkfinishedbythem?注：⒈指“人”的间接宾语变为主语；指“物”的直接宾语不动⒉Give,show,bring,lend,send与to搭配⒊Buy,make,draw与for搭配Somebooksweregiven(to)them.⒋含宾补的，宾语变为主语后，宾部变主补，原位置不变Everydaythetigermadeoneofthesmalleranimalsbringhimsomethingtoeat.=Everydayoneofthesmalleranimalswasmadetobringthetigersomethingtoeat.⒌短语动词不可分割Ⅱ、主动表被动⒈某些感官动词，如look,smell,taste,feel,sound,prove等thiscoatfeelssoft.⒉某些表主语特征、状态的动词，如wash,write,sell,read,open,cut,shut,keep等Thepenwritessmoothly.⒊某些表示开始、结束的动词，如start,begin,open,close,stop,end等Theshopopensat8everyday.⒋某些表示“发生”，“爆发”，“传播”的不及物动词，如happen,takeplace,occur,breakout,spreadThefirebrokeoutduringthenight.⒌某些表示“需要”之意的词，如need,want,require及表示“值得”之意的词deserve,beworth后接动词-ingThehouseneedsrepairing.例子：1．Theworldhasabigheadacheandit___bymoney.ItbeganinAmericalastyear.a.causeb.causesc.incausedd.arecaused2.Thiskindofmagazine____well.51\na.issoldb.wassoldc.hasbeensoldd.sells3.Shecouldn’t____herwords___bythestudents.a.get;understandingb.get;understoodc.make;tounderstandd.make;understand4.I____abook.a.havegivenb.havebeengivenc.gaved.willgive5.Youmaygofishingifyourwork____.a.isdoneb.willbedonec.hasdoned.havedone练习：1．Theletter___inFrench.Ican’treadit.a.iswritingb.iswrittenc.wroted.wrties2.Don’tworry.You___plentyoftimetodecide.a.willgiveb.havegivenc.willbegivend,aregiving3.Hewasmade___frommorningtillnght.a.toworkb.workc.workingd.worked4.Noletters___sincelastMonday.a.havereceivedb.havebeenreceivedc.hadbeenreceivedd.havebeingreceived5.Anewshoefactorywill____inthispartofthecity.A.bebuildingb.bebuiltc.buildd.building6.Cotton____niceandsoft.a.isfeltb.isfeelingc.feeld.feels7.Thesebooks___outofthereadingroom.Youhavetoreadthemhere.a.can’ttakeb.mustbetakenc.cantaked.mustn’tbetaken8.Ourroommust___clean.a.keepb.bekeptc.tobekeptd.tokeep9.Anewhouse___atthecorneroftheroad.a.isbuildingb.isbeingbuiltc.beenbuiltd.bebuilding10.Theoldbridgeinmyhometown____nextmonth.a.isgoingtoberebuiltb.willrebuiltc.aregoingtoberebuiltd.aregoingtorebuilt11.Thecoat____hersister.a.madetob.weremadeforc.wasmadeford.wasmadeto12.Theboy____streetswithoutpayintheolddays.a.wasmadetocleanb.madecleanc.madetocleand.wasmadeclean13.Thebike____500yuan.a.wascostb.costedc.costd.iscosted14.Whattime_____.thedoor____everyday?a.does;closedb.does;closec.is;closedd./;closed15.Hefellfromhisbikeand____.a.ishurtb.getshurtc.gothurtd.hurt改成被动语态1．Iwaterflowereveryday.Flowers_________________everyday.2.Thechildrenareplantingtreesneartheriver.Trees______________neartheriverbythechildren.3.Lingfengmadethebabystopcrying.51\nThebabywas_________stopcrying.4.thedoctormadeoneofthechildrentrythenewmedicine.Oneofthechildren____________trythenewmedicine____thedoctor.5.Doyouplaycomputergameseveryday?____computergames____byyoueveryday?6.Sheoftenhearspetersinginthenextroom.Peter___often_____________inthenextroom.7.Johnreadthebookyesterday.Thebook________byjohnyesterday.十一、非谓语动词Ⅰ、动词不定式㈠肯定形式to+动词原形，有时不带to;否定形式notto+动词原形Trynottobelate.否定形式同否定句区别：Ididn’taskhimtoopenthedoor.Iaskhimnottoopenthedoor.㈡进行时tobe+v-ingIt’snicetobesittingherewithyou.㈢完成时tohave+doneHeseemedtohavevisitedourfactory.㈣动词不定式的被动语态表被动意义Ididn’twanttobetoldaboutit.㈤时态形式语态时态主动被动一般式TodoTobedone进行式Tobedoing完成式TohavebeenTohavebeendone完成进行式Tohavebeendoing㈥作用：⒈作主语，谓语要用第二人称单数Toobeythelawsiseveryone’sduty.=It’severyone’sdutytoobeythelaws.Itbe+adj.+for/ofsb+todoadj.修饰人用of，否则用for⒉作表语，跟在be,seem,get等后面，用以说明主语是什么或干什么Theyseemtohavealotofmany.Whatwehavetodofirstistofindasolution.