初中英语零基础考点 45页

|零基础英语道勤文化学校编写\n|目录第一章词类及基本句型3第二章名词3第三章一般时态5第四章代词7第五章数词10第六章常用其它时态14第七章感叹句16第八章形容词、副词比较级和最高级18第九章冠词21第十章反义疑问句26第十一章主谓一致29第十二章介词32第十三章定语从句36第十四章状语从句39\n|第一章词类及基本句型一、词类名词：表示人、食物或抽象概念的名称动词：表示动作或状态（及物动词和不及物动词）形容词：修饰名词、代词。“……的”副词：修饰动词、形容词。“……地”二、基本句型基本句型一：主语+谓语（不及物动词）基本句型二：主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语基本句型三：主语+系动词+表语基本句型四：主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语基本句型五：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语基本句型六：Therebe句型三、练习判断下列句子属于那种句型|1.Hemadetheboylaugh.2.Tom’smothersoundedworried.3.Myfatheroftenreadsnewspaperaftersupper.4.Wegavethemsomemoney.5.MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.6.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.7.Classesbeginateighteveryday.8.Thereportsoundsinteresting.9.Wouldyoupleasepassmethedictionary?10.Thepainmadehimcryout.11.Youshouldstudyhard.12.Herjobistolookafterthechildreninthehospital.13.Theypushthedooropen.|第二章名词一、名词的分类及数（1）名词普通名词可数名词不可数名词专有名词表人、地方、机构、事物、组织的专用名称（2）名词变复数的规则（3）特殊的名词变复数\n|单数复数意义单数复数意义footfeet脚；英尺knifeknives刀toothteeth牙齿womanwomen妇女childchildren孩子oxoxen牛basisbases基础phenomenonphenomena现象（4）单复数相同fishchickenfruitdeersheepmeans(方式)Swiss(瑞士人)ChineseJapaneseworks（工厂）crossroads（十字路口）head（牲畜数量“头”）（5）名词形式上是单数，意义上是复数cattle牛（总称）、people人民、police警察、staff全体员工（6）学科类名词，形式上是复数，意义上是单数politics政治；physics物理；maths数学（7）不可数名词常见易错：advice建议;furniture家具;equipment设备；fun乐趣；information信息；paper纸；work工作；progress进步；traffic交通；housework家务劳动；wealth财富。（8）有些名词既可做可数又可做不可数名词可数不可数名词可数不可数glass玻璃杯玻璃danger危险人物危险room房间空间time次数倍数时间work工厂工程工作life生命生活二.名词所有格（1）有生命的在词尾加“’s”；无生命的用“of+名词”（2）双重所有格构成a/an/this/that+名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格注意:of前的名词一定要有a/an/this/that等限定词of前的名词不能是专有名词of后的名词必须是特定的指认的名词如：thesebooksofmyfriend’safriendofmyfather’safriendofmine三、练习1.Thisis___reading-room.A.theteacher’sB.teacher’sC.teacher’sD.theteachers’2.Nothingwasfoundbut___broken.A.theroomwindowB.theroom’swindowC.theroomofthewindowD.thewindowofroom\n|3.Howmany___wouldyoulike?A.paperB.breadC.piecesofpapersD.piecesofbread4.Pleasegetmeanew___whenyougototown.A.clothesB.dressC.clothingD.trousers5.Thereare34___doctorsinthehospital.A.womanB.womenC.woman’sD.women’s6.Heisold,buthehas___todoeveryday.A.alotofworkB.muchworksC.lotsofhomeworksD.quitealotofhomeworks7.There’remany___inmybrother’salbum.A.leafsB.toysC.booksD.stamps8.YesterdayIwenttothemarketandboughtalotof___.A.tomatoesB.potatosC.vegetableD.meats13.Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree______.AleafsBleavesCleafDleave14.Thesonaskedhismothertobuy_____glassesforhim.AatypeofBapileofCapieceofDapairof15.Thereisa______ofwoodleftontheground.AcupBpieceCboxDpair16.----Whatdoyouthinkofthe_____there?------Theyareverydelicious.AcakesBmeatCriceDmilk9.TodayisSeptember10th.It’s______Day.Let’sgoandbuysomeflowersforourteachers.ATeachersBTeachers’CtheTeachers’DTeacher’s10.----Where’syourfather?-----At______.AMrGreen’sBMrGreenCtheMrGreen’sDMrGreens11.Hefoundtwo____intheroom.AphotosBherosCtomatosDpotatos12.Thistableismadeof______.AmanyglassBglassesCsomeglassesDglass第三章一般时态一、一般现在时用法：表示经常性习惯性的动作或常存在的状态；客观真理构成：主语+be动词（am、is、are）+表语主语（单三）+动词实义动词（s/es）\n|时间状语：often、usually、every（day、week、month）二、一般过去时用法：表示过去技经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态构成：主语+be动词（was、were）+表语主语+动词过去式时间状语：yesterday、atthattime、last（week、month、year）三、一般将来时用法：表示将要发生的事情或存在的事情构成：主语+will/shall（第一人称）+动词原形表示未经事先思考的意图，表明说话者的观点、主观意识主语+begoingto+动词原形表示已经决定或安排要做的事，客观迹象表明必然或可能发生的事，表示自然现象主语+beto+动词原形表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务必须去做或即将发生的动作主语+beaboutto+动词原形（常与when连用）表示主观要做的事，常与when连用四、时态练习题1.----Nancyisnotcomingtothepartytonight.-----Butshe_____meshe’dloveto.AtellsBtoldCwilltellDisgoingtotell2.IfIfindhistelephonenumber，I______you.AtellBtoldCistellingDwilltell3.Jim___toworkinhishomeafterhegraduatedfromuniversity.AgoesBwentCwillgoDhavegone4.Keeppracticingandyou_____yourEnglish.AimproveBwillimproveCimprovingDimproves5.-----When____Jim_____toNewYork?-----YesterdayAdoes;getBdid;getCwill;getDhas;got6.Teachertoldustheearth______aroundthesun.AtravelledBtravelsCwilltravelDtravelling7.----Annisinhospital.----I____,I_____her.Adidn’tknow;willseeBknows;willseeCknows;seesDdidn’tknow;saw\n|第四章代词一、人称代词的用法1.人称代词的人称、数和格。2.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。如：Iliketabletennis.（作主语）Doyouknowhim?（作宾语）3.人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：---Whosisknockingatthedoor?---It’sme.4.人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：Heisolderthanme.HeisolderthanIam.单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hesheithimherittheythem二、物主代词的用法1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。2.形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：Ourteacheriscomingtoseeus.Thisisherpencil-box.注意：名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。Ourschoolishere,andtheirsisthere.（作主语）---IsthisEnglish-bookyours?（作表语）---No.Mineisinmybag.I'vealreadyfinishedmyhomework.Haveyoufinishedyours?（作宾语）数人称形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数第一人称mymine第二人称youryours第三人称hishisherhersitsits\n|复数第一人称ourours第二人称youryours第三人称theirtheirs练习题：1.Thisisnotmypencil-box._______(I)isinthebag.2.Treesareplantedin______(we)countryeveryyear,whichmakesourcountrymoreandmorebeautiful.3.---IsthatbikeMissGao’s?---Yes,itis______(she).Beautiful,isn’tit?4.Help______(you)tosomefruit,Jack.5.---Whotaughtyourbrothertosurf?---Nobody.Helearntallby_______(he).6.TheirEnglishteacherisfromAmerica,but______(we)isfromEngland.7.Mary’sanswerisdifferentfrom________(I).8.---Mywatchkeepsgoodtime.Whatabout_____(you)?---Mine?Oh,twominutesslow.9.Samismybrother.Doyouliketoplaywith______(he)?10.Didyouenjoy_______(you),MaryandKate?三、反身代词的用法英语中用来表示“……自己”，等意义的代词称为反身代词。反身代词在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。1.作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语。指同一个人或一些人。Hecalledhimselfawriter．WouldyoupleaseexpressyourselfinEnglish?　2.作表语。Itdoesn‘tmatter．I’llbemyselfsoon．Thegirlinthenewsismyself．3.作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。Imyselfwashedtheclothes=Iwashedtheclothesmyself.（作主语同位语）Youshouldasktheteacherhimself．（作宾语同位语）I--------myself我自己you----yourself你自己he------himself他自己she-----herself她自己it--------itself它自己we-----ourselves我们自己you----yourselves你们自己they----themselves他们自己常用短语1.byoneself单独的；独自的2.enjoyoneself玩的愉快3.helponeselfto…自用4.dressoneself自己穿衣服5.saytooneself自言自语6.teachoneself=learnbyoneself自学四、指示代词的用法指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。1.this和these指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例:Thisisapenandthatisapencil．Wearebusythesedays．Inthosedaystheworkershadahardtime．\n|2.有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物例:Ihadacold.That'swhyIdidn'tcome.WhatIwanttosayisthis;PronunciationisveryimportantinlearningEnglish．3.有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替例:TelevisionsetsmadeinBeijingarejustasgoodasthosemadeinShanghai．4.this在电话用语中代表自己，that则代表对方。例:Hello!ThisisMary.IsthatJackspeaking?五、疑问代词的用法疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。Whoisgoingtocomeheretomorrow?（作主语）Whatisthat?(作表语)Whoseumbrellaisthis?(作定语)Whomareyouwaitingfor?(作宾语)六、不定代词的用法不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，不定代词有：some,any，many,much,each,neither,other,another,all,both,one,none,either…在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。七、相互代词的用法表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有eachother和oneanother两种形式。在当代英语中，eachother和oneanother没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。