初中英语语法(考点)大全 14页

BeHungry,BeFoolish初中英语语法汇总一．词类(PartsofSpeech)...........................................................................................2二．名词(Nouns)..........................................................................................................2三．代词(Pronouns).....................................................................................................4四．数词(Numeral)......................................................................................................4五．动词(Verb)............................................................................................................5六．介词(Prepositions).................................................................................................6七．冠词（Articles）..................................................................................................7八．形容词（TheAdjective）....................................................................................8九．句子的种类(KindsofSentences).........................................................................9十．一般疑问句和特殊疑问句.................................................................................9考试常用关键词汇（完备）.....................................................................................111-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolish一．词类(PartsofSpeech)名词英文名称TheNoun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称，例词boyclockbook等；代词英文名称ThePronoun(缩写为pron用来代替名词、形容词或是数词，例词wethathiswhat；数词英文名称TheNumeral(缩写为num.)表示数量或是顺序，例词onethirteenfirst；动词英文名称TheVerb(缩写为v.)表示动作或状态，例词sitgobe(amisare);介词英文单词ThePreposition(缩写为prep.)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系，例词inonoftounder；冠词英文名称TheArticle(缩写为art.)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物，例词a(an),the；形容词英文名称TheAdjective(缩写为adj.)用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征，例词oldredfinegood；副词英文名称TheAdverb(缩写为adv.)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，例词nottooherevery;连词英文单词TheConjunction(缩写为conj.)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句，例词andorbut；感叹词英文单词TheInterjection(缩写为interj.)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。例词ohhellohier；二．名词(Nouns)1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词:表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。Lucy，China中国，Asia亚洲，Beijing北京。专有名词的第一个字母要大写；普通名词:表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:teacher老师，tea茶，reform改革，普通名词又可进一步分为四类；1)个体名称:表示单个的人和事物。house马car汽车room房间apple苹果fun风扇picture照片2)集体名称:表示一群人或一些事物的名称。people人们family家庭army军队government政府group集团3)物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。fire火steel钢air空气water水milk牛奶4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。labour劳动health健康life生活friendship友情patience耐力2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词(CountableNouns)有复数形式,如:anapple，twoapples，acar，somecars不可数名词(UncountableNouns)一般没有复数形式.2-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolish抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。sand沙sugar糖少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词但含义不同。glass玻璃,glass玻璃杯,paper纸,paper报纸文件名词的功能名词在句中作主语,宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。Thebagisinthedesk.bag作主语(书包在桌子里边)Iwashedmyclothesyesterday.clothes作宾语(昨天我洗了我的衣服)Thisisagoodbook.book作表语(这是一本好书)Weelectedhimourmonitor.monitor作宾语补助语(我们选他为我们的班长)Maryliveswithherparents.parents作介词宾语(玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起)HeisaPartymember.Party作定语(他是一名党员)Theystudyharddayandnight.dayandnight作状语(他们白天黑夜地学习)1.可数名词有单数(theSingularNunmber)和复数(thePluralNumber)两种形式。名词的复数形式(ThePluralFormNouns)的部分规则如下:1)一般情况下,在词尾加-s.