注：仅说明主语的内容时，只作单纯的表语，无未来含义⒊作宾语agree,begin,decide,expect,forget,hope,learn,like,manage,pretend,start,try,want,wishHelikestohaveagoodmealatmidday.Tell,advise,show,teach,know,forget,learn,remember,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,decide,discuss…常接疑问词的不定式Weaskedhowtogettothestation.⒋作定语Hehasalotofbookstoread.注：不定式修饰something,anything,nothing时，放在其后，如果something,anything,nothing有形容词修饰时，词序为something(nothing)+形容词+不定式Myfatherhadsomethingimportanttodo.⒌作状语,修饰动词，表行为的目的，结果，原因等，放被修饰词之后，作目的状语时，可放句首①作目的,前可加inorder/soasInordertohelphim,wewoulddoeverthingwecan.51\n②作结果，其逻辑主语常是全句的主语“so…asto”,“such…asto”，“enoughto…”，“onlyto”以及“too…to”Hewastoodrunktodrivehome.注：soasto表目的，也表结果，一般位句中；否定为soasnottoso…asto只表结果否定为so…asnotto③作原因we’reproudtobeyoungpeopleofchina.⒍宾补①advise,ask,tell,help,wish,want,expect,forbid,persuade,press,request,teach,warn等动词可带宾补Sheaskedhergrandfathertoplatygamewithher.②不带to感官feel,seehear,watch,notice;使役make,let,have;但转被动时，必带toLetmedoitforyou.动词help可带to,也可不带to感官动词+宾语+doing正在进行时+do全过程，经常性的，做过的，将要做的Isawhimcomein.Iwashimcomingin.③复合结构中：不定式作直接宾语，后还有宾补；可用it作形式宾语IfinditeasytolearnEnglishwell.注：形容词如：kind,good,silly,horest,bad,stupid,clever,cruel,nice,rude,wise,wrong等表内在品质是，需用以“of+名词（or代词宾语）+不定式”，表动作的执行者时谁。It’sverygoodofyoutocome.Howsillyofyou(itis)tomakesuchamistake!Hadbetter;hadbest;wouldrather;wouldrather…than;wouldsooner;nosooner…than;cannotbut,donothingbut等结构后省略“to”Iwouldratherstayathome.Ⅱ、动词-ing形式㈠动词形式：主动被动一般式DoingBeingdone完成式HavingdoneHavingbeendone㈡作用：1.作主语，表一种抽象的动作概念，泛指某种行为或动作Eatingtoomuchisbadforyouhealth.注：①V-ing有自己的逻辑主语时，用所有格形式Hiscomingmadeushappy.②在Itisnogood(nouse)doing,Itisfun(interesting)doing句中It为形式主语，v-ing为真正主语It’snogoodwaitingforanotherhour.It’snousetalkingwithhimaboutit.2.作表语Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.表主语的某种特征而进行时表正在进行的动作Herjobisteaching.Sheisteachingtherenow.3.作定语Thisisareadingroom.=Aroomforreading.4.作宾语Suggest；finish；avid；stop；can’thelp；mind(在乎)；admit；advise；deny；enjoy；postphone；delay；practice；excuse；pardon；miss(错过)等后必用v-ing作宾语Ican’thelplaughing.注：love;like;begin;start;continue等可接v-ing，不定式，意义差别不大1.作宾补See;hear;notice;watch;keep;find;feel;get;have等动词之后，与一个名词或代词构成复51\n合宾语，其宾语和宾补是主谓关系Hekeptmewaitingforalongtime.6.用于独立主格结构由“主格名词或代词+V-ing”构成，表时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等①表时间Theclockstrikingeight,theybeganworking.②表原因Theweatherbeingfine,wewentforawalk③表条件Timepermitting,we’llcometoseeyou.④Wish/without+宾语+-ing分词表伴随情况Youmustnotsitwithyourfeetpointingatanotherperson.注：rememberdoingsth记得过去做过todosth记得要去做regretdoingsth对过去做过的事后悔todosth对还没做或正在做的事的后悔惋惜stopdoingsth.停止正在做的事todosth.停下来去做另一件forgetdoingsth.忘记曾做过todosth.忘记去做Trydoingsth.尝试着按另一种方法做某事todosth.设法去做某事meandoingsth.意味着，意思是todosth.打算、想要去做某事Ⅲ、分词：用作形容词、副词充当定语、状语、宾补、表语现在分词过去分词⒈作定语Thisisanexcitingnews.Ilikedishescookedbymymother.⒉作表语Thefilmisverymoving.Hewassurprisedtohearthenews.⒊作宾补IsawherwatchingTVlastnight.Shehadherbikerepaired.⒋作主补被动语态Sorryhavekeptyouwaitingforalongtime.Theradiowasfoundstolen.⒌作状语Whilereadingtheletter(=Whilehewasreadingtheletter.)HesmiledfromtimetotimeTheteachercameinfollowedbymanyofhisstudents.⒍V-ing短语⒈表有目的，有意识地进行练习或训练某项技能do+(some)+V-ingdosomereading⒉表做一些笼统，不具体指明的事do+(some)+V-ingdosomeshopping⒊”go+V-ing”大部分表从事运动，消遣或娱乐活动godancinggoswimming51\n例子：1．