Weshouldlearnfromeachother/oneanother.（宾语）Doyouoftenwritetoeachother/oneanother?（宾语）Weoftenborroweachother's/oneanother'sbooks.定语Thestudentscorrectedeachother's/oneanother'smistakesintheirhomework.（作定语）八、练习题1Theseare＿＿＿books.Yoursareoverthere.AIBmyCmeDmine2—＿＿＿isshe?—Sheisateacher.AWhatBHowCWhoDWhere3＿＿＿iswrongwithmywatch.Ithasstopped＿＿＿.ASomething,workingBSomething,toworkCAnything,workingDAnything,towork4Mary,help＿＿＿tothebananas,please.AyouByourCyourselfDyourselves5—＿＿＿doyougotoschooleveryday?—Bybus.\n|AHowBWhyCWhenDWhere6Myskirtis＿＿＿popularthan＿＿＿.Amuch,herBmuch,hersCmore,herDmore,hers7—CanyouspeakEnglish?—Yes,butonly＿＿＿.AfewBafewClittleDalittle8Mr.Smithisanoldfriendof＿＿＿.AIBmeCmyDmine9“＿＿＿doyouhearfromyourparents?”“Aboutonceamonth.”AHowlongBHowmanyCHowoftenDHowmuch10MrGreenwouldn'tsay＿＿＿atthemeeting.AeverythingBnothingCanythingDsomething11“Mum,Ann'scomingtonight.Let'sgiveher＿＿＿toeat.”“Goodidea!”AanythingniceBniceanythingCsomethingniceDnicesomething12—Whenshallwemeet,thiseveningortomorrowevening?—Idon'tmind.＿＿＿timeisOK.ASomeBNeitherCEitherDBoth13Thisisnotherkite,　but＿＿＿.Ahe‘sBhimCheDhis14Don'tworry,Mum!＿＿＿newsisgoodnews.I'msuredaddywillcomebacksoon.ANoBManyCThoseDTwo第五章数词一、分类1.基数词：表示数目多少（1）以下是最基本的基数词，学习者必须牢记：one(1),two(2),three(3),four(4),five(5),six(6),seven(7),eight(8),nine(9),ten(10),eleven(11),twelve(12),thirteen(13),fourteen(14),fifteen(15),sixteen(16),seventeen(17),eighteen(18),nineteen(19),twenty(20),thirty(30),forty(40),fifty(50),sixty(60),seventy(70),eighty(80),ninety(90),ahundred(100),athousand(1000),amillion(1000000),abillion(十亿)（2）21—99的表示法。先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字号：twenty-one(21),thirty-six(36),forty-five(45),ninety-nine(99)等。（3）101—999的表示法。先说“几百”，后接and，再加末尾两位数(或末位数)：onehundredandone(101),fivehundredandthirty(530),seventyhundredandeighty-nine(789)（3）1000以上的基数词。先从右至左数，每三位数加一个逗号(即以此把数目分为若干段)。第一个逗号前的数为thousand(千)，第二个逗号前的数million(百万)，第三个逗号前的数为billion(十亿)，第四个逗号前的数为trillion(万亿)，然后一段一段地数2.序数词：表示先后顺序。1)序数词第一、第二和第三为first,second和third,其他序数词的构成是在基数词后加th\n|2)fifth(第五)、eighth(第八)、ninth(第九)和twelfth(第十二)3)二十、三十等基数词变为序数词时,要把y变成ie再加-th。例如：  twenty→twentiethforty→fortieth4)基数词几十几变成序数词时,表示几十的数词不变,只把表示几的基数词变成序数词。例如：  twenty-one→twenty-first  forty-five→forty-fifth5)第一百、第一千、第一百万、第十亿都是在基数词后直接加th构成。例如：第一百→hundredth ； 第一千→thousandth；第一百万→millionth；  第十亿→billionth6）序数词的缩略是由阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母构成例如：1st,2nd,3rd,4th,21st,32nd,40th二、分数表达法    分数由基数词和序数词合成。分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子是1时，分母(序数词)用单数形式；分子大于1时，分母用复数形式，序数词加-s。读带分数时，先读整数部分，再读分数部分。1/2→onehalf或ahalf；1/4→onefourth或one(a)quarter3/4→threequarters或threefourths；4/5→fourfifths2-1/3→twoanda(one)third；3-5/6→threeandfivesixths32-3/4→thirty-twoandthreequarters(threefourths)三、小数表达法    整数与小数之间用小数点隔开。读小数时,每位数字(特别是小数点后面的)要单独读出。小数点读作point(点)，零读作zero(或naught)。如果整数是零,往往不读出。    0.1→zero(naught)pointone或pointone    0.03→zero(naught)pointnaughtthree或zeropointzerothree    2.25→twopointtwofive；14.16→fourteenpointonesix205.37→twohundredandfivepointthreeseven四、百分数    百分数用下面形式表示：    5%→5.percent(缩写：5.PC)读作：fivepercent    23%→23.percent(缩写：23.PC)读作：twenty-threepercent五、常见的数字符号和等式的读法\n|    =(等于号)读作equals；+(加号)读作plus或and－(减号)读作minus；×(乘号)读作times或multipliedby    ÷(除号)读作dividedby六、时刻表达法    表示时刻有两种说法：逆读法，先分钟,后钟点；顺读法，先钟点,后分钟。七、年月日表达法1)年份用基数词,日期用序数词例如： 1988年5月1日可以写作May1(st),1988，读作Maythefirst,nineteen  eighty-eight；或者1(st)May,1988,读作thefirstofMay,nineteeneighty-eight2)英语年份的读法：一般先读前两位数,再读后两位数。例如：1983→nineteeneighty-three；1700→seventeenhundred；1870→eighteenseventy；1601→sixteenaone或sixteenhundredandone；  965→ninesixty-five或ninesixfive3)年代用年份的阿拉伯数字加-’s  或-s表示例如：十八世纪三十年代→1730’s/1730stheseventeenthirties    二十世纪六十年代→1960’s/1960sthenineteensixties八十年代初期→theearlyeighties九十年代末期→thelatenineties4)月份一年12个月的英语写法如下：    一月→January二月→February三月→March四月→April    五月→May六月→June七月→July八月→August九月→September十月→October十一月→November十二月→December八、电话号码及编号 编号既可以用序数词,也可用基数词。例如：thetenthlesson；LessonTen第十课； thefiftiethpage ；Page50第五十页有的编号习惯上常用基数词。例如：Room321(读作threetwoone)321号房间Tel.No.4013586(读作Telephonenumberfour0onethreefiveeightsix)九、练习题1.Lincolnwasbornon________.\n|A.February12,1809 B.1809,February12  C.1809,12February  D.February1809,122.A_______boycansingtheEnglishsongverywell. A.ten-year-old   B.tenyearsold   C.ten-years-old   D.fifthyearsold3.Anhourlater,____ministerwassenttoseethe“magiccloth”wornbythosetwomen.A.two   B.thesecond    C.thetwo   D.second4.AbrahamLincolnwas___PresidentoftheUnitedStates. A.16    B.the16     C.16th     D.the16th5.Doyouthinkthereisanyroomforus________? A.two    B.thetwo    C.second    D.thesecond6.Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclass?________. A.Twentynine   B.Thirtyandtwo    C.Forty-five   D.fifties7.Whichnumberiswrong?_______. A.Ninety    B.Ninteen     C.Ninth     D.Nineteenth8.ThePeople'sLiberationArmywasfounded_______. A.onAugust1,1927  B.in1927,1August  C.onAugust1st,1927  D.inAugust1,19279.Thenumber4,123isread_______.A. fourthousandonehundredandtwenty-three B.fourthousandandonehundredtwenty-threeC. fourthousandandahundredandtwenty-three D.fourthousandsahundredandtwenty-three10.Theoldprofessorstillworkshardthoughheis_________. A.inhissixty   B.inhissixties   C.insixties   D.inthesixty11.Thisclassroomis________ours. A.threetimesbigas B.asthreetimesbigas C.threetimesasbigas D.asbigthreetimesas12.Thebasketballteamofourschoolranks____inthematch. A.three    B.third     C.thethree      D.thethird13.Whichisthecarthathedrives?It's________.A.fiftytwo   B.thefifty-twocars   C.thecarfiftyfour    D.thefifty-fourthcar14.Whichofthefollowingiswrong?________. A.Heisafifteen-year-oldboy.       B.Heisattheageof15.\n| C.Heisaboyof15.               D.Heisfifteenyearold.15.Ourschoolisnotverybig.Thereareonly________students. A.ninehundredsof  B.ninehundred   C.ninehundreds    D.ninehundredof16.Howmanynewwordsaretherein________lesson?   Thereareonly_________. A.five;fifth   B.fifth;five   C.thefifth;thefive   D.thefifth;five17.________,Coca-ColabegantoenterChina'smarket. A.In1970's   B.In1970s    C.Inthe1970s'    D.Inthe1970s18.Therewasnobusinthatsmalltown.Wehada________. A.tenmileswalk    B.ten-milewalk   C.tenmile'swalk    D.tenthmilewalk19.Todayisthefirstdayand________. A.Tuesdayisfourth B.Thursdayisthefourth C.secondisTuesdayD.asecondisThursda第六章常用其它时态一、现在进行时1.用法：表示现阶段说话时正在进行的动作2.构成：主语+be（am、is、are）+动词-ing3.时间状语：now,atthismoment，atpresent，look！listen！二、过去进行时1.用法：表示过去某一阶段说话时正在进行的动作2.构成：主语+be（was、were）+动词-ing3.时间状语：atthatmoment三、将来进行时1.用法：表示将来某一阶段说话时正在进行的动作2.构成：主语+will/shall+be+动词-ing四、现在完成时1.用法：动作发生在过去对，强调对现在造成的影响和结果；动作从过去开始一直延续至今，并且还有可能持续下去。2.构成：主语+have/has+动词过去分词3.时间状语：already、yet、for或since加时间、sofar、upto\n|now、recently（通常不与明确的过去时间状语连用）五、过去完成时1.用法：过去的过去2.构成：主语+had+动词过去分词3.时间状语：通常根据上下文来判断六、过去将来时1.用法：过去某一时间段打算要做某事2.构成：主语+would+动词原形七、习题1、I______amistake.Pleasedon'tbeangrywithme.A.makeB.madeC.willmakeD.hadmade2、Mybrotherleftschoolin2005,andsincethenhe____inBeijing.　A.livesB.livedC.willliveD.haslived3、I______myclothes,andthephonerang.A.washB.washedC.amwashingD.waswashing4、---WhereisPeter?----He___volleyballwithhisfriendsintheschoolgym.A.playsB.playedC.isplayingD.hasplayed5、He_____hisumbrellatomeyesterday.soIdidn'tgetwet.A.borrowedB.keptC.lentD.bought6、I'msorryIleftthebookathome.I_itheretomorrow,Ipromise.　A.bringB.willbringC.broughtD.havebrought7、----Whatareyoudoing,Simon?----Ihavefinishedmyhomework,andnowI______thecomputergames.　A.playedB.wasplayingC.amplayingD.play8、MybrothercamebackhomewhileI______homework.A.amdoingB.weredoingC.wasdoingD.did9、----Didyouwatchthefootballmatchyesterday?