备战全国高中英语语法教案从句教案 13页

高中英语语法教案17.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。17.1引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which连接副词：when,where,how,why不可省略的连词：1.介词后的连词2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。例如：Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。比较：whether与if均为\"是否\"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能被if取代：1.whether引导主语从句并在句首2.引导表语从句3.whether从句作介词宾语4.从句后有\"ornot\"　　大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。例如：Itisnotimportantwhowillgo.谁去，这不重要。Itisstillunknownwhichteamwillwinthematch.到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。17.2名词性that-从句1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。例如：主语：Thatheisstillaliveissheerluck.他还活着全靠运气。宾语：JohnsaidthathewasleavingforLondononWednesday.　约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。表语：Thefactisthathehasnotbeenseenrecently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语：Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语：Iamgladthatyouaresatisfiedwithyourjob.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。例如：Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.　很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。It\'sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.　你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a.It+be+形容词+that-从句Itisnecessarythat…有必要……Itisimportantthat…重要的是……Itisobviousthat…很明显……b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句Itisbelievedthat…　　　　　人们相信……Itisknowntoallthat…从所周知……Ithasbeendecidedthat…已决定……c.It+be+名词+that-从句Itiscommonknowledgethat………是常识Itisasurprisethat…令人惊奇的是……Itisafactthat…事实是……d.It+不及物动词+that-分句Itappearsthat…　　　　　　似乎……Ithappensthat…　　　　　　碰巧……Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想起……17.3名词性wh-从句1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等。例如：主语：Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.　书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：Inone\'sownhomeonecandowhatonelikes.　在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：Theclubwillgivewhoeverwinsaprize.　获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。表语：MyquestioniswhowilltakeoverpresidentoftheFoundation.　我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：Shewillnamehimwhatevershewants13/13\nto.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语：　Ihavenoideawhenhewillreturn.我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：I\'mnotsurewhysherefusedtheirinvitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：Thatdependsonwhereweshallgo.那取决于我们去哪儿。2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末。例如：Itisnotyetdecidedwhowilldothatjob.还没决定谁做这项工作。Itremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.他们何时结婚依然不明。17.4if,whether引导的名词从句1）yes-no型疑问从句　　从属连词if,whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。例如：主语：Whethertheplanisfeasibleremainstobeproved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。宾语：Letusknowwhether/ifyoucanfinishthearticlebeforeFriday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。表语：Thepointiswhetherweshouldlendhimthemoney.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语：Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.　他们调查他是否值得信赖。形容词宾语：She\'sdoubtfulwhetherweshallbeabletocome.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。介词宾语：Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpassthroughthecrisisofhisillness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2）选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…ornot构成。例如：Pleasetellmewhether/iftheyareSwedishorDanish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。Idon\'tcarewhetheryouliketheplanornot.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。17.5否定转移1）将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。例如：Idon\'tthinkIknowyou.　我想我并不认识你。Idon\'tbelievehewillcome.　