初中英语语法总复习 30页

初中语法复习Ⅰ词类。词类英语名称意义例词名词TheNoun(缩写为n)表示人或事物的名称basket,mouth,hospital,year,train冠词TheArticle(art)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a,an,the代词ThePronoun(pron)用来代替名词、形容词或数词they,his,him,mine,which,all形容词TheAdjective(adj)用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征long,empty,heavy,different,cheap,hungry数词TheNumeral(num)表示数量或顺序three,thirteen,twenty,second动词TheVerb(v)表示动作或状态hear,write,swim,eat,borrow,sing副词TheAdverb(adv)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词quickly,early,out,soon,then,sometimes介词ThePreposition(prep)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系from,with,at,into,behind,between,for连词TheConjunction(conj)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句and,or,but,so,because感叹词TheInterjection(interj)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感oh,hey,ouch,well,there,dear（一）名词：专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如China,John,London,theUSA,Harbin.个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如boat,chair,desk,apple.集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family,people,class,police.可数名词30\n普通名词物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如water,air,tea,sea,money,cotton.抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如health,help,work,friendship.不可数名词2．名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。3．名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。（二）冠词1．定冠词－the.特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。Thestudentsareverygood.说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Whereisthetoilet?重复提到上文的人或事物。Ihaveacat,thecatiswhiteandblack.表示世界上独一无二的事物。Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。Iamtheoldest.Heisthefirsttoschool.Iliveinthesouth.乐器的名称前常用定冠词－the。Ilikeplayingthepiano/violin.和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。Weshouldhelpthepoor.放在某些专有名词前。WewillgotovisittheGreatWallnextweek.thepeople’sRepublicofChina.放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。TheWhitesarewatchingTV.固定词组中。Inthemorning/afternoon/evening.2．不定冠词－a/an.30\n指人或事物的某一种类。Ahorseisausefulanimal.Atablehasfourlegs.指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Passmeapencil,please.Wewritewithapen.指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。Thebookwaswrittenbyapeasant.Lastmonthwewereworkinginafactory.不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。Hereisaletterforyou.Themeatis18yuanakilo.3．零冠词。泛指人类或男女。Manwillconquernature.抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledgebeginswithpractice.有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义，其前面也常不加冠词。Wehadbettersendhimtohospitalatonce.在专有名词前一般不用冠词。Chinaisagreatcountry.MrSmithisanartist.在三餐饭何球类运动名称之前不用冠词。Heoftengoesoutforawalkaftersupper.SometimesIplaybasketball.在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。October10thisTeachers’Day.称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Grannyissleepingnow.Wecallhimmonitor.在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。Thisishisbook.IcanspeakEnglish.不用冠词的惯用语。Atnight/onfood/gototown/athome/inclass/atwork等。30\n（三）形容词1．形容词的构成。简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good,long,green,large,bright,interesting,surprised,learned,developing,sleeping.复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute,second-hand,500-word,8-year-old,three-legged,round-trip,part-time,good-looking.2．形容词的用法。修饰名词作定语。Sheisabeautifulgirl.作表语。Heisverystrong.作宾语补足语。Letthedooropen.Youmustkeepyourclassroomclean.“定冠词＋形容词”表示一类人或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。Weshouldspeaktotheoldpolitely.大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。如：asleep,ill,awake等。有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如：many,little,wooden,golden等。3．形容词的位置。形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。Aheavybox.与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3metrelong.12kilometeraway.与不定代词something,anything,everything,nothing等连用时，可以放在这些词之后。Somethingimportant.nothing30\nserious.