初中英语音标发音规则 24页

一、元音和辅音英语共有48个音素，其中元音20个，辅音28个。辅音和元音在英语中的作用，就相当于汉语中的声母和韵母。记录英语音素的符号叫做音标。元音：元音:发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音.（A）单元音a.前元音：/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/b.中元音：/ә:/,/ә/c.后元音：/כ:/,/כ/,/u/,/u:/,/ɑ:/,/Λ/(B)双元音（8个）：a. 合口双元音：/ei/,/әu/,/ai/,/au/,/Ri/  b.集中双元音：/iә/,/εә/,/uә/\nB.辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.辅音的分类：按其发音的方法分，有：a.爆破音/p/,/b/,/t／,/d/,/k/,/ɡ/b.摩擦音/f/，/v/，/θ/，/ð/，/s/，/z/c.破擦音/t∫/，/dӡ/，/tr/，/dr/，/ts/，/dz/d.鼻音/m/,/n/,/ŋ/e.旁流音（舌侧音）/l/巧记48个国际音标单元音共十二，四二六前中后。双元音也好背，合口集中八个整。辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊，四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音，有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握。单元音/i:/----Ee/i:/[i:]舌抵下齿，双唇扁平作微笑状，发“一”之长音。此音是长元音，一定注意把音发足。Bb/bi:/、Cc/si:/、Dd/di:/、Gg/dʒi:/、Tt/ti:/、Vv/vi:/[i:]是字母e、ea、ee、ie、ei在单词中的发音(1)ewemeheshebefevermeterevening(2)eaeatteameatleaveleadteacherteammeanspeakclean(3)eethreetreegreensheepmeetbeefseeseek(4)iepiece\n(5)eireceiveceiling[i]-----big/big/舌抵下齿，双唇扁平分开，牙床近于全舌，发短促之“一”音,发此音要短促而轻快。[i]是字母e、i、y在单词中的发音，(1)ebeginEnglishprettycinemadecidedelicious(2)isitpictureitislistsixmixfixfitpigbigbuildmiss(3)yboycityverysorrymanytwentyhappydictionary[e]--egg/eg/舌近硬鄂，舌尖顶下齿，牙床半开半合，作微笑状。Ff〔ef〕、Mm〔em〕、Nn〔en〕、Ss〔es〕[e]是字母e、ea、a在单词中的发音(1)ebedredletgetlegpenelephantdeskbetter(2)eaheadbreadpleasure(3)amanyany/æ/---bag/bæg/[æ]双唇扁平，舌前微升，舌尖抵住下龈，牙床开，软鄂升起，唇自然开放。是字母a在闭音节或重读闭音节中的发音。badamandatsadhandhappyhatmapmadblackbackgladflagman/ә:/--bird/bə:d/[ә:]舌上抬，唇成自然状态，口半开半闭，发“厄”之长音。是字母er、ir、or或ur在单词中的发音\n(1)erherterm(2)irgirlbirdfirstthirdthirtyshirtskirtbirthday(3)orworkwordworld(4)urnurseturnhurtThursday[ә]--today/tə'dei/[ә]舌上抬，唇成自然状态，口半开半闭，发“厄”之短音。是字母a、o、u、e、or、er、ur或ar在单词中的发音(1)aaboutabovealongAmericaaroundbananaCanadachina(2)otogethertomorrowtodaypolice(3)uautumn(4)ordoctoractorworkhomeworkhouseworkvistormirrorforget(5)erfathermotherbrothersisterrulerwaterdinnerdriverfarmer(6)ursurpriseSaturday(8)ardollar[כ:]---all[כ:l]双唇界于开闭、圆唇之间，牙床半开渐至全开，舌尖卷上再过渡为卷后。是字母o、al、ar、or、oar、our或oor在单词中的发音(1)ostoryoff(2)alsmallwalltalktallhallballcallwalk(3)arwarmquarter(4)auAugustautumndaughter(5)orforshortsportmorehorse\n(1)oarboardblackboardcardboard(2)ourfouryour(3)oordoorfloor[כ]---box/bכks/双唇稍微向外突出圆形，舌后升起，舌尖不触下齿，发“奥”音是字母a、o在单词中的发音（1）([w])awantwashwatchwhat（2）ohotlotnotonsorry[u:]---do[du:]双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，自然而不用力，发“屋”之长音。