我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。例如：Ihopeyouweren\'till.我想你没有生病吧。2）将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。例如：Itdoesn\'tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.看来他们不知道往哪去。Itdoesn\'tappearthatwe\'llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3）有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。例如：Idon\'trememberhavingeverseensuchaman.　我记得从未见过这样一个人。（not否定动名词短语having…）It\'snotaplacewhereanyonewouldexpecttoseestrangecharactersonthestreet.在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。（anyone作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。）4）有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。例如：Theantisnotgatheringthisforitselfalone.　（否定状语）　蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。HewasnotreadytobelievesomethingjustbecauseAristotlesaidso.（否定because状语）他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。Shehadnotbeenmarriedmanyweekswhenthatman\'syoungerbrothersawherandwasstruckbyherbeauty.（否定状语manyweeks）　她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。18.定语从句　定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。18.1关系代词引导的定语从句　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that13/13\n这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2）whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）。例如：Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.　那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Pleasepassmethebookwhose（ofwhich）coverisgreen.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）Thepackage（which/that）youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。（which/that在句中作宾语）18.2关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于\"介词+which\"结构，因此常常和\"介词+which\"结构交替使用。例如：Thereareoccasionswhen（onwhich）onemustyield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijingistheplacewhere（inwhich）Iwasborn.　北京是我的出生地。Isthisthereasonwhy（forwhich）herefusedouroffer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和\"介+which\"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：Hisfatherdiedtheyear（that/when/inwhich）hewasborn.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。Heisunlikelytofindtheplace（that/where/inwhich）helivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。18.3判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村。I\'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。判断改错：（错）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.（错）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.（对）Thisisthemountainvillage（which）Ivisitedlastyear.（对）I\'llneverforgetthedays（which）Ispentinthecountryside.　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone答案：例1D，例2A例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.　　在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。　　而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。　　关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（13/13\nwhere地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。18.4限制性和非限制性定语从句1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。18.5介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的\"介词+关系词\"结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。例如：ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子。ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?18.6as,which非限定性定语从句由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone\'shealth.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。典型例题1）Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用that修饰，而用which.，it和he都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）Itrainedhardyesterday,____preventedmefromgoingtothepark..A.thatB.whichC.asD.it答案B.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1）as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。（2）as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。as的用法例1.thesame…as；such…as中的as是一种固定结构,和……一样……。