Holdon,please.Ineedapieceofpaperto____.a.writeb.writingc.writewithd.writeon2.I’dlikemyfriends____theweekendwithme.a.spendb.spendingc.tospend3.Ienjoy___mybikeinthemountains.It’snotalwayseasy,butexciting.a.rideb.rodec.torided.riding4.Let’shurry!Thereareonlytwominutes___>a.leaveb.toleavec.leftd.leaving5.Doyoumind____upthemusic?No,nevermind.a.toturnb.turningc.turn练习：1.WhenIlookedintotheroom,Ifoundphilphimself___inbed.a.liesb.liec.layd.lying2.Sheneedssomepaperto___.a.writeb.writeinc.writewithd.writeon3.Themenuhassomanygoodthings!Ican’tdecide____.a.whattoeatb.howtoeatc.wheretoeatd.whentoeat4.Onherwayhomelucysawathief____inashop.Shestopped____110atonce.a.steal;callb.tosteal;callc.stealing;tocalld.stealing;calling5.Doyoufeellike___orshallwegobybus?Iprefertowalk,butwehave___ataxi,fortimeisshort.a.walking;totakeb.towalk;takec.walking;takend.towalk;took6.Thestudentsarebusy____readyfortheexam.a.gettingb.getc.gotd.toget7.Doyouknow____withthemeat?a.whattodob.howtodoc.whentodod.wheretodo8.Thehouseisnotbigenough____.a.toliveinb.tobelivedinc.tolived.forlive9.Didyouclosethewindows?Yes,Iremember____thembeforeleavinghome.a.Tocloseb.closingc.toclosingd.closed10.Wasthequestiondifficult?Notatall.Ifound____.a.itveryeasyforansweringb.itveryeasytoansweritb.veryeasytoansweritd.itveryeasytoanswer11.Mostofthepeople_____toherbirthdaypartywereheroldfriends.a.invitedb.toinvitec.beinginvitedd.inviting12.Itisverycoldoutside.Ifeellike____somethinghot.a.todrinkb.adrinkc.drinkd.drinking13.Iwant______(go)totheteahouse.14.Hedecided______(go)byhimself.51\n1.Weagreed______(leave)atonce.16.Let’s____(help)himwithhisEnglish.17.I’dlikeyou_____(read)theletterforme.18.Hurryup!It’stimeforus____(get)onthetrain.19.Doyouenjoy_____(work)thereasapostman?20.Theteacherkeptus____(read)forthewholemorning.21.We’retootired.Pleaseletusstop_____(have)arest.22.Wedecided_____(buy)alargerhouseinthesburbs.23.Theyoungpeoplehope_____(see)theirfavoritepopsingers.24.Welookforwardto_____(see)thegreatman.十二、句子Ⅰ、句子成分：主语主要由名词、代词或起名词作用的词、短语Whocamehereyesterday?谓语主语的行为动作或所处的状态，IoftenspeakEnglish.表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语，来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等Ifelttiredafterthesportsmeeting.宾语表示动作、行为的对象hegavemeabookyesterday.定语描述名词或代词的修饰语Ilikehard-workingstudents.状语修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的，表达时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、结果等Hewalkedupanddown.Ⅱ、句子按结构分：简单句、并列句、复合句㈠、简单句：一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子Meimeisingswell.MyfriendandIgotoschooltogether⒈五种基本句型①主语+连系动词+表语S+V+PTheteacheriskind.Be和become是常见的系动词keep,look,feel,smell,sound,taste,grow,get,go,turn（变得）Shelikesfine.②主语+不及物动词S+VCome,go,happen,laugh,sleep,stay,swim,take,place,walk,workMyheadaches.Westayedinchinaforafewdays.③主语+及物动词+宾语S+V+O个别不及物动词+介词或副词看成一个及物动词TheyspeakEnglish.pleaselistentomecarefully.④主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语S+V+IO+DO指物的指人的直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象；间接宾语是及物动词的动作涉及的人和物MyfathertaughtusEnglish.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+带疑问词的不定式(todosth)Heshowedmehowtouseacomputer.⑤主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（S+V+D+C）Hismotherfindshimacleverboy.See,watch,lookat,listento,hear,feel,let,make(使),have(使)等词后面的宾补；被动语态时要还原“to”㈡、并列句：含有两个或更多的相互并列的主谓结构的句子51\n分句+并列连词+分句如：and,but,or,while,for,so,neither,nor连接副词如：still,yet,however,consepuently(结果)，therefore(因此)，then等并列句的分类：①连接两个同等概念And;notonly…butalso;neither…nor;so;on(the)onehand…ontheotherhandTheteacher’snameissmith,andthestudent’snameisjohn.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.②表选择or,either…or,otherwise.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.Eitheryouarewrong,orIam.