当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列：冠词（包括物主代词、序数词、基数词）－描述形容词（brave,beautiful）－表示形状（大小、长短、高矮）的形容词－表示年龄或新旧的形容词－表示颜色的形容词－表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词－表示材料、物质的形容词－表示用途或类别的形容词－被修饰的词。Mynicesmallbrownleatherbag.thoselargeroundblackwoodentables.4．形容词的比较级和最高级。（一般加er/est，不规则见表）原级的用法：“……和……相同”A．肯定句：A＋动词＋as＋形容词原级＋as＋B.Heisastallasme.B．否定句：A…＋notas＋形容词原级＋as＋B（即A不如B那么…）A…＋notso＋形容词原级＋as＋B=A…+less+形容词原级＋than+B.比较级的用法：A．A＋动词＋形容词的比较级＋than＋B.（A比B更…，在这种句型中，比较级前面可用much,even,still,alittle,abit,alot,any,far等修饰，表示“…得多”，“甚至…”，“更…”，“…一点儿”。B．“比较级＋and＋比较级”、“moreandmore＋部分双音节或多音节的原级”译为“越来越…”。最高级的用法：（个体用－of，范围用－in，最高级前面要用定冠词－the）A．三种最高级表示法。最高级：ShanghaiisthelargestcityinChina.比较级：ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina./ShanghaiislargerthantheothercitiesinChina.原级：NoothercityisaslargeasShanghaiinChina./NoothercityislargerthanShanghaiinChina.（四）副词1．副词的种类：时间副词：often,always,usually,early,ago,already,before,ever,late,now,soon,since,tomorrow,just30\nnow…地点副词：here,there,above,below,outside,anywhere,back,down,home,out,everywhere…方式副词：hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,angrily,simply,carefully…程度副词：very,quite,much,still,almost,little,too,enough…疑问副词：how,when,where,why…关系副词：when,where,why…（引导定语从句）连接副词：how,when,where,why,whether…频率副词：often,seldom,usually,never,sometimes,everyday,always,hardly…其他副词：really,certainly,surely,maybe…2．副词的用法：作状语：Hecanfinishtheworkeasily.作定语（要后置）：ThestudentsherearefromHarbin.作表语：Imustbeoffnow.作宾补，构成复合宾语：Showhimup.Isawhimoutwithmysisterlastnight.3．副词的比较级和最高级。（一般加er/est,不规则见表）副词的原级：30\nA．as+副词的原级+as“与…一样”B．notas(so)+副词的原级+as“与…不一样”C．too+副词的原级+todosth.“太…而不能”D．so+副词的原级+that从句“如此…以致于…”E．副词的原级+enoughtodosth.“足够…能做…”副词的比较级：A．A+动词+副词比较级+than+BB．副词比较级前也可以用much,even,still,far,any,alittle,abit,alot等修饰。C．比较级＋and+比较级，表示“越来越…”，themore…themore…表示“越…就越…”D．副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词the.（五）数词1．基数词：1－1213－1920－90100－1one13thirteen20twenty100ahundred2two14fourteen21twenty-one300threehundred3three15fifteen22twenty-two1,000athousand4four16sixteen30thirty5,000fivethousand5five17seventeen40forty1,000,000amillion6six18eighteen50fifty1,000,000,000abillion7seven19nineteen60sixty8eight70seventy9nine80eighty10ten90ninety11eleven12twelve2．序数词：1-1011-1920-90100-30\n1first1st11eleventh11th20twentieth20th100onehundredth100th2second2nd12twelfth12th21twenty-first21st103onehundredandthird103rd3third3rd13thirteenth13th30thirtieth30th134onehundredandthirty-fourth134th4fourth4th14fourteenth14th37thirty-seventh37th200twohundredth200th5fifth5th15fifteenth15th40fortieth40th1000onethousandth1,000th6sixth6th16sixteenth16th50fiftieth50th1,000,000onemillionth1,000,000th7seventh7th17seventeenth17th60sixtieth60th1,000,000,000onebillionth1,000,000,000th8eighth8th18eighteenth18th70seventieth70th9ninth9th19nineteenth19th80eightieth80th10tenth10th90ninetieth90th作主语：Thefirstisbetterthanthesecond.作宾语：Hewasamongthefirsttoarrive.作表语：Heisthefirsttocometoschool.作定语：Theninthletteroftheword“restaurant”is“n”./Therearethreethousandworkersinthefactory.（六）代词类别作用例词例句人称代词代替人或事物，主格作主语，宾客作宾语数格人称单数复数Iamateacher.Theyarestudents.30\nWealllikehim.Hegavethebooktome.一二三一二三主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimhetusyouthem物主代词形容词性只作定语，名词性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属关系词义类型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的Mybookisthere.Herfatherisaworker.Thisbikeisyours,oursisbroken.形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词起强调作用，只作同位语和宾语数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称Weourselvesdidthework.Hedidtheworkbyhimself.单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves相互代词表示相互关系，作宾语宾格所有格Weshouldhelpeachother.Pleasecorrecteachother’smistakes.eachother（两者相互）eachother’s（相互的）oneanother（三者或三者以上）oneanother’s（相互的）指示代词起指示作用，作定语、主语、宾语、表语等This,that,these,those,it,such,sameTakethisbooktohisroom.Mypointisthis.