----Yes,Idid.Youknow,mybrother______inthematch.　A.isplayingB.wasplayingC.willplayD.play10、---WherearetheGreens,mayIask?　　---Well,they______England.Theyhavebeentherefornearlyaweeknow.A.havebeentoB.aregoingtoC.havegoneto11、---Howwasyourdayoff?---Prettygood!I___thesciencemuseumwithmyclassmates.A.visitB.visitedC.amvisitingD.willvisit12、There___abigcakeandmanycandiesatthepartyyesterday.　　A.wasB.wereC.isD.are\n|13、I_______thecharityshowonTVwhenthetelephonerang.　　A.watchB.watchedC.amwatchingD.waswatching14、Tom_______theUSA.He_______backintwomonths.　A.hasgoneto;comesB.hasgoneto;willbeC.hasbeento;comesD.hasbeento;willbe17、---Youhaveanicewatch.---Thankyou.I______itsinceIgotmarried.　A.hadB.boughtC.havehadD.havebought18、Althoughthisvillageisn'tbig,alltheothervillagesI____sofararesmaller.　　A.visitedB.havevisitedC.wouldvisitD.hadvisited19、---Howlong_____inChengdu?　　---Forjusttheweekendtocome.I'llbebacknextMondaymorning.　　A.areyoustayingB.didyoustayC.haveyoustayed20、---Alice,wouldyoumindnotplayingtheguitar?I_____onthephone.---Oh,sorry,mom.A.talkedB.talkC.havetalkedD.amtalking第七章感叹句一、概念感叹句是用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子，句末通常要用感叹号。通常由what、how和引导。（通常省略主语和谓语）二、构成1.what修饰名词或名词短语，有以下两种形式：（1）What+a(an)+（形容词）+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！　　Whatanapplethisis!（2）What+(形容词）+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！　　Whatkindwomentheyare!2.由How引导的感叹句结构：How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语！　Howhardtheworkerareworking!3.what与how引导的感叹句，一般情况下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。　　Whataninterestingstoryitis!==Howinterestingthestoryis!　　whatabeautifulbuldingitis!==Howbeautifulthebuildingis!　在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。如：\n|　　Whatanicepresent!（省略itis）Howdisappointed!（省略sheis或其它可作本句主、谓的词语、总结：What+名词/名词短语（+主语/谓语）How+形容词/副词（+主语/谓语）三、练习题1、-__________goodtimewehadatthepartylastnight!-Yes.Itwas___excitingpartythatIwouldneverforgetit.A.What,soB.How,suchC.Whata,suchanD.Howa,soan2、-_____dayitis!-Let’sgooutandenjoythesunshine!A.WhatalovelyB.HowwindyC.WhatarainyD.Howlovely3、____terribleweatherwehadlastSunday!A.WhatB.WhataC.SuchD.How4、_______usefulthebookis!Wecanknowwellaboutthecityfromit.A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Whatan5、Look!_____buildingtheBirdNestis!A.WhatagreatB.WhatgreatC.HowagreatD.Howgreat6、---______goodnewsitis!Thepandasarefoundaliveaftertheearthquake.---It’sso______.A.Whata,excitedB.What,excitingC.Howa,excitedD.How,exciting7、-____beautifulday!Shallwegoforapicnic?-Goodidea.A.WhatB.HowC.WhataD.Howa8、____funitistobewithgirlsofmuageinthesummercourseinBritain!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howa9、-_______cleverthegirlis!-Sosheis.A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howa10、___nicehatitis!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howa11、______interestingtalkMr.Blackgaveus!A.HowB.WhataC.WhatanD.Howan12、_____musicsheisplaying!A.WhatniceB.HowniceC.WhataniceD.Hownicea13、Marygotgoodgradesinschool.___excitedsheis!A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa14、Whatafunnyperson_______!Weallliketalkingwithhim.A.itisB.isheC.isitD.heis15、-wewillbuildasubwayinFuzhoubefore2014.-Wow,_____！Willitpassourplace?A.whatanexcitednewsB.howexcitedthenewsis\n|C.whatexcitingnewsD.howexcitingnews16、____informationheofferedus!Weallthankhim.A.WhatusefulB.WhatuselessC.HowusefulD.Howuseless17、____dangerousitistoridefastonabusyroad.A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa18、-___kindgirlNancyis！-Yes,sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.A.WhatB.WhataC.HowD.Howa19、____Mrs.Smithis!A.HowkindwomanB.WhatakindwomanC.WhatkindwomanD.Howakindwoman20、___it’sblowing!A.WhatstrongB.HowstrongC.HowstronglyD.Whatstrongly第八章形容词、副词比较级和最高级一、形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成：1.单音节词和少数双音节词比较级和最高级的规则变化：规则原级比较级最高级1.在词尾后直接加-er/esttallTallertallest2.词尾是e，只加-r/stniceNicernicest3.以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变i再加-er/esthappyHappierhappiest4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加-er/estthinThinnerthinnest2.其他双音节词或多音节词,在该词前面加-more/mostbeautiful—morebeautiful—(the)mostbeautiful3.由形容词加ly构成的双音节词和多音节词,都是在该词前加-more/most.quickly—morequickly—(the)mostquicklydifficultly—moredifficultly—(the)mostdifficultly\n|4.不规则变化:good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest二、形容词比较级和最高级的用法：1.原级的用法:用于两者之间对比，意思为“……和……相同”as….+形容词原级+asB2.比较级的用法:1）A+形容词比较级+than+B形容词比较级前用much,even,still,alittle，far,alot,abit,muchmore修饰。Very,so,too,quite不能修饰比较级。2）数字+形容词比较级+than3）比较级+and+比较级，表示“越来越……”4）the+比较级，the+比较级结构，表示“越……就越……”5）which/who+is+比较级3.最高级用法：用于三者及以上的人或事物的比较,最高级前加the，最高级前有物主代词，序数词和名词所有格时，不加定冠词，后面跟带in或of表范围的短语。oneofthe+最高级+名词复数，谓语动词用单数三、副词比较级和最高级的用法：1.原级主要的句型：1）as+副词原级+asnotas/so+副词原级+as2）too+副词原级+todosth.3）so+副词原级+that4）副词原级+enoughtodosth.2.比较级的用法：1）比较级+than。当前后使用的动词相同时，通常用助动词来代替后面的动词，该动词或助动词可以省略。例如：HeworksmuchharderthanI(do).2）比较级+and+比较级越来越……3）the比较级…the比较级…越…越…3.最高级的用法：副词最高级前一般有the，也可省略。四、练习题1.Youmustwriteas________asyoucan.A.morecarefulB.carefullyC.carefulD.care2.—InourEnglishstudyreadingismoreimportantthanspeaking,Ithink.\n|—Idon’tagreewithyou.Speakingis________reading.A.asimportantasB.soimportantasC.themostimportantD.thesameas3.Jimisrunning________Bruce.They’reneckandneck.A.fasterthanB.asfastasC.asfasterasD.moreslowlythan4.LessonThreeis________LessonTwo.It’smuchmoredifficult.A.notsoeasyasB.easierthanC.asdifficultasD.lessdifficultthan5.Thisstoryisnot________asthatone.A.moreinterestingB.lessinterestingC.sointerestedD.sointeresting6.Theboydoesn’tspeak________hissister,buthiswrittenworkisverygood.A.aswellasB.sogoodasC.morebetterthanD.moreworsethan7.NowHelenworks________thanbefore.A.morecarefullyB.morecarefulC.muchcarefulD.muchcarefully8.Ittakes___timetogotoBeijingbyplanethanbytrain.A.moreB.fewerC.longerD.less9.Itis______todaythanyesterday.Shallwegoswimmingthisafternoon?A.thehottestB.hotC.hottestD.hotter10.ThepopulationofShanghaiis_____thanthatofShijiazhuang.A.smallerB.largerC.lessD.large11.Ofthetwopencil-boxes,theboychose_______one.A.lessexpensiveB.theleastexpensiveC.thelessexpensiveD.themostexpensive12.OfthetwoAustralianstudents,Mashais________one.Ithinkyoucanfindhereasily.A.tallestB.thetallerC.tallerD.thetallest20.Thisstreetismuch________thanthatone.A.straightB.straighterC.straightestD.morestraighter21.30,000dollarsisalargeamountofmoney,butit’s________thanweneed.A.farmoreB.verymuchC.farlessD.verylittle22.Jackisalittle________thanPeter.A.strongB.strongerC.strongestD.thestrongest23.Inourcity,it’s__inJuly,butit’seven__inAugust.A.hotter;hottestB.hot;hotC.hotter;hotD.hot;hotter24.Intheexam,the____youare,the_____mistakesyou’llmake.\n|A.careful;littleB.morecareful;lessC.morecareful;fewD.morecareful;fewer24.Intheexam,the____youare,the_____mistakesyou’llmake.A.careful;littleB.morecareful;lessC.morecareful;fewD.morecareful;fewer25.Themoreyoulearn,themore___youcangetajob.A.easilyB.easierC.easyD.easiest26.___childrenthereareinafamily,__theirlifewillbe.A.Theless;thebetterB.Thefewer;thebetterC.Fewer;richerD.More;poorer27.—Iwillgiveyousomepicturebooks.—The__,the_.A.more;betterB.many;betterC.most;bestD.much;better28.Whichwouldyoulike_____,basketballorfootball?A.goodB.betterC.bestD.well第九章冠词一、概念及分类冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。表示的主语数量或者特征。冠词分为不定冠词"a，an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词三种，零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指。二、不定冠词不定冠词有"a和an"两种形式。"