Uu〔ju:〕Ww〔`dʌblju:〕是字母o、u、oo或ou在单词中的发音（1）odotowhotwo（2）ublueglueJune（3）oofoodroompoolbootschooltoozoo（4）ousoupgroupthrough[u]---put/put/双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，自然而不用力，发短促之“屋”音。是字母u、oo或ou在单词中的发音(1)owomanwolf(2)oobooklookgoodfootwood(3)oulcouldwouldshould\n(4)uputsugarfullpushpull[ɑ:]---arm/ɑ:m/Rr〔α:〕双唇张而不圆，牙床大开，舌后微升，舌尖向后升缩微离下齿，发阿之长音。(1)afastclasslastglassplant(2)arcarfarmcardfargardenpartypark[ʌ]---cup[kʌp]Ww〔`dʌblju:〕双唇平放，牙床半开，舌尖抵住下龈，舌后微微升起，发短促之“阿”音是字母o或u在单词中的发音(1)ocomenoneloveothersonmother(2)oobloodflood(3)outouchcountryenoughyoung(4)ubussunbutcutupusrun双元音[ei]---Aa〔ei〕舌类顶下齿，牙床半开半合，双唇扁平，由发“哀”平稳过渡到发“一”之长音。Hh〔eiʧ〕、Jj〔dʒei〕、Kk〔kei〕是字母a在开音节中的读音。⑴anamecakegamefacelategateplaneApril⑵airaintrainwait⑶aydaymayokayplaytodaysayway⑷eagreatbreak⑸ei(gh)eighteighteeneighty\n⑹eytheygrey[ai]--eye[ai]Yy〔wai〕将口张开略圆，舌后升起，舌尖向后收缩，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“一”音。是字母i或y在单词中的读音:(1)ibikefinefinddieninelightnighthigh(2)ymytryflyeye[ɔi]---oil[ɔil]双唇外突成圆形，发“奥”音逐渐过渡为双唇扁平分开，发“一”之短音。是字母oy和oi在单词中的读音(1)oyboytoyjoy(2)oisoilvoicechoicepoint[au]--out[aut]将口张开略圆，渐渐合拢，双唇成圆形，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“屋”音。是字母ou和ow在单词中的发音(1)ououtabouthouseblouseloud⑵owhownowcowtown[əu]--old[əuld]Oo〔əu〕口半开半合，舌后微升，过渡成双唇成圆形，发“欧”之长音。是字母o、oa和ow在单词中的发音(1)ogononosehomeopen(2)oagoatboatcoat(3)owshowknowyellowwindowownersnow[iә]---ear[iə]\n双唇张开岈床由窄至半开舌抵下齿逐渐过渡至上卷，从“一”音过渡到“厄”音。是字母ear、ere、ea、eer在单词中的读音(1)earealidea(2)earearheardearnearclear(3)eerdeercheerbeer(4)erehere[ɛə]--air[ɛə]双唇张开后略圆，牙床张开相当宽，舌尖卷上渐至卷后。是字母air、are、ear、ere在单词中的读音⑴airairhairchairfair⑵arecarehareparent⑶earpearwearbear⑷eretherewhere[uə]--hour双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，发“屋”之长音，然后从“屋”音过渡到“厄”音。是字母our、oor、ure、eer在单词中的读⑴uresure⑵oorpoor⑶ourtour\n元音\n/i:/feefeedfeetteaseaseek/ɪ/fitdiddickpigpillpity/e/bedbetterbegbellbestsaid/æ/lablackbagbackbannerflag/ɑ:/carcardbarbathfarfather/ ʌ/bussumsupperrunrushrubber/ɔ:/doorfourformsawsoughtsorter/ɔ/songsocksorrylonglossdog/u:/twotoolsoonblueschoolgoose/u/goodbookstoodfoolcookput/ ɜ:/sirservesurfacestirturnwere/ə/againabovearrivereadereditor/eɪ/paypainpacesaysaverain/aɪ/whywideeyeicelieline/ɔɪ/joyjoinboypointcoinchoice/ɪə/beerfearhearhererealtheatre/eə/aircaredarebeartheredairy/uə/tourtouristpoorsureduring/əu/lowloadhoehomehopeknow/au/nowmouseloudmouthallow辅音/p/parkpigpathlampsleepcap\n/b/bedlabbookbitbestjob/ t/teatellmeethatspitewaiter/d/deskdatediceandfindred/ k/keykisskeepcakeinkweek/g/gategamegeteggagoleg/f/fatfastfeelfirstleafwife/v/veryvastverbbelievehavebrave/s/seeseeksonsnowbusless/z/zoozerozeallayssizeeyes/θ/thinkthankthingclothbreath/ð/thisthatthenbreathewithbathe/ʃ/sheepshareshavepushcrash/ʒ/measurepleasuretreasureoccasion/tʃ/chaircheaprichreachcatch/dʒ/jeepjokeJanelargeorange/tr/treetriptrytraintradetranslate/dr/dressdrydrivedropdreamdraw/ts/treatsstreetswaitsgetsmeets/dz/wordsbirdskindsaidsleads/ h/headhearthowhighhand/ r/rosericereadriverrainpretty/m/makemuchmonthmembersame\n/n/nicenorthnameneedsoon/ŋ/inkthinkthankangrythingsing/ j/yardyesyetyearyouryellow/w/wordwouldworldwakewindow/ ǀ/letlifelakebellsilkfool音节音素:音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素.音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位.开音节:1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e如:kitecakenamebikemaketakehomeplaneshine2)辅音+元音如:hehigonodobetreethreehello闭音节:1)辅音+元音+辅音:sitbedbadbaghothopletmadmaphead\n2)元音+辅音如:itisofinonupoutantAchickenisinthekitchen./Ahorseisinthehouse.Amouseisinthecat’smouth.Asheepeatssomebeefanddrinkssomegreentea1元音:1)[i:]字母组合:eeeaeiethreetreegreensheepmeetbeefseeseekeatteameatleaveleadteacherteammeanspeakcleanpiecereceiveceiling2)发音字母iyesittureitislistsixmixfixfitpigbigbuildmissmythmanytwentyhappydictionarydefectdecidedelicious3)[æ]发音字母abaghandandanthappyhatmapmadbadblackbackgladflagshallman4)[e]字母组合eaeaheadbreadpleasureelephantelectricremembersellshelllessonbetterbeddeskhotelyes\nmanyany5)[ε:]字母组合irurearerorgirlshirtskirtthirtythirteenthirdbirdturnburnmurdernurseturtleThursdayburgerlearnearnearthheardtermhernerdserveworkwormworkworld6)[ε]字母组合erorouaroaeuteacherleaderrememberplayerspeakerfarmerpowderdoctoractormayorauthortractordeliciousgraciouspleasurefamiliarcollardollartogethertomorrowtodayshalloplessonWashingtoncontrolaroundaccountagoelephantmantabananaCanadaJapanchinamenlistenfamulusSaturday7)[a:]字母组合aracarfarmcardarmgardenfastclasslastglassplantauntcalm\n8)[:]发音字母uoouooupsupperlunchfungunhuntcupbuscomemotherdosebrotherloveabovetroubleroughflourishbloodflood9)[]字母组合alorauourarsmallwalltalktallhallballcallwalkshortmorelordhorseforfortysportdoorfloorstoreauthorcaughtautumnfourmourncourtboughtwarmquarrelquarter10)[]发音字母oahotlostlotfoxboxmophoplosscollarnotwantwashwatch11)[u:]字母组合oooufoodmoonroomgloombroomdoomgoosetoothshoedotwotruetruthbluefullprude\n12)  