实用初中英语语法手册 104页

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  • 2022-08-16 发布

实用初中英语语法手册

  • 104页
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实用初中英语语法手册名词按照种类可以分为普通名词专有名词专有名词:专门给它用的表示特定的人,地方,团体,党派,国家机关,假日,等等Marry,theSongHuaLake,FU-Mart,China,HongKong,WTO,Mather’sDay,ChristmasDay,Children’sDay.Sunday,January,theGreatWall.普通名词:表示一类人,事物,物质或者抽象的概念。有的的是我们看得见的摸得着的,有的则是可不见摸不着只能用心去感受的。“苹果“铅笔。书本,牛奶,肉,家庭,警察,友谊,和平,爱。普通名词可以分为个体名词,集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词。个体名词:指某一类人或事物中的个体的名词。有固定的形状,看得见,摸得着的如teacher,desk,box,city,集合名词:它可以指单个的概念也可以指一个整体,单,复数都可以family(家庭,家人),team(团队,团队成员),class(班级,学生),club,(俱乐部,会员)company(公司,职员),audience(全体观众,每个观众。)arm,staff,government,publicMyfamilyisalarge.MyfamiliyaretallOurteamhaswonthechampionship抽象名词:看不见摸不着的只能用心去感受。Love.和平Peace,,friendship,自由。物质名词:没有固定形状无法分清个体的名词:glass,bread,paper,water,milk,rain,wood,fruit.名词按数又可以分为可数和不可数名词可数名词,能数的过来的直接可以计算数目的apple,teacher,desk,window....不可数名词:不能直接以数目来计算的,water,milk.Bread,love,个体名词和集体名词大多是可数的,而物质名词和抽象名词大多为不可数名词。名词按照数又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分清个体的人或东西.学生,桌子,苹果,书本等等。可数名词有单复数的区分。\n指单个个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;常用不定冠词a\anabook,anappleanegg.指两个或两个以上的人或事物时用复数形式。可数名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:1.一般的名词词尾直接加sthreedogsmanyapplestwobooks2.以schshx结尾的词我们在词尾加esbus-busesglass-glasseswatch-watchesbox-boxes3.以o结尾的词有的需要加s有的需要加esphotos,zoos,heroespotatoestomatoes4.以辅音字母y结尾的要先将y变为i再加esbody-bodiescity-citiesfamily-families5.以f或fe结尾的词要将f或fe改为ve再加sknife-kniveswife-wivesleaf-leaves6.还有一些名词的复数形式有自己的变化形式chlid-childrenman-menwoman-womenfoot-feettooth-teeth.Mouse-mice.Sheep-sheepfish-fishdeer-deer.PeopleChinese,Japanese.可数名词的单数形式做主语时谓语动词用单数形式Thereisanappleonthedesk.可数名词的复数形式在句中作主语时,谓语动词要用相应的复数形式。Therearealotofchildreninourclass.不可以数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不能分成个体的概念或东西;比如:work,homework,time,Health,friendship,advicewater,milk,meat,等等,因此说不可数名词没有复数的区别,特点:只有单数形式,但是不能与a,an或具体数词连用,我们不能说awateramilk不可数名词要表达一定的数量必须借助一个名词性的短语acupofmilkapieceofadvice,twocupsofmilk.Acupofwater,apieceofbread\paperabottleofink.Twocupsofmilkthreepiecesofpapersomebottleofink1.不可数名词做主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。Thereissomemilkinthebottle.许多的物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词,不可数名词作主语时,句子中的谓语动词常常用单数形式Waterisaliquid.有些不可数名词有时也可以有复数形式,但是他们的意义往往发生变化。Water-waters(水域)sand-sands\n二,名词的格名词的所有格:在英语中表示所属的关系,即表示某物是归谁所有的,通常译为“…..的”老师的办公室,学校的操场,李刚的书,小明的铅笔。教师的节日,中国的地图,构成:’s或of+名词:表示有名词所有格分为以下几种情况生命的人或动物名词所有格,无生命的名词所有格一:表示有生命的名词所有格构成通常由“‘s“构成。1.单数名词直接在名词词尾加‘s构成,如Marry’sbicycle。Theboy’sbag2.以“S”结尾的复数名词直接加“’“即可teachers’daygirls’books,boys’books3.如果所指的物为几个人共同所有,只需要在最后一个名词的后面“‘s既可以LimingandMarry’sfatherisateacher.4如果所指的物是各自所有,则需要在每个名词后面“‘s“Liming’sfatherandMarry’sfatherareteachers.5.如果名词所有格所修饰的名词,前面如果提到过,则该名词往往可以省略。Thisbookisnew,itisTom’sTheroomsareTom’sandJack’s这些房间是汤姆和杰克的(各有各的房间)6..如果名词所有格所修饰的名词是住宅,商店,店铺,住所等等。在具体的语言环境下很容易知道时候,则该名词习惯上常省略。Iamgoingtodentist’s=dentist’sofficeSheisgoingtobarber’s=barber’sshopAtTom’s.在汤姆的家.atthedoctor’s在医生的诊所。但是有的时候无生命的也可以用’s构成时间,国家,团体,机构的名词所用格China’spopulationthecity’slife.Today’sstory.Cctv’sAroundTheWorldshow二:无生命名词所有格的构成。一般常用“of+名词”构成AmapofChina。thelegsoftable.Thegateoftheschool.Thetopofmountain(注意翻译的时候是从后往前翻译)但是有生命的东西既可以用of也可以用’sMrSmith’sson=thesonofMr.Smith\n有生命的东西可以用’s也可以用of所有格的形式1.双重名词所有格of+’s的结构如果ThisisaphotoofTom’sFrankisafriendofmyfather’sThegirl’sname=thenameofthegirl有的时候我们用“名词+of+名词所有格”构成双重所有格TomisafriendofJim’sThisisapictureofJack’s1)–‘s所有格构成单数名词和不以s结尾的二冠词的用法英语中的冠词可以分为不定冠词(a\an)和定冠词(the)不定冠词(a\an)用an\a主要看音标当被修饰的单词的音标是以元音因素开头的用an其余的都用a.Abook,aflower,aknife,amanAnegganapple,anoldman,anumbrella,anhour,aneye,anear,anEnglishbook,anuncle.1.表示“一,一个用在单数可数名词前。Thereisabookonthedesk.Hehasanappleinhishand.(注意虽然是用a\an表示“一个,一。但是他们却不强调数量,而是强调类别)Thereisabookonthetable(强调的是书而不是别的东西)Hehasanappleinhishand(强调的是苹果而不是橘子,香蕉或是别的什么东西)英语当中要表是一,一个强调数量的时候通常用one\nIgiveyouonebook.(我给你一本书而不两本书)2.表示一类人或物,指同类中的任何一个,这时an\a不必翻译Anelephantisstrongerthanahorse.大象比马力气大Ateachermustbestrictwithhisstudents,教师必须对学生严格要求。3.第一提到某人或某物,其介绍的作用Agirlwantstoseeyou一位姑娘想见你Onacoldeveningastrangercametomyhouse4.表示职业,身份SheisastudentsMyfatherwantmetobeadoctor.5.用于专用名词前,表示不认识的人。AZhangcalledyoujustnow.AMr.Smithwantedtoseeyou.6.用在某些固定结构中haveacoldhaveatryhavearestgoforawalkWaitamomentforawhileasaresultinahurry,….定冠词the(这个那个,这些,那些)常用来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西1.特指双方都明白的人或物。Givemethebook(双方都知道是哪一本书)Openthedoor,please(都知道要开哪个门)2.上文提到过的人或事Icanseeakite,whereisthekite?Iboughtahouse,I’vbeentothehouse.3.在姓氏的复数名词前,表示一家人TheBlacks布莱克一家人3.用在某些形容词前表示一类人Thepoor,therich,theold,theyoung,theblind,thedead.4.世上独一无二的事物Thesuntheskythemoontheearth5.特指某些人或某些事以便与其他人或物有所区别Thebookonthedeskismine\nTheboywithaflowerinhishandisJack.Beijingisthecapitalofchina.6.用在序数词和形容词最高级以及形容词only,very,same等前面Iliveinthesecondfloor.That’stheverythingI’vebeenlookingfor.7.用在乐器的名词前sheplaysthepiano.8.用在某些专用的名词前TheSummerPlace,TheGreatWall,TheUniteStatesthepeople’srepublicofchina.theeastchinaseathehuairiver8用在方位的名词前ontherightontheleftinthewestintheeastinthesouthatthebackof9.用在一些习惯的用于前InthemorninginthemiddleofintheendbythewayinthedistanceThedaybeforeyesterdayinthesky三主谓一致主谓一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致,主语是单数形式,谓语也采用单数形式。主语是复数形式,谓语也采用复数形式。AgrammarbookhelpsyoulearnEnglishGrammarbookshelpyoulearnEnglish在许多方面情况我们都需要具体的对待1.不定式动名词以及从句做主语应看做是单数谓语动词用单数形式Readingoftenmeanslearning.ToreadEnglishaloudhelpsyoualots。Whathesaidhasbeenrecorded2.不定代词oneeveryoneeverybodyoneofnothingnobodysomeoneEitherneither...做主语是谓语动词用单数NeitherofmysisterslikessportsEachofyouhelpsmealotsEveryboyandgirlshowgreatinterestinEnglish。表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看做单数,谓语动词用单数Theunitedstatesisleadingtheworldinscience.\nOnethousandandnighttellspeoplelotsofmysteriousbitsoffolklore。还有一些短语aseriesofakindofthenumberof等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看做单数,谓语动词用单数。Thenumberofprintingmistakesinsomerecentbookoftensurprisespeopleeventodeath.Akindofroseinthegardensmellsverypleasant.Aseriesofhightechologyproductshasbeenlaidoutintheexhibition.有一些短语alotofmostofanyofpercentofsomeofnoneofTherestofallof等后面接不可数名词时主语应看做是单数形式,谓语动词也用单数形式。当接可数名词的时候主语应看做事复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。Alotofmoneyintheshopwasstolenyesterday.Alotofbookshavebeenpublishedrecently.意义的一致这原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致的问题,有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也应用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义也应用单数形式。1.当主语后面接由aswellas,asmuchas,including,inadditionto,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith.引导的词组时,其谓语动词的形式主要依据主语的单复数而定。在这些句子中这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单复数形式,他们在句子中其实是做状语。常常与主语之间隔开。Theteachers,withallhisstudents,isgoingtohaveapicnicthisweekend.Thestudents,togetherwiththeirteacher,aregoingtohaveapicinicthisweekend.2)表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,其意义若是指总量应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数3)例如:  Fourweeksareoftenregardedasonemonth.  人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月.  4)Twentyyearsstandsforalongperiodinone'slife.  二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期.5)Eightyyuansareenoughforastudenttospendonfoodforoneweek.\n2)3)形容词前加定冠词即"the+形容词"作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数.3)②Thetrueistobedistinguishedfromthefalse.  真实与虚假应加以区别.例如:Theyoung,ontheonehand,oftenthinkoftheoldconservative.Ontheotherhand,theoldalwaysconsidertheyounginexperience.一方面,青年人常认为老年人保守;另一方面,老年人总是认为青年人没有经验.4)5)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数.这类集体名词常见的有:army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,minority,part,people,police,public,staff,team等等.例如:  Thefamilyareallfondoffootball.那一家人都喜欢足球.  Thefamilyisthetiniestcellofthesociety.家庭是社会的最小的细胞.Thepublichaseveryreasontobecautiousofprofessionaldeception.  人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局.Thepublicnowcometoknowthewholestory.  人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了.就近的原则这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等.例如:  EitherIortheyareresponsiblefortheresultofthematter.  不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任. Neithertheunkindwordsnortheunfriendlyattitudehascausedmeanydistress.既不是那些不友好的话,也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧.  Notonlyhebutalsoallhisfamilyarekeenonconcerts.  不仅仅是他,而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会.  Neitherhisfamilynorheknowsanythingaboutit.  他全家人和他都不知道那件事.\n并列结构做主语时1.由and连接的两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数.  如:  Ayoungmanandagirlwanttogothere.  一个青年男子和一个姑娘想去那里.  但如果在意义上指同一个人,同一件事或同一个概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式.如:Aneedleandthreadwasfoundonthefloor.  在地板上找到了针线(穿了线的针).2.当each...andeach...,every...andevery...,no...andno...,manya...andmanya  ...结构作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.如:①Nomanandnoanimalistobefoundonthemoon.  在月球上没发现人和动物.3.一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰,表示两个不同的概念时,谓语动词一般用复数.如:Ancientandmodernhistoryarethesubjectswearestudying.  古代史和现代史是我们目前学习的课程.  但如果表示的是同一概念时应用单数如Thelastandmostdifficultlessonislesson14.14课是最后一课也是最难的一课.4二,百分数,分数作主语时的主谓一致  当百分数,分数后面加名词或代词时,要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复  数形式.如果是复数名词或代词,谓语动词用复数;如果是单数名词(或不可数名词)  或代词,谓语动词用单数.如:  ①Fiftypercentofthestudentsinourschoolaregirls.  我们学校百分之五十的学生是女生.  ②Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.  地球表面的四分之三是海洋.二:数词(基数词和序数次)1.基础词:1-12one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve.13-19是以teen结尾的thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteenNineteen,(注意131518的拼写)20-90的整十位数的拼写均是以ty结尾的。Twenty,thirty,forty.fifty,sixty,seventyEighty,ninety,\n21--99的表达法:twenty-one,twenty-three........英语中的百:hundred,100:onehundred.100-999.构成方法:1--9的数字加hundred+and+末两位数.125:onehundredandtwenty-five.805:eighthundredandfive英语中的千:thousand.2000twothousand3000threethousand8134eightthousand,onehundredandthirty-four7358:seventhousand,threehundredandfifty-eight.8009eightthousandandnine英语当中没有“万”一般只用“十千”来表示:10000tenthousand78756seven–eightthousand,sevenhundredandfifty-six注意基数词在上述使用上,一般都用单数形式。但有时可以用复数形式。