例如:bags，maps，pens，desks，workers2)以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es.例如:buseswatchesboxes3)以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s.例如:licencesblousesoranges4)以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es.例如:babiesfamilies5)名词以-f或-fe结尾的,把-f或-fe变成-ves.bookshelves，wives，knives注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有，man-menwoman-womenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-niceox-oxensheep-sheepdear-dearfish-fish英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。scissors剪刀goods货物trousers裤子clothes衣服glasses玻璃杯2.名词的所有格(ThePossessiveCaseofNouns)在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上,主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。Thebirdisinthetree.鸟在树上。bird作主语,是主格。Isawafilmyesterday.昨天我看了一场电影。film作宾语,是宾格。名词的所有格:名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。LuXun'sbookisworthreading.鲁迅的书值得一读。Thisismyfather'sroom.这是我父亲的房间。名词所有格的构成单数名词加's例词:Mike'sfather以s结尾的复数名词加'例词:theteachers'room3-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolish不以s结尾的复数名词加's例词:men'swomen's三．代词(Pronouns)1.人称代词(PersonalPronouns)第一人称单数主格I(复数We)单数宾格me(复数us)第二人称单数主格you(复数you)单数宾格you(复数you)第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they)单数宾格him,her,it(复数them)2.物主代词(PossessivePronouns)形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our)形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your)形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their)名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复述ours)名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours)名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its(复数theirs)四．数词(Numeral)表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。基数词(CardinalNumbers)1one2two3three4four5five6six11eleven12twelve13thirteen20twenty21twenty-one40fouty100onehundred序数词（OrdinalNumbers）序数词表示事物的顺序，往往与定冠词the连用。fist1sttwentieth20thsecond2ndtwenty-first21ththird3ndthirieth30thfourth4ndthirty-ninth39thfifth5ndfortieth40thsixth6thfiftieth50thseventh7thsixtieth60th4-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolisheighth8thseventieth70thnineth9thninetieth80thtenth10thhundredth100theleventh11thonehundredandfirst101sttwelfth12th五．动词(Verb)一般现在时(TheSimplePresentTense)一般现在时表示现在的状态,如:Heistwelve.Sheisathome.表示经常的或是习惯性的动作,如:Igotoschoolat7:30everyday.表示主语具备的的性格和能力等,如:Shelikeapple.TheyknowEnglish.1.动词be(Verbtobe)肯定式Iam......否定Iamnot....肯定式Youare...否定式Youarenot....肯定式He/She/Itis....否定式He/She/Itisnot....疑问句和简略答语AmI....?Yes,youare./No,Iyouarenot.Areyou....?Yes,Iam./No,Iamnot.2.Therebe结构"Thereis/are+某物/某人+某地/某时"这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语"某地/某时有某物/某人"的说法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数方面必须是一致.肯定式:Thereis(There's)atableinyourroom.Thereare(There're)somepencilsonthedesk.否定式:Thereisnot(Thereisn't)anycatshere.Therearenot(aren't)anycatshere.疑问式和简略答语Istherearulerinyourbag?Yes,thereis./No,thereisnot(isn't).Arethereanypeopleinthathouse?Yes,thereare./No,therearenot(aren't).5-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolishHowmanykitesarethereinthesky?Therearethirteen.六．介词(Prepositions)介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语.