初中英语专项之名词讲解 8页

...名词的分类中考总复习专题一：名词一、名词的分类名词的数名词的格个体名词名词普通名词集体名词专有名词物质名词抽象名词1、专有名词 （1）人名（2）洲名、国名、地名、名胜古迹Asia,Africa,Europe,North/SouthAmerica,HongKong,theYellowRiver,theYangtseRiver/theChangjiangRiver,thePearlRivertheGreatWall,theForbiddenCity(3)组织机构WTO,thePeople’sBankofChina(4)节日元旦NewYear’sDay情人节Valentine’sDay植树节ArborDay愚人节Fool’sDay清明节Tomb-sweepingDay劳动节LabourDay儿童节Children’sDay教师节Teachers’Day国庆节NationalDay万圣节Holloween圣诞节ChristmasDay复活节EasterDay母亲节Mother’sDay父亲节Father’sDay感恩节ThanksgivingDay春节theSpringFestival元宵theLanternFestival端午节theDragon-BoatFestival七夕节DoubleSeventhDay中秋节theMid-AutumnFestival重阳节theDoubleNinthFestival腊八节theLabaRicePorridgeFestival(5)月份、星期in+JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberon+MondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturdaySunday(6)书报名称GonewiththeWind斜体字都看做专有名词集体名词familypolicearmygovernmentclassgrouppopulation...\n...①②③⑤⑤⑥⑦⑧抽象workfriendshippeacelove2、个体名词（个体名词是指某类人或事物中的个体名词box，teacher） （1）规则变化①直接加s，②以s,x,ch,sh结尾的+esclass--classesbox--boxeswatch--watchesbrush--brushes③以辅音加y结尾，把y变i+esbaby--babieslibrary--libraries④以元音加y直接+skey--keysday--daysboy--boys⑤部分以f/fe结尾的，把f/fe变v+esleaf--leavesknife--knives⑥部分以f结尾的直接+sRoof--roofs⑦部分以o结尾直接加s的Photo--photospiano--pianosradio--radioszoo--zoosbamboo--bamboos⑧部分以o结尾加es的英雄爱吃番茄和土豆hero--heroestomato--tomatoespotato--patatoes（2）不规则变化①通过改变元音字母man--menwoman--womenfoot--feetgoose--geesetooth--teethmouse--mice②单复数同型sheep,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese注意：这里强调一个英国人是anEnglishman或者说HeisEnglish.德国人German--Germans德国Germany③其他变化child--childrenox--oxen复合名词可讲可不讲（3）易错项①通常只用复数的名词trousers,shoes,socks,jeans,glasses,clothes,stairs,chopsticks②有些名词长得像复数名词，但其实是单数名词means(n.)方式,方法一种....的方式ameansof...mathsphysicspolitics名词作定语变复数只变后面的，但含有man和womanmandoctor,womanteacher两个都变3、集体名词（指由若干个体组成的集合体的名词）people(人们)policefamilyclassteamgovernment...\n...其中people（人们）与police本身就是复数，作主语谓语动词要用复数那么这样本身是复数的名词怎么表达单个的含义呢？people→personpolice→policeman/policewoman而people（民族）则是个体名词，一个民族onepeople班级（单数）家庭（单数）familyclassteam同学（复数）家人（复数）队伍（单数）队员（复数）government↓政府（单数）政府官员（复数）例题：Allmyfamily_______(enjoy)skating.Almosteveryfamilyinthecountry_______(own)atelevision.Thepolice________(be)lookingforthemissingchild.4、物质名词（无法分为个体的物质或实物名词）通常为不可数不可数：airwatermilkrainwood(木头)woolenstone(石材)sandpaper(纸)↓↓↓加上s变化为新的含义woods(森林)stones(石头)papers(试卷)5、抽象名词（状态、品质等抽象概念的名词)通常为不可数不可数：friendshippeacefunhonestycouragetimeworkdifficultynews加上s变化为新的含义,或引申含义↓↓↓新闻，消息timesworksdifficulties次数，倍数著作困难的事6、一词多义，可数与不可数兼有的词总结练习题（可数）橘子，橙子（可数）orangeexercise橙色，桔色（用单数）锻炼（不可数）一套动作，训练，体操，...操（可数）橘子汁，橙汁（不可数）时间（不可数）纸（不可数） 经历（可数）experiencetimepaper次数（可数）经验（不可数）报纸（可数）倍数（可数）试卷（可数）玻璃（不可数）鸡（可数）chickenglassroom玻璃杯（可数）鸡肉（不可数）眼镜glasses房间（可数）空间（不可数）7、常考的不可数名词ricebreadcottonirongrasssnowweathersmoke(烟）meatmoneygasnewsinformationadvicehomeworkfunfurnitureknowledgeprogressmusic8、名词作定语鞋厂shoefactory名词作定语变复数只变后面的，如鞋厂shoefactories但含有man和woman的，前后两个名词都变复数...