Twosevens两个七AmaninhisfiftiesHundreds(thousands,millions)ofpeoplecometovisitthecity.Thousandsandthousandsofbirdsflocktogether.成千上万的鸟聚集在一起。4.序数次:表示顺序先后到数词。英语当中的序数次1-3有各自独特的形式:first(1st)second(2nd)third(3rd)第4-19都是在基数词后面加th即可。但是要特别注意第五,第八,第九,第十二。Fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenth,Fourteenth,fifteenth,sixteenth,seventeenth,eighteenth,nineteenth第20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90都是在基数词后把y变为i加eth.Twentith,thirtieth,fortieth,fiftieth,sixtieth,seventieth,eightieth,ninetieth,第21-99都是由其基数词和序数词构成的。Twenty-first21st,twenty-second22nd,twenty-third23rdthirty-fifth35th序数次和基数词的应用。\n1.在小数词中的运用小数词中的“小数点“一般用point表示小数点前的数字与前面的基数词读法相同,小数点后的数字则依次读出。6.728sixpointseventwoeight17.479seventeenpointfoursevennine0.7zeropointseven0.07zeropointzeroseven在百分数中的应用。百分数中的百分号读作percent,其他整数或小数正常读出既可以。5%fivepercent0.7%zeropointsevenpercent11.9elevenpointninepercent78%seventy-eightpercent在倍数表达法的应用用twice表达两倍的数用times表达三倍和三倍以上的数。。。。times+形容词或副词比较级+than,…..LineABisthreetimeslongerlineCD线段ab是线段cd的三倍长。Thishallisfiveisfivetimesbiggerthanourclassroom这个大厅比我们的教室多五倍。。。。。times+as+形容词或副词的原级+asThistableisthreetimesaslongasthatoneThisbookisfivetimesasthickasthatone….times+the+名词(size,height,length,)+ofTheearthis49timesthesizeofthemoonThisriveristhreetimesthedepthofthatone“……timesmore+名词+than…..”Heearnsfivetimesmoremoneythanhedidtenyearsago他现在挣的钱比十年前多五倍。Therearetwicemorestudentsinourclassthanintheirs我们班的学生人数比他们班多两倍1年代的读法(基数词):先读前两位再读后两位,1997nineteenninety-seven.1603sixteenthree1900nineteenhundred\n1960snineteensixties注意年代的表达法一般用the+整十位的复数形式90年代thenineties60年代thesixties2.世纪(序数次)21世纪:the21thcentury,thetwenty-firstcentury.20世纪70年代:1970s或1970'snineteenseventies,1980或1980'snineteeneighties3.年,月,日的写法和用法。年用基数词,日用序数次。1921年7月1日July1,1921读作julyfirst1921.6.时间的写法和用法。表示时刻可以直接用基数词表示6:10sixten10:30tenthirty5:50fivefifty12:45twelveforty-five9点45nineforty-five,10点55tenfifty-five11点35eleventhirty-five半点以内还可以用分钟+past+钟点数进行表达8点10tenpasteight,9点30halfpastnine,表示几点过几分。超过半点(30分)我们用分钟+to+下一个钟点数。Fivetoeleven11点35Twenty-fivetotwelve这里我们需要注意15分钟通常不用fifteen而用aquarter.9点45aquartertoten(通常用past,to,等表示时间的形式时候不用o'clock)介词1介词词组的辨析2时间介词年前周前要用in,具体日子要用on具体几号要用on上午下午又是in要说某日上下午用on换in记清楚午夜黄昏用atat用在时分前说差要用上to说过要用pastIn时间段表示多久之后用于将来时\nafter时间段常用语过去时中时间点用于将来时形容词:通常是用来修饰名词的。用来说明人或事物的性质,状态或特征的词Abeautifulgirl,atallboy,wearegoodfriends形容词句法功能1.做定语修饰名词或代词(通常放在名词或代词的前)sheisaclevergirl.Wearegoodfriends.吉林isabeautifulcity.但是当修饰不定代词时something,anything,someone,anyone,everyone.Somewhere..时需要后置。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.Youcanfindsomethinggoodintheshop.2.做表语:常常放在系动词之后Englishisdiffficult.Itiseasyforme.Thetreesturngreeninspring.(这些系动词有be,become,grow,turn.Feel,smell,soundtaste,look,get,go,helooksworried.3.做宾语补足语。Asadoctor,iwanttomakesickpeoplebetter.Ifindmydoguseful.Hemadeushappy.Coloritgreen.Wemustkeeptheroomclean4.The+形容词表示一类人或事物。Therichshouldhelpthepoor.Theyoung.形容词的原级as+原级+asAreyouasbeautifulasyoursister?IthinkEnglishasboringasmath否定notas\so+原级+asIthinkEnlishisnotasinterestingasmath.MarryisnotasgoodattennisasTom。原级比较的时候还常常用于表示倍数一倍用once+as形容词原级+as两倍twice+as+形容词原级+as三倍或三倍以上基数词+timesas形容词原级+asTheboxistwiceaslargeasthatone.Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours\n表示半数时则用halfas+形容词原级+asThebridgeishalfaslongasthatone.比较级比较级+than.SamhaslongerhairthanTom.Yournotebookismorebeautifulthanmine.比较级前可以用mucheven,faralot,alittle,still表示程度的副词修饰用来加强语气。Myschoolbagismuchheavierthanhers.比较级还可以和特殊疑问词连用Which\whois比较级,A或B?Whichisbigger,thesunorthemoon?最高级:表示三者或三者以上的人或事物进行比较时需要用到最高级。形容词的最高级前一定要加定冠词the有的时候后面还会带有由of\in的短语来说明比较的范围,有很多时候则没有。\n时态:一:一般过去时定义:过去某个时间发生的事情或存在的状态,常用一般过去时。常常yesterday,lastnight,Lastweek.Justnow.thedaybeforeyeaterday.具体时间+ago..inthepast,onceauponatime等等表示过去的时间状语连用。例句:我昨天去江南公园里,去年暑假我去海南玩了,昨天晚上我和妈妈去时代吃烤肉了。上周妈妈带我去看望爷爷和奶奶了,构成:主语+动词的过去式+其他。动词的过去式构成分为以下几种情况:在通常情况下动词的过去式v+ed.Play--played,watch-watched.Iplayedfootballonthegroundyesterday.HewatchedTVlastnight以不发音字母e结尾的动词词尾加d。live-livedtaste-tasted,likedIlivedinChangChuntenyearsago.以辅音字母y结尾的动词变y为i加edstudy-studiedfly-flied,carry-carriedHestudiedEnglishinBeiinglastyear.以重读闭音节结尾的动词需要双写词尾字母再加ed的stop-stopped还有一些动词的过去式有自己的变换形式go-went,get–gottell-told,have-hadsee-saw,say-said.Give-gavemake-made,is\am-wasare-weredo-did.HewenttotheparkyesterdayShegotupat10o’clocklastSunday.Iwasaboy20yearsagoYouwereababy10yearsago.Therewasariverinthevillagetenyearsago.Therewerealotofstudentslastyear.1.含有be动词的陈述句,疑问句,和否定句\n陈述句:Hewasaboy20yearsagoYouwereaboay10yearsago疑问句:只需要把be(was,were)动词提前放置于句首即可Washeaboy20yearsago?Yes,hewas.No,hewasn’tWereyouaboay10yearsago?Yes,Iwas.No,Iwasn’t否定句:在be动词加否定词not既可wasnot=wasn’t,werenot=weren’tTomwasn’taboy20yearsago.Youweren’tababy10yearsago2不含有Be动词的。疑问句和否定句的构成要借助于助动词did来完成;疑问句Did+主语+动词原形+其他Didyouplayfootballonthegroundyesterday?Yesididnoididn'tDidshewatchTVlastnigth.yesshedid.noshedidn’tDidhegototheparkyesterday?yeshedid.nohedidn’tDidyouliveinChangChuntenyearsago?yesIdid.noIdin’t否定句主语+didnot(didn’t)+动词原形+其他Ididn’tplayfootballonthegroundyesterday.Ididn'twatchTVlastnight.Hedidgototheparkyesterday.Shedidn’tgetupat10o’clocklastSunday.含有be动词的疑问句(把was.were放置于句首既可)Wereyouababy10yearsago?yesIwas.noIwasn’tWasthereariverinthevillage10yearsago?yestherewas.no,therewasn’t含有be动词的否定句(在be动词加否定词not既可wasnot=wasn’t,werenot=weren’t)Iwasn’taboytenyearsago.Youweren’tababytenyearsago.二.含有be动词的一般现在时和实意动词的一般现在时含有be动词的一般现在时be只有am\is\are\nI用amyouare单数全是用is复数用areIamateacherheisastudent否定句直接在be动词后加not即可疑问句需把be动词提前一般现在时:它可以表示以下三种情况:1.表示经常性的动作或存在的状态。经常发生的动作是针对v而言,而存在的状态是指代be动词常常和时间状语always,often,usually,everyday,sometimes.everyyear,everynight,everyweek.连用。我经常和妈妈去逛街。每个周末我都来外语班学英语,我爸爸每天都去遛弯,我家住在大东门,我有一条小狗,。他总是帮助别人。你们经常去游戏吗?天气非常的热2客观的实事或普遍存在的真理。,Thesunrisesintheeast.Waterboilsat100JapanliestotheeastofChina.日本在中国的东边。Thesunrisesintheeast.太阳从东方升起。Ahorseisausefulanimal.马是一种有用的动物。Waterboilsat100℃.水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。October1stisourNationalDay.十月一日是我们的国庆节。WhenWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的名句。)\nBeautyistruth,truthbeauty.美即真理,真理即美。(英国浪漫主义诗人济慈的名句。)3)少数动词如go,come,leave,arrive,begin,start,be等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。Theplanetakesoffatsixpastfive.飞机将于六点零五分起飞。TomorrowisSunday.明天是星期天。OursummervacationbeginsinearlyJuly.我们的暑假七月初开始。在时间和条件状语从句中可以用一般现在时表示将来时。I’llletyouknowassoonasIhearfromhim.我一接到他的信就告诉你。He’llgoifitisfinetomorrow. 如果明天天气好,他就去。Ishallbeawaywhenhearrives. 等他到了我就不在了。Weshallnotbeginthediscussionuntilhearrives.等他来了,我们再开始讨论。构成:主语+谓语动词+其他1.当主语是其他人称时i,you,we,they(除第三人称he,she,it之外)主语+动词原形构成。IoftenplayfootballwithxiaomingTheyawaysgotoschoolbybike.IlikeplayingfootballIliketoeat臭豆腐\n2.当主语是第三人称单数时(she,he,it)时谓语动词需要进行相应的变化1.直接在谓语动词词尾加s,play-playslike-likesask-asksHeplaysfootballeveryday.shelikestoeat臭豆腐2.以字母sxchosh结尾的单词需要在词尾加es。go-goesdo-doeswatch-watcheswash—washes。Heusuallygoestoschoolbybike.JacksomestimeswatchesTVonSaturday.Marryalwayswashesclothes.3.以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i再加estry–tries,Study-studiesfly-fliesShestudiesEngliheveryday.3.动词用自己的变化形式have–has.Thedoghasfourlegs.一般现在时也分为陈述句,疑问句,否定句。一般现在时的疑问句分两种情况1..当主语是i,you,we,they(除第三人称she,he,it)之外借助助动词do来完成结构Do+主语+动词原形Doyouawaysplayfootballwithpeter?肯定回答yes.Ido.否定回答no,idon't.Dotheyusuallygotoschoolbybike?yestheydo.notheydon’t2.当主语是第单数第三人称时(she,he,it)要借助助动词does来完成,结构为Does+主语+动词原形Doessheusuallygotoschoolbybike?Doeshealwaysplayfootballeveryday?Yesshedoes.Noshedoesn't.Yeshedoes.Nohedoesn't一般现在时否定句也分为两种情况。1..当主语其他称时(i,you,we,they)也要借助don't来完成主语+don't+动词原形Idon'tlikeapple.Sometimeswedon'tplayfootball.当主语是第三人称单数形式时要借助doesn't来完成.主语+doesn’t+动词原形Sheusuallydoesn'tgotoschoolbybike.Hedoesn'toftenwatchTVeverySunday.\n三一般将来时。我明天要去北京了。再过一个月我们学校就要放寒假了。我星期天要去动物园今天晚上我要去爷爷奶奶家吃饭。定义:将来要发生的动作事情。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用tomorrow(明天),nextweek|year,inthefuture(将来nexttime,in+一段时间(在…之后)。thedayaftertomorrow.thisafternoon,thisevening.构成:主语+will+动词原形Iwillgotoschooltomorrow。Wewilldomyhomeworkafterschool.theywillgotoBeijingnextweek.HewillgoshoppingonSaturday.一般将来时态陈述句,疑问句,否定句一般将来时的疑问句只需要把will放置于句首即可will+主语+动词原形Willyougotoschooltomorrow?Yesiwillnoiwon'tWillhegoshoppingonSaturday?Yeshewill.Nohewon,t.一般将来时的否定句只需要will+not(won't)+动词原形Iwon'tgotoschooltomorrow.Wewon’tdomyhomeworktonight.Theywon’tgoshoppingonSunday。‘一般将来时态shall\will+动词原形当主语是第一人称时(i,we)时常用shallwill则用于各种人称Ishallgotoschooltomorrow.Ishan’tgotoschooltomorrowShalligotoschooltomorrw.Weshalldoourhomeworkafterschool.Weshan’tdoourhomeworkafterschoolShallwedoourhomeworkafterschool.\n当主语是第一人称I,we时,特别是在疑问句中多用shall。表示征求对方的意见或询问情况Whereshallwemeettomorrow?明天我们在哪见面。Let’tgotoschool.shallwe?ShallIsithere??Shalliopenthewindow?Shallwehaveanyclassestomorrw?明天我们有课吗?2.Begoingto在表示一般将来时结构时,Iamgoingto长春onSundayWhatareyougoingtodotomorrow?Iamgoingto长春。Begoingto\will的区别Begoingto表示根据主观方面打算或准备去做的事情,而will通常是客观上将来要发生的事情。Iwillbethirty-sevenyearsold.TomorrowwillbeSunday在下列情况下多用will表示有礼貌的询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的向对方提出请求时用will此时多用于第二人称。WillyoucomeinandhaveadrinkWillyoupleaselendmeyourbike?Willyouhelpmewithmymaths表示意愿时IwillhelpyoustduyEnglish在表示将来时的结构,还可以用现在进行时表示。在英语中有一些瞬间动词可以用现在进行时表示将来时(leave,come,arrive,go,begin,。。。)Iamleaving.(我要走了)Waitaminute.Iamcoming.(我就来了)Sheisgoingtheretomorrow.\nBeaboutto+动词原形(表示即将或马上要发生的事情,不与表示将来的时间状语连用)WeareabouttolearntosomenewwordsHeisabouttomovetoJapan.Theyareabouttogetmarried.TheclassisabouttobeginHurryup,weareabouttoleave..Beto+动词原形(表示按计划或安排要发生的动作或事情)Heistobuyanewcar.四:现在完成式:可以表示以下两种情况:过去某个不确定的时间发生的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。(动作发生在过去,但强调对现在造成的影响或结果)常和时间状语already(已经),never(从不),ever(曾经),just(刚刚),yet(仍然)before(之前)这些时间状语可以作为现在完成时的标志词。用来判断是否是现在完成时,Yourshoesissoold.Whydon’tyoubuyanewpair?IhavespentallmymoneyontheMP5.Whatwouldyouliketeeatforlunch?Ihavelostmywallet(我把钱包弄丢了)含义是我没有钱花了WouldyouliketogoandseeAvatarwithmetonight?Thankyou,Ihaveseenitalready。我已经看过那部电影了(含义是我了解这部电影的内容)WehavealreadyfoundMH370(我们找到了MH370)Ihavejusthadmybreakfast。(已经吃过早饭了)含义是现在已经不饿了.Already常用于肯定句中Yet常用于疑问句(已经)和否定句中(还)hashefoundhiswatchyet?No,notyet.Thewomanhasn’tfoundherdogyet.Ever曾经,常常用于疑问句和否定句中\nNever常与before连用before常放在句末。ihavenevertravelledbyplanybefore.Just(刚刚)ihavejustcomebackBefore常常放在句末表示过去某个不确定的时间。2)过去某个时间已经开始的动作持续到现在,也许还会继续下去。常和表示一段的时间状语连用sofar(到目前为止),foralongtime.(很长时间)inthepastfewyears(在过去的几年中for+段时间(多久)since+过去点时间(自从。。。。