a"用在以辅音开头的词前，"an"用在以元音开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。　1.用于可数名词的单数形式前，表示"一"Thereisatigerinthezoo.　2.表示一类人和东西Atigercanbedangerous.　3.表示"某一个"的意思Agentlemanwantstoseeyou.　4.表示"同一"的意思Thetwoshirtsaremuchofasize.　5.表示"每一"的意思Wegoswimmingfourtimesaweek.　6.用在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业Mymotherisateacher.　7.第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个　　Longlongagotherewasanoldkingwhohadaverybeautifuldaughter.　8.在sucha，quitea句式中Heisquiteagoodactor.Don'tbeinsuchahurry.　9.在感叹句what...的句式中Whataprettygirlsheis!\n|　11.用在某些表示数量的词组中：alotof/acoupleof/agreatmany/adozen也可以用onedozen/agreatdealof三、定冠词1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物，这是定冠词的基本用法。BeijingisthecapitalofChina.2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。Openthewindowplease.3.指上文已经提到的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”）Onthechairsatayoungwomanwithababyinherarms.4.指世界上独一无二的事物。thesun太阳themoon月亮theearth地球thesky天空theworld世界5.用在序数词、形容词最高级前。Thefirsttruckiscarryingafewbaskets.第一辆卡车装运一些筐。表示两者间“较……的一个”时用定冠词Theolderofthetwonoblementookalight.Heisthetallerofthetwoboys.6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。theGreatwall长城，theSummerPalace颐和园，thePeople’sFarm人民农场，theScienceMuseum科学馆7.the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物Thehorseisausefulanimal.马是一种有用的动物。注意：像这类句子还有如下两种写法Ahorseisausefulanimal.或者Horsesareusefulanimals.8.用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人。therich富人thepoor穷人thesick病人theold老人，theyoung年轻人theblind盲人thedead死人9.用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妇俩”。TheTurnersaregoinghomeonatrain.10.表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加theplaythepiano弹钢琴playtheviolin拉小提琴*中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:playerhu(二胡)]The+n.{发明物}必须是单数whoinventedthetelephone?11.用在表示海洋、河流、山脉、群岛及国家和党派名词前。theEastChinaSea东海theHuaiRiver淮河theJinggangMountains井冈山theUnitedStatesofAmerican美国theworkingclass工人阶级theChineseCommunistParty中国共产党13.在句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用the，而不用人称代词。takesb.bythearm抓住某人的手臂hitsb.intheface打某人的脸beredintheface脸红belameintherightleg右腿瘸等结构中,名词前要用the14.用在某些固定词组中。allthesame仍然allthetime一直alltheyearround一年到头；attheageof在……岁时；atthebeginningof起初;开始attheendof在……的尽头/末尾；\n|attheentranceof在……门口；atthefootof在……脚下；attheheadof在……的前面；atthemoment此刻；atthesametime同时；bythesideof在……附近；bythetime到时候；bytheway顺便说；catchthepost赶上邮班；dotheshopping/washing买东西/洗衣服；give...themessage捎口信给……；gototheclassroom去教室intheend最后；终于inthehat戴帽子的；inthemiddleoftheday中午；inthemorning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上；intheopenair在户外、在野外；jumpthequeue不按次序排队；leadthewayto引路、指路；lookthesame看起来很像ontheearth在地球上；tellthetruth说实话；thedayaftertomorrow后天；thedaybeforeyesterday前天；thehighjump/jump跳高/远;thenextday/year第二天/下一年thepeople人民;thestartingline起跑线三、零冠词1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。I’mgoingtoEnglandnextweekforaholiday.2.可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词my,your,his,her等；指示代词this/these,that/those;不定代词some,any等及所有格限制时。Theletterisinherpocket.3.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。Myfatherandmotherareteachers.4.在星期、月份、季节、节日前。ThebesttimetocometoChinaisinspringorautumn.TodayisThursday,September10th,Teacher’sDay.[注意]①如果月份、季节等被一个限定性定语修饰，则要加定冠词。HejoinedtheArmyinthespringof1982.②我国的节日前用定冠词theSpringFestival春节theMid-AutumnFestival中秋节5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。HappyTeachers’Day!Hereitis,Mom!6.在学科名称、三餐饭和球类运动名称前。IthinkChineseismorepopularthananyothersubject.Canyouplaybasketball?Wearegoingtoplayfootball.7.某些固定词组中不用冠词。①与by连用的交通工具名称前bybus,bycar,bybike,bytrain,byair/plane,bysea/ship②名词词组dayandnight日日夜夜,hereandthere到处③介词词组athome在家insurprise惊奇地，atnoon在中午，onfoot步行，atnight在晚上onduty值日，atwork在工作，ontime准，forexample例如，onbusiness经商，inschool在上学，onholiday在度假，inclass在上课，onshow展览，inhospital在住院，ontopof在……顶部，inbed在床上④go短语gohome回家，gotobed上床睡觉，gotoschool去上学，gotowork去上班，goshopping/swimming/boating/fishing去买东西/游泳/划船/钓鱼\n|四、介词短语中有无冠词区别一.当下列名词指其“主要目的”，即与其相关在行为时，要用零冠词。　attable在进餐atthetable在桌子旁边　atdesk在读书atthedesk在课桌旁　atschool在上学attheschool在学校里　　inclass在上课intheclass在班级里面　　inbed卧床inthebed在床上　　inprison坐牢intheprison（因事）在监狱　　inhospital住院inthehospital（因事）在医院　　gotoschool去上学gototheschool（因事）去学校　　gotobed上床睡觉gotothebed在床上　　gotohospital去看病gotothehospital去医院　　takeplace发生taketheplace代替　　inplaceof代替intheplaceof在...的地方　　incaseof万一inthecaseof就...来说　　outofquestion毫无疑问outofthequestion完全不可能　　二.通常使用不定冠词的短语　　afterawhile过了一会儿；allofasudden突然；asarule通常；asaresult结果，因此；asamatteroffact事实上；asawhole大体上；ataloss不知所措；inahurry急忙；inaway在某种程度上；inaword总而言之；It’sapitythat…令人遗憾的是…；putanendto…结束…；cometoanend结束cometoaconclusion得出结论；haveagoodtime玩得愉快；havearest休息一下；haveacold感冒；haveawordwith和…谈一谈；keepaneyefor对…有鉴赏力；makealiving谋生；makeafire生火；makeafoolof愚弄；takeawalk散步。五、练习题1.IfyouworkhardatEnglish,you’llget______“A”inthetest.AanB/CtheDa2.Bobis______eleven—year—oldboy,butheknowsalotabouthistory.AanBaCtheD/3.Ittakesus______hourtogotomyhometownbybusAanBaCtheD/4.What_____interestingbookitis!AanBaCtheD/5.Youlookinhighspirit.Youmusthave______duringyourholiday.A. wonderfultimeB.awonderfultimeC.thewonderfultimeD.somewonderfultime6.______richusedtolookdownupon______poor.AThe,/BA,theCThe,aDThe,the\n|7.______Greenswerehavingbreakfastatseventhismorning.AanBaCtheD/8.Couldyouplay______pianoformewhileI’msinging?AanBaCtheD/9.Ourteachertoldusthat_____moonmovesaround____earth.Aa,aBthe,theCa,anDthe,a10.Beijingis_____capitalof_____Pepole’sRepublicof_____China.Aa,the,theBthe,the,/Cthe,the,theDthe,a,the11.Heusuallygoestoschoolon_____foot.AanBaCtheD/12.Theseboysplay______footballafterclass.AanBaCtheD/13.----Haveyouhad_____breakfastyet?----No,notyet.AanBaCtheD/14.______Marchisthethirdmonthoftheyear.AanBaCtheD/15.Theoldmanwasillin_____hospital.AanBaCtheD/16.—Johnhasputforward_____mostchallengingquestionforustoanswer.      —Yes,itreallyis.Ihaveneverheard_______harderone.A.the;不填        B.不填;theC.the;the     D.a;a17.Iknow_____JohnLennon,butnot____famousone.A./;aB.a;theC./;theD.the;a18.Wecansee_______fullmoonontheeveningof____August15theveryyear.A.the;/B.a;aC.a;theD.the;the19.——Is___English-Chinesedictionaryonthedeskyours?——No,Idon’thave___English-Chinesedictionary.IuseEnglish-Englishdictionaries.A.an,anB.an,theC.the,anD.the,the20.Peterlikesplaying___footballverymuch,buthedoesn’tlike___footballIboughtforhimonhisbirthday.A.the,theB./,/C.the,/D./,the21.Youwillfind______girlinred.Sheis____teacher.Athe;aBthe;/Ca;/Da;the22.BeforeItalkedwith______scientist,Ihadnevermet______cleverpersonlikehim.Athe;aBthe;theCa;aDa;the23.___Autumnis___bestseasonoftheyearinBeijing.AThe,theBAn,theCThe,aD/,the24.—MayIhavealookat____booktonight?—Ofcourse,youcan.Ihave____oldoneathome.A.the;aB.a;theC.the;anD.the;the\n|25.—MayIhavealookattheMP4sir?—Whichone?_______blackone?A.AB.AnC.TheD.不填第十章反义疑问句一、概念反义疑问句，即附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。反义疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。二、句子结构（1）陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式可记为前肯后否定.Theyworkhard,don’tthey?（2）陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式可记为前否后肯定.Youdidn'tgo,didyou?（3）附加问句和陈述句人称、时态一致（相应时态的助动词的肯定/否定形式+人称代词）三、反义疑问句的回答对反意疑问句的回答，无论问题的提法如何，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就要用no。要特别注意陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes或no与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes要译成“不”，no要译成“是”。例：---Helikesplayingfootball,doesn’the?他喜欢踢足球，是吗？---Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.是的。