\n...如mandoctor→mendoctorswomanteacher→womenteachers9、可数名词的计量①可数名词一般直接在其前加基数词表示计量Thereisalsoagolfcoursefivemilesaway五.英里远处也有一个高尔夫球场。 ②可数名词前也可以用few,afew,many,alotof/lotsof,some,any,several,a(large/great)numberof,agreatmany,plentyof,most等修饰词或短语来计量 例如：ShehaslivedinSpainformanyyears她.在西班牙住了很多年。③有些可数名词也可以用单位词来计量。Mymotherboughtabasketofapplesthismorning.我的妈妈今天上午买了一筐苹果。10、不可数名词的计量不可数名词前不能直接加基数词来计量。其计量方法,有两种①可以在不可数名词前加little，alittle，much,alotof,lotsof,some,any,plentyof,agood/greatdealof,abitof,most等修饰词或短语来计量。②也可以在不可数名词前加单位词来计量，其结构为基数词+单位词+of+不可数名词",如果数量超过1时,单位词要用复 数。常用来对不可数名词计量的有:apieceofapairofacup/glassofabottleof,abagof,aboxof等。’s所有格→有生命的 11、名词所有格of+n.所有格→无生命的①-'s所有格（1）表示有生命特征的名词所有格一般在间尾加一’s.Gina'sbooksareeverywhere.吉娜的书到处都是。（2）以-S或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格，September10thisTeachers’Day.9月10日是教师节。（3）不以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍在词尾加’sWhenisChildren'sDay?什么时候是儿童节?（4）表示时间、距离、国家、团体、机构等名词的所有格，也可以在其后加-°s.Intoday'sworld,almosteveryoneknowsthatairpollutionisharmingtopeople’shealth.当今世界，几乎每个人都知道空气污染危害人们的健康。ThankyouforjoiningCCTV’sAroundTheWorldshow.谢谢你参加中国中央电视台的《环球世界》栏目。高频考点1、表示几人共有一个事物,在最后一个名词词尾加’s,如:JimandTom'sroomisnotverybig.吉姆和汤姆的房间不是很大。(表示共有)2、表示几人各自所有在每个名词词尾都加-’s.Kate'sandJane'smothersarebothteachers.凯特的母亲和简的母亲都是教师(表示各自所有)②“of+名词”所有格表示无生命的名词所有格...\n...Thereisashopbesidethegateoftheschool.学校大门旁边有一个商店。Finally,theyreachedthetopofthemountain.最后,他们到达了山顶。疑难辨析（1）有少数名词(如:key,answer,ticket等)时常用“to+名词”所有格theanswertothequestion问题的答案thekeytosuccess通往成功的关键theticketto......的票（2）有时,'s所有格可以与"of+名词”所有格互换Thecat'sname(=Thenameofthecat)isKitty.这只猫的名字是凯蒂。③of+-'s双重所有格若表示所属物的名词前已有冠词、数词、不定代词、或指示代词等修饰时,就应用"of+-'s所有格"构成的双重所有格。Imetanoldfriendofmyfather'sinthestreetyesterdayafternoon.昨天下午我在街上遇见了我父亲的一位老朋友。高频考点"of+名词性物主代词,也可以构成双重所有格Ihopehecanbeafriendofmine.我希望他能成为我的一个朋友疑难辨析"of+-'s所有格”和"of+名词”所有格所表达的意义不同。ThisisaphotoofJane's这是简的一张照片(此句是指照片归简所有但至于照片里是什么不清楚，可能是简本人，也有可能是其他)ThisisaphotoofJane.这是一张简本人的照片(此句是指照片上是简本人)1、词汇填空I.(2016黑龙江大庆54)Wewillgotoseniorhighschoolintwo________(month)time.2.(2016云南67)TuYouyouisoneoftheNobelPrize________(win)in2015.3(2016湖北荆门,75)Mr.Greenadvisesustokeepadiary.His_______(suggest)isgoodforourwriting.4.(2016.黑龙江綏化,48)There'resome___________(different)betweenthem.5'(2016湖北孝感,63)Thesunrisesinthe__________andfallsinthewest.2、单项选择(2016湖北宜昌,28).--Haveyouheardof,acoolwashingmachinecalledBicycleWashingMachine?Yes,It'sanew___________byagroupofChineseuniversitystudentsA.inventionB.informationC.instructionD.introduclion7.(2016重庆A卷,27)lt'ssportstime.Most________studentsinClass1areplayingfootballontheplayground.A.boyB.boysC.boy'sD.boys'8.(2016黑龙江绥化,17)Ourschoolhasfifty-six_________teachers....\n...A.womanB.womenC.woman's2.(2016广西来宾.44)--Therearemany_________aboutthisfarm.Yes,lotsof_________areplantedonit.A.photo;potatoB.photos;potatosC.photos;potatoesD.photoes;potatoes10,(2016辽宁丹东,30)-Whatkindofnoodleswouldyoulike?I'dlikesome______noodlesA.carrotsB.beefC.potatoesD.vegetables4.