以来)。)uptonow(到现在).till\untilnow,thesedays(这些日子)……Ihavelivedin吉林for11yearsTomhasbeenillforthreedays.Wehaveknowneachothersincetwoyearsago..WehavestudiedEnglishfor8years.Jilinhaschangedalotsofar我们在翻译时常译“已经”“了”我已经工作十一年了我学英语已经22年了我在吉林已经生活了十一年了我们在翻译时现在完成时态时常常译“已”“已经”“了”构成:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他.当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have.过去分词的构成:1.规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成。work---workedvisit---visitedlearn-learned(注意:过去分词并不是过去式)2.以不发音“e”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“d”。live-lived,change-changed.Agree-agreed.Move-moved.\nSave-saved.,use-used.hope-hoped.2.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,将"y"变为"i",再加“ed”。  study---studied,cry---criedCarry-carried.Try-tried.3.还有一些单词需要双写词尾字母再加ed的stop---stopped,drop--dropped5.还有一些动词的过去分词有自己的变换形式have—had,find-found,grow-grown,buy-bought,go–gone,do-done,leave-left.build-built.be-been.read-readAAA:形式Cost-Cost-Costcut-cut-cutHit-Hit-HitPut-Put-PutSet-Set-Setlet-let-letread-read-readshut-shut-shuthurt-hurt-hurtAAB:beat=beat=beatenABB:(过去式与过去分词相同)buy-bought-boughtcatch-caught-caughtfind-found-foundburn-burnt-burnthear-heard-heard,Stand-stood-stood.Mean-meant-meantlearn-learned\learnt-learned\learnthave-had-hadhang-hanged\hung-handed\hungBuild-built=built.Send-sent-sentlose-lost-lostspend-spent-spentlend-lent-lent,bring-brought-broughtfeel-felt-feltfight-fought-foughtget-got-gotkeep-kept-keptleave-left-left.Lay-laid-laidmake-made-madeSweep-swept-swepttell-told-toldthink-thought-thoughtteach-tought-toughtwin-won-wonABA:run-ran-runcome-came-comebecome-became-becomeABC:take-took-takenwrite-wrote-written.Blow-blew-blowndrive-drove-drivendraw-drew-drawneat-ate-eatengive-gave-given.fall-fell-fallengrow-grew-grownknow-knew-knownride-rode-riddensee-saw-seen.Steal-stole-stolen.Be(isam)-was-beenAre-were-beendo-did-done.Fly-flew-flownlie-lay-lainring-rang-rungsing-sang-sungswim-swam-swumwear-wore-wornbecome-became-becomecome-came-comerun-ran-rungo-went-gonedrink-drank-drunk例句:Ihaveworkedforeightyears.、WehavelearnedEnglishfor5yearsHehasjusthadbreakfastShehasfoundherbook..\nIalreadyhavefoundmybookMarryhaslivedin吉林since1999.Youhavelivedin吉林since2004IhavestudiedEnglishsince1992现在完成时也分为陈述句,疑问句,否定句。现在完成时的疑问句只需要把have\has放置于句首即可。其它不变Haveyouworkedforeightyears?yesIhave.noIhaven’tHasMarrylivedin吉林since2004?yesshehas.noshehasn’tHashejusthadbreakfast?yeshehas.nohehasn’t否定句只需要在have\has后面加not即可常常缩写为haven't\hasn'tIhaven’tworkedforeightyears.Marryhasn’tlivedin吉林sinceshewasborn.Have\hasbeentohave\hasgoneto的区别Have\hasbeento表示某人去过某地说话的时候已经回来了(到过某地)IhavebeentoSongHuaLakethreetime.MarryhasbeentoDisneylandHave\hasgoneto表示某人去了某地说话的时候还没有回来(去了某地)--WhereisTom?---Hehasgonetotheteacher’sofficeHello.thisisMarryspeaking,CanispeaktoTom?Sorry,hehasgoneto北山park.Hasbeenin+地点(在某地呆了多久)Theyhasbeenin吉林for1year.\n现在完成时态注意的问题IhavemarriedIhavemarriedfor6yearsMygrandpahasdiedMygrandpahasdiedforoneyear.(错误)HehascomebackHehascomebackfor3days(错误)IhaveleftmyhometownIhaveleftmyhometownfor10years(错误)注意的问题:延续性动词和非延续性动词:1.延续性动词表示的动作不会一下完成而是可以延续,发展的work,teach,keep,wait,learn,have,watch,stay,live,know,sing,read,sleep2.非延续动词表示的动作是瞬间的,动作不能延续。这种动作发生后立即结束。如:die,marry.buy,begin,join,getup,close,open,come,go,borrow,arrive,leave,buy,become,延续性动词用于现在完成时的句子当中常与for或since引导的段时间状语连用.YouhavelearnedEnglishforeightyears.Ihavekeptthebookfor5days.非延续性动词也可以用于完成时,但是由于动作是瞬时完成的所以不能与for+段时间或since+点时间引导的段时间状语连用IhavemarriedMygrandpahasdiedShehaveboughtthebookHehascomebackIhaveborrowedthebookIhaveleftmyhometown.\nIhavemarriedforfiveyears.(错误)Mygrandpahasdiedforoneyear.(错误)Ihaveboughtthebookforfiveyear(错)、Hehascomebackfor3days(错误)Ihaveleftmyhometownfor10years(错误)那么这种非延续性动词在现在完成如果与表示的段时间状语连用时,我们可把非延续性动词转换成延续性动词的形式。Gothere-bethere,comehere\back-behere\back,die-bedead,leave-beawayfrom,open-beopen,close-beclosed,go\getout-beout,finish-beover,Become-be,getup-beup,fallasleep-beasleep,fallill-beill.Fallsick-besick.,begin\start-beonfinish-beovergettoknow-knowArriveat\in-bein\atmarry–bemarried,join---bein\beinanumberofPuton–wear,buy-have,borrow-keep,catchacold-haveacold,所以上面的例句我们就可以用以下的方式进行表达Mybrotherhasbeeninthearmysince1999.Ihavebeenmarriedfor5years.Mygrandfatherhavebeendeadsincelastyear.IhavehadthiswatchforfiveyearsHehasbeenbackfor3daysIhavebeenawayfrommyhometownfor10years但是在否定句中这些非延续性动词可以与段时间连用Shehasn’tcomehereforanhour.Ihaven’tboughtthebikeforayear.Ihaven’tsawyouforalongtimeHehasn’tlefthomeforamonth.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别相同点:都表示过去某个时刻发生的动作。不同点:一般过去时强调过去,现在完成时态强调现在\n1.一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去的某一时刻,只是在陈述一件过去曾经发生过的事情和现在的不发生关联。现在完成时强调过去发生的这一动作与现在的关系,强调对现在产生的结果或影响。时间状语区别2一般过去时态常与具体的时间状语连用,yesterday,oneday.Longlongago.Twoyearsagolastnight\year.\month.In1988,justnow......现在完成时常常与一些不确定的时间状语连用。already(已经),never(从不),ever(曾经),just(刚刚),yet(仍然)before(之前或表示一段的时间状语连用sofar(到目前为止),foralongtime.(很长时间)inthepastfewyears(在过去的几年中)for+段时间(多久)since+过去点时间(自从。。。。以来)。)uptonow(到现在).till\untilnowrecently(最近),thesedays(这些日子)Isawthefilmyesterday.只是单纯的叙述昨天看了电影这件事情Ihavealreadyseenthefilm强调对电影的内容已经知道了。Whendidyoufinishyourhomework?只是在询问过去完成作业的这件事情。Ihavefinishedmyhomework.作业做玩了可以去玩了Mygrandpadiedin2000.Thoughhehasdeadfor10years,imisshimalot.Iboughtaredcar(我曾经买过一辆红色的汽车)只是叙述这一过去发生的事实,与现在没有关系,也许坏了,也许卖掉了。Ihaveboughtaredcar(我买了一辆红色的轿车)如果用现在完成时叙述,则强调了与现在有关系,即我现在正在使用着。现在进行时:定义:此时此刻正在发生的动作或事情。通常与时间状语now,atthismoment.我正在给你们上课。同学们正在听课,有一些同学正在睡觉,有一些同学正在溜号。构成:主语+Be+动词的现在分词动词的现在分词的构成五过去进行时\n定义:过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作。常和表示过去的时间状语,atthattime,thistimeyesterday,then,atnineyesterday.或者与when,while引导的过去时间状语连用。昨天放学的时候你在干什么?上周日我在外语班学习的时候我妈妈给我打电话。今天早上我去找他上学的时候,他正在睡觉。构成:was/were+V-ing(现在分词)。或者与when,while引导的过去时间状语连用。1.IwaswatchingTVat5o’clocklastnight.2.Theyweredoingtheirhomeworkatthattime.3.hewasstudyingallthetimelastSunday.4.Hewasreadingwhenicamein5.IwasdoingmyhomeworkwhilemyparentswatchingTV.过去进行时的陈述句,疑问句,否定句。过去进行时的疑问句只需要把were\was放置于句首即可。过去进行时的否定句只需要在were\was加not即可常常缩写为weren't\wasn't过去进行时和一般过去时的区别过去进行时与一般过去时,两者都表示过去发生的动作,但过去进行时表示在过去某一特定的时间点或时间段正在进行的动作,强调动作在过去的时间段正在发生,而一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生过的动作,强调是事实或结果。Shewrotealettertoherfriendlastnight.她昨晚给朋友写了封信。(强调昨晚正在发生的动作)Shewaswritingalettertoherfriendlastnight.她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。(强调昨晚做过的事情)\n六:过去完成时。定义:表示在过去某一时间段之前已经完成的动作或事情。也就是发生在过去的过去,常常和时间状语by+过去的点时间,bytheendof+过去点时间before+过去的时间点by,until,before,引导的短语连用。。他吃饭之前就已经把英语作业做完了。到上个学期期末为止我们已经学习了100个单词到去年为止他已经种了100课树了。构成:主语+had+过去分词构成。1.一般动词的过去分词直接在动词词尾加ed既可以。work---workedvisit---visited(注意:过去分词并不是过去式)2.e”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“d”。live-lived,arrive-arrived3.辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,将"y"变为"i",再加“ed”。  study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,4有一些单词需要双写词尾字母再加ed的stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped5还有一些单词的过去分词有自己的变化形式have–hadfind-foundgrow-grown,buy-bought,go–gone,do-done,leave-left.build-built.be-been.例句Thetrainhadalreadyleft.whenIgottothestation.wehadlearnedtwohundredEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm.TheyhadplantedonehundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.TomhadtaughtEnglishinaschoolforfiveyearsbeforeshecametochina.\ntheyhadalreadyhadbreakfastbeforetheyarrivedatthehotel.过去完成时的陈述句,疑问句,否定句疑问句只需要将had放置于句首既可以Had+主语+过去分词?yes,主语+had.No,主语+hadn’t。Hadthetrainalreadyleft,whenIgottothestation?肯定回答yes,ithad,否定回答no,ithadn’t否定句只需要在had+not(hadn’t)既可以。Theyhadn’tplantedonehundredtreesbeforelastWednesday。过去完成时态的判断依据1)根据时间状语来判断,与过去完成时态连用的时间状语有by+过去的点时间,bytheendof+过去点时间before+过去的时间点Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineo’clocklastnightWehadlearnedovertwothousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflasttermTheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastSunday2)根据过去完成时定义来判断可知过去的某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后的关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用过去时态这种用法常常出现在宾语从句中:当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,而且从句的动作先于主句的动作时从句通常用过去完成时一般出现在由told,said,knew,heard,thought…等引导的宾语从句。Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilmbefore.用在状语从句中。当主从句的动作有先后,在前的用过去完成时,在后的用过去时。WhenIgottothestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.但是如果两个动作联系的很紧密。主从句都用一般过去时。Afterheclosed,helefttheclassroom.3)根据上下文来判断。ImetWangTaointhestreetyesterday,wehadn’tseeneachothersincehecametoBeiJing.七:现在进行时定义;此时此刻正在发生的动作或事情。构成:be+动词现在分词(v+ing)现在分词构成分为以下几种情况\n1.一般动词在词尾加ing既可。Play-playing,watch-watching,read-reading,do-doing2.一些以e结尾的动词去掉e在加ingclose—closing,give-giving,have-havingMake-making3.有些动词需要双写词尾的字母再加ingrun-running,swim-swimming,get-getting例句sheiscrying.heislaughing.theyareplayingfootball.现在进行时的陈述句,疑问句,否定句,疑问句只需要把相应的be动词放置于句首既可以否定句需要在相应的be动词后加not既可以。(注意在现在进行时的句子中经常会出现三个词look,listen,now,这是判断是否为现在进行时的一个依据)例句:look,Jackiscrying.Listen,heissingingTheyareplayingfootballnow.八:过去将来时定义:表示在过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或事情。例句:她说明年她会回来。她告诉我她要和我逛街去他告诉我七年后他要成为一名医生。构成:would+动词原形和表示过将来的时间状语连用tomorrow(明天),nextweek(下周),fromnowon(从现在开始);inthefuture(将来)nextyear,in+一段时间(在…之后)Hesaidhewouldcomebacknextyear.ShetoldmeshewouldgoshoppingwithmeHetoldmehewouldbecomeadoctorinsevenyears.Ididn’tknowwhenhewouldgotoBeiJing.Weneverimaginedhewouldbecomeateacherinseven.过去将来时的陈述句,疑问句,否定句。\n疑问句只需将would放置于句首即可。Would+主语+其他否定句只需在would+not(wouldn’t)主语+wouldn’t+其他过去将来时还可以用was\weregoingto的结构Ourteachersaidweweregoingtohaveatextnextweek.Hesaidhewasgoingtoschooltomorrow.过去将来时的用法:(过去将来时多用在复合句中,特别是宾语从句和间接引语中,我们在实际的练习时判断是否用过去将来时,除了看时间状语更多的时候看主句的时态,主语用过去时,从句如果表示将要发生的事情多用过去将来时。)九:therebe句型含义:表示某地有某人或某物构成:thereis+单数名词\不可数名词+地点状语Thereare+可数名词复数+地点状语(注意:在句型当中there是引导词不翻译。