③表转折but,still,however,yet,while,whenSheisseriouslyill,stillthereishopeofherrecovery.④表因果关系so,for,thereforeTheoilmustbeout,forthecamphasgoneout.注：用so,neither(nor)代前句出现的句子成分，需倒装Ihaven’tseenthefilm,neitherhashe.⑤表条件或结果关系and,or,consequentlyHurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.例子：1．Theycan’tdriveacar._____canI.a.Norb.Soc.Butd.And2.Heisillinbed,_____weshouldtakecareofhim.a.sob.butc.eitherd.nor3.Sorry,there’sonlyoneseatleft,_____you_____shecanhaveit.a.neither;norb.either;orc.both;andd.not;but4.Howmany_____breadinasandwich?Therearetwo.a.pieceb.piecesofc.piecesd.pieceof5.Howdidkategetsomuchmoney?She____it____herbestfriend.a.borrowed;fromb.borrows;forc.borrow;tod.lend;to练习：1．Lucy_____herclothesonSundays.a.don’twashb.doesn’twashesc.notwashd.doesn’twash2.Idon’tlikechickenorfish.Idon’tlikechicken_____._____Ilikefishverymuch.a.too;butb.either;butc.too;andd.neither;but3.Thebellisringing____thelessonisover.a.butb.orc.andd.yet4._____areyoutryingtoprovetothepolice?WhereIwaslastnight.a.Whatb.Whyc.Howd.When5.Themanagerorhissecretary_____goingtogiveyouaninterview.a.isb.arec.wered.have51\n变为一般疑问句1．Shehastocometoworkonfootnow.____she____toworkonfootnow?2.TomusedtoworkinBeijing.____tom________workinBeijing.3.Thereissomewaterinthebottle.____there____waterinthebottle?4.Thepairofshoescostme120yuan.____thepairofshoes_________120yuan.㈢、复合句：（主从复合句）由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成从句担任哪个句子成分就叫该成分的从句名词性从句：相当于名词，固可做主、表、宾、同位语从句其连接词分别为：从属连词that/if/whether连接代词who/whom/whose/what/which连接副词when/where/why/how㈠、宾语从句⑴及物动词后的宾语从句①由从属连词引导Ithink(that)watchingtvtoomuchisbadforpeople’shealth.Iwonderifyoucandomeafavour.②由连接代词引导Iwonderwhathashappenedtohim.Idon’tknowwhichschoolheisin.Heaskedmewhosehandwritingwasthebestinthelass.③由连接副词引导Iwonderwhysherefusedmyinvitation.⑵介词和某些形容词之后的宾语从句①介词后Tomisaniceboy.Expectthatheissometimelateforschool.Itdependsonwhetherthemangerwillagreetotheplanornot.②某些形容词后I’mafraid(that)Ican’tacceptyourinvitation.I’manxiousthathewillbeabletopasstheexam.⑶宾语从句的时态特点①主句使用现在时（一般现在时、现在完成时），从句允许任何时态从句时态可与主句一致，也可由从句的时间状语自行决定Ithinkyouwerewrongatthattime.Ithink(that)she’llcomeintime.ShehastoldmethatshehasneverbeentotheGreatWall.②主句使用过去时，除表“真理”可使用现在时态外，一律用过去时从句用一般过去时态状语，使用一般过去时谈论过去发生的事实或含有完成时态状语，常用过去完成时有将来时间状语或谈论未来事，用过去将来时。Myfathertoldmethattheearthisround.Idon’tthinkhewaswrongyesterday.Ididn’tthinkhehadbeenwrong.例子：51\n1．I’mwaitingforthetrain.Doyouknow___itwillarrive?Usuallyitcomesby4:00a.howb.wherec.whend.what2.Couldyoutellushowlong___?Aboutthreedays.a.doesthesportsmeetinglastb.thesportsmeetinglastc.willthesportsmeetinglastd.thesportsmeetingwilllast3.Mrkingdind’tknow____.a.Whendoeshissoncomehomeb.whenhissoncomeshomec.whendidhissoncomehomed.whenhissoncamehome4.Doyouknow____duringthecomingsummerholiday?a.whatwillTomdob.whatdidTomdoc.whatTomwilldod.whatTomdid5.Theteacheraskedme___Ineededanyhelp.a.whetherb.thatc.whatd.which6.Excuseme.wouldyoupleasetellme___buyafridge?a.whattob.wheretoc.whatIcand.wherecanI7.Ididn’tknow___theycouldpasstheexamornot.a.thatb.whatc.whichd.whether练习：1．