字母组合ooouuolookgoodfootbookwoodshouldcouldputfullbullpullpushwomanwolf13)[ei]发音字母aayeaaieynamecakelategateplaneAprilplaysaymaywaygreatbreakrainpaintplaintheygrey14)[ai]发音字母iybikefinefinddieninelightnighthighmytryflyeye15)[au]字母组合ouowhouseoutflourgroundaccountcountsoundloudaroundmouseflowerdownnowcowhowtown16)[εu]\n发音字母oowoahomecoldgonophonehostghostknowlowbelowgrowblowshowflowboatcoatgoal17)[]字母组合oyoiboytoyjoyoilsoilvoicechoice18)[iε]字母组合eerearbeerdeerearnearherefierceidea19)[]字母组合earairerepearbearchairairfairtherewherecare20)[uε]字母组合ourowerhourtour\nflowershower2容易混淆的元音[A][e]badbedhandheadmanmenlandlendpanpensadsaid[i：][ei]realrailgreetgreatmeanmainreadraid[e][ai]betbiteredwritesaidsideheadhide[aU][R：]househorseloudlordsouthsaucecloudclausenownorcountcorn[aU][Q]foundfonddowndonegowngonetownton[A][Q]fanfuntantunsansontanktun3辅音1)penpearplaypigpourpullpush2)bookbigbootbikebreadbreak3)[t]treetwotentontowntwentycity4)[d]doordulldeskdosedodogdictionary5)[k]kingkitekeylookcookbookkitchensky(发音字母k)\ncardcatcreamcorrectclimbcomeaccountaccept(发音字母c)foxboxoxygenx-ray(发音字母x)schoolscheduleschema(字母组合ch)6)[g]girlgoodgoalgoatgradelonglanguage7)[m]manmakemoonmorningmovecomecomb8)[n]pentenninefinenightnoonmoonclean9)[N]unclebankEnglishthinkthankjunk  singkingmorningevening10)[l]longlandlendlordflyflagblackworldcoldcouldgoalsoul11)[r]readredrightrunroomwrite12)[f]fiveflyfineflagfrogfogroofknifelifewifecoughlaughroughphysicphotophone13)[v]veryeveningeveneveryvoicevestof14)[s]sixsitstudentsameseatkissmisscasescarf(发音字母s)licensecityceasecedarceilingcelebrate(发音字母c)piecejuicesciencelancespaceace(字母组合ce)15)[z]zoozebrazerozapclosenosehosesupposepausethosewhose16)[W]thinkthankthreethirtytoothmouth17)[T]thatthisthosethesethough\n18)[F]sheepshouldershipshoeshebrushwashnationattentionstationsocialspecialsure19)[V]pleasure20)[h]hothophomehousehorsehowwho21)[w]whenwhatwherewindowwindwood22)[j]yesyearyellyouyouryolkyellow23)[tF]childchickenchinachairlunchouchcatchteach24)[dV]agelanguagecabbagevegetablestagebridgejoyenjoyjoinJulyJunejunk25)[tr]treecountrytrytreattracktrunk26)[dr]drydreamdropdrivedrink27)[ts]studentsbootsboatsgoatsnuts28)[dz]goodswoodsmoodshoods1．字母q总是与u在一起，读做/kw/,此处u不作元音.2．字母c在字母e,y,i前读做/s/(cent,city,cycle),其他字母前读做/k/(cut,cap,cop).3．字母e,i,y之前的字母g可以读做/j/(page,giant,gym),其中字母e,i之前的g也可以不读做/j/(get,girl,give);其它字母之前的g读做/g/(gate,go,gust).\n4．元音a,e,o,u在音节结尾(开音节)一般读做字母音(长音a,e,o,u),有助于学生正确划分并拼读元音字母+辅音字母+元音字母的不熟悉单词(report…ratherthanreport).5．字母i和y经常读做/i/(big,gym),但是也可读做I(silent,my,type).6．一个英语单词用字母y而不是i的结尾(my,by).7．有五种情况末尾的字母e不发音.