Be动词is\are取决于后面的名词)ThereisabookonthedeskThereissomebreadonthedesk.Therearesomebooksonthedesk.Therebe句型的疑问句只需要be动词提前即可(在肯定句中的some、something要变为any.Anything)Isthereabookonthedesk?yesthereis.Nothereisn’tIsthereanybreadonthedesk?YesthereisNothereisn’tArethereanybooksonthedesk?YesthereareNotherearen’tTherebe句型的否定句Thereisn’tabookonthedesk(在肯定句中的some要变为any)特点:就近原则当therebe句型后面的主语是由and连接两个或两个以上的并列名词时be动词要遵循就近原则Thereisateacherandmanystudentsinourclass.Therearemanystudentsandateacherinourclass\nTherebe否定句只需在be动词后面加not即可Thereisn’tabirdinthetree.Therearen’tTherebe句型一般过去时Therewasalottobedone.ThereweresomechildrenintheriverTherewasaknockonthedoor.Therebe句型的一般将来时Therewillbeanfilmtonight.ThereisgoingtobeanfilmtonighThereisgoingtobeameetingtonight.Therebe句型的现在完成时TherehavebeenmanyaccientTherehasbeenagirlwaitingforyou.Therehavebeenmanyschoolsthisyear.Therebe句型也可以与情态动词连用Theremaybeastromtomorrow.Theremaybeadoginthebox.Thereusedtobeahospitalbeforethewar.Theremustbesomethingwronghere.Thereoughttobacommahere.Thereshouldn’tbedoubltaboutit.Therecan’tbesomanymistakes.Therebe句型还可以和seemto,happento,usedto,belikelytoThereseemtobeafewtreesbetweentherooms.ThereislikelytobearainTherehappenedtobeabus\n有时Therebe句型中的be动词可以换为live,remain,seem,appear,stand,exist,Thereexistdifferentopinionsonthisquestion.Thereremainjustpounds.Therelivedamaninthevallagelongtimeago.ThereseemssomethingwiththeTherestandsatempleatthetopofthehill.六名词所有格:名词在句中表示所属关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格.通常翻译为“。。。。。的”构成:通常单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's以s结尾的复数名词则直接加'即可’luxun'spoemtoday'snewspaper.Children'sdayStudents'roomfiveweeks'holiday名词所有格还可以用of的结构来表示。(常常表示无生命的东西)Amapofchinatheendofweek双重所有格:由名词后加's和of结构所有格形式构成的双重所有格。Somefriendsofmysister's\nAfriendofmyfather's形容词的比较级和最高级英语中大多数形容词是可以分为原级比较级和最高级同等程度的比较肯定形式:as+形容词原级+as否定形式notso(as)+形容词原级+asThisbookisasgoodasthatone.JohnisashonestastomMypronunciationisnotas\sogoodasyoursHeisnotas\socleverasiexpected.比较级:两个人或两个事物进行比较时我们常用比较级其结构通常为:形容或副词的比较级+than(比)形容词的比较级的构成又分为以下几种形式1.直接在该形容词的词尾加er即可short-shorter,young-younger2.以字母e结尾的直接加r即可large-largernice-nicer1.以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i再加ereasy-easierbusy-busier2.双写词尾字母再加er的fat-fatterhot-hotterbig-bigger3.有自己的变换形式的good\well-betterbad\ill-worsemany\much-morelittle-lessLimingisolderthanme,jackistallerthanliming,thesunisbiggerthantheearth.最高级三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时我们常用形容词的最高级。小虎是咱班最帅的男生,关郑是咱们最淘气的学生,李明是最可爱的,我们都可以用最高级进行表示。最高级的构成:形容词的最高级构成前面要加冠词the+形容词的最高级+名词+比较的范围。形容词的最高级构成1.直接在该形容词的词尾加est即可short-shortest,young-youngest2.以字母e结尾的直接加st即可large-largestnice-nicest4.以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i再加esteasy-easiestbusy-busiest5.双写词尾字母再加est的fat-fattesthot-hottestbig-biggest6.有自己的变换形式的good\well-bestbad\ill-worstmany\much-mostlittle-leastJackistheyoungestboyinourclass.Heistheoldestmaninourclass.Tielingisthelargestcityinchina.Marryisthefattestmaninourclass.Springisthebestseasonoftheyear.\n多音节的形容词比较级的构成:是在原级前面加more即可。Exact.Moreexact,beautifulmorebeautifulmoreimportant,多音节形容词的最高级构成:是在原级前面加themost即可themostbeautifulthemostimportant.Jilincityisthemostbeautifulplace.形容词前面加上某些强化语动词不定式:构成:to+do(动词原形),to为不定式符号,无意义。否定形式是在to前面加not即可。(有时可以不带to,即用动词原形)它可以分为主动语态被动语态现在时todotobedone进行时tobedoing完成时tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行时tohavebeendoing不定式的一般现在时表示的动作有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词之后。Heseemstoknowthis.Ihopetoseeyouagain.不定式的进行时:不定式的进行时表示的动作正在进行,与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。Heseemstobeeatingsomething.不定式的完成时:表示的动作通常发生在谓语动词的动作之前。I'msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Heseemstohavecaughtacold.不定式的完成进行时:不定式所表示的动作是从过去的某个时间发生,一直持续到现在。Sheisknowntohavebeenworkinginourschoolformorethantwentyyears.\n名词用法(主语,做宾语。形容词用法,(定语)副词用法功能:名词的用法可以做主语,宾语,表语,1做主语:(谓语动词常常用单数形式)TospeakEnglishisnoteasy.Toknowoneselfisdifficult.TotellalieisalwaysnoteasyToprotectenironmentisimportant.不定式做主语一般情况下它的主语较长为了避免头重脚轻的现象但更多的情况下不定式做主语常常用itis+adj..todo的结构这里的It称为形式主语放在前面,而不定式称为做真正的主语放在后面。ItisnoteasytospeakEnglish.Itisdifficulttoknowoneself.Itisnotalwayseasytotellalie.注意要表明不定式的逻辑主语也就是这件事情要说的是谁是时候常常用for\of用it做形式主语不定式做真正主语时,引导逻辑主语的介词for\of(对。。。。而言).Itis.Forsbtodo......某事如何如何adj都是修饰sthIt's.......Ofsbtodo.....某人如何如何。Adj都是修饰sb第一种结构常常用于说明事物的特征特点,it's后面常常用于表示事物客观特征特点的形容词(difficult,easy,important,possible,impossible,interesting,,necessary,,comfotable,hard,easy,better.....)It'sveryhardforhimtostudyalanguage.Itisinterestingformetoplayfootball.It'seasyformetodothat.第二种结构一般用于表示人物的性格品德和行为特征,it's后面常常用于表示主观情感或态度的形容词(brave,good,honest,kind,lazy,foolish,silly,stupid,selfish,clever,careless,nice,polite,right,wise,wrong,...thoughtful(深思熟虑的)....)It'sverykindofyoutohelpmecleantheroom.Itwassillyofustobelievehim.\nIt'sveryniceofyouhelpme.2)疑问词+不定式相当于一个名词短语。(做主语)(可以做宾语)(表语)Howtoenjoylifeisabigproblem.Idon’tknowwhethertolaughorgetangryTheproblemiswheretosetupthetent.不定式的否定式只需要在前面加Not即可nottodo2.作宾语:1)常常跟在许多动词后面做宾语。IwanttogohomeWedecidedtoputoffthemeeting.ShelikestoplayfootballMysonneedstoseeadentist.(begin,hope,arrange,want,agree,afford,like,ask,help,offer,prepare,happen,refuseforget,hate.Learn,need,expect,promise,pretend,seem,mean,decide,fail,stop.Remember,choose,determine.,demond,manage,plan,wish,......)2)这些动词有时根据具体的语境需要用"疑问带+不定式“=名词做宾语Youmustlearnhowtoenjoylife.Pleaseshowmehowtodothat.Ican'tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.我拿不定要买哪一个。Ididn’tknowwhattodonext3)不定式做宾语也可以用it做形式宾语而不定式做真正宾语放在后面,这种结构类似于不定式做主语的结构主语+find\think+itadjtodoWefounditeasytostudyEnglishThebirdfoundithardtofindthewater/Ithinkitessentialtoreserveairtickets.我认为预定机票还是非常必要的.\n.我养成了每天早上打太极拳的习惯。2.副词的功能能用来修饰动词,副词形容词。表示表示目的原因结果做状语:不定式做状语可以做目的状语,原因状语,结果状语,条件状语,比较状语,评论性状语等等。。。。目的状语:表示“为了”也可以用inorderto.(句首,或句中)Soasto(一般不放在句首)不定式做目的状语可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。Jackcametomyofficetoaskaquestion.Icamehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.原因状语:常常跟在一些表示感情的形容词后gladshockedfool,sorry,Iamgladtoseeyouagain.IwasshockedtoseethesceneIwasreallyafoolnottolistentoyouatthatmoment.Wearesorrytohearofyourfather'sdeath.结果状语:WewereseparatednevertoseeeachotheragainTomistooexcitedtocontrolhimself评论性状语常常独立于句子之外做一个独立的成分,表示说话人的态度或语气Totellthetruthtobehonesttobefranktospeakfranklytosumuptobesuretobeginwithtostartwith.3.形容词功能做定语:不定式做定语通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后.(名词+todo)用来修饰前面的名词或代词起到定语(形容词)的作用I’mlookingforsomeonetohelpmeMymotheristheonlypersontoremembermybirthdayIdidn’thaveachancetouseEnglishinChina\n注意不定式前的代词或名词为介词的宾语时介词不能省略IhavetotakecareofmyparentsIhaveparentstotakecareofIcutitwithaknifeIwantaknifetocutitwith注意2)修饰名词的不定式可以用关系代词来代替IamlookingforsomeonetohelpmeIamlookingforsomeonewhowillhelpme5.作表语可以放在be动词之后用来说明主语的身份,性质,或特征做表语也属于不定式的名词功能Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.HisdreamistobeanEnglishteacher.Hisfaultistotalktoomuch.Adoctor’sdutyistotakecareofsickpeople.不定式表示条件的用法用来修饰假设语气的主句Tohearhimtalkonthephoneyouwouldtakehimforhisbrother.Ifyouheardhimtalkonthephone.Youwouldtakeforhisbrother.Iwouldgiveyouanythingtogotoconcert6.做宾语补足语:是用来说明补充和说明宾语的的作用v+sbtodo结构这类动词主要有建议允许求希望adviseallowaskwish想使告诉命令教Wantgettellorderteacher邀请期望来来警告inviteexpectwarnask,advise,allow,beg,believe,encourage,notic,observe,ruquestteach,tell,want,permit,persuade,expect.invite,let,help.get,\nAllowmetointroducemyself.Theteachertoldustocleantheroom.省略to的不定式做宾补的动词一感feel二听listentohear三使makelethave四看seewatchobservenotice五3.只能做情态动词的动词Cancouldmaymightmustoughtto既可以做情态动词又可以做实意动词needdare既可以做助动词也可以做情态动词的shallshuldwillwould我能说英语。我能说法语,我必须好好学习。我不得不好好学英语。发放学后你必须给给早点回家。几天晚上你不许看电视。今天晚上可能降温.定义:表示说人的情感,态度或语气的动词。常用的情态动词有:Can,could(能,能够),may,might,must,haveto,shall,shouldwill,would,oughttoneed,……情态动词有以下几个特点1.本身具有一定的词义2.没有人称和数的变化3.不能单独做位于后常接动词原形一同构成谓语。考点基本定义问答推测考查要点本身含义,推测含义否定含义Can/could(能能够,许可)可能本身含义的否定不能够,不可以推测含义的否定,不可能一定不\nMay/might可以可能可能不Must必须一定禁止Can本身含义,1.表示能力。(常常翻译为能够,能,会)can’t不能IcanspeakEnglish.Canyoudrive.?Ican’tswim.2.推测含义主要用于疑问句(可能)和否定句中(不可能)Class 3 won the football match! Canit be true?Canitbeourteacher?Canhecome?刘德华can’tbeoverfiftyYoucan'tbehungrysosoon,youhadlunchonlytwominutesago.WhoseT-shirtisit?Itcan’tbeMarry’t.Itistoobigforher3.表示“允许,请求”。(常常翻译为,能,可以。)可以与mayYoucanusemybook.CanIgonow?yes,youcan.No,youcan’tIforgettomydictionary.CanIuseyours?它的回答yesyoucan\can’tCanIsmokehere?.Caniuseyourbook?Could1.作为can的过去式表示过去的某种能力Icouldplaythepianoattheageof6.IcouldspeakEnglish.WhenIwas8.\n2.表示请求允许只是这时could的语气更加客气有礼貌,更加的委婉。(注意此时不是can的过去式)。IamafraidIcouldn’tgiveanswerantodayCouldyouspeakalittleslowly?YesIcanNoIcan’t(Iamafraidnot)Couldiuseyourbookforawhile?注意在回答以不能以用could应该用can或can’t或CouldItryonthoseshoesinthewindow?Sorry,youcan’t.theyarejustonshow.Couldyouwaitforafewminutes?3表示推测“可能”可用于肯定句否定句疑问句Theycouldn’tplayfootballlastFridaybecausePeterforgottobringhisfootballhere.Petermusthavebeentoyourhomethismorning.Nohecouldn’t.Hedidn’tknowmyadress.Can\beableto区别can在表示“能力”的时候可和beableto互换,但是他们也是有区别的,can多用于一般现在时和过去时(could),而beableto可以用于各种时态。另外在表示经过一番努力终于成功完成某事的时候我们常用beableto.Ican\amabletosingmanyEnglishsongsIcould\wasabletoreadwhenIwasfour.we’llbeabletofinishtheworksoon.Finish your homework first, then you’llbeabletowatch TV for an hour.\ncan\could+have+过去分词(表示本来能够做但实际上却没有做)Youcanhavedoneyourhomeworkbetter,Youcouldhavepassedtheexamifyouhadbeencarefulenough.)_情态的基本句型。肯定句:主语+情态动词+动词原形否定句:主语+情态动词+not+动词原形疑问句:情态动词+主语+动词原形May1表示“请求,允许”,(翻译为可以)疑问句,肯定句Itsuchalongway.Whatshallido?YoumaytakemybusifyoumayYoumaycleantheclassroomafterschool.Howlongmayikeepthebook?YoumaykeepitfortwoweeksMayIseeyourIDcard,sir?wehavetocheckyourinformation.Ihearyou’vegotanewiPhone4S.mayIhavealook?—Yes,certainly.PleaseYesyoumay\can"否定回答用No, you can't或No, you mustn't.,不用No, you may not.?Mayweleavetheroomnow?No.youmustn’t?can最直截了当,could比较有礼貌,may既尊重又委婉。might则是有太多的虚礼,则很少用。2.表示推测常常翻译为“也许,可能”maynot“可能不”\nYoucanhardlyimaginethepleasureoftalkingontheWechat(微信)Really?ButitmaycauseyoumuchtroubleifsomeonegetsyourpersonalinformationHaveyoudecidedwhichseniorhighschooltochoose? ------Notyet.I maygotoMoonlightSchool.Itmayraintomorrow.3.用来表示祝愿常放在句首。(常常翻译为希望,祝愿)Mayyousucceed.Mayyoulivelong.Maythatdaycomesoon.在回答以may引导的问句时,一般要避免使用may,以免显的过于严厉或不客气,定回答常用yes,please.Sure,certainly否定回答常用pleasedon’t,No,youmustn’tMight1.作为may的过去式表示过去可以或可能发生的事情Shewasafraidtheymightnotlikeheridea表示请求允许(语气更加的委婉)不常用?3..表示推测,(它的可能性比may小)Whatwilltheweatherbeliketomorrow?Itmightbesunny,cloudy.Whoknows?Whereareyougoingthismonth?WemightgotoXianmen,Butwe’renotsure.Can\may表示“请求”“许可”can和may可以互换。\n1.在肯定句中。Can和may区别很小Youcan\maygohomenow.Youcan\maykeepthebookfortwoweeks.这本书你可以借两周。2.在疑问句中may比can更有礼貌。Can\mayIborrowtwobooksatatime?Can\mayIaskyouaquestion?Can\may\might表示推测“也许,可能can最直截了当,could比较有礼貌,may既尊重又委婉。might则是有太多的虚礼,则很少用。Must1.