本册课本出现的介词短语如下:at:athomeatschoolatsixthirtybehindbehindthedoor/treebehindone'schairbesidebesidethedoorbesidethehousefromfromonetoahundredininRow/Team/Class/Grade4inone'sschool/grade/class/team/rominyourdesk/pencil-box/bedroominthepictureinthesameclassindifferentclassesinEnglishinthehatinthemorning/afternoonlike:likethis/thatnear:nearthewindownearthedoorof:apictureofaclassroomamapofChinathenameofhercatthewalloftheirclassroonononthedesk/chairontheflooronthewallonthebikeonthedutyto(aquarter)toten(go)toschool/bed/workunderunderthedesk/tableunderthetree/windowunderone'schair/bed(1)表示时间：at:表示某一时间点,如：atnoonon:表示特定的日子,如：onChristmasin:表示一段不具体的时间,如：inthemorning，intheSecondworldwar如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如：onacoldmorning,onahotafternoon,onSundaymorningduring:表示期间内的某个时期,如:duringthenight,duringtheSecondWorldWarfor:其后接表示一段时间长度的词,如：forthreedaysthrough:表示在整个期间没有间歇,例：Itsnowedthroughthenight.till/until:表示动作持续的终点,例：Istudiedhardtilltwelveo'clocklastnight.by:表示动作完成期限,例：I'llbebackbyfiveo'clock.since:表示某动作的起始点,例：IhavestudiedEnglishsince1990．6-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolish(2)表示地点：at:表示较小的地点,如：arrivedattheschoolgatein:表示较大的地点,如：arrivedinShanghaifor:表示目的地,例：I'llleaveforShanghai.above:表示上面，上方，其反意词是belowover:表示垂直上方，其反意词是under,例：Thedogjumpedoverthetable.through:表示穿过,如：throughtheforestacross:表示平原上的跨越,例：Iwanttowalkacrosstheroad.七．冠词（Articles）冠词是一种虚词，让在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义，冠词分不定冠词(TheIndefiniteArticle)和定冠词（TheDefineArticle）两种，a（an）是不定冠词。a用在辅音之前，如：aroad,aboy；an;用在元音之前，如：anhour；anoldman等；the是定冠词。1.不定冠词的用法用于可数名词的单数形式前，指人或事物的某一种类。Susanisascientist.Passmeanorange,please.指某人或某事，但不具体说明何人或何物。Aboyislookingforyou。Weworkfivedaysaweek。表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。WearegoingtohaveanEnglishlessontomorrow。Ihaveamouth，anose，twoeyesandtwoears。用于某些固定的词组中。afew，alittle，alotof，amomentago2.定冠词的用法。特指某些人或某些事物Showmethephotooftheboy。Thebookonthedeskismine。指双方都知一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级7-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolish(TheComparativeandSuperlativeDegreesofAdjectiveandAdverbs)大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：1)原级，即原形。2)比较级，表示“较⋯⋯”或“更⋯⋯一些”的意思。3)最高级，表示“最⋯⋯”的意思。八．形容词（TheAdjective）1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成(1)规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-estcoldcoldercoldeststrongstrongerstrongestfastfasterfastestslowslowslowest以字母e结尾的形容词，加-r或-stnicenicernicestlargelargerlargest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-estbigbiggerbiggestthinthinnerthinnesthothotterhottest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先改“y为”“i，”再加-er或-esteasyesaiereasiesthappyhappierhappiestearlyearlierearliest少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er，-estclevercleverercleverestnarrownarrowernarrowest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostdeliciousmoredeliciousmostdeliciousinterestingmoreinterestingmostintertingeasilymoreeasilymosteasily8-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolishcarefullymorecarefullymostcarefully(2)不规则变化good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest1.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法比较级：表示两者（人或事物）的比较MrKingistallerthanMrReadThismooncakesisnicerthanthatone。Thetractorisgoingfasterthanthebike。最高级：表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比较，其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时，用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of（in）短语来说明比较的范围。Whosedrawingishebestofall?Sheistheyoungestintheclass.Thetaxiisgoingghefastest.MrQiniswalkingtjeslowestofall.注：在形容词和副词的比较级前，有时可以用much，alittle等来修饰，如：muchbetteralittletaller九．句子的种类(KindsofSentences)英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:陈述句用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法例句:Icanseeamaponthewall.,Ithinkit'shis.疑问句用途是用来提出问题.例句:AreyouMrGreen?,Canyoufindit?Howoldareyou?祈使句用途是用来表示请求和命令.例句:Sstandup.Comein,please.,Let'splaygames.感叹句用途是用来表达强烈的感情.例句:Whatafinedayitis!,Howbeautifultheflowersare!