例如：Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe（has）.我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。例2.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有\'正如\'。例如：Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone\'shealth.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone\'shealth.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。18.7先行词和关系词二合一1）Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunished13/13\nhere.（Whoever可以用anyonewho代替）2）Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.（what可以用allthat代替）18.8what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever1）what=thethingwhich；whatever=anything。例如：Whatyouwanthasbeensenthere.你要的动词都送来了。Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。2）who=thepersonthatwhoever=anyonewho。例如：（错）Whobreaksthelawwillbepunished.（错）Whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear.（对）Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.王子犯法，与庶民同罪。（对）Whorobbedthebankisnotclear.谁抢了银行还不清楚。3）that和what当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：Ithink（that）youwilllikethestamps.我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。Whatweneedismorepractice.我们需要的是更多的实践。18.9关系代词that的用法1）不用that的情况a）引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：（错）Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b）介词后不能用。例如：Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.我们依赖土地获得食物。Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a）　在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。b）　在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c）　先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时，只用that。d）　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e）　先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。19.状语从句19.1地点状语从句　　地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。例如：WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.我住的地方树很多。WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。19.2方式状语从句　　方式状语从句通常由as,（just）as…so…,asif,asthough引导。1）as,（just）as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just）as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是\"正如…\"，\"就像\"，多用于正式文体。例如：Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Justaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）asif,asthough两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作\"仿佛……似的\"，\"好像……似的\"。例如：Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif（asthough）theyneverexisted.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）Helooksasif（asthough）hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）说明：asif/asthough也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。Thewavesdashedontherocksasifin13/13\nanger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。19.3原因状语从句比较because,since,as和for：1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。例如：Ididn\'tgo,becauseIwasafraid.我不去是因为我怕。Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.他今天缺席，因为他病了。Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.他一定病了，所以今天缺席。19.4目的状语从句表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导。例如：Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.你必须大点声，别人就能听见了。Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat（lest）heshouldforgetit.他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.最好多穿点衣服，以防天发冷。19.5结果状语从句　结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：Theboyissoyoungthathecan\'tgotoschool.这男孩年龄太小，不能上学。Heissuchayoungboythathecan\'tgotoschool19.6条件状语从句　连接词主要有if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等。if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。unless=ifnot.例如：Let\'sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.如果不太累，我们去散散步。Ifyouarenottootied,let\'sgooutforawalk.典型例题Youwillbelate___youleaveimmediately.A.unlessB.untilC.ifD.or答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为Ifyoudongleaveimmediately,youwillbelate。