/不是。---Hissisterdidn’tattendthemeeting,didshe?他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗？---Yes,shedid./No,shedidn’t.不，她参加了。/是的，她没参加。四、特殊用法1)陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用aren'tI.I'mastallasyoursister，aren'tI?2)陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may+主语。Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayI?3)陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。TheSwedemadenoanswer,didhe/she?Someplantsneverblown(开花),dothey?4)含有oughtto的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't/oughtn't+主语。Heoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn'the?/shouldn'the?5)陈述部分有haveto+v.(hadto+v.)，疑问部分常用don't+主语（didn't+主语）。Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don'twe?\n|6)陈述部分的谓语是usedto时，疑问部分用didn't+主语或usedn't+主语。Heusedtotakepicturesthere,didn'the?/usedn'the?7)陈述部分有hadbetter+v.疑问句部分用hadn'tyou?You'dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn'tyou?8)陈述部分有wouldrather+v.，疑问部分多用wouldn't+主语。Hewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn'the?9)陈述部分有You'dliketo+v.疑问部分用wouldn't+主语。You'dliketogowithme,wouldn'tyou?10)陈述部分有must的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。Hemustbeadoctor,isn'the?YoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haven'tyou?/didn'tyou?Hemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn'the?11)感叹句中，疑问部分用be+主语。Whatcolors,aren'tthey?Whatasmell,isn'tit?12)陈述部分由neither…nor,either…or连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。NeitheryounorIamengineer,arewe?13)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用it。Everythingisready,isn'tit?14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：a.并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldn'the?b.带有定语从句宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：Heisnotthemanwhogaveusatalk,ishe?HesaidhewantedtovisitJapan,didn'the?c.上述部分主句谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。Idon'tthinkheisbright,ishe?Webelieveshecandoitbetter,can'tshe?15)陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。Everyoneknowstheanswer,don'tthey?(doeshe?)Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?(doeshe?)16)情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用need(dare)+主语。Weneednotdoitagain,needwe?Hedarenotsayso,dareyou?当dare,need为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do+主语。Shedoesn'tdaretogohomealone,doesshe?17)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用willyou。Don'tdothatagain,willyou?Gowithme,willyou/won'tyou?注意：Let's开头的祈使句，后用shallwe?Letus开头的祈使句，后用willyou?Let'sgoandlistentothemusic,shallwe?Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou?18)陈述部分是"therebe"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。\n|Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn'tthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?19)否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。Itisimpossible,isn'tit?Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?五、练习题1.Idon'tthinkthatthenecklaceismadeofdiamond,________?AdoIBdoyouCisn'titDisit2.Hiswifehadthecarpetsandthecurtainscleaned,________?Ahadn'tBhadCdidn'tsheDdidshe3.It'smyson'sweddingnextweek,andIhavetodomybestforthat,_______?Ahaven'tIBdon'tICdon'theDisn'tit4.Harrywouldn'tbecomeateacherifithadn'tbeenfortheholiday,______?AwouldheBhaditCwoulditDhadhe5.Noonelefthereyesterday,________?Adidn'ttheyBdidtheyCdidn'toneDdidone6.Birdsrarelybuildnestsinourgarden,________?Adon'ttheyBdotheyCdidn'ttheyDdidthey7.YoumusthavebeentotheGreatWall,____________?Amustn'tyouBhaven'tyouCaren'tyouDmustyou8.learninghowtorepairmotorstakesalongtime,________?Adoesn'titBdon'ttheyCdoesitDdothey9.Theymusthavestayedathomelastnight,________?Amustn'ttheyBhaven'ttheyCdidn'ttheyDmustthey10.Ifeellikegoingtothecinematonight,________?Adon'tIBdon'tyouCdoIDdoyou11.Let'sstartoutearlytomorrowmorning,________?AshallweBwillyouCdoyouDcan'tyou12.There'snotmuchnewsintoday'snewspaper,________?Aisn'titBisitCisn'tthereDisthere13.Theyneedourhelpbadlyatthemoment,_____?Aneedn'ttheyBneedtheyCdon'ttheyDdothey14.Sheisunfitfortheposition,________?AissheBisn'tsheCdoesn'tsheDdoesshe15.IwishtovisitAmerica,________?Adon'tIBcanICmayIDmayyou16.She'sbeenaworkerhereformanyyears,________?Aisn'tsheBissheChasn'tsheDhasshe17.Whatbeautifulflowers,________?\n|Aaren'ttheyBaretheyCisn'titDisit18.Motherusedtoliveinapoorvillage,____________?AusedsheBusedn'tsheCdidn'theDdidhe19.You'dbettergoatonce,________?Awouldn'tyouBhadyouChadn'tyouDshouldyou20.IamveryinterestedinMarkTwain'snovels,________?Aaren'tIBamnotICaren'tyouDareyou21. You’dratherwatchTVthisevening,______?Aisn’tit     Bhadn’tyou     Cwouldn’tyou    Dwon’tyou22. Isupposeyou’renotgoingtoday,______?Aareyou     Bdoyou Cdon’tyou   Daren’tyou23. Iwishtoshakehandswithyou,______?Ashall    BmayI    CdoI     DwillI24. Threehoursoughttobeenoughtime,______?Aoughtn’tthreehours   Bdidn’tthey   Cshouldn’tit   Dshouldn’tthreehours25. Theyhavetostudyalot,______?Adon’tthey   Bhaven’tthey   Cdidthey   Dhadn’tthey26. Whenthecarcrashed,yourbrotherescapedbeinghurt,______?Adidn’the   Bdidhe   Cdidit   Ddidn’tit27. I'msuredirty,______?AamI    Bisn’tI    Caren’tI    DamnotI28. Youseemtobedissatisfiedwithyourpresentpost.Idon’tthinkyoujudgedyourabilityobjectivelywhenyouappliedforit,______you?Ado   Bdid   Cdon’t    Ddidn’t29. That’sthesortofthebookyouwant,______?Aisit    Bisn’tthat   Cisthat   Disn’tit第十一章主谓一致一、语法形式上的一致（1）主语是可数名词的单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式.Fengjie_____verybeautiful.Thechicken___verydelicious.（2）不定代词one,each,every,either,neither,something,anything,nothing,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,noone,everybody,everyone作主语时,谓语动词用单数.Eachofus_____(have)somethingtosay.Everyone_____(be)here.Let'sbeginourlesson!\n|不定代词none作主语时,如果修饰的是不可数名词,则谓语动词用单数;如果它所修饰的是可数名词,则谓语单,复数均可用.Noneofthewater_____(be)cleanhere.Noneofus__________(be)perfect.（3）由and连接两个主语时,如果把这两个主语作为个体来考虑时,谓语动词用复数;如果把这两个主语看作一个整体时,谓语动词就用单数.LucyandLily________(be)friends.Fishandchips_______(be)myfavoritefood.但如果and连接的两个并列主语指的是同一个人或一件事，谓语动词用单数。Thesingerandthedancer_________(come)fromMars.Thesingeranddancer_______(come)fromMars.（4）主语后面有with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,except,but,besides,like,suchas等表示连带成分时，谓语动词的单复数由这些词前面的主语来决定，即主语是单数，谓语用单数；主语是复数，谓语用复数。Look!Amanwith12parrot_______(be)fightingwithaairhostess.（5）一些成双成对的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如trousers,pants,shoes,gloves,glasses,scissors等。但如果在这些词前加上apairof时，则谓语动词用单数Thispairofshoes_________notmine,Myshoes______inthebox.A:isareB:areisC:isisD:areare（6）动名词或动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数，但如果几个并列的动名词或不定式作主语，则谓语动词用复数。Doingmorningexercises____(be)goodforyoureyes.Tohelppoorpeople____(be)ourduty.Listening,readingandspeaking____(be)importantinstudyingEnglish（7）一个从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。WhenwewillgotoBeijing_____(be)notdecided.二、练习题1.Time_______(be)money.2.Noone________(know)thetruth.3.Thewriterandtheteacher______(be)coming.4.Thewriterandteacher_______(be)coming.5.Something______(be)wrongwithyourwatch.6.Theteacherwithhisstudents_________(have)ameeting.7.EveryoneexceptTom______(be)wrong.三、意义一致（1）集体名词如class(班/同学们），family（家庭/家庭成员），audience（观众）,group（小组）,team（队）,club（俱乐部）等作主语时，谓语动词取决于集体名词在句中所表示的意义。当它们表示一个整体的概念时，通常被看作单数；而当它们表示组成整体的个体成员时，它们就是复数意义。Ourclass______(be)notbig.Theclass_____(wait)foranewteachernow.\n|（2）一些单复数相同的单词如：Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,deer等,谓语动词的单复数要根据它在句子中所表达的意义而定。