不定代词代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物some,any,no,none,many,few,little,all,both,every,one,either,neither,other,afew,alittle,another,somebody,nobody,nothing,eachIhavesomethingtotellyou.Neitheranswerisright.疑问代词表示疑问，构成特殊问句who,what,whose,which,whomWhomdidyousee?关系代词引导定语从句which,that,who,whom,whoseThebookthatIlostwasnew.30\n连接代词引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）what,who,thatIknowwhatyouaredoing.That’swhatIhope.（七）动词类别意义例子例句行为动词含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。及物动词后面一定接宾语Open,visit,hear…HevisitedGaozhouyesterday.不及物动词后面可以不接宾语Laugh,cry,live…HelivesinBeijing.连系动词（linkv）本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。Be,become,grow,get,turn,look,sound,smell,taste,feel,seem…Themeatsmellsbad.Heisastudent.助动词（v.aux.）本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式Do,does,did,am,is,are,have,has,had,shall,will,should,would…Hedoesn’tspeakEnglish.Weareplayingfootball.HehadgonetoBeijing.情态动词（ModalVerbs）本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。Can,may,must,should,need,dear,shall,will,haveto…ShecanspeakEnglish.MayIspeaktoAnn,please、Wemustgonow.注：动词（除情态动词，只有原形和过去式）有原形、第三人称单数、动词－ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。（八）介词1．介词的种类：简单介词：in,at,of,from,since,around,to…合成介词：onto,into,without,upon,within…30\n短语介词：becauseof,infrontof,accordingto…分词介词：regarding,following,concerning…2．介词短语在句子中的作用：作定语。Iknowtheanswertothequestion.作状语。Thechildrenareplayingbasketballintheplayground.作表语。Mikeisintheclassroom.作宾语补足语。Hefoundhimselfinthemiddleoftheriver.作主语补足语。Tomwasseeninsidethecinema.3．常用介词的基本用法：表示时间的介词（at,in,on,for,since,after,by,during,before,from,to,until,within…）表示位置，方位的介词（in,at,on,to…）表示交通方式的常用介词（by,on,in…）其他一些词组搭配介词（beangrywith/at/aboutsb/sth.bestrictwith/in/sb/sth…）（九）连词1．并列连词：表联合关系连词。（and,or,but,for,notonly…butalso,aswellas,both…and…,neither…nor.）30\n转折连词。（but,while,yet,however.）选择连词。（or,orelse,either…or…,otherwise.）2．从属连词：引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用，主要有三个：that,whether,if.Ihearthatheisastudent.引导状语从句的从属连词：A．连接时间状语从句：when,before,after,while,assoonas,since,until,as,whenever,eversince…B．连接让步状语从句：although,though,evenif,however…C．连接原因状语从句：as,because,since,nowthat,for…D．连接目的状语从句：that,sothat,inorderthat…E．连接条件状语从句：if,unless,once,incase…F．连接结果状语从句：so…that,such…that…G．连接方式状语从句：as,asif,asthough…H．连接地点状语从句：where.I．连接比较状语从句：as,as…as,notas/so…as,than…（十）非谓语动词1．定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。2．动词不定式：to＋动词原形（在某些情况下可以不带to）。（没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以有时态和语态的变化）一般式：主动语态：todo,被动语态：tobe+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)进行式：主动语态：tobedoing,被动语态：无(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)30\n完成式：主动语态：tohave+动词过去分词，被动语态：tohavebeen+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生)用法：A．作主语：Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.=It’snoteasytolearnaforeignlanguage.B．作表语：Themostimportantthingistofinishtheworkontime.C．作宾语：a.动词＋todo.Hedecidedtobuyanewwatch.(agree,choose,want,hope,like,wish,learn,love,plan,try,start,afford…)b.动词＋疑问词＋todoIdon’tknowwheretoputthebike.c.动词＋形式宾语(it)＋宾补＋todoIfinditimportanttolearnasecondforeignlanguage.D．作补语：a.动词＋宾语＋todoTomaskedmetoshowhimthenewshoes.(tell,wish,ask,want,like,beg,invite,allow,encourage…)b.动词＋宾语＋不带to的动词HeoftensawTomplayfootball.(see,hear,feel,watch,notice,have,make,let…)E．作状语：a.表示目的：HewenttoGuangzhoutoseehissons.Hegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.b.表示结果：Heistootiredtowalkanyfarther.Theyaren’toldenoughtogotoschool.c.表示原因：Heissorrytohearthat.Iamgladtoseeyou.F．作定语：Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Iwanttobuysomethingtoeat.动词不定式to的省略：A．在感官动词feel,hear,see,watch,notice及使役动词have,let,make等后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。Ioftensawhimgooutoftheroom.--------Hewasoftenseentogooutoftheroombyme.B．在hadbetter,wouldrather,donothingbut等后面常省to。30\n动词不定式的否定形式：not+todo，有时也可以用－never+todo结构。3．动名词：动词原形＋ing。具有名词、动词一些特征。一般式：主动语态：doing，被动语态：being+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)完成式：主动语态：having+动词过去分词，被动语态：havingbeen+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生）Childrenenjoywatchinganimatedcartoon.Idon’trememberhavingeverseenthefilm.