B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为Youleaveimmediatelyoryouwillbelate.19.7让步状语从句1）though,although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是though和yet可连用。例如：Althoughit\'sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。Heisveryold,buthestillworksveryhard.虽然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）2）as,though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。例如：Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.虽然是个小孩，该做什么不做什么，他全知道。3）everif,eventhough　即使。例如：We\'llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.即使天气不好，我们也要去远足。4）whether…or…　不管……都。例如：Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.信不信由你，这确实是真的。5）\"nomatter+疑问词\"或\"疑问词+后缀ever\"。例如：Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.=Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.不管发生什么，他不在意。　　　替换：nomatterwhat=whatevernomatterwho=whoevernomatterwhen=whenevernomatterwhere=wherevernomatterwhich=whichevernomatterhow=however注意：nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.（对）Whateveryousayisofnousenow.你现在说什么也没用了。（Whateveryousay是主语从句）　　（错）Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey\'regiven,（对）Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey\'regiven.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。19.8比较while,when,as1）as,when引导短暂性动作的动词。例如：Justas/Justwhen/WhenIstoppedmycar,amancameupto13/13\nme.我一刹车，有一个人向我走来。2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。例如：Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.赶完活后，你可以休息一下。3）从句表示\"随时间推移\"连词能用as，不用when或while。例如：Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworse.　日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。19.9比较until和till　　此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是\"做某事直至某时\"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是\"直至某时才做某事\"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：Isleptuntilmidnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。WaittillIcallyou.等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如Let\'sgetinthewheatbeforethesunsets.）否定句：Shedidn\'tarriveuntil6o\'clock.她直到6点才到。Don\'tgetoffthebusuntilithasstopped.公共汽车停稳后再下车。Ididn\'tmanagetodoituntilyouhadexplainedhow.直到你教我后，我才会做。区别：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。2）untilwhen疑问句中，until要放在句首。例如：---Untilwhenareyoustaying?　你呆到什么时候？---UntilnextMonday.　呆到下周一。注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。1）Notuntil…在句首，主句用倒装。例如：Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.直到19世纪初，人类才知道热为何物。NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.直到工作，才认识到我已蹉跎了几多岁月。2）Itisnotuntil…that…。例如：ItwasnotuntilIbegantoworkthatIrealizedhowmuchtimeIhadwasted.19.10表示\"一…就…\"的结构hardly/scarcely…when/before,nosooner…than和assoonas都可以表示\"一…就…\"的意思。例如：Ihadhardly/scarcelygothomewhenitbegantorain.刚回家，就下起雨来了。Ihadnosoonergothomethanitbegantorain.AssoonasIgothome,itbegantorain.注意：如果hardly,scarcely或nosooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。例如：Hardly/ScarcelyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.20.连词　　连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,aswellas,both…and,notonly…butalso,either…or,neither…nor,（and）then等等。20.1并列连词与并列结构并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。1）and与or判断改错：（错）Theysatdownandtalkaboutsomething.（错）Theystartedtodanceandsang.（错）Isawtwomensittingbehindandwhisperthere.（对）Theysatdownandtalkedaboutsomething.（对）Theystartedtodanceandsing.（对）Isawtwomensittingbehindandwhisperingthere.解析：第一句：and连接两个并列的谓语，所以talk应改为talked。第二句：and连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang应改为sing。第三句：and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。注意：and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）例如：Makeupyourmind,andyou\'llgetthechance.拿定主意，这次你会有机会的。=Ifyoumakeupyourmind,you\'llgetthechance.Onemoreeffort,andyou\'llsucceed.