表示出于主观意识,义务必须做某事(必须,一定)AllpassengersmustgothroughsafetycheckbeforetheytakeaplaneInBritain,youmustbe18ifyouwanttodriveacar.Youmusthurryup,oryou’llbelate.Youmusttellmethetruth.作为必须一定时在回答以must引导的问句时。其肯定回答可以must.但是其否定不用mustn’t回答多为need't或don'thaveto(没必要)Mustwehandinourexercisebookstoday?yesyoumust\No,youdon’thaveto.Noyouneedn’tMustIstaytherethewholeday,Mum?No,youneedn’t2.表示“推测”这时表示有根据的或者很有把握的猜测。常常翻译为“一定是”只能用于肯定句This bookmustbeLucy's. Look! Her name is on the book coverYoumustbetirednow.3mustn’t(禁止)Lookatthe“Noparking”sign.Youmustn’tparkyourcarhere.\nWemust’tcrossthestreetuntilthetrafficlightsturngreen.和其他表示推测的情态动词相比,这种推测是有依据的,比较有把握的。4must+完成式表示对过去发生的事情作出肯定的判断。表示一定是已经…….。Youmusthaveknownwhathewanted.你那时一定知道他想干什么。Theroadiswet,itmusthaverainedlastnight.5.must+进行式表示对现在正在发生的情况有把握的猜测,表示一定是正在做什么.Youmustbejoking.Hemustbereading.Must和haveto的区别must着重强调主观的看法常常翻译为“必须”haveto则表示客观的需要常翻译为“不得不”。ImuststudyEnglishIhavetoEnglishImusttidyuptheroomIhavetotidyuptheroom情态动词表示推测的含义Mustcancouldmaymight一个比一个大Shewearsaschooluniformshemustastudent情态动词的否定推测can’tcouldn’tmaynotHaveto不得不(必须)有人称,数,时态的变化Ihavetostayathome.Hehastostayathome含有情态Haveto的句子它的肯定回答yesyoumustf否定回答是no,youneedn’tDowehavetofinishmyhomeworkthisafternoon?Yesyoumust\nOughtto=should=besupposedto否定结构oughtnotto1.表示出于义务责任应该应当做的事.常常翻译为“应该”可以和should互换1.Thestudentsoughttowearschooluniformswhentheyareatschool.表示推测,很可能发生的事情。常译“按道理说应该”TomoughttobetherenowTomorrowoughttobeaniceday.Shall作为情态动词时适用于第一人称。表示将要。。。。。Hadbetter.最好。。。。表示对比人的劝告,建议或一种愿望。Youlooktired.You’dbettterhavearest.Will\would1.表示主语的决心或心愿,will表示现在的意愿,would可以作为will的过去式,表示过去的意愿,也可以作为单独的情态动词表示现在的意愿,只是语气比较委婉客气。二者主要用于肯定句,否定句或条件句中OnedayIwillpaybackyouforthehelp.我以后会回报你的帮助。SheasksifIwouldnotgowiththem.她问我是否愿意同他们一起去。Ifyouwillreadthebook,I’lllentittoyou.如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。Tiredastheywere,theywouldn’tstoptohavearest.虽然他们都很累,但他们都不愿停下来休息2.will和would均可用于第二人称的疑问句中,表示征求意见或提出请求,would此时并不是will的过去式,而表示委婉的语气。Willyoupleasedomeafavor.?可以请你帮个忙吗?Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?想来点咖啡吗?Shall1用于第一人称的疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见Shallwesithere?\nWhatshallwedonow?Let’ssingtogether.Shallwe?2.用于第二或第三人称表示说话人给对方的“允诺”“命令””“威胁”等。Youshallgetridofsuchsillyidea你应该丢掉这么傻的想法(命令)Youshallgeteverythingyouwant(许诺)Sheshallhaveabicycleforhisbirthday.他可以得到一架自行车作为生日礼物(许诺)Youshallnotstayinmyroom.你不可以呆在我的房间。(命令)(威胁)Thatdayshallcome.http://wenku.baidu.com/view/b9426052f5335a8102d220a4.html?from=searchShould1.表示出去道义,责任,义务,应该做某事。Youshouldtellmetheturth.你事先应该告诉我。Weshouldloveourparents.我们应该爱自己的父母。2,也可以表示推测或可能性,也常常翻译为应该。Thisbookshouldbeyours.Youshouldn’tbesleepingnow.It‘salready8.Should+have+过去分词表示过去本来应该做某事而实际上却没有做。常常翻译为“本应该”Ishouldhavetakenheradvice.我本应该采纳她的建议。Ishouldn'thavetreatedherlikethat.我本不应该那样对她。Dare(敢)1)作为情态动词时,主要用于疑问句,否定句和条件句中。dare 作为情态动词,多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中,无第三人称单数形式,只有一般现在时和一般过去时。如:Dare he tell them what he knows? 他敢告诉他们所知道的情况吗?I daren‘t ask her – will you do it for me? 我可不敢问她,你能帮我问问吗? (2)dare \n作为实义动词,此时有人称、数及时态的变化。如:He doesn‘t dare to break his promise.他不敢食言。   注意:在口语中,dare 的各种形式常与不带to 的不定式连用。如:Do you dare tell her what I said? 你敢告诉她我说的话吗?I didn‘t dare look at him.我不敢看他。Need(需要”needn’t不需要,更多的时候是没必要常常用于疑问句和否定句中—Need I stay here any longer? Yes, you must .是的。—No. you needn‘t /don‘t have to. 不, 你不必肯定回答为 must,否定回答为 needn‘t或don‘t have to。Itdoesn’tlooklikerain,youneedn’tbringtheumbrellawithyou.Thedeskisnotdirty,youneedn’tcleanit还可以作实义动词,此时有人称、数和时态的变化,如果是人作主语后边多接动词不定式。如:I need to do it right now. 我需要马上做这件事。He needs to learn more about the girl.他需要多了解那个女孩。 如果是物作主语,一般用need doing 与 need to be done这种情况下应注意两点: ①.主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义;②.该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。例如:. The door needs painting. = The door needs to be painted. 那扇门需要油漆一下。Your car needs mending. = Your car needs to be repaired. 你的车需要维修.1)作为情态动词时need 表示需要、必须,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,其否定形式为needn‘t,意为―没有必要,不必‖。 用need 提问时,肯定回答为 must,否定回答为 needn‘t或don‘t have to。 如:—Need I stay here any longer?  我还有必要留在这儿吗?—Yes, you must .是的。—No. you needn‘t /don‘t have to. 不, 你不必Themanisfeelingmuchbetternow,soyou______calladoctor.A.needn’t       B.can’t       C.mustn’t     D. shouldn’tNeed+havedone表示做了本不必要做的事情。\nOurTVisstillgoodenoughyouneedn’thaveboughtanewone.状语从句:在学习状语从句之前我们先学习一下什么是状语状语一般由副词,介词短语,分词分词短语,动词不定式,等,它的位置一般放置于句首,句中,或句末。ShespeaksEnglishverywellSheispraisedforherbravery.Icametoseeyou.Writteninahurry,sothearticleisnotgood.Heswimshere(副词做状语)Heswimsinthepool(介词短语)Heswimslikeadog(介词短语)Westoppedlaughingwhentheteachercamein.WashyourhandsbeforeyouhavemealsWashyourhandsafteryouusetoilet在复合句中由一个从句做状语。我们就称这个从句为状语从句是一种副词性从句,通常由从属连词引导。就是将主谓宾中的状语扩大成一个句子并用连词来引导。掌握连词的含义是关键,注意主句和从句时态的呼应根据状语从句在在句子的作用,状语从句可以分为时间,地点,条件,伴随,原因,结果,目的比较,让步\n时间状语从句(when,while,as(当。。。的时候),before,after,since(自从)till,untill(……assoonas(一。。。。就)When(当。。。的时候=atthattime或then强调的是在那个时候)其中的从句的谓语动是非延续性的也可以叫做点动词也可以用延续性动词两个动作可以是同时发生或几乎同时发生。也可以是从句的动作发生在主句之前。Tomwasdrowingontheblackboardwhentheteachercamein.Westoppedlaughingwhentheteachercamein.Whentheteachercamein,istoppedlaughing.Wheniopenthewindow,isawhimcomeup2=justthen(正在。。。时候突然)这时引导的从句通常放在主句之后。通常主句用进行时或beabouttoIwaswalkingalongthestreet,whenimethimIwasabouttofallasleep,WhenmysistercameinWhile侧重“在某一段时间里,在。。。期间”。往往指一段时间。谓语动词所表示的动作是延续性的。WhileiwereinAmerician,isawhimtwice.Whileweweretalking,hecamein.Iwasdoingwhilemymotherwascooking.Whenafter.assoonasbefore,not..until主将从现还可以作为并列连词。连接一个表示对别的并列分句。然而Wearecleaningtheroomwhileyouareplayingthefootball.Whenevereverytimeeachtime任何时候每当WheneverImether,shewasstudying.EverytimeImetherr,shewasstudyingSince(自从,从。。。以来)eversince(就是从那时起一直到现在,此后一直)引导的从句通常用一般过去时或时间点,而主句通常用现在完成时WehavenevermetsincewegraduatedfromthecollegeAs而且侧重表示主句和从句同时开始也是同时结束(一边…..一边,随着)\n从句的动作是延续性的IsingasIdance.Asshegrewolder,shebecamemorebeautiful.Asthestudentswalkedtotheroom,theysanghappliy.Before表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。(在。。。之前)SomeonecallmeupinthemiddleofthenightbuttheyhungupbeforeIcouldtheanswerthephone.After表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。(在。。。之后)Aftertheboyfinishedhishomework.HewenttobedWhilemysonhavingtheclasses,iwasshoppingWealwaystalk,aswewalkhome.WashyourhandbeforeyouhavemealsWashyourhandsafteryouusetoilet,flushit.Whenyougotoff,youmustn’tpushothersBefore,在。。之前表示主句的动作发生在从句的做作之前。After表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后ItwasrainingwhenwearrivedHefellasleepwhilehewasdoinghishomeworkWhile+一个持续状态(进行时、延续性状态)HefellasleepwhilehewasdoinghishomeworkIlearnedchinesewhileiwasinChina\nHehashadtwojobssincehegraduatedIt was raining hard(rain hard 下大雨) when we got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang. As he walked along(沿着走) the lake, he sang happily. WheniwaswatchingTV,mymothercameback.(一个动作正在发生的时候,另个动作突然发生。Myfatheriscooking,whilemymotherisreadabook(表示前后两个动作同时发生)Astimewentby(后长接时间上的推移),thedaysbecamelongerandlongerHe had learned a little Chinese before he came to China. After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory在时间状语从句中,通常不用将来时态,通常用一般现在时表示将来时I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York. I will tell him everything when he comes back. He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes. until可放置于句首till通常不放置于句首在带有till,untill,引导的时间状语复合句中,如果主句是肯定句一般翻译为“直到。。。。时”主句的谓语动词只能用延续性动词,The young man read till the light went out. IsleptuntiltomorrowLet’s wait until the rain stops. 如果主句用否定式,翻译为“直到。。。才主句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词用非延续性动词Until\till都可以用于肯定,但until也可以用于否定,但till常用于肯定不用于否定。  We won’t start until Bob comes.   Don’t get off(从下来) until the bus stopsShedidn’tcomeuntil6o’clockTill通常用于句首。\nUntil则很少通常用于句中。对于时间状语从句而言多以单选或完型的形式出现考察的地方1连词2时态I'm sure he will jump up when he    the good news.   A . know   B  will know   C. knows   D knowing WheI don’t know when he  _____next week. when he     , please let me know.           A. comes, comes       B. will come, will come           C. will come, comes    D. comes, will comen可以引导宾语从句(什么时间)也可以引导状语从句(当。。时候)时间状语从句主从句之间的时态规律主过从过。主句是一般将来时从句用一般现在时Theboywillbeawriterwhenhegrowsup.主句含有情态动词时从句用一般现在时Whenthelightsarered.Thecarmuststop.主句是祈使句时从句用一般现在时Pleasedon’tgotobedbeforeyoufinishyourhomework.主句用一般过去时从句也用过去时Ilikedreadingwheniwasyoung条件状语从句通常由if(如果),unless(除非)What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Don’tleave the building unless I tell you to.在条件状语从句中通常也用一般现在时表示将来3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。Hurry up, or you’ll be late. =If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late. Study hard and you will pass the exam. =If you study hard, you will pass the exam\n原因状语从句通常由because,as,since引导Hedidn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.Asitisrainingweshallnotgotothezoo.Sinceyoucananswerthequestion,I’llasksomeoneelse.because表示直接原因,语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问句,只能用because.As和since语气较弱,一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。----Why aren’t going there? ------Because I don’t want to.As he has no car, he can’t get there easily. Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.4. 结果状语从句 (1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son. She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her. My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。So...That引导的结果状语从句中so是副词用来修饰形容词或副词so+adj\adv+that+从句。He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.\n在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中,such是形容词,它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词,也可以是不可数名词;名词前面可以带形容词,也可不带。如果是单数可数名词,前面需加不定冠词a或an。So+名词+that+从句so+adj+n+that…soa\an+adj+that+从句It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again. =The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again. It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it. =The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时,只能用so, 不用such。Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild rosesHe has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema(去看电影) with you.目的状语从句通常由 so that,(为的是,结果是,目的是,) in order that(为了,以便)引导He studies hard so that he canwork better in the futureHegotupinorderthat\sothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.IcomeheresothatIcanhelpyou.so that既可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个:1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看,目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。