动名词的否定形式：not+动名词（v-ing）Iregretnotbeingabletohelpyou.用法：A．作主语：a.动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。LearningEnglishisveryimportant.---It’sveryimportanttolearnEnglish.b.No+动名词表示“禁止”。Nosmoking,Noparking.B．作宾语：Hefinisheddoinghishomework.C．作表语：Hisfavouritesportisplayingbasketball.D．作定语：shoppingbasket,finishingline.（表明名词的用途、功能等）E．动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词＋动名词。Doyoumindmy/WeiFang’sopeningthewindow?4．分词：动词原形＋ing。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。（可分为现在分词、过去分词）现在分词一般式：主动语态：doing，被动语态：being+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)完成式：主动语态：having+动词过去分词，被动语态：havingbeen+动词过去分词30\n（表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生）动名词的否定形式：not+动名词（v-ing）Nounderstandingthemeaningofthewords,hecouldn’texplainthesentence.用法：A．作表语。Theresultissurprising.B．作定语。Developingcountry(主谓关系)sleepingboy(boy所做的动作)C．作状语。Passingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.=whenhewaspassingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.D．作宾补。Ifoundhimlyingonthegrass.过去分词形式：规则动词＋ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。过去分词的否定形式：not+动词过去分词。用法：A．作表语：Mybikeisbroken.Heisveryworried.B．作定语：developedcountry,fallenleaves,spokenEnglish.C．作状语：Askedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill.=Whenhewasaskedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill.D．作宾补：Youhadbetterhaveyourshoesmended.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.（十一）动词的语态1．语态定义：英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。WeteachEnglishinourschool.(主动)Englishistaughtinourschool.（被动）30\n1．被动语态：助动词Be+及物动词的过去分词（be+p.p.），be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：时态谓语动词的形式例子一般现在时Am/is/are+动词过去分词ColourTVsaremadeinthefactory.一般过去时Was/were+动词过去分词Myhometownwasliberatedin1949.一般将来时Shall/will+be+动词过去分词Thefilmwillbeshownagain.现在进行时Am/is/are+being+动词过去分词Thewallsarebeingpainted.过去进行时Was/were+being动词过去分词Theticketswerebeingwellsoldthen.现在完成时Has/have+been+动词过去分词Anewroadhasbeenbuilthere.时态谓语动词的形式例子过去完成时Had+been+动词过去分词Muchhadbeendonebeforemothercameback.含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词＋be＋动词过去分词Thecompositionmustbehandedintoday.2．被动语态中值得注意的问题：带有双宾语的动词，可以把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。Myfathergavemeabook./Iwasgivenabookbymyfather./Abookwasgiventomebymyfather.英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。Theclothwasheswell./Thiskindofbagssellswell./Theshoeswearlong./Theknifecutswell./Thepenwritessmoothly./Thiscoatlastslong.在英语中有时“be+V-ed”结构并不是被动语态，而是系表结构。Themountainswerecoveredwithsnow.在“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构中，要补留宾语补足语。Wefoundthedoorbroken./Thedoorwasfoundbroken.宾语补足语为省to的不定式，变为被动语态后，要还原to。Hemademelaugh./Iwasmadetolaugh.如果短语动词是及物动词时，可以用被动语态，但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。Thenurselookedafterthebaby./The30\nbabywaslookedafterbythenurse./Wemustmakeupforthelessonswemissed./Thelessonswemissedmustbemadeupfor.下列情况不能用被动语态：A．不及物动词：Theaccidenthappenedonabusyroadyesterday.B．连系动词：Thegirllookslikehersister.C．宾语为反身代词：Healwaysdresseshimselfneatly.D．宾语为相互代词：Thestudentsoftenhelpeachother.E．同源宾语：Atthattime,theylivedahappylife.F．表示状态的及物动词：Ihaveanewcar./Thebookcostme30yuan.（十二）动词的时态：时态表示内容谓语动词的构成常用的时间状语例句一般现在时现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态动词原形（包括第三人称单数形式＋s/es）often、usually、always、sometimes、everyday、inthemorning(afternoon…)等Heisoftenlateforschool.Sheusuallygoestoworkonfoot.一般将来时将要发生的动作或存在的状态shall/will+动词原形am/is/aregoingto+动词原形am/is/areto+动词原形am/is/areaboutto+动词原形am/is/are+动词－ingtomorrow、nextweek、thismonth、inanhour、thedayaftertomorrow等HewillgotoShanghainextweek.Iamgoingtobuyabooktomorrow.Theyaretoseeafilminahour.Sheisabouttomendthebikelater.IamflyingtoGuangzhounextweek.一般过去时过去发生的动作或存在的状态动词过去式（一般＋ed,特殊见课本不规则表）yesterday、lastweek、threedaysago、before、thedaybeforeyesterday等Ifinishedmyhomeworkyesterday.HewenttoGaozhouthree30\ndaysago.