再努力一下，你会成功的。=Ifyoumakeonemoreeffort,you\'llsucceed.2）both…and　两者都。例如：Sheplays（both）thepianoandtheguitar.她弹钢琴，也弹吉他。3）not13/13\nonly…but（also）,aswellas不但…而且。例如：Sheplaysnotonlythepiano,but（also）theguitar.她不但弹钢琴，也弹吉他。注意：notonly…butalso关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。例如Notonlydoeshelikereadingstories,butalsohecanevenwritesome.他不但喜欢读小说，甚至还会写。4）neithe…nor意思为\"既不……也不……\"谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。例如：Neitheryounorheistoblame.你和他都不该受指责。20.2比较and和or1）并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。2）但有时and也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：Thereisnoairorwaterinthemoon.Thereisnoairandnowateronthemoon.在否定中并列结构用or连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。典型例题---Idon\'tlikechicken___fish.---Idon\'tlikechicken,___Ilikefishverymuch.A.and；andB.and；butC.or；butD.or；and答案C。否定句中表并列用or,but表转折。判断改错：（错）Wewilldiewithoutairandwater.（错）Wecan\'tlivewithoutairorwater.（对）Wewilldiewithoutairorwater.（对）Wecan\'tlivewithoutairandwater.20.3表示选择的并列结构1）or意思为\"否则\"。例如：Imustworkhard,orI\'llfailintheexam.我要努力学习，否则考试要不及格了。2）either…or　意思为\"或者……或者……\"。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。例如：EitheryouorIamright.不是你对，就是我对。20.4表示转折或对比1）but表示转折，while表示对比。例如：Somepeoplelovecats,whileothershatethem.有些人喜欢猫，而有些人不喜欢。典型例题---Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?---I\'dliketo,___I\'mtoobusy.A.andB.soC.asD.but答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。2）not…but…意思为\"不是…而是…\"，后面的用词要遵循一致原则。Theywerenotthebonesofananimal,but（thebones）ofahumanbeing.这些不是动物的骨头，而是人的。20.5表原因关系1）for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。判断改错：（错）Forheisill,heisabsenttoday.（对）Heisabsenttoday,forheisill.2）so为连词,therefore一般为副词。例如：Hehurthisleg,sohecouldn\'tplayinthegame.他的腿受伤了，不能上场。Ithink;thereforeIexist.我思故我在。20.6比较so和suchsuch是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。so+adj.such+a（n）+n.so+adj.+a（n）+n.such+n.（pl.）so+adj.+n.（pl.）　　such+n.（pl.）so+adj.+n.（不可数）　such+n.（不可数）sofoolishsuchafoolsoniceaflowersuchaniceflowersomany/fewflowerssuchniceflowerssomuch/littlemoney.suchrapidprogresssomanypeoplesuchalotofpeoplesomany已成固定搭配，alotof虽相当于many，但alotof为名词性的，只能用such搭配。so…that与such…that之间的转换即为so与such之间的转换。20.7连词和从句练习1.I’dgetitforyou______Icouldrememberwholastborrowedthebook.a.onconditionthatb.nowthatc.exceptthatd.consideringthat2.Therobbertoldhimthathehadbetterkeepsilent______hewantedtogetintotroublea.ifb.unlessc.otherwised.whether3.Strange______hisbehaviormaybe,thereisaverygoodreasonforit.a.althoughb.evenifc.thatd.as4.Weareworriedaboutoursonbecausenooneisaware______hehasgone.a.theplaceb.ofwherec.abouttheplaced.where5.Theprofessorspokeinaloudvoice______everyoneofuscouldhearhim.a.suchthatb.soc.sothatd.such6.Whenhe13/13\njustgotofftheplane,hegaveusagooddescriptionof______inSpain.a.whathehadseenb.thathehadseenc.whichhehadseend.hehadseenwhat7.Itisfittedwithasmalltransformer,bymeansof______thevoltageofthecurrencycanbeadjusted.a.whomb.whichc.whatd.that8.Idon’tknowwhyshe’slookingatme______sheknewme.I’veneverseenherbeforeinmylife.a.asb.althoughc.evenifd.asif9.Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisspeech______stormyapplausebrokeout.a.whenb.thenc.thand.as10.Itishardtoavoidmistakes.______youcorrectthemconscientiously,itwillbeallright.a.Inthecaseb.Aslongasc.Althoughd.Despite11.Geometry,______Iknownothing,seemsaverydullsubject.a.thatb.aboutthatc.whichd.aboutwhich12.Thehighesttemperature______inanyfurnaceonearthisabout10,000centigrade.a.wecangetb.thatwecangetitc.whichwecangetitd.whatwecanget13.Wesentthehorsestoaconsiderabledistance,______theyshoulddisturbthechildren.a.lessb.lestc.lastd.least14.Soundisconductedthroughsteelinthesamemanner______.a.asinairb.asthroughairc.asairdoesd.likeair15._____hewasputtingonhisuniform,theofficerfoundthatoneofthesleeveswastorn.a.Sinceb.Unlessc.Asd.Before16.Thepolicefinallycaughtupwiththeman______wastheescapedprisoner.a.whotheythoughtb.whomtheythoughtc.theythoughthimd.thattheythoughthim17.