(如me,she,和he的短单词末尾的字母e读做e,较长的单词末尾的e不发音)尾字母e不发音应该被认为是”havingajob”(承担一项工作)7.1bakegenetime/typecodecute使他前面的元音字母发字母音..7.2lovegivebluetrue使我们不要以一个v和一个u结束一个单词.7.3chancebodicechargeallege使g和c读软音/j/和/s/.7.4littlecastlebottledabblefiddle避免一个音节没有一个元音字母.7.5arenurseraisebyeeweowecause这一条被Spalding女士叫做无工作尾字母e;Sanseri女士叫做老工作尾字母e,并说前四条之外的不发音尾字母e都叫做老工作尾字母e.7.5.1使一个不是复数形式的单词不要以s结尾(dense而不是dens,purse不是purs,false不是fals).7.5.2加长短的主意词(main-idea),如awe,ewe,rye7.5.3区分同音异形词的含义.如or/orefor/fore.7.5.4中英语和外来语中(那里的尾字母e是要发音的)留下来的,现在不发音.如treatisegiraffe8.有五种字母组合发/er/的音/,记住下面的句子.\nHernursefirstworksearly.这个句子是按英语用法中的降序排列的.另外,or在w后业可以发/er/的音.还要记住有些词尾的ar和or也发/er/的音.如dollar,doctor.9.1-1-1规则:单音节单词中,结尾是单元音加单个辅音的,在添加以元音开始的词尾变化时,需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化.(如hop---hopped).但是词尾是x除外,因为它由两个音/ks/.10.2-1-1规则:双音节词中,结尾是单元音加单个辅音的,在添加以元音开始的词尾变化时,需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化(begin---begin+ning).第二个音节不重读的不能双写末尾辅音字母(enter,profit,budget).11.去e规则,以不发音的e结尾的单词在添加以元音开始的词尾变化是需要去掉末尾不发音的e.(come----coming)12.是ie还是ei?一般情况下,应该是ie,但是1)c之后用ei;2)发字母a的音时,用ei(neighbor,weigh,vein).还有下面的例外情形Neitherforeignsovereignseizedcounterfeitforfeitedleisure.Plus:eitherweirdproteinheifer:13.音素sh用在一个基本词的开头或是结尾(she,dish),还用在一个音节的结尾(finish),但绝对不会在后一个音节的开头,除非是以ship结尾(worship,friendship).14.音素si,ti,ci最常用在一个基本词的第二及以后的开头,发音/sh/.常常可以通过考察词根和根词来确定发/sh/时用什么样的音素.比如infecttoinfectious/collecttocollection/potenttopotentialmusictomusician/spacetospacious/financetofinancialsoci(companion)tosocial/ancien(old)toancient\ncruc(cross)tocrucial/speci(kind)tospecial15.音素si在前一个音节以s结尾时(session)发/sh/,一个基本词经过词尾变化后只有一个s(tense---tension),其中的音素si发/sh/.discusstodiscussion/compresstocompression/admistoadmission16.音素si可以发/zh/,如vision,division,occasion,explosion.17.只有一个元音的单音节词,常常双写词尾的l,s,f.比如will,off,miss.有时双音节词也用到这条规则,如recess18.词尾为长音a时,常用ay在词尾而不是a.(bay,day,decay)19.元音i和o后面有两个辅音时,常发长音.(find,old)20.s从不在x后,音素x包含一个/s/音,/ks/.21.去L规则1:all单独出现有两个l,但在前缀中只有一个l.(almost,also,although).22.去L规则2:till和full单独出现有两个l,作后缀只有一个l.(until,plentiful).23.音素dge只用在单元音后面,而且这个元音发短音(badge,edge,bridge,lodge,budge).24.Y变I规则:进行词尾变化时,词尾是一个辅音字母+y,要变y为i.下列两种情况驻外(1)加-ing,(2)变后会引起音节分裂.city/citiesbeauty/beautifulplay/playerfunny/funniestmultiply/multiplyingrely/reliablecry/crieddeny/denied25.音素ck只用在单元音后,而且这个元音发短音(back,neck,lick,rock,duck).26.字母开头的z永远发/z/,不会发/s/.\n27.音素ed有三个音,基本词以/t/和/d/音结尾,ed发/ed/(divide---divided,heat---heated);基本词以浊辅音结尾的,ed发/d/(lived),以清辅音结尾的发/t/(stopped)28.单词常常(always)在双辅音间分音节[但要注意不要把辅音字母组合分开(如mathematic)],重读音节的辅音才发音,非重读音节的辅音不发音little.