(2016云南昆明26)EachcoupleinChinacanhavetwo_______fromJanuary1st,2016A.boyB.girlC.childrenD.child5.(2016新疆乌鲁木齐,27)--It'seasytotravelfromUrumqitoLanzhoubytakinghigh-speedrailway.rror-Yes.It'sonly_______.A.eighthoursrideB.eighthour'srideC.eight-hoursrideD.eighthours'ride6.(2016广西贵港32)--CanIhelpyou?-Yes,please.Ineedapairof________A.shoesB.T-shirtsC.sweatersD.bags7.(2016广西贵港,38)--Whatwouldyoulikeforbreakfast-I'dlike_________A.tomatonoodleB.tomatonoodlesC.tomatoesnoodleD.tomatoesnoodles8.(2016贵州铜仁,24)--Whatwouldyouliketoeat?Some_________,please.A.breadB.cakeC.coffeeD.tea16.(2016广西南宁,27)These______inbeautifuldresseswillhaveapartythisevening.A.manB.menC.womanD.women17.(2015四川凉山,29)-_______fathersdidn'tcometothemeeting.Why?一一BecausetheyhavegonetoBeijing.A.Jeff'sandandAmy'sB.JeffandAmyC.Jeff'sandAmyD.JeffandAmy's7.(2015甘肃兰州,28)Ipaid￥10for_____thismorning.A.4bottlemilksB.4bottlesofmilkC.4bottlesofmilksD.4milk8.(2015山东青岛3)YesterdayLucytoldussuchgood_______thatwewereallamazedatit.A.newsB.ideasC.suggestionD.answer9.(2015四川眉山,27)--Areallthestudentsfrom_______inyourclass?-No,thereareonly3________inourclass.Theothersarefromothercountries.A.Germany;GermenB.Germany;GermansC.German;GermansD.German;Germany10.甘肃武威,45)Wehavea______holidayeveryNationalDay....\n...A.3daysB.3-daysC.3-dayD.3day's2.(2015湖北恩施,21)--Whydoyoulooksoexcited,Tim?--I'vejustgotawonderful________.A.newsB.jobC.furniture3.(2015湖南郴州,22)-_________iscoming.WhatcanIgetformymother?-Whataboutascarf?A.Women'sDayB.Woman'sDayC.Womens'Day4.(2015湖南娄底,24)WouldyouIikesome_____fordinner?A.tomatosB.tomatoC.tomatoes5.(2015广西玉林防城港,27)Iamhungry.I'dliketohavesome______.A.riceB.sandwichC.dumplingD.egg原创仿真4._______motherscan'tgototheparents'meetingbecausetheyaretoobusy.A.Jack'sandPaulB.Jack'sandPaul'sC.JackandPaul'sD.JackandPaul5.-I'mtoldyourclasshas3newcomers.-Yes.Oneisa____,theothertwoare_______A.Japan;GermanyB.Japanese;GermanC.Japanese;GermansD.Japanese;Germen6.-CanIhelpyou,madam?-Iwant_____.A.twoboxesofappleB.twoglassofwaterC.twobowlsofporridgeD.twobowlsofporridges7.TimesaysthatLegohasbecomeoneof________favoritetoys.A.childB.childrenC.children'sD.child's8.Allthe_______arefrom_______.Theyareworkinghardtohelpthepoorinthecountryside.A.mendoctors;GermanyB.mendoctors;GermanC.mandoctors;GermanyD.mandoctor;German9.-Whyishestillwaitinginline?-He'smissedhis______.A.placeB.orderC.turnmeD.time10.______isoneoftheBritishtraditionalfestivals.Kidsareexcitedaboutthepresentshiddeninthestockings.A.TheSpringFestivalB.NewYear'sDayC.ChristmasD.Thanksgiving11.-Jimlikesflyingaroundtheworld.-Ithinkbeinga______isjustrightforhim.A.teacherB.doctorC.policemanD.pilot12.-Wouldyoulikesome_____?-No,thankyou.I'mnothungryatall.A.breadB.booksC.clothesD.water13.Mr.Greengaveus______onhowtolearnEnglishwell....\n...A.anadviceB.manyadvicesC.someadviceD.someadvices...