Tomaskedmyfriend______.a.wherewashefromb.thattheearthisbiggerthanthemoonc.whendidhecomebackd.nottobesoangry2.Couldyoutellme_____?a.wheredoyouliveb.whoyouarewaitingforc.whowereyouwaitingford.whereyoulivein3.Idon’tknow_____upsoearlylastSunday.a.whydidhegetb.whyhegetsc.whydoeshegetd.whyhegot4.WhenwillyouflytoSydney?Pardon?Iaskyou_____.a.whenwillyouflytoSydney?b.whetherwillyouflytosydneyc,thatyouwillflytoSydneyd.whenyouwillflytosydney5.Inthebookshop,areaderaskedtheshopkeeper_____whenwhomovedmycheesewasaninterestingbook.A.thatb.howc.whatd.if6.Thestudentswanttoknowwhetherthey_____dictationtoday.a.hadb.hasc.willhaved.are7.Ihardlyunderstand______hehastoldme.a.thatb.whatc.whichd.who8.Heaskedme_____toldmetheaccident.a.whomb.whichc.whod.whose9.Idon’tknow_____.a.whichroomIcanliveb.whichroomcanIlivec.whichroomIcanliveind.whichroomcanIlivein10.ourhometownhaschangedalot.Whocantell____itwouldbelikein____fiveyearsa.how,anotherb.what,morec.how;otherd.what;another51\n连接成宾语从句1．DoesMrBrownenjoylivinginChina?Couldyoutellus?Couldyoutellus____MrBrown_____livinginChina?2.Whoknockedatthedoorsoloudly?Idon’tknow.Idon’tknow____hestill____inthatstreet.3.What’shername?Iaskedhim.Iaskedhimwhat_______________.4.CantheyspeakFrench?Iwanttoknow.Iwanttoknow__________________French.5.Arethechildrenplayinggames?Tellme.Tellme_____thechildren_________games.㈡、状语从句①时间状语从句用从属连词when,while（当……的时候），as,after,before,since,until,assoonas等引导Itwassnowingwhenhearrivedatthestation.Strikewhiletheironishot.Youcan’tleaveuntilyoufinishthework.通常不用将来时，而用现在时I’lltellheraboutthatwhenIseeher.We’llwaituntilthedoctorcomes.②地点状语从句连词副词where,whereverJuststaywhereyouare.③原因状语because,as,sinceDon’tscampyourworkbecauseyouarepressedfortime.Sincewelivenearthesea,wecanoftengoswimming.④条件状语从句if,unless(除非)，as(so)longas(只要)Ifyoudemandhispresence,warnhiminadvance.通常用一般现在时代一般将来时We’llcomeovertoseeyouonwednesdayifwehavetime.Hewillnotleaveunlessitisfinetomorrow.⑤方式状语从句as,justas,asifThemancarriedtheboxawayashewastold.Hespokeasifheunderstandwhathewastalkingabout.⑥让步状语从句though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,whether…orThoughitwasverycold,shewentoutwithoutanovercoat.Whetheritshinesorrains,Iwillgotomorrowmorning.⑦目的状语从句that,sothat,inorderthat从句中常用may(might),can(could),should等情态动词ComeroundtothewindowsothatIcanseeyou.Hegotupearlyinorderthathecouldcatchthefirstbus.⑧结果状语从句sothat,so……that,such…thatIdidn’tgoearly,sothatIdidn’tgetagoodseat.⑨比较状语从句as…as,notso…as(notas….as),more….than,less…than,the…theHeisnotsohealthyashisbrother.Johnislesscleverthanpeter.例子：51\n1．We’llgoboatingifit___tomorrow.a.won’trainb.isn’tgoingtorainc.doesn’traind.don’train2.I___willyouifyouvisittheSummerPalacea.gob.amgoingc.willgod.goes3.Hestartedearlysothathe____thereintime.a.wouldhavegotb.hadgotc.getd.couldget4.Bettydidn’tgotoseethefilmyesterday____shewasill.a.becauseb.butc.untild.if5.itisfivedays___wecamehere.a.sinceb.asc.befored.when练习：1.Whenhegottothestation,thetrain_____.a.leftb.hadleftc.leavesd.hasleft2.Ican’tgotoseethefilmtonight,becauseI____myticket.a.lostb.havelostc.willlosed.didn’tlose3.MayIsitnearer_____Icanseemoreclearly?a.asifb.sothatc.evenifd.becauseof4.Wewereplayingbasketball_____wecaughtsightofafriendofours.a.assoonasb.whilec.whend.once5.Itwas_____thattheyplannedtohaveapicnic.a.suchfineweatherb.sofineaweatherc.suchafineweatherasd.suchafineweather填适当引导词1．Iwasleavingmyhouse____whenthetelephonerang.2.thestudentsweretalkingloudly____theteachercamein.3._____MrWangisnotrich,heoftengiveshissavingtoProjectHope4.I’llgiveyoumyumbrella_____itrains.5.shewas____careless____shemadelotsofmistakesintheexam.㈢、定语从句：修饰句中的名词或代词⑴关系代词①Who指人作主语Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.②Whom指人作宾语，可省略Theprofessor(whom)youwishtoseehascome.③Whose指人或物，作定语Thisisthescientistwhosemaneisknownalloverthecountry.Nobodywantsthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.④Which指事物，可省略，作主、宾语Guilinisacitywhichhasahistoryof2000years.