让步状语从句通常由although,= though,=evenif=,eventhough等连词引导(尽管)\n初中部考区别。   例如: Though he is young, he knows a lot. Although I am tired, I must go on working.although(though)和but不能用在同一个句子中错误:Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.正确:Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.条件状语从句,表示的是一种前提条件if如果aslongas(只要)=solongasunless(除非)=if.....notHewillcometohelpmeunlesshehasalotofworktodo.=Hewillcometohelpmeifhedoesn’thavealotofworktodoIwon’tcallyouunlesssomethingimportanthappens被动语态英语中的语态可以分为主动语态和被动语态。我经常打儿子。(主动语态)东北人都喜欢赵本山莫言写了小说“红高粱。”儿子经常被我打。(被动语态)赵本山被东北人喜欢。小说红高粱是由莫言写的。主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者被动语态\n构成:助动词be+动词的过去分词(注意这里的be动词有人称,数量,和时态的变化)这也是我们学习的重点。时态有很多种形式,但被动语态我们常用的就八个换句话说被动语态在各自时态中有各自的形式。有时与介词by++短语连用。表示“由。。。。被。。。。”(现在以ask为例)1.一般现在时被动语态am\is\are+动词过去分词iamaskedaquestionbyteacher.Youareaskedaquestionbyteacher.Heisaskedaquestion.2.现在完成时被动语态have\has+been+过去分词Ihavebeenaskedaquestion.You\they\wehavebeenaskedaquestion.He\she\ithasbeenaskedaquestion.3现在进行时被动语态:am\is\are+being+过去分词Iambeingaskedaquestion.Youarebeingaskedaquestion.Heisbeingaskedaquestion4过去时被动语态was\were+过去分词I\she\hewasaskedaquestionthey\we\youwereaskedaquestion.5过去完成式被动语态had+been+过去分词You\she\they\ihadbeenaskedaquestion.6过去进行时被动语态was\were+being+过去分词I\he\shewasbeingaskedaquestion.They\you\wewerebeingaskedaquestion.7将来时被动语态will\shall+be+被动语态am\is\aregoingtobe+动词的过去分词I\weshallbeaskedaquestion.He\they\you\shewillbeaskedaquestion.Themeetingisgoingtobeputoff.Apartyisgoingtobeheldtonight.8过去将来时被动语态would\should+be+过去分词I\weshouldbeaskedaquestion。She\he\we\you\theywouldbeaskedaquestion被动语态的一般疑问句只须把助动词放置句首即可。否定句在助动词后加not即可。其他几种情况的被动语态。主动语态变为被动语态。\n注意的问题1时态不变,2主动语态变为被动语态后谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称和数上保持一致。3变为被动语态后还要常在句尾加上由“by。。。。”构成的短语表示被。。。。。。但是有很多时候是省略的。被动语态注意的问题1.除了be动词外动词get也可以作为助动词构成被动语态Get+过去分词,而且这种结构比较口语化。而且很少与by+短语连用。Igetlostinthesupermarket.Theglassgetsbroken.Hegothurtonhiswayhome.Youmightgetkilled.你也许送命的2get/have+名词+过去分词也表达被动意思。Iwillhavethebikerepaired.Hegothislegbrokenwhenplayingfootball.Ihavemywalletstolenlastnight3.在英语中有些词常常用主动形式表达被动的语态smell,taste,sound,feel,sell,takeplace,Theclothfeelssoft.Thecaketastesgood.Thatsoundsveryinteresting.Mypenwriteswell.MybookshadlysellsHisbookssellwell.Thiscarbelongstome.4.有一些表示感官和使役动词如make,watch,hear,see,notice,feel在主动句中长接不带to的不定式。但在变为被动句时不定式符号to必须补上。Theymadehimgo.他们让他去。Hewasmadetogo.他被要求去了。Iheardhimsaygood-byetohisfriends.我听见他向他的朋友说再见。Hewasheardtosaygood-byetohisfriends.有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。\n5在need,want,require后面,常接”v+ing”用主动形式表达被动的意思:Yourshirtneedswashing. 你的衬衫该洗了。Mywatchneedscleaning.(=…needstobecleaned) 我的表需要清洗。Yourgardenneedswatering.(=…tobewatered) 你的花园需要浇水。Doesyoursuitrequirepressing,sir? 先生,您的衣服要烫吗?Thecarwantsservicing.  这汽车要检修定语从句JiLinisabeautifulcity.ThisisfengjiaTunstation.Tomisagoodboy.Ihavetwosons.通常情况是由形容词,名词,冠词,数词,分词,副词,不定式,介词短语作定语来修饰名词或代词。再看下面的几组句子正在唱二人转的那个人是小沈阳我昨天在街上看到那个人是赵薇昨天参观我们学校的那个人是习大大。这是我昨天在书店买的书。Themanwhoissinginger’renzhuanis小沈阳.Thegirlthatwesawyesterdayinthestreetis赵薇Thepersonwhovisitedourclassyesterdayis习大大。Thisisthebookwhichweboughtinthebookstoreyesterday.Thepersontowhomyoujusttalkiscalled习大大。定语从句:\n定义:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句称之为定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词称之为先行词,定语从句通常由关系词(关系副词或关系代词)来引导。Themanwhoissinginger’renzhuanis赵本山.先行词为man,关系词为who,定语从句为whoissinginger’renzhuan。person,关系词为whom,定语从句为whomyoujusttalkbook关系词which定语从句为whichweboughtyesterday先行词+定语从句下面我们再来看一些句子在这些句子当中哪些词是先行词,哪些词又是关系代词或关系副词。哪些又是定语从句。Themoviethatwesawlastnightwasn’tverygood.FootballisagamewhichislikedbyboysTheshopwhichsellstoysisnotfarfromhere.在英语中引导定语从句常常需要关系词可以分为关系副词和关系代词。关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose关系副词:where.When.Why.这些关系代词或关系副词常常放置在先行词和定语从句之间起关系代词与关系副词的作用1.连接先行词和引导定语从句.2.指代先行词3.在从句中做句子成分。(主语,宾语,表语。状语,(时间状语,地点状语,原因状语)。)Themanwhoissinginger’renzhuanis赵本山.(做主语)Thepersontowhomyoujusttalkiscalled小沈阳(做宾语)Thefishwhichweboughtthismorningwerenotfresh.(做宾语)我们再看一些定语从句的例句Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly。(主语)Thegirlthatwesawyesterdaywas赵薇。(宾语)TheforeignerwhovisitedourclassyesterdayisObama关系代词和关系副词的使用问题:\n关系代词:(that,which,who,whom,whose)一:That当先行词是人或物时常用that(所以that既可以指人又可以指物常常翻译为这个,那个)。在从句中可以做主语也可以做宾语(做宾语时常常省略)指人:Themanthatissinginger’renzhuanis赵本山(作主语)Thegirl(that)wesawyesterdaywas赵薇。(做宾语常常可以省略)指物:Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.(作主语)Thisisthebook(that)weboughtyesterday.(做宾语常常可以省略)Thefish(that)weboughtthismorningwerenotfresh(做宾语)指人时相当于who,whom,可以与他们互换指物时相当于which可以互换在从句做主语或宾语,做宾语时可以省略。Themanthat\whoissinginger’zhenzhuanis赵本山。Theman=who\thattheman(that\whom)isawthismorningis赵薇.Aplaneisamachinethat\whichcanfly.Thefish(that\which)IboughtthismorningwerenotfreshThat使用时注意的问题1.做介词的宾语时,当介词的位置如果提前此时指物用which指人用whomThisisthehouse(that)IlivedintenyearsagosThisisthehouseinwhichlivedtenyearsagos.Thepen(that)youarewritingwithisTom’sThepenwithwhichyouarewritingisTom’sHaveyoumetthegirlaboutwhomweweretalkingHaveyoumetthegirl(whom)weweretalkingabout.2.下面的情况只能用that当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,something,few,little,much,none,some,all..等代词时或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much,only,thevery,oneof,thesame\n.等修饰时只能用that来引导定语从句DoyouunderstandeverythingthatIsaid.ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.我不能为你做些什么。Healwayslookedupanywordthathedidn’tknow.ThisistheverybookthatIwanttobuy.MarryisoneofthestudentthatwanttostudyinChina.ThenolythingthatIcandoistosupportyou.1.当先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时只能用that变形金刚isthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.Thisisthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin少林寺isthefirstmoviethatIsaw.Motheristhefirstteacherthattaughtmemusic.ChineseisthemostdifficultlanguagethatMr.Smithhaslearned.MarryisoneofthestudentsthatwanttostudyinChina.2.当先行词即有人又有物时。Lookatthegirlandhercatthatarewalkingonthegreen.(看看那个在草地上散步的女孩和她的猫)3.当主句是以who,which开头的特殊疑问句Whoisthegirlthatissmilingatyou?Whichisthedressthatfitsmemost?http://wenku.baidu.com/view/f2922ed349649b6648d7471f.html二:which指物,在从句中可以做主语也可以做宾语(作宾语的时候也常常省略)Theshopwhichsellstoysisnotfarfromhere.(做主语)Theyplantedsometreeswhichdidn’tneedmuchwater.(做主语)Thefish(which)weboughtthismorningwerenotfresh(做宾语)Themuseum(which)theyvisitedyesterdaywasveryinteresting.(做宾语)在做介词宾语的,当介词提前时常用which而且通常不能省略。Thisisahouse(which)ilivedintenyearsago.(做宾语)\nThisisahouseinwhichilivedtenyearsago.(做介词宾语)三:who指人。在从句中做主语。Themanwhoissinginger’renzhuanis赵本山(做主语)Theboyswhoareplayingfootballaremyfriends.(做主语)Heisthemanwhopickedupmymoney.当先行词是one,ones,anyone,those时多用whoThosewhohavegoodmannerswillberepected在Therebe开头的句子中多用who.Therearemanyyoungmenwhosupportyou.四:whom(是who的宾格形式)指人在定语从句中做宾语(常常可以省略)Mrliuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.(做宾语)Theboy(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisTom(做宾语)当做介词的宾语时,如果介词前移只能用whomHaveyoumetthegirlaboutwhomweweretalkingHaveyoumetthegirl(that)weweretalkingabout.2.whose(是关系代词who的所有格形式,)它的先行词既可以是人也可以是物。所以既可以指人也可以指物。常常译为......的Ihaveafriendwhosefatheris成龙。.Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.Doyouknowthegirlwhosehairisblue.Whose=ofwhichWhose和它所修饰的名词在定语从句中可做主语及动词或介词的宾语(不省略)。\n关系副词where,when,why,他们在引导定语从句时在从句中分别作地点状语,时间状语,原因状语。关系副词在定语从句中一般不省略。Where常常指地点。在定语从句中做地点状语,他的先行词通常表示地点,如place,city,room,townstreet.这样表示地点的名词。四平isaplacewhereIspentmycollagelife.(做地点状语)Thisistheschoolwhereheworked.IrecentlywenttotheSongYuancitywhereIwasborn.When常常指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语。先行词多是表示时间的名词如(time,day,night,morning,month.year,week.等等)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoschool.(做时间状语).IwillneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedinBeiJing。.Why指原因,在定语从句中常常做原因状语。先行词常常是表示原因的名词如reason.等Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyouarelateforschool.(做原因状语)Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.关系副词可以用介词+which来代替Where=in\at+whichWhen=at\in\on\during+whichWhy=forwhich四平isaplacewhere(inwhich)Ispentmycollagelife.(做地点状语)Thisistheschoolwhere(atwhich)heworked.Istillrememberthedaywhen(onwhich)Ifirstcametoschool.(做时间状语).Iwillneverforgetthetimewhen(duringwhich)weworkedinBeiJing。Pleasetellmethereasonwhy(forwhich)youarelateforschool.(做原因状语)Idon’tknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)helooksunhappytoday.定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;先看这样一些例句:Hisfatherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotothe\ncollage.他那当医生的爸爸总是鼓励他要上大学。(他强调的是当医生的那个爸爸)它的定语从句对先行词进行了限制,强调了当医生的那个爸爸。Hisfather,whoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotothecollage.他的爸爸,现在是一名医生,总是鼓励他要上大学(强调的是他爸爸鼓励他上大学,并没有强调是哪个爸爸。)它的定语从句只是对先行词进行了个简单的补充,说明。而并没有限制的作用。Hehasadaughterwhoworksinahospital.他有个在医院工作的女儿。(他强调的是在医院工作的那个女儿)它的定语从句对先行词进行了限制,强调了在医院工作的那个女儿。Hehasadaughter,whoworksinahospital.他有个女儿,在医院工作。(他强调的是他有个女儿,)它的定语从句只是对先行词进行了个简单的补充,说明。而并没有限制的作用Ilikethebookwhichwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢昨天买的那本书(强调昨天买的那本)Ilikethebook,whichwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢这本书,它是昨天买的。1.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,不能随意去掉。如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或改变,这种从句和主句的关系十分密切,书写时它的先行词和关系词不用逗号分开。2.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词做些附加的说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然很清楚,它的从句和主句的关系不十分密切,书写时往往用逗号把先行词和关系词分开。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别.1.形式上:限制性定语从句往往不用逗号和主句分开。非限制性定语从句往往用逗号和主句分开。3.意义上:限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语,如果删除,主句的意思就不完整或改变.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词做些附加的说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然很清楚.4.翻译上:限制性定语从句往往译为先行词的定语,“…….的”。非限制性定语从句通常译成主句的并列句。5关系词的使用上:限制性定语从句可用关系代词that引导.非限制性定语从句往往不用关系代词that引导.限制性定语从句中做宾语的关系代词可以省略。\n非限制性定语从句中做宾语的关系代词则不可以省略.。二:定语从句中的替换问题:关系副词where,when,why的含义相当于“介词+which"的结构,因此可以和其替换。When=at\in\on\duringwhich.Where=in\atwhichwhy=forwhich.我们看下面这些例句:Thisisaplacewherewefirstmet。Thisisaplaceatwhichwefirstmet。