______knowsthenameofthissongwillreceiveaprizefromtheradiostation.a.Whoeverb.Thosec.Whicheverpeopled.Anypeople18.______doyoubelieveisnotabouttosupportourplan?a.Whomb.Whoc.Whomeverd.Which19.Hedidn’tknowFrench,______madeitdifficultforhimtostudyatauniversityinFrance.a.thatb.asc.thisd.which20.Sheisafinesinger,______hermotherusedtobea.likeb.thatc.asd.which21.______,IrealizethatIoweadebttomyearlycountrylife.a.LoveroftownsIamb.Asloveroftownsc.LoveroftownsasamId.ThoughamItheloveroftowns22.TheriseofDavywasallthemorebrilliantin______hehadnothadmuchschooling.a.whichb.thatc.whatd.theway23.Shealwaystakescarefulnotesinclass______shemayreviewthemfromtimetotime.a.sothatb.inordertoc.becauseofd.ratherthan24.Thereasonhewaslateis______hisclockdidn’tgivethealarm.a.becauseb.duetoc.sinced.that25.______hewasinerrorwillscarcelybedisputedbyhiswarmestfriends.a.Whatb.Thatc.Whichd.Though26.Ishalldotheexercises______Ihavebeentaught.a.suchb.asc.whatd.for27.______isworthdoingatallisworthdoingwell.a.Thatb.Whateverc.Whicheverd.However28.Shewassostubbornthatsheneverlistenstotheadvice______.a.thatIgiveittoherb.whichIgivetoherc.whatIgivetoherd.Igiveittoher29.Iwassupposedtobeamathematicsmajor,butIactuallytook______coursesinphysics,ifnotmore.a.somanyb.asmanyc.agoodmanyd.suchmany30.Heatdoesnottravelbyconvectioninasolid,becausethesoliddoesnotmove,______.a.sodoesaliquidb.soaliquiddoesc.soisaliquidd.asdoesaliquid31.Heexplainedeverythingoveragain______anyoneshouldmisunderstandher.a.sinceb.whenc.lestd.asif32.______convincinganargumentis,itneedssupportofevidence.a.Whateverb.Howeverc.Althoughd.Evenif33.Earthwormsoccur______adequatemoistureandfoodandthenecessarysoilconditionsarefound.a.andb.howeverc.butd.wherever34.______wegavehimanythingtoeat,hewouldsaveitupforhislittlebrother.a.13/13\nWhenb.Thatc.Wheneverd.What35.ThereasonIplantogois______ifIdon’t.a.becauseshewillbedisappointedb.becauseshewillhaveadisappointmentc.thatshewillbedisappointedd.forwhichshewillbedisappointed36.Thegreatuseofaschooleducationisnotsomuchtoteachyouthings______toteachyoutheartoflearning.a.thanb.ratherthanc.nord.as37.Ifthedesignwaswrong,theprojectisboundtofail,______goodalltheotherideasmightbe.a.whateverb.howeverc.whatsoeverd.even38.Hegave______cametothestoreapamphletinwhichhisproductsweredescribed.a.whob.thosec.whomd.whoever39.Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunication______theadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.a.inthatb.inorderthatc.inwhichd.that40.Foxwasadvisedtogivetheassignmentto_______hebelievedhadastrongsenseofresponsibility.a.whomb.whomeverc.whoeverd.that41.Thechairmanoftheunionmadeitclearatthemeeting______hewouldnotstepdownformhispositionaschairman.a.inwhichb.wherec.becaused.that42.______Ms.Wangreachedthepost-office,shediscoveredshehadlefttheletterathome.a.Justasb.Becausec.Aslongasd.Whenas43.Thefirststepinpreparingsuchaprogramistodrawaflowchart,______areshownopposite.a.twoexamplesofitb.twoexamplesofwhichc.whosetwoexampled.whichtwoexamples44.______theworldbegan,nationshavehaddifficultyinkeepingpeacewiththeirneighbors.a.Althoughb.Whenc.Untild.Eversince45.______difficultieswemaycomeacross,wewillhelponeanothertogetoverthem.a.Whateverb.Whicheverc.Howeverd.What46.Hewenttoworksolate______themanagerhadtosendforhimagainbeforehearrived.a.asb.thatc.ford.when47.