现在进行时现在正在进行的动作am/is/are+动词现在分词now、It’ssixo’clock.也可用look、listen等词提示Theyaredoingtheirhomeworknow.Look!Theboyisplayingbasketball.过去进行时过去某个时刻正在进行的动作was/were+动词现在分词atsixyesterdaymorning、thistimeyesterday、也可用when等引导的从句Iwassleepingat11lastnight.Theywerecookingwhenthebellrang.现在完成时动作发生在过去，已结束，对现在有影响；或者开始在过去一直持续到现在的动作。have/has+动词过去分词（一般＋ed,特殊见课本不规则表）already、ever、never、justforthreedays、since1998、bytheendofthisterm、yet等Ihavealreadyfinishedmywork.Hehasn’tfoundoutwhobrokethedoor.过去完成时过去某个时间之前已经完成了的动作had+动词过去分词Bytheendoflastmonth、when、before等引导的从句IhadseenthefilmwhenIwasincollege.Themeetinghadbegunbeforewearrived.过去将来时从过去某个时间看将来发生的动作should/would+动词原形was/weregoingto＋动词原形was/wereto+动词原形was/wereaboutto+动词原形was/were+动词－ing通常在宾语从句中出现，主句为过去时Hesaid(that)hewouldgotoMaomingthenextday.Shetoldme(that)shewasmovingtoFranceintwodays.Ⅱ句子30\n句子的成分1．定义：组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分。句子成分意义例句主语表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。LucyisanAmericangirl.WestudyinNo.1MiddleSchool.谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致WeloveChina./Sheissinging.Mikehopestobeadoctor./Hisparentsarefarmers.表语说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。Herauntisadriver./Areyouready?Wewereathomelastnight.句子成分意义例句宾语表示动词、行为的对象，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。Heoftenhelpsme./WestudyEnglishatschool.Didyouseehimyesterday?定语用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的除形容词外，还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。Theblackbikeismine./What’syourname,please?Wehavefourlessonsinthemorning?状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示。Peopleareallworkinghard./Itisverynice.Wehadameetingthisafternoon.宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。这类词有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let等。Hemademeveryangry.Ifindhimagoodboy.句子的种类1．英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。30\nA．陈述句。陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句两种。a．陈述句的肯定式。Ihavealreadypostedthephotos./Theyarestudents./Imustgonow./Hewasreadingabookat8:00lastnight.b．陈述句的否定形式。（1）谓语动词是系动词be,助动词have,will,shall,be或情态动词，只须在其后面加not构成否定句。Sheisn’tastudent./Hehasn’tbeentotheGreatWall./Icannotswim./Youwillnotgotheretomorrow./Theyaren’tsleeping.（2）若谓语动词是实义动词，在实义动词前加上donot，第三人称单数现在时用doesnot，过去时用didnot。Hedidn’tsendmeaninvitation.（3）由具有否定含义的词never,nobody,hardly,little,dislike,seldom,few,too…to等构成的否定句。Notallthebooksinourschoollibrarycanberenewed.B.疑问句。疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。a．一般疑问句：以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始，语调为升调，通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。（1）一般疑问句的基本结构：Be动词(is,am,are,was,were)+主语+表语…？Have动词(表示“有”：have,has,had)+主语+宾语…？情态动词(can,may,must等)+主语+行为动词或be…?助动词(do,does,did)+主语+行为动词…？助动词(shall,will,have,has)+主语+行为动词…？（2）否定形式的疑问句，通常把助动词与not缩写，放在句首。构成回答：Aren’tyouastudent?Yes,Iam.(不，我是)No,Iamnot.(对，我不是)b．特殊疑问句：以疑问代词who,what,whom,whose,which或疑问副词when,where,why,how开头。（1）如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时，其语序如陈述句。Whoisondutytoday?/Whichbookisyours.（2）如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语，用“疑问词＋一般疑问句”形式。Wherehaveyoubeen?30\nc．选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上的情况，供回答者选择，并由or连用，但不能用Yes或no来回答。（1）疑问句＋选择成分1＋or＋选择成分2？Doyouwantcoffeeorcocoa?/AreyouanEnglishmanoranAmerican?（2）特殊问句＋选择答案1＋or＋选择答案2？whorunsfast,Tom,MaryorLilei.d．反意疑问句：陈述部分＋提问部分。（1）◎前肯后否，前否后肯。◎前后人称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes,非事实回答用No.◎前陈述句用降调，后问句用升调；如对前陈述句内容有把握，后问句也可用降调。◎如果前面陈述句中有否定词：hardly,little,few,never,rarely,nothing,none,nobody,not,no等，后面疑问句应该用肯定式。（2）陈述句中有：haveto,hadto,oughtto,usedto,don’t(imperative),somebody/someone,everybody/everyone时，附加疑问句需分别用：don’t,didn’t,shouldn’t,usedn’t/didn’t,will,they等。Mygrandmausedtobeateacher,usedn’t/didn’tshe?Don’tturnontheTVset,willyou?（3）陈述句部分是复合句时，提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。Hewasreadingwhentheteachercamein,wasn’the?