⑤That指事物或人，作主、宾语Therearesomefilms(that)I’dliketosee.⑵关系副词51\n①When表时间，先行词常表时间的名词（time,day,hour,year）Fromthetimewhenhewaslittle,hehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.②Where表地点，先行词（place,room,house,street,area）Thisistheplacewheremymotherwasborn.③Why表原因，先行词reason后面Idon’tknowthereasonwhyshelooksunhappytoday.关系代词前带介词介词+which(whom)Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhichtheylive.Thisistheteacherfromwhomwe’relearntalot.Theman(whom)wesentthepresenttoisadoctoroflaws.介词放末尾名词（或代词或数词）+介词+which（或whom）Thehousethewindowsofwhichweredamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.Which可引导非限制性，指代前面一句话或一件事Hehadfailedinthemathsexam,whichmadehisfatherveryangry.Which前可用介词☆用that,而不用which①当先行词是all,everything,nothing,something,anything,much,little,few,one等不定代词ThatisallthatIwanttosay.Thereisnothingthatcanpreventhimfromdoingit.②先行词被序数词修饰时ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinGuilinwaselephanttrunkhill.③先行词被形容词最高级修饰时ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.④先行词被thevery,theonly,thejust等修饰时Thisistheverydictionary(that)Iwanttobuy.例子：1．Isthereanyoneinyourclass____familyisinthecountry.a.whichb.whoc.whatd.as2.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons____theyrememberedintheschool.a.whichb.thatc.whomd.what3.Don’ttalkaboutsuchthingsof____youarenotsure.a.whichb.whatc.asd.those4.I’lltellyou____hetoldmelastweek.a.allwhichb.thatc.allthatd.which练习：1．Thegirl____anEnglishsonginthenextroomidtom’ssister.a.whoissingingb.issingingc.sangd.wassinging2.Howdoyoulikethebook?It’squitedifferentfrom____Ireadlastmonth.a.thatb.whichc.theoned.theoneehat3.Ilikethesecondfootballmatch____washeldlastweek.a.whichb.whoc.thatd./4.Wasitattheschool_____wasnamedafterahero_____hespenthischildhood?51\na.which;thatb.where;wherec.what;whered.which;where5.Thereason____hegaveforhisabsencewas____hehadmissedthebus.a.why;thatb.that;becausec.why;becaused.which;that6.Thegirl____isreadingunderthetree_____mysister.a.which;isb.whom;wasc.who;isd.who;was填空1.Ilovetheplace_____Iwasborn.2.Isthegirl____isinterviewingthefamouswriteryourfriend?3.Thefilm______wesawlastnightisveryinteresting.4.Itisthemostimportanttask_____shouldbefinishedsoon.5.Tomisthefirstboy____lefttheroom.6.Manypeople____liveinlessdevelopedmeformybirthday.Ⅲ、句子种类：㈠陈述句：主语+谓语⒈谓语是（to）be,(to)have或含助动词，情态动词，在后加not⒉谓语是行为动词，无情态或组动词，用donot注：①not后加any,no不可Ihavenotanypaper.=Ihavenopaper.②nothing=not…anythingIcansmellnothing.③do助动词，一般不与表否定的或部分否定的词，如：never,hardly,nothingHeneverspeaksJapanese.但强调时例外Heneverdidlikemoths.㈡疑问句⒈一般疑问句：以be,have或助动词，情态动词开头，yes/no回答否定形式：not放主语后areyounotstudents?Not---n’t与be,have,助动词，情态动词连写aren’tyoustudents?⒉特殊疑问句：what,who,whom,whose注：疑问句在句中充当主语或修饰主语，必须用陈述句语序Wholivesinthenextroom?⒊选择疑问句：一般疑问+or+（经过省略）一般疑问ShallIgowithyouorwillyougoalone？㈢反意疑问句提问的人对自己的看法不能完全肯定，需要问一下加以证实。Yousawhimyesterday,didn’tyou?☆特例1.I’mastallasyoursister,aren’ti?2.Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,amI?3.陈述部分有否定含义词,如:never;seldom;hardly;few;little;nobody;noone;nothing等，用肯定4.Heoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn’the/shouln’the?5.have除了“有”以外的其他含义时，只用do的适当形式Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don’twe?6．Heusedtotakepicturesthere,didn’the/usedn’the?7．用You‘dbetter，则用hadn’tyou.You‘dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn’tyou?51\n8．Hewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn’the?9．You’dliketogowithme,wouldn’tyou?10．