______youreturnthosebookstothelibraryimmediatelyyouwillhavetopayafine.a.Untilb.Ifc.Unlessd.Provided48.Therosemaygrowasalowbushorasatree,dependingon______.a.whatitistrimmedb.howittrimmedc.thatistrimmedd.howitistrimmed49.Groupworkisamethodofteaching______tasksandactivitiesarecarriedoutbysmallgroupsofpupils.a.whichb.thatc.forwhichd.inthat50.Einstein’stheoryofrelativityseemedhardtobelieveatthetime______.a.whenhefirstintroducedb.thathefirstintroduceditc.hefirstintroducedd.whichhefirstintroducedit51.Nowwemaybeabletosay______betweenmusicandnoiseorjustsound.a.whatisthedifferenceb.thedifferenceiswhatc.whatthedifferenceisc.thatwhatthedifference52.Contraryto______Ihadexpected,helostforasecondtime.a.thatb.whatc.whichd.who53.ProfessorSmithwassopunctual______,healwaysarrivedtoclassjustasthebellrang.a.thatthedayhediedb.untilthedayhediedc.thatuntilthedayhediedd.untilthedaywhenhedied54.______hecametoEnglandtostudy,hedidn’tknowhowtocook.a.Whenb.sincec.Untild.Unless55.AlthoughMrsmithisoneofthoseteacherswhoappeartobefriendly,______heisveryhardtodealwith.a.butb.soc.sothatd.yet56.______ababykangarooisfourmonthsolddoesitbegintoliveoutsideitsmother’spouch.a.Untilb.Notuntilc.Afterd.Onlyuntil57.Theearliestkindofdeskwasaboxthathadaslopinglid_______therewasstoragespaceforwritingmaterials.a.underthatb.underwhichc.whichd.that58.Iwon’tlendanymoneytoJoebecauseIamafraid______hewillforgettopayitback.a.ifb.whetherc.thatd.of59.______humanbeingsdependtoagreatextentonforests,everyeffortmustbemadetopreservetreesandwildlife.a.If13/13\nb.Unlessc.Untild.Since60.______hewascaughtcheatingontheexam,Oliverhadbeenconsideredtobeanhonestboy.a.Whenb.Afterc.Althoughd.Before61.NotlongafterGalileo’stime,Newtoninventedanotherkindoftelescope______mirrorsinsteadoflenses.a.whichusedb.inwhichheusedc.thatheusedd.inthatheused62._____himasawriterIdon’tlikehimasaman.a.MuchIadmireb.MuchasIadmirec.AsmuchIadmired.AsIadmiremuch63.Ipunishthechild______heshouldmakethesamemistakeagain.a.asbebecausec.lestd.unless64.Hardlyhadthespeakerbeguntotalk______werelaughs.a.whenthereb.thantherec.thand.that65.Ajointis______permitstheforwardandbackwardmovementofadoor.a.thatb.whosec.thosed.what66.Iampleasedwithwhatyouhavetoldmeand______youhavegivenme.a.allwhatb.allthatc.whichd.allwhatever67.______hasrecentlybeendonetoimprovetheconditionsofelementaryschoolsagreatnumberofchildrenareunabletogotoschool.a.Thatb.Whatc.Inspiteofwhatd.Thoughwhat68.Nuclearweaponisconsideredthemostterribleweaponofwar______manhasinvented.a.whichb.thatc.asd.since69.______heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.a.Itwasexpectedb.Whichwasexpectedc.Aswasexpectedd.Thatwasexpected70.Thesizeoftheaudience,______Ihadexpected,waswellovertenthousand.a.whichb.thatc.asd.whom71.Noteverybodycouldbeexpectedtoknowalltheanswers,______somequestionscalledforeducatedguessesratherthangeneralknowledge.a.asb.soc.suchd.once72.______youtry,you’llneverloseyourEnglishaccent.a.Nomatterwhatb.Howhardc.Nomatterhowhardd.Whateverhard73.______thebridgewerepackedwithcarsandbuses,itcouldstillcarrytwicetheload.a.Despiteb.Providedc.Unlessd.Evenif74.Theairplanecrashedandoverahundredpassengerswerekilled,______.a.andthatshockedtheworldb.andwhichshockedtheworldc.thisfactshockedtheworldd.whichshockedtheworld75.Thetimewillsurelycome______ordinarypeoplecouldoperatecomputersaswell.a.whileb.whenc.asd.onwhich76.Thismachineisnew.______,itisinexcellentcondition.a.Furthermoreb.Howeverc.Otherwised.but77.Thisroomhadbutasinglewindow,______werekeptclosedwhenitwasnotinuse.a.whichitsshuttersb.itsshuttersofwhichc.theshuttersofwhichd.whichshutters78.Theoldmanisnocoward;______heisamanofhighspirits.a.ratherthanb.onthecontraryc.ontheotherhandd.atthesametime79.Satellitephotographscanprovideinformationon______rainarefalling.a.whichwhereandhowmuchb.whereandhowc.whereandhowd.whereandhowmuch80.Skiingisasport______goesback4,000years.a.anditsb.whosehistoryc.itshistoryd.andwhich81.Theywillbepraisedorblamed______theirworkisgoodorbad.a.accordingasb.asforc.inasmuchasd.asregards82.Thestoryofhisupbringingisshocking______.a.toallthatreaditb.toallwhoreadsitc.toallwhichreaditd.toallwhoreadit83.Youshouldgetthelicenseintwoweeks;______,you’llhavetopayafine.a.yetb.stillc.ord.consequently84.Ihadhardlyreachedtheairport______hestartedforhisdestination.a.thenb.whenc.themomentd.than85.Hehadalargecollectionofbooks,______arewritteninforeignlanguages.a.manyb.manyonesofwhichc.manyofwhichd.manyinwhich86.Thebookisforthestudents______nativelanguageisnotChinesetostudyinaChinesecollegeoruniversity.a.theirb.13/13\nthatc.whosed.ofwhom87.Geologistscannotaccuratelypredict______thelivevolcanowilleruptagain.a.whenb.whichc.isthatd.andwhen88.