Alittledeer_____(be)runningonthehill.Somedeer_____(be)eatinggrass.但theChinese,theJapanese,theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench等名词表国民总称时，作复数用。（其中English,British,French等不能指单个的人）（3）People,police这两个词看似单数形式，但表达的是复数意义，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Thepeopleinthecity_____(be)veryfriendly.Thepolice____(look)forthelostboynow.（4）一些名词如maths,physics,politics（政治）,news,theUnitedStates等，其形式上虽以-s结尾，但表示的确是一门学科或一种事物，谓语动词只能用单数。TheUnitedStates______(be)adevelopedcountry.（5）当表示度量，距离，金额，时间等数量词作主语时，常把这个数量词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。100dollars____(be)notasmallnumber.Twentyyears________(be)notalongtime.在一些算术题目中，一般把算术题目的主语看成是单数，谓语动词用单数，但在加和乘时谓语动词，也可用复数。1.sixminusfour______(be)two.2.Twoandtwo________(be)four.（6）分数作主语时，不是看分数本身，而是看这个分数所修饰的名词。如果其修饰的是不可数名词或可数名词单数，谓语动词用单数，如果是复数名词。则谓语动词用复数。Inourclasstwothirdsofthestudents_______(be)girls.Threequartersoftheinformationontheinternet_____(be)writteninEnglish.（7）由“the+形容词”构成的词，如theold,theyoung,therich,thepoor等用来表示具有某种特性的一类人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Therich____(have)alotofmoney.（8）代词all，most，what,who,which,more,等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数也要根据它所表达的意义来决定。Mostoftheapples_____(be)rotten.Mostoftheapple____(be)eatenbyarat.（9）关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由它修饰的先行词来决定。先行词是单数时，谓语动词用单数，反之用复数。Sheisoneofthefewgirlswho_____wellpaid(获得好收入)inthefactorynow.AisBareCwasDwere四、就近一致（1）在…or,either…or…,neither…nor…，notonly…butalso…,not…but…句型中，其谓语动词和邻近的那个主语保持一致.EitherAnnorJane_______(come)fromUSA.NeitherhenorI______(have)finishthework.Notonlyhisfamilybutalsohe_______(like)ZhangYimou’smovies.要充分理解就近的含义，如：Arenotonlyyoubutalsohetoblame?\n|（2）在therebe和herebe结构中，如果主语不只一个。谓语动词通常和靠近be的名词来决定谓语的单复数形式。1.There_____(be)fivepensandabookonthedesk2.There_____(be)abookandfivepensonthedesk.五、练习题1.Three______diedintheterriblefireinLuoyanglastwinter.A.hundredspeopleB.hundredpeopleC.hundredspeoplesD.hundredpeoples2.Eitheryouorthepresident_____theprizestothesegiftedwinnersatthemeeting.AishandingoutBaretohandoutCarehandingoutDistohandout3.I,who______yourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyououtoftrouble.A.amB.isC.areD.be4.TheOlympicGamesintheyear2008_____inBeijingofChina,which_____knowntousall.A.istohold;isB.istobeheld;wasC.aretohold;isD.aretobeheld;is5.There_____alotofrubbishonthefloorsoIaskedMarytosweep_____up.A.were;itB.are;themC.was;itD.is;them6.Threemilliontonsofcoal_____everyyearinthecity.A.isexploitedB.areexploitedC.hadexploitedD.haveexploited7.StoriesoftheLongMarch_______popularwiththeyoungpeoplenow.A.isB.wasC.areD.were8.Mathematics_______thelanguageofscience.A.areB.aregoingtobeC.isD.istobe9.Bothriceandwheat_____growninourcountry.A.isB.areC.wasD.were10._____eitherofyourparentscometoseeyourecently?A.HaveB.HadC.HasD.Is11.Whatthechildreninthemountainvillageneed_____goodbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has12.Thewholefamily_____TVattentively.A.arewatchingB.iswatchingC.isseeingD.areseeing13.Nothingbutseveralglasses___boughtbymyfatherthedaybeforeyesterday.A.wasB.wereC.havebeenD.wouldbe14.Atthebusstop______asoldierandtwoyoungpeopleontheirwaytothevillage.A.wereB.wasC.isD.sits第十二章介词一、时间介词\n|1.at、in、onAt表示在某一时间点，即点钟（做某事的）时刻等如：Iwokeupatsix.Theplanewilltakeoffatseven。In在一段较长的时间内，如世纪、年、季节、月、上下午、晚上如：Treesturngreeninspring.On表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、节日等如：WeusuallygototheparkonSundaymorning.2.for、sinceFor后接时间段，表示动作或状态持续的时间如：Ihaveworkedinthefactoryfortenyears.Since后接时间点，表示动作从过去的时间点一直持续到说话时刻如：Ihavelivedinthishousesince1990.3.by、till/untilBy表示一个瞬间动作发生在某一时间点之前如：Bytheendoftheday,wehadfinishedthework.Till/until表示一个动作或状态一直持续到某一时间如：Iwillbeheretill/untilnoon.4.by、beforeBy“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内如：IwillfinishtheworkbyFridayBefore“在某时之前”，不包括某时在内如：Onlytwodaysremainedbeforetheexamination.二、地点介词1.表示地理位置的inontoIn表示在某一地域之内的某方位（属于该范围）如：BeijingisinthenorthofChinaOn表示与某地相邻的关系，但互不管辖如：RussialiesonthenorthofChina.To表示在某一地域之外的某方位，互不管辖，互不相邻如：JapanliestotheeastofChina.2.表示上下位置关系的onbeneathoverunderabovebelowOn与表面有接触，反义词是beneath如：Therearesomebooksonthedesks.Over在物体的正上方或覆盖在物体表面，反义词是under如：Alampwashangingoverthetable.Theywereplayingunderthetree.Above离开物体表面而在其上方，但不一定是正上方，反义词是blew如:Theplaneflewabovetheclouds.Waterwasdrippingontothefloorblew3.表示“穿过，越过”的through,across,overThrough从内部通过，与in有关如：Themoonlightwentthroughthewindow.Across在表面上通过，与on有关如：Hewalkedacrossthesquaretomeether.Over从物体的上方越过如：TheplaneflewoverthePacificOcean.(太平洋)4.表示“在……中间”的between,amongBetween某人或某物在另两个人或两物之间或多者中的两两之间如：Thehousestandsbetweentwofarms.Among用于三者以上，其所在范围内的人或事物常被视为一个整体如：Hearrivedtheearliestamongus.\n|三、其他易混介词1.表示方式、方法、手段的with,in,byWith表示用具体的工具，或用身体的某部位、器官如：Youcanseeitwithyourowneyes.In指使用某种语言、工具或材料等如：HemadethespeechinEnglish.By表示使用的方法、手段如：Hemademoneybysellingnewspaper.2.表示“除……以外”的besides,except/but,exceptforBeside“除了…以外还有….”，其宾语是被包括在内的部分如：BesidesEnglish,shehastostudyGerman.Except/but“除…以外”，其宾语是被排除在外的，多指对同类事物的排除如：Youcanparkanywhereexcept/buthere.Exceptfor被排除的内容与句子所涉及的主体不是同一类的如：Abananaismainly(果肉)，exceptforitsskin.3.表示“关于…”的about,on,ofAbout侧重于人或事物有关的事迹或情况如：MygrandpatoldmealotofstoriesaboutChairmanMao.On侧重阐述或论及相对重大或深奥的理论、学术等问题如:WhomadethereportonthesituationinMiddleEast?Of表示“提及”某人某事，不涉及详细情况——Doyouknowaboutthatladyoverthere?——No，Iknowlittleofher.4.表示“像”的as,likeAs侧重同一性，强调属于同一类或完全相似如：Shespokeofmeasherdearestfriend.Like侧重比较，是比喻，并不意味着是同一类或完全相似如：ThenImadefacesandjumpedlikeamonkey.四、练习题1.—Peter,canyoutellmethedifference_____thefourwords?—Sorry,Idon’tknow.A.betweenB.amongC.forD.to2.—Frank,whenwilltheshortmeetingbegin?—Youshouldcome____2:30.Ifyoucome10minutes_____thattime,themeetingwillbeover.A.at;beforeB.at;afterC.after;before3.Einstein,thefamousscientist,wasborn______March,1879.A.atB.onC.inD.to4.——WhenisHenry’sbirthdayparty,Lynn?——The18th,___aboutthreeo’clockintheafternoon.A.inB.atC.onD.to5.——What’stheTVnews______?\n|——TheChineseTeamwonfivegoldmedalsatWorldTableTennisChampionships.A.atB.acrossC.aboveD.about6.-WhereisTaiwan,doyouknow?-Why?It’s______thesoutheastofChina.A.inB.onC.toD.from7.Tomtoldmehisparentshadarrived______Beijing.A.atB.onC.inD.to8.Taiwanisabeautifulislandandit’s_________theeastofFujian.A.inB.onC.toD.from9.-XiaoShenyangissopopular______us.-Yeah,heisoneofmyfavoritepopstars.A.forB.toC.withD.on10.Igotane-mailthismorning.Itwas_______myforeignfriend,Tony.A.inB.onC.atD.from11.Youcanfindawaytoreachyourgoalswhenyouareproud____yourselfandstandtalllikeasunflower.A.onB.fromC.ofD.on12.Thereisgoingtobeawonderfulparty__theeveningofOctober1st,2009.A.inB.onC.atD.for13.WehavebeendoingmuchbetterinEnglish_____ourteacher’shelp.A.inB.toC.forD.with14.-Whichwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?-Either______OK,butIprefercoffee______milk.A.is,has   B.are,with   C.is,with  D.are,has15.–Whyareyoustandingthere,Maggie?–Ican’tseetheblackboardclearly.Twotallboysaresitting______me.A.behindB.inthefrontofC.besideD.nextto16.Theyoungmenwalked______theforestandcametoabigriveratlast.A.onB.overC.throughD.across17.-Whattimewillyoubehome?-Idon’tknow.Itdepends________thetraffic.A.ofB.onC.forD.from18.–Isthetiemade________silk?–Yes.It’smade________Italy.A.from,inB.of,inC.from,ofD.of,from19.-Thankyouverymuch____helpingme.-Notatall.A.forB.ofC.to20.Heoftenborrowsthings__others,buthedoesn’tlendanything__anybody.A.to,fromB.from,toC.from,for21.ThefastestwaytotraveltoShanghaiis_____air.A.inB.byC.onD.to22.OurEnglishteacherwasstanding_____ussothatshecouldhearusallclearly.