陈述部分有must作必须时，用mustn’t/can’t作必要时，用needn’t表示推测时，根据must后面的时态和结构而定Itmusthavrrainedlastnight,didn’tit?11．感叹句用be+主语Whatbeautifulcolors,aren’tthey?12．Neither…nor….,either…or…根据实际逻辑意义而定NeitheryouorIamanengineer,arewe?13．陈述有this,that,everything,nothing等，用Iteverythingisready,isn’tit?14．主语从句或并列复合句，有三种情况：并列复合句，谓语根据邻近从句的谓语MrsmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,andheshouldhavebeeninchinanow,shouldn’the?带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，根据主句的谓语HesaidhewaitedtovisitJapan,didn’the?15．主句的主语为第一人称，谓语为think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等后接宾语从句时，与宾语从句相对Idon’tthinkheisbright,ishe?16．everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等常用they，有时可用heEverybodyknowstheanswer,don’tthey?17．当dare,need为实义动词时，用do的相应时态18.省去主语的祈使句的，用willyou;以let’s,用shallwe;以letus,用willyou19．Therebe,仍用thereTherewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?20．否定前缀不能视为否定词，后仍用否定Heisdishonest,isn’the?21.含有haveto,用do的适当形式Hehastogetthereontime,doesn’the?22.以祈使句开头时，用willyou;以let’s开头时，shallwe.Openthewindow,will(won’t)you?Letusdoitagain,willyou?us仅指问语人Let’sgotogether,shallwe?Let’s包括问话人和答话人23.动词不定式作主语，用itTosayitiseasierthantodoit,isn’tit?㈣祈使句表请求，命令或劝告1.肯定，动词原形作开头Becarefulnexttime!Sitdown,please!2.否定don’t+……Don’tbelate.3.let开头，let+宾语+宾补Let’sgotogether.Lethimgohome.为加强语气，加dodocomeagain,please!4.有时指明向谁提出请求或命令，或加强语气Youcleantheblackboard.Don’tyoubelateagain.㈤感叹句What+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语Whatagoodidea!形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语Whatbeautifulflowers!How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语Howgoodthegirlis!How+主语+谓语Howshesorked!例子：51\n1._____hardworkitis!a.Howb.Whatc.Whatad.Whatan2.____interestingthefilmis!A.Whatb.Whatanc.Howd.Whata3.It’safineday.Let’sgofishing,____?a.won’tweb.willyouc.don’twed.shallwe4.Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom,____?A.doyoub.willyouc.canyoud.couldyou5.____downtheradio.Thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.a.Turningb.Toturnc.Turnedd.Turn练习：1．Lucy,____thedoororsomeonewillcomein.a.closeb.closesc.notclosed.isclosing2.____usefulworktheyhavedone!a.Whatb.Howc.Whatad.Whatan3.Please____.They’rehavingameeting.a.notbesonosiyb.bequietc.mustn’ttalkd.nospeaking4._____tomeetmeatthestation.I’llbewaitingthere.a.Notnoforgetb.Notforgetc.Forgetnotd.Don’tforget5._____weatherwehavetoday!a.Afineb.Whatafinec.Howafined.Whatfine6._____carelessheis!a.Whatb.Howc.Somuchd.Howmuch7.Fewpeoplewouldagreewiththis,_____?a.didtheyb.wouldtheyc.didn’ttheyd.wouldn’tthey8.It’scheap.Idon’tsupposehecars,_____?a.isitb.doIc.doeshed.doesn’tit9.Ithinktheteacheriswrong,_____?No,Idon’tthinkso.a.don’tyoub.don’tIc.doesn’tshed.isn’tshe10.Ifyouwanthelp,letmeknow,_____?a.canIb.doyouc.willId.willyou感叹句1．Itisquiteanicepresent.→__________nicepresent!2.Thechildrenareworkinghard.→__________thechildrenareworking!3.Heisgoodatsinging.→________hesings!4.Theyliveahappylifetoday.→______________lifetheylive!5.Hewaedoingwellindancing.→____a____dancerhewas!2.Thegoldfishisverylovely.→________thegoldfishis.51\n反意疑问句1．Don’tlookoutofthewindow,________?2.We’dbettergohomenow,________?3.Idon’tthinkyoucananswerthisquestion,________?4.He’sneverhadsuchagooddaybefore,________?5.Everythinggoeswell,________?6.Thesmithshadtowaitforyouforlong,________?7.Hecouldrideabikeattheageoffive,________?8.Fewpeoplehateflowers,________?9.Walkingisgoodfoeourhealth,________?10.Hedidright,________?11.Tryontheshoes,_________?十三、主谓一致Ⅰ、语法一致原则谓语动词与主语单复数相同Thenumberoferrorswassuprising.