（4）在“Ithink(guess,suppose,believe)+宾语从句”中，当主语是第一人称时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致；但若主语不是第一人称时，则附加问句与前面主句一致。Idon’tthinkhecanpasstheexam,canhe?Hebelievedyouhadseenherbefore,didn’the?（5）在含有情态动词must的句子中，若must表示推测，提问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时，用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止时，提问用must。Hemustbetired,isn’the？YoumustgotoGaozhou,needn’t？Youmustn’tsmokehere,mustyou?（6）陈述句部分为祈使句，疑问部分常用willyou(表请求)。注：let’s用shallwe（包括说话人），letus用willyou（不包括说话人）。Haveacupoftea,willyou?Let’sgonow,shallwe?Letusgonow,willyou?e．祈使句：可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等。（省主语，动词用原形）（1）let+第一人称，第三人称＋（not）动词原形。Letmetryagain.（2）动词原形＋其他成分。Listentomecarefully.（3）Don’t(never)+动词原形＋其他成分。Don’tlookoutofthewindow.（4）Do+动词原形＋其他成分。Dogivehimanotherchance.f．感叹句：表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情，句尾用“！”。What修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词。（1）How＋形容词/副词。30\n◎How+形容词＋主＋谓＋···！Howcolditistoday!Howclevertheboyis!◎How＋副词＋主＋谓＋···！Howfastsheruns!Howhardthegirlsareworking!◎How+形容词＋a/an+名词＋主＋谓＋···！Howcleveraboyheis!Howfunnyanelephantitis!（2）What+名词。◎What+a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋主＋谓＋···！Whatafinedayitistoday!Whatanhonestmanhisfatheris!◎What＋形容词＋可数名词复数＋主＋谓＋···！Whattalltreestheyare!Whatgoodstudentstheboysare!◎What＋形容词＋不可数名词＋主＋谓＋···！Whatcoldwateritis!Whatdeliciousmilkitis!句子类型1．从结构上看，英语的句子可分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。2．简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型：型号句型例子1主语＋不及物动词（＋状语）TheFrenchmancoughedbadlyatnight./Thecityliesinavalley.2主语＋连系动词＋表语ThatisamapofChina./Thatpieceofmeatlooksquitegood./Itsoundslikethesingingofrails.3主语＋及物动词＋宾语You’redoingtherightthing./Jacklikestostayathomeandplaybyhimself.4主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语CanyoutellmethewaytotheSummerPalace?/Ittookmeaweektofinishthework.5主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语WecallhimLiMing./Therichmanaskedthesingertocomeuptothesittingroom.6There+be+主语＋状语Therearesomeflowersontheteacher’sdesk./Thereare365daysinayear.3．并列句：由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常用的并列连词有and,but,for,or,nor,so,yet,neither…nor,either…or,still,however,notonly…butalso等。并列句的结构：简单句＋并列词＋简单。Hurryup,oryou’llmisstheearlybus./Welovepeacebutwearenotafraidofwar./Hemustbeill,forhe30\nisabsenttoday.Shehasnotonlyknowledge,butalsoexperience./Hewasill,sohedidn’tgotoschool./Workhard,andyouwillsucceed.4．复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是句子的主体，从句只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。从句可以担任复合句的主语（主语从句）、表语（表语从句）、宾语（宾语从句）、定语（定语从句）、状语（状语从句）。中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。A．状语从句：在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、比较（或方式）和条件等类。时间状语从句：由when,while,as,themoment,theminute,once,whenever,before,after,till(until),since,assoonas等连词引导。主句从句例子一般将来时一般现在时Iwillgooutforawalkifitdoesn’traintomorrow.带有情态动词Youmustlookleftandrightwhenyoucrossthecrossing.祈使句Askhimtogivemeacallassoonashecomesback.过去时的某种时态过去时的某种时态Iwenttobedattenafterthefilmwasover./ThefilmhadbegunwhenIreachedthecinema.Iwasreadingabookwhilehewassingingasong.条件状语从句：由if,unless,solongas,aslongas,incase,ifonly,providedthat等引导。（注：在条件状语从句的将来时态要用现在时和过去时，表示相应的将来时）。I’llshowyouaroundthecityifIamfreetomorrow./IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuythecar.原因状语从句：由because（因为）,as（由于）,since（既然）,for（因为）等引导。Hewasabsentyesterdaybecausehewasill./Asitwasalreadydark,theydecidedtostayinthetownforthenight.目的状语从句：由sothat,that,so,inorderthat,incase等引导。句中常有may,might,can,could,should,30\nwould等情态动词。Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlytrain./Hestudiedhardinorderthathemightsucceed.结果状语从句：由so…that,so,sothat,such…that等。Thefilmissointerestingthateveryonelikestoseeitagain./Nothingmorewasheardofhim,sopeoplethoughtthathewasdead.比较状语从句：由than,as…as,notas(so)…as,the（＋比较级）…the（＋比较级）等引导。Todayisnotaswarmasyesterday./HelistenstotheteachermorecarefullythanI.地点状语从句：由where和wherever等引导。地点状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开；位于句末时则不用逗号。