Which=aplaceIrecentlywenttothecitywhereIwasborn.IrecentlywenttotheinwhichwhereIwasborn.Which=thecityIstillrememberthedaywhenifirstcametoschool.Istillrememberthedayonwhichifirstcametoschool.Which=thedayIwillneverforgetthetimewhenweworkinBeiJing。IwillneverforgetthetimeduringwhichweworkinBeiJing。Which=thetimeThisistheresasonwhysherefusedtooffertohelpThisistheresasonforwhichsherefusedtooffertohelp.Which=thereasonPleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Pleasetellmethereasonforwhichyoumissedtheplane.Whose指代物时相当于ofwhich.Thehousewhoseroofhascollapsedwillsoonberepaired.Thehousetheroofofwhichhascollapsedwillsoonberepaired.Which=thehouse.I'dliketobuythebookwhosecoverisred.I'dliketobuythebookcoverofwhichisred在定语从句中只用that的情况:1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,anything.little,few,much,等不定代词时HetoldmeeverythingthatheknowsDoyouhaveanythingthatisimportanttotellme?2)先行词被all,every,each,much,little,no,notsome,few,等修饰时Allthebooksthatyouofferedhavebeengivenout.Ihavesomebooksthataregood.\n3)先行词被形容词最高级和序数词修饰的时候ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen..ThisisthefirstbookthatIbought4)先行词即指人又指物时WetalkedthepersonandthingsthatwerememberedIwon’tforgetthethingsandthepersonthatIsaw.5)先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thenext修饰的时候HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.ThisistheverybookthatIlostyesterday.6.当句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复,多用that。Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?在定语从句中只用which不用that的情况:1)引导非限制性定语从句Hehadfaliedinthemathsexam,whichmadehisfatherveryangry.2)代表整句的意思时。3)在“介词+关系代词”的结构中Thisistheroominwhichmyfatherlivedlastyear.关系副词when,where,why.他们分别在从句中他们分别在句中作时间状语,地点状语,原因状语。When:主要用于修饰表示时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中做时间状语。如TherecomesatimewhenyouhavetomakeachoiceIwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.Iwon’tforgetwhenIgotmarried.Where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词,同时在定语从句中做地点状语。Thisisavillagewherehewasborn.ThatisthehotelwherewestudiedlastyearWhy主要用于修饰表示原因的名词(主要是reason),它在定语从句中做原因状语。Wedon'tknowthereasonwhydidn'tshowup.Wecan'tunderstandthereasonwhyheturntheraidooff.\n1)as指人或物。在定语从句中做主语或宾语(as做宾语时一般不省略)常常用于、such....as和thesame...asso....as,as......as的结构中。Iwanttohavesuchabookashehas.As=abook在从句中指物做has的宾语。Peoplesuchasyoudescribearealwaysseennowadays.As=people在从句中指人Thiscomputerhasthesamefuctionasthatonehas,2)As在引导一个非限制性定语从句时,as所引导的定语从句表达的意思是整个的概念或一部分的概念,它做引导的定语从句可以放置于句首,也可以放置于句中,也可以放置于句末。常常翻译为“这一点”“正如”Asweallknow,theearthmovesaroudthesun.HemustbeAfrican,asmaybeseenfromthecolouroftheskin.Hermotherislookingforher,asherthought.Sheisbeenlate,aswasexpected.修饰人的关系代词that,who,whom的区别1)当主句的主语是who时只能用that。Whoisthegirlthatisstandingoverthere?2)在非限制性定语从句中或介词之后,只能用who\whomIhaveason,whoisreallyinterestingandlovelyThereare30studentsinourclass,mostofwhomareboys.在英语当中的语气分为陈述语气,祈使语气,虚拟语气。由if引导的条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。Ifhedoesn'thurryup,hewillmissthebus.如果他不快点,他将错过巴士。(真实)Ifheisfree,hewillaskmetotellstories.如果他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。(真实IfIwereyou,Iwouldgoatonce.如果我是你,我马上就会去。(我不可能是你。非真实,虚拟语气,Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.如果没有空气,人就会死亡。(不可能没有空气。非真实,虚拟语气)\n如果我是你们,我也不爱学习英语。我希望我能像哈利.波特那样有魔力。如果我像马云那么有钱,我要首先给我的父母买套房子。如果没有口气和食物还有水,人马上就会死去。如果你早来十分钟,你就能见到李宇春了。虚拟语气定义:用来表示说话人所说的不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人主观的愿望,假设或推测等。例句。了。虚拟语气多用在if引导的非真实条件状语从句中。IfIhadanymoneywithme,Icouldlendyousome.Ifhestudiedharder,hemightpasstheexam.虚拟语气if引导的非真实条件句的构成分为以下三种情况:1.与现在事实相反的假设。如果我是你我就会带把雨伞。如果我知道他的电话号,我就告诉你。2.与过去事实相反的假设。如果我早来十分钟,我就能看到李宇春了。如果他接受我的建议,他就不会犯那个错误3.与将来事实相反的假设。如果他明天来这,他就能看到李宇春。如果他十分钟后到,我们就开会。虚拟语气在这三种条件句中应用主句和从句的谓语动词形式构成是不同的:1.与现在事实相反的假设主句谓语构成:should/would/could/might+动词原形。虚拟语气的条件句的谓语用过去式(注意,动词be的过去时态一律用were,不用was。)Ifihadtime,iwould\shouldstudyEnglish,too.IfIknewthenews,Iwould\shouldtellyou\nIfIwereyou,Iwould\shouldtakeanumbrellaIfIhadanymoneywithme,Icouldlendyousome.Ifhestudiedharder,hemightpasstheexam.IfIknewhistelephonenumber,Iwouldtellyou。IfIwererich,Iwouldhelpthepoor.2.与过去事实相反的假设主句谓语动词构成:should/would/could/might+have+过去分词虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词用过去完成时。结构:had+过去分词IfIhadgotthereearlier,Ishould/wouldhavemetherIfhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake3与将来事实相反的假设。主句谓语动词构成:should/would/could/might+动词原形 虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词用:①should+动词原形②过去式(be动词用were) ③wereto+动词原形. Ifyouweretocometomorrw,ImighthavetimetoseeyouIfyoucametomorrow,wecouldmeet李宇春。Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldn’tgoout.虚拟语气应注意的问题1在虚拟语气的if引导的条件从句中如果含有were,should,had,有的时候是可以把if省略,而把这三个词放置于句首,构成倒装的语序。Ifitshouldhappen,whatwouldyoudo?Shouldithappen,whatwouldyoudo?Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldcatchthebusHadyoucomeearlier,youwouldcatchthebus.\nIfIwereyou,Iwouldgiveitup..WereIyou,iwouldgiveitup.但是有的时候,在虚拟条件句中,条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,(例如从句是与过去事实的假设,而主句是与现在事实的假设)这时动词形式要根据它所表示的时间应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了。(从句说的对过去事实的假设,而主句是对现在事实的假设。)如果我是你,我早就回家了。(从句说的是对现在发生的事实的假设,而主句说的是对过去发生事实的假设)如果你刚才听我建议,你现在会更好。(从句说的是过去发生的事情,而主句说的是现在发生的事情)IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineernow.Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldsenthimtoBeiJingIfyouhadfollowedmyadvicejustnow,youwouldbebetternow.含蓄虚拟条件句:有时假设的情况不以if引导的条件句形式出现,而是通过一个介词短语,连词或其他形式表示常用的词语有without,with,butfor(要是没有),otherwise(否则),or,but,等等.Withoutyourhelp,wecouldnothavesucceeded.(Ifwehadnothadyourhelp,wecouldnothavesucceeded.)Butforelectricity,therewouldbenomordencity.(iftherewerenoelectricty,therewouldbenomordencity.)Iwasbusythatday,otherwiseiwouldhavecometoseeyou(Ifihadnotbeenbusy,iwouldhavecometoseeyou)有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个1.省略从句Hewouldhavefinishedit.他本该完成了。Youcouldhavepassedthisexam.你本能通过这次考试的②省略主句\nIfIwereathomenow.要是我现在在家里该多好啊。IfonlyIhadgotit.要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。1.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的使用2.在一些表示“命令”“建议”“提议”“要求”等动词后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,如suggest,order,insist.Command,require,demand,advise,require,request,desire.Propose,vote....decide,..从句的结构通常用should+动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形Wesuggestthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Theyinsistthattheboy(should)gowiththem.Isuggestthatwe(should)setoffatonce.Heorderthatwe(should)taketeacher'sadvice.(注意:)Wish引导的宾语从句后面要用虚拟语气。它引导的虚拟从句也分为1.与现在事实相反的假设2.与过去事实相反的假设3.与将来事实相反的假设1.与现在事实相反的假设wish后面接一般过去时的从句(动词的过去式,were)Iwish(that)itwerespringallyear.Iwishirememberedtheaddress.2.与过去事实相反的假设wish后面接过去完成时(had+done)Iwish(that)hehadnotleft(他已经走了).Iwish(that)hehadstayedathome.(他没在家)3.与将来事实相反的假设wish后面接would\could\might+动词原形Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.Wesuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Theyinsistedthattheboy(should)gowiththem.Hedemandthatwe(should)taketeacher'sadvice.Heorderthatwe(should)taketeacher'sadvice.(注意insist,suggest)Insist只有表示“坚持要求”“坚持做”“硬要”\n才需要用虚拟语气,而在表示“坚持说”“坚持认为”的时候则不用虚拟语气。)Heinsistthatweshouldpaythemoneyatonce(他坚持要我马上付钱)Heinsistthathewasinnocent(他坚称他是清白的)Themaninsistthathehadneverstolenthemoney.(suggest,当建议讲时后面接虚拟语气当“暗示”“表明”讲时后面则不用虚拟语气)Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork.Hisfacesuggestedthathewasangry.2.用于表语从句和同位语从句常常用在名词suggestion,idea,order,plan,advice,request等后从句的后面常常用于should+动词原型结构Should常常省Myideaisthatwe(should)thinkitover.Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)putoffthemeeting3.在主语从句中常常用在句型itis(important.necessary,strange,natural,impossible,funny,wrong,better,apity.....)that后面的句子需要使用虚拟语气。它的从句结构should+动词原形Itisnecessarythatweshouldhaveawalknow.Itisnaturalthatsheshoulddoso.(她这样做事很自然的)Itisimportantthatweshouldtakecareofthepatient.4.在其他条件状语从句中的用法。在asif\though.(好像)引导的状语从句中,用过去时表示与现在的事实不符,用过去完成时表示与过去的事实不符,Itlooksasifitmightrain.Theytalkedasthoughtheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.在sothat,inorderthat,引导的状语从句中常常用should\would\could\might+动词原形Shestayedathomeforafewdayssothatshecouldtakecareofhermother.Hetookataxitothestationinorderthatheshouldnotmissthetrain.Itisapitythatyoumissagoodchance.\n也可以用在itisdemonded,suggested,required,orderedthat后面的句子需要使用虚拟语气。它的从句结构should+动词原形(should可以省略)ItisrequestedthatPofessorLi(should)giveusaspeech.Itisdemandedthatweshouldworkoutaplan也可以用在itisapity,shame,nowanderthat后面的句子需要使用虚拟语气。它的从句结构should+动词原形(should可以省略)Itisapity4.在其他从句中的应用用在itisabout\hightimethat......结构句子中。从句的谓语动词用过去式(be动词用were)或should+动词原形。(should不能省略)用来表示虚拟。Itishightimethatweshouldputtheendtothisdiscussion.Itistimethatwewent(shouldgo)home.用在ifonly句型中“要是。。。。。该多好”句中动词的变换形式与wish变换相同1.与现在事实相反的假设ifonly后面接一般过去时的从句(动词的过去式,were)Ifonlyiwerestillyoungandbeautiful.2.与过去事实相反的假设ifonly后面接过去完成时(had+done)ifonlywehadarrivedintime.Ifonlyihadseenthefilm.3.与将来事实相反的假设ifonly后面接would\could\might+动词原形Ifonlysomeonecouldhelpme.Ifonlyshewouldcome.Wouldrather+从句动词用过去时形式或过去完成时时形式。Iwouldratheryoutoldmethetruth.IwouldratheryouhadgonetherelastSunday由asif,asthough,evenifeven\nthough引导的状语从句。从句的谓语动词也遵循三种变化形式1)动词的过去式(be动词为were)2.had+过去分词3.Would\could\might+动词原形。Hetreatsmeasifiwereastranger.Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.Evenifhewerehere,hecouldnotsolvetheproblem.过去分词定义:也是非谓语动词一种兼有动词形容词副词的特点构成:v+ed特点:一是表示被动二表示完成用途:可以做定语,宾补,表语宾语补足语。做定语过去分词做定语与被修饰的名次关系可以即表示被动又表示完成Pulletedwater污水Boiledwather开水Aterrifiedgirl一个吓坏的女孩Developedcountry发达国家与被修饰的名次关系不表示被动,只是表示动作已经完成FallenleavesTherisensun如果是单个的过去分词做定语常放在被修饰的名词前Englishisawidelyusedlanguage如果是过去分词短语做定语常放在被修饰的名词后HelivesahousebuiltbyhisfatherHaveyoureadthebookwrittenbyLuXun做表语\n过去分词做表语时。常用来说明主语所处的状态或心理感觉。常放在begetlookseemremain,之后ThedoorremainedlockedTheglassisbrokenShewasdisappointedattheresultoftheexamIwasverypleasedatthenewsHeseemeddelightedattheidea过去分词作表语主语多是人。做状语过去分词做状语相当于一个状语从句(可以表示原因条件,结果,时间让步)表示时间相当于时间状语从句Seenfromthetopofhill,thecitylooksbeautiful=whenthecityisseenfromthetopofhill.