Ⅱ、意义一致原则不由外部语法形态决定，而取决于主语所表达的内在含义Thecrowedwerefightingfortheirlives.这些人正为生存而战斗。Threeyearsinastrangelandseemslikealongtime.Ⅲ、就近原则谓语动词由它前面最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数的形式来决定Nooneexcepthisownsupportsagreewithhim.Ⅳ、13种情况1.Either..or;neither…nor;notonly…but(also),谓语动词与后一个主语的人称和数一致EitherheorIamwrong.Notonlythestudentsbut(also)theteacherisactiveissportsandgames.2.主语是单数而后面跟aswellas;with;togetherwith;like;but;except等，谓语仍用单数Sheaswellastheotherstudentshaslearnedhowtotype.Nobodybutthestudentsisintheclassroom.3.集体名词作整体看，用单数；各个成员考虑，用复数Myfamilyenjoysportsandgames.Myfamilyhasmovedintothenewhouse.4.表数目、时间、金额的名词复数作主语，仍用单数Twohoursisenoughforustofinishtheexperiment.5.两个或两个以上的并列主语由and连接，如表不同概念，用复数；如表同一概念，用单数Wudongandwuxiaretwinbrothers.ThesingeranddancercomesfromGuangxi.6.两个单数名词前，every;each;no,用单数eachboyandeachgirlis….each,either,neither或由some,any,no,every构成的合成代词作主语，用单数Somethingiswaitingforyouatthegateoftheschool.Eitherofthestoriesisinteresting.7.None作主语，可用单数或复数noneknows(或know),agreatdealaboutthisexperiment.8.代词what,who,which,any,all,most,more等作主语，单数复数由它们所代替的意义决定Whatiswrongwithyou?Therearesomebooksonthedesk.Whatarethenamesofthem?9.People,police.cattle等作主语，用复数thecattlearegrazingneartheriver.10.用“every/each/no/manya/agraetdealof+单数名词”作主语用单数；而“agreatmany/agreatnumberof等+复数名词”作主语，用复数Manyastudentandteacheriswatchingthefiitballmatch.51\nAgreatmanypeoplehavemovedintothenewhouse.11.有些名词只有复数形式可根据谓语单复数判别主语所表事物的实际单复数Thesteelworkswasbuiltinthe1950s.Thesteelworksinthecountingproducemoresteelthanthoseinthatcountry.12.”therebe+并列主语“和”herebe+并列主语“结构中，谓语形式一般应与并列主语中的第一个主语数一致。Therearesomebooksandapenonthedesk.Hereisaletterandabookforyou.13.”the+形容词/-ed分词“表一类人的结构作主语，谓语用复数Theyoungarerequiredtorespecttheold.若表物，用单数Thegoodinhimoutweighsthebad.“morethanon+n.””manya+n.用单数例子：1．There____abook,tworulersandfourpensonthedesk.a.areb.isc.bed.am2.____ofthemoney____beenspentrecyclingtherubbish.a.Threefourths;hasb.Threefourths;havec.Threefourth;hasd.Threefourth;have3.ThisismytwinsisterLucy.BothsheandI___goodatdrawing.a.amb.isc.ared.be练习：1.Tendollars____enoughforthecoat.a.isb.arec.hasd.have2.Myfamily___ahappyone.a.beb.arec.isd.has3.Myaunthastwochildren.But___ofthemliveswithher.a.eachb.neitherc.eitherd.both4.Anumberofthevisitors_____fromNorthChina.a.isb.comesc.ared.was5.Thenumberofwomenteachersintheschool___twohundredandsix.a.isb.arec.hasd.have.6.Theprofessor,togetherwithhisson,_____Lanzhou____Beijing.a.haveleft;forb.hasleft;forc.haveleft;tod.hasleft;to2.Twohours_____notlongenoughforthistest.a.isb.arec.hasd.have3.TheChinese____braveandhard-working.a.isb.arec.bed.being4.Reading-books____onewise.a.madeb.makesc.maked.havemade10.”You”____averyusefulwordinEnglish.a.areb.isc.hasd.become11._____werenicetomewhenIwasintheUnitedStates.a.TheBrown’sb.Brown’sc.TheBrownsd.Brown12.NotonlyTombutalsoAliceandMary____busy.a.isb.wasc.wered.are51\n13.Whathesaid_____true.a.hasb.isc.ared.were14.Breadandbutter____adailyfoodinthewest.a.isb.arec.wasd.were15.Nobody_____(want)tomakefriendswithBill.16.Davidwithhisbrother_____(play)soccerintheparkeveryday.17.Theteacherandwriter_____(be)comingtoourschooltogiveusatalk.18.Whatyou’vedone_____(be)veryimportanttoallofus.19.Ninetypercentofwork____(have)beendone.20.Thenews____(be)exciting.wegotexcitedatit.21.There_____(be)adesk,twobedsandfourchairsintheroom.22.Here____(come)thebus.23.Bothofmyparents_____(be)teachers.24.ThepopulationofShanghai_____(be)largerthanthatofLanzhou.51