______saidunderoathwasdisputedbyseveralotherwitness.a.Itisthemanb.Whatthemanc.Thatthemand.Themanhas89.______Iwasgoingtocollege,Iwasalsoworkingasawaitressonweekends.a.Duringthetimethatb.Atthemomentthatc.Inspiteofthefactthatd.Onthegroundthat90.itisagoodideatotakeafirst-aidkit______thereisanaccident.a.incaseb.intheeventofc.inconditiond.butthat91.Thestrengthofthenewmaterialis______itcanstandheavyloadsathightemperature.a.thatb.suchthatc.whatd.sothat92.That’sthedoctor______ontheseriouslywoundedman.a.whoheoperatedb.thatheoperatedc.whooperatedd.thatoperatedhim93._____,theproblemcanbesolvedinonly2hourswithanelectroniccomputer.a.Complicatedthoughitisb.Thoughisitcomplicatedc.Asitiscomplicatedd.Complicatedasitis94.Heburnedalltheimportantdocuments______thattheyshouldfallintotheenemy’shands.a.unlessb.sob.lestd.forfear95.HisofficeonthefortiethfloorofaskyscraperinthecenterofNewYorkCityistheworld______.a.thatheworksb.whichheworksc.heworksinc.heworks96.Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,therearenocomplicatedproblem______canbesolved.a.thatb.asc.butd.which97.______allbehaviorislearnedbehaviorisabasicassumptionofsocialscientists.a.Nearlyb.Thatnearlyc.Itisnearlyd.Whennearly98.Inthetestingperiod,thestudentsspent______muchtimeintheclassroomonmathematics______theyspentonanyothersubject.a.as,asb.as,thatc.so,thatd.such,that99.Ourconfidenceinthecurativepropertiesofthebottleofmedicineremainsthesame______.a.liketheirsb.astheyc.astheirsd.asthem100.Theaudience,______enjoyedtheperformance.a.mostofthemwerestudentsb.mostofwhomwerestudentsc.whomtheywerestudentsd.theyweremostlystudents101.______steelisstrongerthaniron,menareabletomakesteelpipeswithlargerdiameters.a.Whileb.Ifc.Unlessd.As102.Mr.Chensaidthathewouldbepunctualfortheappointment,______hewerelate?a.butwhatifb.howaboutc.sowhatd.andwhatabout103.Mrs.LeewillmoveintohernewhousenextMonday,______itwillbecompletelyfurnished.a.bywhichtimeb.bythetimec.bythattimed.bysometime104.Ihavelittledoubtabouthiscompetence;______heiswell-qualifiedforthejob.a.althoughb.becausec.moreoverd.yet105.Thequantumtheorystates______,suchaslight,isgivenoffandabsorbedintinydefiniteunitscalledquantaorprotons.a.energythatb.thatitisenergyc.itisenergyd.thatenergy106.______tospacetravelersishighaccelerationordecelerationforces.a.Dangercanbeb.Theycanbedangerousc.Whatcanbedangerousd.Whiledanger107.______thesequestionsmaysoundacademic,answerstothemcouldhaveprofoundeconomicandpoliticalsignificance.a.Sinceb.Ifc.Whiled.Lest108.Abodyweighs______fromthesurfaceoftheEarth.a.lessthefartheritgetsb.thefartheritgetsc.lessthanitgetsfartherd.lessthanit,thefartheritgets109.______itisyou’vefound,youmustgiveitbacktothepersonitbelongsto.a.Thatb.Becausec.Whateverd.However110.______isoftenthecasewithanewideamuchpreliminaryactivityandoptimisticdiscussionproducenoconcreteproposals.a.Thatb.Itc.Whichd.As111.Angiospermsinhabitrelativelydiverseenvironmentsand13/13\nmaybefound______higherplantscansurvive.a.thereb.whereverc.somewhered.anywhere112.Withoutfacts,wecannotformaworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledge______ourthinking.a.uponwhichtobaseb.whichtobaseuponc.whichtobebasedond.towhichtobebased113.Twelveistosix______twoistoone.a.whatb.whichc.thatd.when114.______,sheknowsFrenchwell.a.Achildassheisb.Childassheisc.Assheisachildd.Thechildassheis115.______,theycouldfindnobodyinthehouse.a.Astheywouldsearchb.Wouldastheysearchc.Searchastheywouldd.Theywouldsearchas13/13