\n|A.awayfromB.farbehindC.betweenD.among.23.Peterusuallygetsupearly_____themorning.A.onB.inC.atD.of24.Thelittleboysgotoschool______MondaytoSaturday.A.onB.fromC.toD.of25.Youmustrideyourbike________therightsideoftheroad.A.atB.onC.inD.for26.Thepolicemanhelpedtheoldwoman_________theroad.A.aboveB.acrossC.throughD.over27.ThewaywelearnEnglishisquitedifferent________thatwelearnmaths.A.fromB.offC.betweenD.with第十三章定语从句一、概念结构及区别1.概念：1）定语从句:在句中修饰名词或代词的句子，在句中充当定语2）先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3）关系词：引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose）和关系副词(where,when,why,)。2.结构：先行词+关系词+句子3.Theman(wholivesnextdoorus)isapoliceman.先行词关系词定语从句4.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别Ihavetwopenswhichareblack.我有两个黑色的钢笔Ihavetwopens,whichareblack.我有两个钢笔，它们是黑色的形式不同；非限定性定语从句从句有逗号翻译不同：限定性定语从句翻译在先行词之前；非限定性定语从句翻译在先行词之后作用不同：限定性定语从句起修饰限制作用；非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用二、关系代词的用法1）如果先行词是表示物的名词或代词，用which/that代替主语或宾语Thisisadreamwhich/thatwillnevercometrue.（主）Themonkeywhichwaslosthasbeenfound.（主）Thisistheletter（which/that）I’vejustreceived.（宾）\n|2）如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词，关系代词应用who,that(作主语或宾语)whom(作宾语)Thisisthefilmstarwho/thatisverypopularinChina.(主)Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingyesterday?(主)Theboywho(m)I‘mlookingforismyfriend.(宾）Thethiefwhomthepolicecaughtlastnighthasbeensenttoprison.(宾）小结：that－既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。which－指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略.who－指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略,（常用whom）注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词定。3）whose作定语,表示所属关系Theboywhosefatherisapolicemanismyclassmate.注意：只能用that,不用which,常见的情况有六种：1当先行词是all,any,few,little,none,anything,everything,nothing,everybody,nobody,everyone,noone或被它们修饰时。2当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时3当先行词有thevery,theonly,thesame等修饰时4当主句以who或which开头定语从句的关系词用that而不用which或who5当先行词同时包括人或物时，关系词用that.三、关系副词的用法when/where/why1.when作时间状语:when=介词+whichShewillneverforgetthedaywhen(=onwhich)shewasmarried.Itwastheyearwhen(=inwhich)theWorldWarIbrokeout.2.where作地点状语：where=介词+whichIwanttoknowtheplacewhere(=inwhich)Iwasborn.Thetablewhere(=atwhich)sheissittingisanewone.3.why作原因状语,其先行词常常是thereason.why=forwhichThatisthereasonwhy(=forwhich)I’mlate.Iknowthereasonwhyhesaidit.四、练习题1.Johnistheboy___legswerebadlyhurtintheaccident.A.whoseB.thatC.whoD.which2.Thefirstthing________mybrotherisgoingtodothisafternoonistowritealetter.A.whichB.thatC.whyD.who3.—Doyouknowthegirl_____istalkingtoourEnglishteacher?—Yes.She'smysister.A.whoB.whomC.whichD.Whose4.—Haveyouseenawoman_____hatispink?\n|—Sorry.Ididn’tnoticethat.A.thatB.whatC.whoseD.who5.Janeisoneofthestudentsintheclass_______haveeverbeentoChina.A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.whom6.----Doyouknowtheman_______isreadingthebookoverthere?----Yes,he’sMr.Green,ourPEteacher.A.whichB.whatC.whomD.who7.Thepeople_____helpedusbuildourhometownarefromBeijing.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.where8.Thestudentsinthehighergrades_______Imetinafootballgamearemygoodfriendsnow.A.whenB.whichC.whoD.where9.---Whatareyoulookingfor?---I’mlookingforthebook____youlentmeyesterday.A.thatB.whoC.whoseD.who10.—Whoisyournewheadteacherthissemester?—Thewoman_______iswearingaredskirt.A.whomB.whoC.whoseD.which11.Jimdislikespeople________talkmuchbutneverdoanything.A.whomB.whenC.whoseD.who12.Wearetryingtohelpthosechildren____losttheirparentsinWenChuan.A.WhichB.whenC.whoD.whose13.Doyouknowthegirl______issingingintheclassroom?A.whoB.whichC.whenD.whose14.Friendsarethose_____makeyousmile，alwaysopentheirheartstoyouandencourageyoutosucceed.AwhichBwhatCwhomDwho15.—Thevillage_____Ivisitedlastyearhaschangedalot.—Really?Ihopetogothereonday.A.whichB.whoC.whenDwhere16.Thisismybeautifulschool_______isnearthefamouslibrary.A.whereB.whichC.whoD.when17.---Doyouknowtheboy_______issittingnexttoPeter?---Yes.HeisPeter’sfriend.Theyarecelebratinghistenthbirthday.A.whoB.thatC./D.which18.TheTVplayisaboutatruestory______happenedinMianyangin1998.A.itB.whatC.thatD.when19.——Idon’tknowyourbrother.—Oh.Theman______cametoseemeyesterdayismybrother.A.whoB.whoseC.whereD.whom20.Istillrememberthepark______wefirstvisit.\n|A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when21.Mygrandparentsliketoliveinahouse_____isnotverybigbutbrightandcomfortable.A.thatB.whoC.whatD.whose22.All______youmustdonowistolendustendollars,becausewehaven‘tbroughtanymoneywithusatthemoment.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.things23.Thisisthemodernhotel______theguestscanenjoythemostcomfortablethings.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.inthat24.Icantellyou______hetoldmelastweek.A.allwhichB.allwhatC.thatallD.allthat25.Thisisthebiggestlab_____wehaveeverbuiltinouruniversity.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.where26.Air,______webreatheeveryday,isaroundusallthetime.A.thatB./C.whichD.it27.Weoftenthinkofthedays_____wespenttogetherontheisland.A.whenB.whichC.thatD.who28.Isitinthatfactory____“RedFlag”carsaremade?A.whoB.whereC.thatD.which29.Thereason______hedidn’tcomewas______hewasinjured.A.that,becauseB.why,thatC.why,becauseD.that,that30.Thefactory______Iamgoingtoistheplace______mymotherusedtoworkmanyyearsago.A.where,whereB.where,whichC.which,whereD.that,which第十四章状语从句一、时间状语从句引导词：when/while/as(当…时)、before（在…之前）、after（在…之后）、until（直到…才）、since（自从）、assoonas（一…就）(1)When①主句中的动作先于从句中的动作发生，且进行的时间较长时，主句用过去进行时（从句常用一般过去时）Eg:Iwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenmymothercamein.Wewerereadingwhentheteachercamein.②从句中的动作先于主句中的动作发生，且进行的时间较长时，从句用过去进行时（主句用一般过去时）Eg:Whenthestudentswerehavingameeting,theteachercamein.③主句动作和从句动作都已完成，主句动作发生在前，可用过去完成时；从句动作发生在后，用一般过去时Eg：Whentheygottothecinemathefilmhadbeenonfiveminutes.(2)While1.\n|主从句动作开始的时间不存在先后关系（即同时发生）或无所谓先后时，主从句同时使用过去进行时，由while引导Eg：MymotherwascookingwhileIwasdoingmyhomeworklastnight.2.when和while表为“当…的时候”时，when引导的从句谓语可以是瞬间动词或延续性动词；while引导的从句谓语必须是延续性动词Eg：Thetrainhadjustleftwhenwearrivedatthestation.arrive是瞬间动词。Imadesomeforeignfriendswhen/whileIwasinLondon.(3)before.在...之前。表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。Eg：Takethemedicinebeforeyougotobed.(4)after在…之后。表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。Eg:Afterhehadfinishedhiscomposition,heleftisoffice.(5)assoonas一…就。从句的动作发生，主句的动作随即发生（主将从现）Eg:IwillringyouassoonasIgetthere.即当主句时态是过去时，从句的时态也用过去时Eg:ItriedtocallyouassoonasIheardfromyou,butyouwerenotin.（6）since1.主句（现在完成时）+since+从句（一般过去时）Eg：HehasworkedinthisschoolsincehegraduatedfromPekinguniversity.2.Itis+时间+since+从句（一般过去时）Ithasbeen+时间+since+从句（一般过去时）Eg:ItistenyearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish.Eg:Ithasbeen8yearssinceIstudiedEnglish.3.since从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的动词，译为否定；瞬间动词译为肯定。Eg：Itisfiveyearssincehejoinedthearmy.(瞬间)Ithasbeentwoyearssincemyfathersmoked.(7)until/till1.主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句用肯定形式，表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until/till所表示的时间为止。Eg:I’llwaitforyoutillyoucometoseeme.2.当主句是否定句时，主句谓语动词应是瞬间动词主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前构成句式：not……until有时不用not，而用never（hardly）、nothing（none）等表示否定的词Eg:Ididn’tgotobeduntilIfinishedmyhomework.Iwon’tleavemyofficeuntilmyworkisfinished.练习题：1.Hardlyhadhereachedtheschoolgate_____thebellrang.A.whileB.whenC.asD.assoonas 2.Weweretoldthatweshouldfollowthemainroad_____wereachedthecentralrailwaystation.A.whenever   B.until  C.while   D.wherever3.Irecognizedyou________Isawyouattheairport.A.themomentB.whileC.afterD.once4.Hewasabouttogotobed___thedoorbellrang.A.whileB.asC.beforeD.when5._____JohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.A.AsB.AssoonasC.WhileD.Till6.Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard(果园)_____theysawtheguard.\n|A.themomentB.afterC.beforeD.as7.NosoonerhadIarrivedhome_____itbegantorain.A.whenB.whileC.asD.than二、条件状语从句引导词：if（如果）、aslongas（只要）、unless（除非）⑴if主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时I’llvisittheGreatWallifitdoesn’traintomorrow.⑵如果if引导的条件状语从句所表示的前提或条件将来可以实现或正在进行。动词要用现在完成时或进行时。主句通常用将来时Wewillgiveyouagoodpriceifyouarethinkingofbuyingit.⑶“祈使句and/or引导的结果状语从句”中，祈使句在意义上相当于一个条件状语从句Hurryup、orelse/otherwiseyou’llbelateUseyourhead,andyou’llfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhand,you’llfindaway.在下列情况下，if引导的条件状语从句必须用一般现在时：①主句时态是一般将来时；②主句中有情态动词can、may、must、hadbetter等；③主句是祈使句Lucymayfallbehindherclassmatesifshedoesn’tstudyhard.Pleasecallmeifmanycomestomorrow.Ifyoustillhaveanyotherquestions,pleaseputupyourhands.练习题：1.Studyhard，andyou’llmakegreatprogress.(改成同义句)2.Studyhard，oryouwillfallbehindtheothers.3.—Idon’tknowifit_____tomorrow。——Wewon’tgohikingifit_____tomorrow.A.willrain；willrainB.rains；rainsC.willrain；rainsD.rains；willrainif从句和so从句的混用1.IfKategoestothecinema，__________A.sodoesTomB.sowillTomC.neitherwillTomD.neitherdoes2.——Iwonderifyourwifewillgohiking.——Ifyourwife_____,so___.A.does；doessheB.will；willmineC.does；willmineD.will；willher3.IfJimdoesn’tgoswimmingtomorrow____.A.sodoesTomB.sowillTomC.neitherwillTomD.neitherdoesTom三、原因状语从句Because（原因）since（既然）as（由于）for（由于）(1).Because原因状语从句通常用because、since、as引导，这三个词所表示的语气由because到as逐渐减弱。由why提出的问题用because来回答Because表示原因语气最强，经常表示作者未知的原因——Whyareyoulate？——BecauseI’mill.又可以在强调句型中成为被强调的部分\n|Itisbecauseyouarelazythatyouhavelostthejob.正因为你懒惰才失去了工作⑵since次于because引导的从句，常表示稍加分析后推断出来的原因或指的是人们已知的事实Sincenooneisagainstit,let’scarryouttheplan.Sinceyoucan’tanswerthequestion,youcanasksomeoneforhelp.⑶as语气最弱，其原因只是对结果的附带说明，可以放在主句前或主句后You’dbetterwearstrongshoesaswe’lldoalotofwalking.※because表为“因为”，强调未知原因，是句中较重要的部分，它用来回答why的提问，because从句放在主句之后since、as意思是“既然、由于”，表示显而易见的原因，是句中不甚重要的部分，更强调结果。Since、as引导的从句常放在主句之前。Since比as正式，再者都不能回答why的提问※asaresultof(因为)、becauseof（因为）、thanksto（多亏、由于）Thankstothegoodweatherthisspring,thecropsaregrowingquitewell.Thesportsmeetingwasputoffbecausetheweatherwasbad.⑷for属并列连词，但不是说明直接原因，而是对某种情况加以推断，用于表示补充说明理由Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.Thedaysareshort,foritisnowDecember.1.Hedidn’tgotoschool______hewasill.2.Hewasangry______wemadeanoise.3.______waterisveryimportanttous,weshouldprotectourriversandlakes.4._________youarenotfeelingwell，you’dbetterstayathome.5._________itwasraininghard，wehadtobeindoors.6.AfterschoolIfoundmotherwassickinbed.________motherwasill，Ishoulddosomethingforher.四、目的状语从句⑴sothat(以便、为了)、inorderthat(为了)等谓语中常含有may、might、can、could、will、would等情态动词①Hemustgetupearlysothathecancatchthefirstbus.②IsitinthefrontoftheclassroomsothatIcanseeclearly.⑵当补句主语与主句一致时，可用soasto,inordertoHeworkeddayandnightinorderthathecouldsucceed.=Heworkeddayandnightinordertosucceed.五、结果状语从句So…that/such…that如此…以至于;sothat结果是⑴sothat引导的目的状语从句与sothat引导的结果状语从句目的状语从句一般使用情态动词；结果状语从句一般不使用情态动词目的状语从句只能放在句末;结果状语从句常常用逗号与主句分开I’llwashthedresssoonsothatyoucanwearittomorrow.（目的状语从句）Theroofhadfallenin,sothatthehutwasoutofuse.（结果状语从句）⑵so…that与such…that区别\n|aso…that句型中，so是副词，其后接形容词或副词so+adj./adv+thatso+adj.+a/an+单数名词+thatsomany/much/few/little(少)+名词1.Sheissolovelyagirlthatweloveherverymuch.2.It’ssohotthatnobodywantstogoout.3.Wehavesomuchtimethatwecanfinishtheworkverywell.bSuch+a/an+形+单数名词+thatSuch+形容词+复数名词+thatSuch+形容词+不可数名词+thatSheissuchanhonestwomenthateverybodytrusther.ItissuchniceweatherthatIdon’tliketostayathome.Sheissuchalovelygirlthatweloveherverymuch.cSo…that句型的否定形式可用“too…to…”或“not…enoughto”代替Heissoyoungthathecan’tgotoschool.=Heistooyoungtogotoschool.=Heisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.他太小了以至于不能去上学六、让步状语从句引导词：though/although(尽管、虽然)、evenif（即使）、whatever（无论什么）、wherever（无论哪里）、whenever(无论何时)、eventhough（即使）1.though/although虽然、尽管例：Though/althoughitwasveryhot,hekeptonworking.①注意though与although语义相同，两者可换用。但although比though语气重，主句中可以用yet，still，nevertheless与其呼应，但不可使用but例：ThoughIbelieveit,yetImustconsider.though可作副词，放在句末，意为“不过，但是”，although无此用法Hesaidhewouldhelpme；hedidn’tthough.他说他会帮我的，但是他并没有帮我③在短语eventhough及asthough中不可换用although2.eventhough和evenif“尽管”“即使”这两个复合连词意义相同，常用以强调让步概念，会有退一步想的意思（有时用于虚拟语气）例：We’llmakeatripevenif/thoughtheweatherisbad.即使天气很糟糕，我们要去旅行例：EvenifIwereinyourplace,Iwouldn’ttakethejob.即使我在你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作（虚拟语气）例：Hewillcomeevenifheisill.即使他病了他也会来例：Iwon’tgiveupevenifIshouldfailtentimes.即使失败十次，我也不会放弃。3.whoever/nomatterwho(无论谁，不管什么人)、whatever/nomatterwhat(无论什么、不管什么样的)、whichever/nomatterwhich(无论哪个)、Whomever=nomatterwhom(无论谁、宾格)例：Whoever/nomatterwhoyouare，youmustobeythelaw.无论你是谁，你都得守法。\n|例：Don’tloseheart,whatever/nomatterwhathappens.不管发生什么都不要气馁。七、地点状语从句引导词：where(…的地方)、wherever（无论哪里）Wemustcampwherewecangetwater.Iwillfollowyouwheneveryougo.Youarefreetogowhereveryoulike.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.Sitwhereveryoulike.注：where与wherever区别Wherever=to/atanyplacewhereI’llgowherehewent.I’llgowhereverhegoes.地点状语从句与定语从句的区别Where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点作先行词；而状语从句前则无先行词Gobackwhereyoucomefrom。Gobacktothevillagewhereyoucamefrom。1.Afterthewar，anewschoolbuildingwasputup_____therehadoncebeenatheatre.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when2.Theclasswentonwiththestory_____theyhadleftitbeforetheholiday.A.whereB.whichC.inwhichD.when3.---Don’tlookdownuponBob.Hehashisownadvantages.---Oh,yes.____othersareweak,heisstrong.A.IfB.WhenC.WhereD.Though4.________heis,hewillbethinkingofyou.A.WhereverB.WhereC.NowthatD.Assoonas5.Alltheneighboradmirethisfamily____theparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend.A.whyB.whereC.whichD.that6.You’dbetternotleavethemedicine______kidscangetatit.A.evenifB.whichC.whereD.sothat八、比较状语从句引导词：than（比…）、as….as…(和…一样)、notas/so…as(不如…)、themore….themore….(越….越…..)Shestudiesharderthanheis.Theprojectwascompletedearlierthanwehadexpected.Themoreyoueat，thefatteryouwillbe。九、方式状语从句引导词：as（按照、像…一样、正如…..）Asif/asthough(好像、正如)I’lldoitasyoutellme.(按照)Everystudentdidastheteachersaid.Justaswateristofish,soairistoman.Wearetothemwhatfishistowater.Readingistomindwhatfoodistothebody.asif/asthough引导的从句若与事实相反用虚拟语气；若与事实相符不用虚拟语气。Shelooksasifshe’sgoingtocry.Irememberitasifitwereyesterday.\n|Ourteachertreatsusasthoughwewereherchildren.十、练习题1.Theplayerskeptontraining__itrainedheavily.A.sinceB.thoughC.becauseD.for2.—Dad,I'mafraidthatIcan'tdoit.—Takeiteasy,dear.You'llneverknowit____youtry.A.afterB.sinceC.whenD.until3.MrLididn’tcometoschool_____hewasill.A.butB.becauseC.andD.or4.Whydon’tyoulookupthenewwordinadictionary______youdon’tknowit?A.ifB.thatC.thoughD.whether5.Hedidn’tgotobed__hefinishedhishomework.A.whenB.ifC.thatD.until6.Benwasunhappy___hegotaCinthemathtest.A.becauseB.beforeC.ifD.when7.Itisknowntoallthat____youexerciseregularly,youwon’tstayingoodhealth.A.unlessB.ifC.untilD.as8.Youcan’tgooutandplay_____you’vedoneyourhomework.A.whenB.sinceC.whileD.until9.—Whyhasn’tMr.Licometoworktoday?—______hehasgonetoBeijingtohaveameeting.A.IfB.AfterC.BeforeD.Because10.Kateis____busy____shecan’thaveapicnicwithusthisweekend.A.too;toB.so;thatC.such;thatD.so;as11.UncleWanggaveallhissavingtotheHopeSchool____hehimselfwasnotrich.A.becauseB.thoughC.ifD.or12.Weweresoexcitedthatwerushedintothestreet____weheardthenews.A.untilB.eversinceC.asifD.assoonas