Hefollowsherwherevershegoes.方式状语从句：由as,justas…so,asif等。Asif引导的从句的时态要用过去时（虚语语气）。PleasedoasIdo./Hetellsmethewholethingasifhekneweverything.让步状语从句：由though,although,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever,nomatterwho等引导。Althoughhehasfailedmanytimes,hedoesn’tgiveuptrying.B．宾语从句：由一个句子充当宾语，我们称之为宾语从句。（宾语从句的语序永远是陈述语序）宾语从句的连词。a．如果宾语从句是从陈述句变化而来的，要用连词that来引导，that可以省略。b．如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化而来的，要用连词if或whether.c．如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变化而来的，连词就应该用特殊疑问词（what,when,where…）。宾语从句的时态：主句从句例子30\n任何一种时态一般现在时（表示真理、科学原理、自然现象）Theteachertold/tellsusthattheearthgoesroundthesun.一般现在时任何一种时态Ihearthathewillcomebacknextweek.一般将来时Iwilltellhimthathisfatherranghimupjustnowwhenhecomesback.一般过去时过去时的某种时态IwonderedifTomwouldcomeback./LucyaskedwhetherIhadfinishedmyhomework.宾语从句的人称：人称代词要随合理的逻辑而自然变化。Shesaid,“Iammuchbetterthanbefore.”--------Shesaidthatshewasmuchbetterthanbefore.when和if在引导宾语从句和状语从句中，后面的时态有差别。Idon’tknowwhen(何时)shewillbeback（宾语从句）,butwhen(当…时候)shecomesback,I’llletyouknow（状语从句）.Idon’tknowif(是否)shewillcomeback（宾语从句）,butif(如果)shecomesback,I’llletyouknow（状语从句）.C．定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导从句的关系代词有：who(人，主格),whom(人，宾客),whose(人，所有格),which(物),that(人，物)。引导从句的关系副词有：where(地点),when(时间),why(原因)。Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman./YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo./WewillneverforgetthedaywhenwevisitedGaozhou.主句/先行词从句主句主句/先行词从句主句/先行词从句从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。a．主谓关系：Heaskedtheman(作从句主语)who/thatwassmoking.b．动宾关系：Thenoodles(作从句宾语)that/whichIcookedweredelicious.30\n只能用that的情况：a．先行词为all,any,few,no,some,much,little等修饰。Ihavedonealltheworkthathetoldustodo.b．先行词被序数词修饰。Thatlast/firstquestionthatheaskedmewashardtoanswer.c．先行词同时有人和物。Theyoftentalkaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyremember.d．先行词是everything,anything,nothing,none等不定代词。Irememberedeverythingthattheteacherstaughtmebefore.e．先行词被形容词最高级修饰。ThatisthebestbookthatIhaveread.f．先行词被thevery,theonly,thesame修饰。ItistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.g．先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.h．先行词是指示代词that,one,those,this,another,all等。IsthisschooltheonethatIsawinthepicture?i．主句以who/which开头，定语从句用that。whoisthegirlthatspoketoyoujustnow?/whichisthecarthatwasmadeinChina?只能用which的情况：a．关系代词前有介词。Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.b．先行词本身是that。TheclockisthatwhichIboughtyesterday.c．非限制性定语从句。HisEnglish,whichusedtobeverypoor,isnowexcellent.定语从句在句中作定语，所以在使用时，相当于现在分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式短语，介词短语作后置定语的句子。a．IboughtabookthatwaswrittenbyLuXun.=IboughtabookwrittenbyLuXun.b．Tellthechildrenwhoareplayingbasketballnottodothat.=Tellthechildrenplayingbasketballnottodothat.c．Thehousethatstandsatthecornerwasbuiltin1987.=Thehousestandingatthecornerwasbuiltin1987.d．Wehavenothingthatweshouldfear.=Wehavenothingtofear.30\ne．Thebookthatisonthetableisexpensive.=Thebookonthetableisexpensive.引导词when,where和why可用相应的表示时间（in,on,at,during等）、地点（in,on,at等）和原因（for）的介词＋which表达为介宾结构。a．IstillrememberthedaywhenImetherforthefirsttime.----IstillrememberthedayonwhichImetherforthefirsttime.b．ThatistheplacewhereIwentwhenIwasachild.-----ThatistheplacetowhichIwentwhenIwasachild.c．MayIknowthereasonwhyyouarelate?-----MayIknowthereasonforwhichyouarelate?在定语从句中，不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词。Ijustcan’tfindthebookwhich/thatshelentittome.（×）----Ijustcan’tfindthebookwhich/thatshelenttome.（√）注意下面的变化：a．Thisisthehouse(不作lived的宾语)wherewelivedlastyear.Thisisthehouse(作livedin的宾语)which/thatwelivedinlastyear.b．Thisistheday(不作left的宾语)whenweleftforShenzhen.Thisistheday(作spent的宾语)which/thatwespentinShenzhen.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：a．限制性定语从句：是句中不可缺少的组成部分，没有从句，先行词意思不明确，主句也不完整，从句主句不用逗号分开。b．非限制性定语从句：是主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整，这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开，在非限制性定语从句中，一般不用that。