十．一般疑问句和特殊疑问句一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句9-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolish一般疑问句（GeneralQuestion）一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。例如：Issheatschooltoday?Yes,sheis/No,sheisn't.Canyouseeapencileonthedesk?Yes,Ican./No,Ican't.Doyouplayfootball?Yes,theydo./No,theydon't.特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句.10-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolish考试常用关键词汇（完备）1(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listento、lookat(感官动词)+doeg:Ilikewatchingmonkeysjump2（比较级and比较级）表示越来越怎么样3apieceofcake=easy小菜一碟（容易）4agreewithsb赞成某人5allkindsof各种各样akindof一样6allovertheworld=thewholeworld整个世界7alongwith同⋯⋯一道，伴随⋯⋯eg:Iwillgoalongwithyou我将和你一起去thestudentsplantedtreesalongwiththeirteachers学生同老师们一起种树8Assoonas一怎么样就怎么样9asyoucansee你是知道的10askfor⋯求⋯助向⋯要⋯（直接接想要的东西）eg:askyouformybook11asksbforsth向某人什么12asksbtodosth询问某人某事asksbnottodo叫某人不要做某事13attheageof在⋯⋯岁时eg：IamsixteenIamattheageofsixteen14atthebeginningof⋯⋯的起⋯初⋯；⋯⋯的开始15attheendof+地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg:Attheendoftheday16atthistimeofyear在每年的这个时候17be/feelconfidentofsth/thatclause+从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信eg:Iam/feelconfidentofmyspokenEnglishIfeelthatIcanpassthetest18be+doing表：1现在进行时2将来时19beableto(+v原)=can(+v原）能够⋯⋯eg:SheisabletosingShecansing20beabletodosth能够干什么eg:sheisabletosing21beafraidtodo(ofsth恐惧，害怕⋯⋯eg:I'mafraedtogooutatnightI'mafraidofdog22beallowedtodo被允许做什么eg:I'mallowedtowatchTV我被允许看电视IshouldbeallowedtowatchTV我应该被允许看电视23beangrywithsb生某人的气eg:Don'tbeangrywithme24beangrywith(at)sbfordoingsth为什么而生某人的气25beas⋯原级⋯as和什么一样eg:Sheisastallasme她和我一样高26beashamedto27beawayfrom远离28beawayfrom从⋯⋯离开29bebadfor对什么有害eg:Readingbooksinthesunisbadforyoureyes在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好30beborn出生于31bebusydoingsth忙于做什么事bebusywithsth忙于⋯⋯32becareful当心；小心33bedifferentfrom和⋯什⋯么不一样34befamousfor以⋯⋯著名35befriendlytosb对某人友好11-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolish36befrom=comefrom来自eg：HeisfromBejingHecomesfromBejingIshefromBejing?DoeshecomefromBejing?37befullof装满⋯⋯的befilledwith充满eg:theglassisfullofwatertheglassisfilledwithwater38beglad+to+do/从句39begoingto+v(原）将来时40begoodat(+doing)=dowellin在某方面善长,善于⋯⋯41begoodfor对什么有好处eg:ReadingaloudisgoodforyourEnglish42behappytodo很高兴做某事43behelpfultosb对某人有好处eg:Readingaloudishelpfultoyou大声朗读对你有好处Exercisingishelpfultoyourbady锻炼对你的身体有好处44beingoodhealth身体健康45beintrouble处于困难中eg:SheisintroubleTheyareintronble46beinterestedin对某方面感兴趣47belatefor=comelateto迟到eg:Belateforclass上课迟到48belike像⋯⋯eg:I'mlikemymother49bemadat生某人的气50bemadefrom由⋯⋯制成(制成以后看不见原材料)51bemadeof由⋯⋯制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)52benotsure表不确定53beonavisitto参观54bepopularwithsb受某人欢迎55bequiet安静56beshortfor表**的缩写eg:陶isshortfor陶俊杰57besickinbed生病在床58besorrytodosthbesorryforsbeg:Iamsorryforyou59besorrytohearthat60besorrytotroublesbeg:Iamsorrytotroubleyou61bestrictindoingsth严于做某事eg:He'sstrictinobeyingnoles62bestrictwithsb对某人要求严格eg:Somestudentsarenotstrictwiththemselves这些学生对自己不严格63bestrictwithsbinsth某方面对某人严格64besupposedtodo被要求干什么65besure表确定66besureofdoingsth对做某事有信心eg:HeissureofwinningIamsureoflearningEnglishwell67besureofsth对做某事有信心eg:I'msureofmyhead(myteacher我相信我的大脑（老师）68besurethatsth对做某事有信心eg:I'msuerthathecanpassthetest我相信他能通过考试69besuretodosth一定会做某事eg:Wearesuretopassthetest我们一定会通过这次考试WearesuretolearnEnglishwell我们一定能学好英语70beterrifiedof+名/动doing害怕⋯⋯71beterrifiedtodosth害怕做某事72bethesameas和什⋯么一样73beusedtodoingsth习惯做某事eg:Myfatherisusedtogettingupearly我爸爸习惯早Heisusedtosleepinginclass他习惯上课睡觉12-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolish74beworthdoing值得做什么75be(feel)afraidtodosth害怕做某事beafraidofsth害怕某物beafraidthat丛句76because+句子becauseof+短语eg:HewaslatebecausehehadaheadacheHewaslatebecauseofhisheadache77begintodo=starttodo开始做某事start⋯with⋯=begin⋯with以⋯什么开始什么eg:Let'sbeginthegamewiththesongIbegintogohome78between⋯and⋯两者之间79borrowsthfromsb向⋯⋯借⋯⋯lendsthtosb(lendsbsth借给⋯⋯什么东西eg:Iborrowedapenfromhimhelentapentome(helentmeapen80both=thesame(as)=notdifferent(from)表相同81bother打扰bothersbtodostheg:I'msorrytobotheryou,butcanyoutellmetowaytothestation我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站theproblemhasbeenbotheringmeforweeks这个问题困扰了我几个周了He'sbotheringmetolendhimmoney82bytheendof到⋯⋯为止83callsbstheg:Wecallhimoldwang84care关心eg:Don'tyoucareaboutthiscountry'sfuture?你为什么不关心国家的未来85catchupwithsb赶上某人86chatwithsb和某人闲谈takesbto+地点带某人去某地87comein进88comeoverto过来89comeupwith提出eg:Canyoucomeupwithagoodidea你能想出一个好办法吗？90communicatewithsb和某人交流91consider+doing考虑做什么eg:Whynotconsidergoingtoluzhou为什么不考虑去泸州？92danceto随着⋯⋯跳舞eg:Shelikesdancingtothemusic她喜欢随着音乐跳舞93decidetodosth决定做某事94doasurveyof做某方面的调查95dobetterin在⋯⋯方面做得更好96dowrong做错97Don'tforgettodosth不要忘了做某事98Don'tmind+doing/从句/名词不要介意⋯⋯99each+名（单）每一个⋯eg:Eachstudenthasmanybooks每一个学生都有一些书100endup+doing101enjoy+doing喜欢102escapefrom从⋯⋯逃跑eg:Theprisonershaveescapedfromtheprison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来103expecttodosth期待做某事104falldown摔下来falloff从哪摔下来105fallinlovewithsb/sth爱上什么106farfrom离某地远eg:Theschoolisfarfrommyhome107find+it+adj+todo发现做某事怎么样108findsb/sth+adj发现什么怎么样eg:Ifindthebookinteresting109finish完成+doing（名词）110fittosb=befitforsb适合某人111forgettodo没有做而忘了forgetdoing做了而又忘了eg:Don'tforgettogohomeIforgetclosingdoor112from从某某到⋯某to某⋯eg:Frommeforher113get/havesthdown做完，被（别人）做⋯eg:Ihavemyhaircut我理了发(头发被剪了）13-14\nBeHungry,BeFoolishTomgothisbadtoothpulledout汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了）114getapart-timejob=findapart-timejob115getalongwellwithsb=getonwellwithsb与某人相处得好116getalongwithsb=getonwithsb与某人相处117getreadyfor=bereadyfor为什么而准备eg:IgetreadyformathIamreadyformath118getsbintotrouble给某人麻119getsbtodosth120get⋯from⋯从某处得到某物121giveatalk做报告eg:Heisgiveatall122givesthtosbgivesbsth给某人某物123gofish钓鱼goswimming游泳124goontodo去做下一件事goondoing继续做这件事125gooutawayfromgooutof126gotoschool上学（用于专业的）gototheschool去学校（不一定是上学）127goodwayto好方法128hatetodo讨厌没做过的事hatedoing讨厌做过的事129haveapartyforsb举办谁的晚会130haveatalk听报告谈一谈131havebeendoing现在完成进行时eg:YouhavebeentalkingYouhavebeensleepingsince132havebeento地⋯方(）⋯⋯去过某过地方havegoneto（⋯地方）去了某地还没回来133havefun+doing玩得高兴134havesthtodo有什么事要做eg:Ihavealotofhomeworktodo我有很多家庭作业要做Ihavenothingtodo我没什么事情做135havetodosth必须做某事136havetrouble(problem)(in)doingsth做什么事情有麻烦137have⋯time+doing138have⋯时(间)⋯off放⋯⋯假eg:Ihavemonthoff我请一个月得假139hearsb+do/doing听见某人做某事/正在做某事140helpalot很大用处141helpsbwithsth/one'ssth帮助某人某事（某方面）helpsb(to)dosth帮助某人做某事142hopetodosth希望做某事143Howabout(+doing)=Whatabout(+doing)144howdoyoulike=whatdoyouthinkof你对什么的看法145if:是否＝wethereg:Idon'tknowif(whether)Ishouldgototheparty我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会Hedon'tknowif(whether)wewillarriveontimetomorrowmorning他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达146if:如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句Eg.I'llgotoLuZhouifitdon'train假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州Iftheychangetheplantheywillletmeknow假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的I'llgotoEngland,ifIhaveenoughmoneynextyear如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国147inone'sopinion=sbthink某人认为148insomeways在某些方面149intheend=finally(adv)最后150inthenorthof什么⋯在什么的北方（north北sowth南west西east东）14-14