◎LastSundaytheyreachedDalian,whereameetingwastobeheld.◎Shehastwobrothers,whoarebothdoctors.ⅢTherebe句型30\n1．英语“There+be+(not)”结构表示“有（没有）某人或某物”时，there是无词义的引导词，be是谓语动词，它后面的名词是主语，两者再数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。2．肯定句：There+(助动词或情态动词)＋be主语＋地点（时间）状语。Thereisapenonthetable./Therewillbeafootballmatchtomorrow.3．否定句：There+be(助动词或情态动词)＋not（any）(或＋no)+主语…。Therearenotfairiesintheworld./Therewasn’taundergroundinShanghaibefore./Therewon’tbeafootballmatchtomorrow.4．一般疑问句：Be+there+(any)+主语…？/助动词或情态动词＋there+be+(any)+主语…？IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?/Willtherebecloudtomorrow?5．特殊疑问句：疑问词（＋名词）＋be＋there+状语？Howmanyweeksarethereinayear?/Whatisthereonthedesk?/Wherewilltherebeafootballmatchtomorrow?6．如果there+be之后是并列主语，应根据离be最近的名词来选择be的形式。Thereisaappleandtwopearsonthetable./Therearetwopearsandaappleonthetable.7．含有引导词there的句子用seemtobe,happentobe,usedtobe或live等作谓语的结构。Therehappenedtobeanoldfriendofmineintheshop./Thereusedtobeatemplehere.Ⅳ主谓一致1．主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致。主要包括三方面：形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。2．单数名词、不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数；复数名词作主语，谓语用复数；若主语表示单数或整体概念时，谓语应用单数。Timeismoney./Mybookisnew./Ourbooksarethere./Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge./Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.3．有些名词以“s”结尾，但谓用单数。（news,physics,maths,politics等）Mathsisveryimportanttous.4．People,police,youth,cattle等常作复数处理。Theyoutharefullofliving.5．既作单数又是复数的名词，可作单、复数。（sheep,fish,deer,Chinese,Japanese…）Thereisonedeer/aresomedeerinthezoo./ImetaJapaneseinthestreet./TheJapaneseImetinthestreetwerefriendly.6．当主语是两个名词由and连接时，若表示一种事物或一种概念时，谓语用单数。Theteacherandwriteriscoming（同一个人）./Theteacherandthewriterarecoming.(不同人)30\n1．有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时，谓语动词用单数，第二个every或each可省略。Everyboyand(every)girlhasanewbook.2．表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词，一般视为一个整体，谓语用单数。Ahundredmilesisalongdistance.3．有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词，常用复数处理。Thericharegettingricher./Theblindaresittingontheroad.4．Number,population等词可作单数或复数，主要从意思决定。Anumberofbooksarenew./Thenumberofbooksis3,000.ThepopulationofChinaisverylarge./Onethirdofthepopulationhereareworkers.5．当名词后有with,together,like,but,except等介词短语时，谓语随名词的数而变。TomwithhisparentshasbeentoBeijingtwice.6．Each和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待。Eachofushasanapple./Somebodyisusingthephoto.7．What,who,which,any,more,most,all等代词可以是单、复数，主要靠意思决定。Whichisyourroom?/Whichareyourrooms?8．“None或noneof+名词（代词）复数”可作单、复数，若名词为不可数，则谓语只用单数。Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus./Noneofushasgotacamera./Noneofmilkisgood.15．“Either,neither(+of+名（代）词复数”作主语时，通常看作单数。NeitherofushasbeentoHongKong./Eitheransweriswrong.16．“manya+单数名词”或“morethanone+单数名词”作主语时，谓语多用单数形式。Morethanonepersonhasthatkindofexperience.17．All/most/half/part/some/therestof+不可数名词，谓语用单数。Allofmeatisbad.18．All/most/half/part/some/therestof+可数名词复数，谓语用复数。Someofstudentsareabsent.19．“oneof+名（代）词复数”为主时，谓语通常用单数。OneofthegirlsisfromAmerica.20．“apairof+名词复数”作主语时，谓语常用单数，若pair是pairs时谓语用复数。21．“（a）partof+名词”作主语时，若名词是单数，谓语用单数；若名词是复数，谓语用复数。22．“agroupof+名词”作主语时，强调整体，谓语用单数；若强调group中的各成员，谓语用复数。23．“alotof/lotsof+名词复数”作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。24．“mostof+名词复数”作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。25．“plentyof+名词复数”作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。27．由either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,or或therebe+名词＋and+30\n名词等连接的主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语的单、复数形式依最接近它的名词词组的单、复数形式决定。MyparentsorIamgoingtovisitmygrandparents.EitheryourfatheroryourmotherhasbeentotheGreatWall.NeitheryounorLaoYangistodothework.Thereisamanandthreechildrenoverthere.Notonlyyoubutalsoheknowsthatthing.28．动词不定式和动词－ing形式作主语时作单数处理。Toseeyouisveryglad.=Itisverygladtoseeyou.Takingmeansnoholes.Seeingisbelieving.Finishingtheworktakesmealongtime.=Tofinishtheworktakesmealongtime.=Ittakesmealongtimetofinishthework.30