表示原因相当于原因壮语从句Caughtinaheavyrain,hewasallwet=becausehewascaughtinaheavyrainWritteninahurry.thisarticlewasnotgood=asitwaswritteninahurry,表示条件相当于一个条件状语从句Givenmorttime,Icanworkoutthisproblem,=ifhewasgivenmoretime,hecanworkoutthisproblem表示让步相当于一个让步状语从句Laughedatbymanypeople,hecontinuedhisstudy=evenifhewaslaughedbymanypeople表示方式或伴随Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbythestudentsHewenttotheroom,followedbysomechildren过去分词作状语,过去分词所表示的动作与句子的主语既表示被动又表示完成\n做宾补足语通常做一些感官动词的宾语补足语findseewatchhearfeelnoticeIheardthesongsunginEnglishIfoundsonghuanRiverpolluted和一些使役动词的后面haveleavegetmakekeepIwillhavemyhaircuttomorrowIgotmyteethpulledoutyesterdayDon’tleavethosethingsundone过去分词作宾语补足语时,过去分词所表示的动作和句子宾语表示被动或完成也可以用在with,without结构中做宾语补足语Witheverythingwellarranged,helefttheofficeWithoutanymoretimegiven,wecouldn’tfinishit\n分词分类:可以分为现在分词和过去分词定义:现在分词是非谓语动词的一种,具有形容词和副词的特征,可以做定语,表语,状语,宾补。构成:现在分词是由动词后面加ing构成,v+ing其形式与动名词一样特点:表示主动的或正在进行的动作。1.做定语(起到了一个形容词的作用。表示动作正在进行或发生)单独的现在分词做定语通常放在被修的名词前面。ArunningboyBoilingwather.ThesleepingboyisTom.如果是现在分词短语做定语通常放在被修的名词后面AgirlstandingthereTellthechildrenplayingoutsidenottomaketoomuchnoise.被修饰的名词时现在分词动作的发出者。(即与名词是主谓关系)1.做表语:现在分词做表语通常也是被看做成一个形容词(常用来说明主语的性质或特征,现在分词做表语主语多是物品)多放置系动词之后(be.get,sound,seem.Appear.become.look,)常见的用作表语的现在分词有interesting,moving,exciting,boring,surprising,encouraging,ThestoryismovingHisspeechisveryinteresting.Thenewssoundsencouraging2.做宾语补足语(通常放在一些感官动词,see,hear,feel,notice,smell.watch,或一些使役动词\nhave,make,get,leave的后面役表示动作正在进行。)IsawMarrygoingupstairsIfoundTomreadingabook.Iheardmymothersingingthatsong.Someoneleavethewaterrunningafterwashinghands.4.做状语相当于一个状语从句(可以表示原因,条件,结果,伴随,时间,让步)现在分词短语的位置可放在前面,也可以放在后面相当于一个用when,while引导的时间状语从句Walkinginthestreet,Isawherr(时间)=whenIwaswalkedinthestreet,Isawher.Hearingthegoodnews.hejumped=whenheheardthegoodnews,hejumped.相当于一个由because,as,for..y引导的原因状语从句。Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschoolyesterday.(原因)Becausehewasill.hedid’tgotoschoolyesterday.Seeingtheirteacher.thestudentstoptalkingWaitingforthebus.ihadalongtalkwithTom.相当于一个由if引导的条件状语从句。Workinghard.youwillbeNo1inyourclass.(条件)Ifyouwordhard,youwillbeNo1inyourclass.Buyingthisclothes,youcangetthatT-shirtforfree.Ifyoubuythisclothes.youcangetthatTforfree.Theycameintotheclassroom.singandsong.(伴随)Shesatonthearmchair,readinganewspaper.Helayonthegrass,lookingatthesky.相当于although,though,引导的让步状语从句。相当于一个结果状语从句。Herfatherdied.leavingheralotofmoney.(结果)Hefelloffhisbike.breakinghisleg..\n现在分词有时态和语态的语态:主动被动时态一般时doingbeingdone完成时havingdonehavingbeendone现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。间隔时间较短。Lookingback.Ifoundmybook.IhearTomsinginganEnglsihsong.一般式被动结构Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.完成式所表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。Havingturnofftheradio.hebegantogooverhislesson.Havingreceivedhisletter.hedecidedtowriteback.完成式被动结构Havingbeenwrittenhaste.thebookhasmanymistakes.现在分词的否定结构在在前面加not即可。现在分词与过去分词的相同点和不同点。一:做定语相同点:位置相同单个分词做状语放在被修饰的名词前。分词短语做状语通常放在被修名词后面不同点:1.现在分词做定语与被修饰词是主动的关系,过去分词做定语与被修饰词是被动的关系。Themansittingatthedeskismyfather.Themovedmanismyfather.\n1.现在分词表示动作正在进行。过去分词表示动作已经完成。Developingcountry发展中国家Developedcountry发达国家二做宾语补足语现在分词做宾补也表示主动的,动作正在进行IsawTomplayingfootball.过去分词做宾补表示被动或动作应景完成的YesterdayIhadmycomputerrepaired.三现在分词做状语所表示的动作是句子的主语所执行的,也就是说主语和现在分词之间是主动关系。Enteringtheroom.hebegantosleepHavingheardfromparentsforalongtime,themanbecameworried过去分词做状语句子的主语则是过去分词动作的承受者Seenfromthehill.thetownlooksverybeautifulHewalkedintotheclassroom,followedbyagroupofstudents\n分词:分词可以分为现在分词和过去分词两种。构成:1)一般动词在词尾加-ing既可。Play-playing,watch-watching,read-reading,do-doing2)有一些以e结尾的动词去掉e在加-ingclose—closing,give-giving,have-havingMake-making3)有些动词需要双写词尾的字母再加-ingrun-running,swim-swimming,get-getting4)以ie结尾的动词,把ie变为y再加-ing过去分词通常v+ed,有一些单词有自己的变化形式。2.分词的时态和语态:现在分词的时态和语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone现在分词的一般式:表示的动作谓语动词的动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词之后。现在分词的完成式:表示过去分词时态和语态只有一种形式done.3.分词的否定形式只需要在分词前加not即可动名词的讲解:\n定义:动名词是非谓语动词的一种形式。构成:v+ing1.在一般情况下,在动词原形的后面直接加即:v+ingGo-going,do-doing,ask-asking,read-reading,study-studying1.以不音e结尾的动词后,去掉e,再加ing,come-coming,live-living,dance-dancing,make-making2.有一些动词需要双写词尾字母再加ingSit-sitting,run-running,begin-beginning,forget-forgetting3.有少数几个以ie结尾的动词需将ie变为y,再加ingDie-dying,tie-tying,lie-lying.特点:动名词是由动词变化而来的,所以它保留了动词的一些特征,还具有名词的特征。因此它可以在句子中做主语,表语,宾语,定语。1.做主语(动名词做主语谓语动词用单数形式)Knowingisonething;doingisanotherTalkinglikethatisnotpolite.Swimmingisthebestexerciseinsummer.动名词做主语,有时先用it做形式主语放在前面,而动名词做真正的主语放在句末。例如ItisnogoodlearningEnglishwithoutpractice.Itisnousearguingwithhim.Itisfunplayingwithchildren.常常构成以下结构itis+名词或名词短语+doing适合这一句型名词或名词短语有:nouse,nogood,fun,awastoftime,agreatpleasure.wonder。。。。。Itisawasteoftimediscussingsuchmatters.Itisnousearguingwithhim.Itisfunplayingwithchildren.Itisawondermeetingyouhere还可以构成itis+形容词+doing适合这一句型结构的形容词有:useless,nice,interesting,worthwhile,foolish,dangerous,senseless,enjoyable.wonderful,difficult,\nItisdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydaysItisniceseeingagain.Itisuselessarguingwithhim.Itisworthwhilediscussingthequestionagain.(注意important,essential,necessary形容词可以用it做形式主语但不能用动名词做真正主语,他们需要用不定式做真正主语)Itisimportantfouyoutodohomework.动名词做主语也可以用在thereis(was)no+doing句型结构中表示“没法”Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.Thereissayingwhenheisgoingtodo.2.做表语MyjobisteachingEnglish.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps1.做宾语:不定式做宾语可以做动词,形容词,介词的宾语。Ilikeswimming.Heisfondofplayingfootball.http://wenku.baidu.com/view/7a7cfbd076eeaeaad1f33081.htmlhttp://wenku.baidu.com/view/59eace08bb68a98271fefa1c.html动名词做一些动词或动词短语的宾语情况很多,而且他们的后面只能用动名词宾语而不能用不定式做宾语admit,advise,prevent,putoff,practice,object,suggest,setabout,worryabout,permit,stand,resist,enjoy,consider,avoid,finish,delaydeny,mind,forbid,escape,Appreciate,endure,fancy,imagine,excuse,miss,beusedto.havetrouble.\difficultyindoingsth.Heputoffmakigadecisiontillhehadmoreinformation.Doyoufeelliketakingawalk?Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.Areyougoodatplayingfootball?Shallwehavearestorgetdowntodoingourwork?IamusedtowatchingTVintheevening.We’relookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.\n(注意:在这一些短语当中有一些虽然带有to,但是这里的to是介词不是不定式,后面需要加动名词。所要需要特别记忆类似的短lookforwardto,devote…to,getusedto,payattentionto,stickto,onone’swayto,getdownto,Inadditionto。)在英语中有一些词既可以用动名词做宾语也可以用不定式做宾语。(hate,love,start,begin,prefer,need,like,forget,regret,remember,stop,try,cease,goon)这些动词有的后面很动名词和不定式差别不大(hate,love,prefer,like,start,begin,)Theboylikesplayingfootball.TheboylikestoplayfootballIhatethinkingaboutit(我不愿意想这事)Ihatetothinkaboutit(我不愿意想这事)而又一些动词后面接动名词和不定式却有很大的不同(forget,regret,remember,stop,try,cease,goon)Remembertodo记得要去做某事(未做)Rememberdoingsth记得曾经做过某事(已做)Remembertogohomeafterschool.记得放学后家。Irememberreadingthebook。我记得度过这本书。Forgettodo忘记要做的事(未做)Forgetdoingsth忘记做个的事情(已做)Iforgettolockthedoorthismorning(没有做)Theoldmanforgottellingusthestory.(已经讲过)Regrettodo对要做的事情感到后悔Regretdoingsth对曾经做过的事情感到后悔,遗憾。Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.Iregretmakinghimsosad.meandoing表示“意味着”meantodo“打算”“想要“Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.Imeantocomeearlytoday.trytodo表示尽力做,\ntrydoing表示试着做TheboytriestolearnEnglishwell.Theboylostthekey,sohetriedopeningthedoorwithanewkey.4.goontodosth\doingsth做完一件事情接着做另外一件事情。接着做原来的事情Theywentonworkingafterdark(继续做原来没有做完的事情)Afterfinishingtheletter,hewentontoreadabook.(去做另外一件事情)5.stoptodo(表示停下来,去做另外一件事情)stopdoing停止做某事。TheystoptosmokeacigaretteImuststopsmoking.Ceasedoing短时间停止做某事,以后还会接着做。Ceasetodo长时间,甚至永远停止做某事Thestudentshasceasedchattingforamomentwhentheirteacherpassedby.Thatdeparmenthasceasedtoexistforever。那个部门已不复存在了。有些动词(need,want,require,deserve.deand,等做“需要”)时他们的后面必须用动名词或不定式的被动形式做宾语,这时动名词的主动形式表达被动的意义。(need,want,require,deserve.)Yourcarneedsfilling(你的汽车要充气了)ThecitydeservesvisitingTheproblemrequiresstudyingcarefully.Thetreewantwateringhttp://wenku.baidu.com/view/b113905b3b3567ec102d8a65.html动名词做表语HishobbyiscollectingstampsMyjobisteachingEnglish.动名词做定语:动名词做定语往往表示所修饰的名词的用途,Ihaveareadingroom.Thereisswimmingpoolinourschool.\nWeneedanewwashingmachine.动名词做定语注意问题:单个动名词做定语,放在被修饰的名词前;动名词短语做定语放在被修饰的名词后;Theboysittingunderthetreeismyson.Doyouknowthepersonspeakingtoourboss?动名词的复合结构:动名词的复合结构由物主代词,名词所有格,人称代词宾格加动名词构成。Hiscomingmademeveryhappy.Marry’scryingannoyedhim.Wouldyouminddone不定式的讲解:定义:动词不定式也非谓语动词的一种构成:1.带to的不定式即todo。2.不带to的即动词原形。特点:1.不定式没有人称和数的变化,但又时态和语态的变化,不定式的作用:做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾语补足语,1)做主语(不定式做主语谓语动词常用单数)Tomasteraforeignlanguageisimportantnowadays.Toseeistobelieve不定式做主语时当一个句子太长的时候,为了保持句子平衡,还可以用it做形式主语放在前面,而用不定式做真正的主语放在后面。Itisnoteasytolearnaforeignlanguage.Itisdangeroustodriveveryfast.Itisverykindofyoutohelpus.Itisimpoliteofhimtosayso.Itisdifficultforustofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.Itisimportantforustoexpressouropinions.\n2)做表语(不定式做表语常常是说明主语的内容)Mytaskistocleantheroom.Hisambitionisbecomeasuccessfulscientist.3)做宾语有些及物动词常用不定式做宾语(agree,arrange,ask,beg,begin,choose,continue,decide,determine,forget,help,prepare,want,wish,refuse,hope,expect,need,manage,promise,claim,mean,intend....)Theydecidedtochangetheirmind.Ican’taffordtoliveinthishouse.Hepromisednottotellanyoneaboutit.而又一些动词后面不定式不带to,(make,let,have,hear,watch,see,notice,feel)Iheardthemsingasong.Theteachermademeanswerthequestion.Wewatchedthemplayfootball.(注意这种句型谓语动词在变为被动结构时to不能省略)Heheardsomeonecomeupthestairs.Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.4)特殊疑问词+动词不定式做宾语(Findout,wonder,tell,understand,remember,consider,ask,show,learn,know,explain,forget,....)Idon’tknowwhattodonext。Hefoundoutwheretobuyfruitcheaply.Jackwillteachushowtousethecomputer.5)做复合结构的宾语不定式在做一些动词后作复合结构的宾语时,通常用先行词it做形式宾语,而不定式做真正的宾语。IfinditinterestingtostudyEnglishTheboyfeelsitdifficulttoanswerthequestion.6)做介词的宾语\n不定式根据时态形式可以分为(一般式,进行式,完成式,完成进行式)1.一般式(todo):通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生.IoftenhearMarryplaythepianointheroom.(hear和play两个动作同时发生)Hehopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.(become发生在谓语动词hope之后)Theydecidedtoplantmoretreesthisyear(plant发生在decide之后)2.不定式的进行式:(tobedoing)通常表示谓语动词的动作发生时,不定式的表示的动作也正在进行。Hepretendedtobereadingabookwhenicamein.Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.3.不定式的完成式(tohavedone):通常表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之前已经完成。Heissaidtohavewrittenabookonthewar.Weseemtohavemeteachotherbefore.4.不定式的完成进行时(tohavebeendoing)通常表示其动作先于谓语动词发生而又延续到谓语动词动作发生之后。Iamveryhappytohavebeendoingworkwithyou.不定式也分为主动语态和被动语态被动语态的构成:只有一般式和完成式有被动语态。给同学展示表格。直接引语和间接引语在英语中引述别人的话有两种方式:直接引语和间接引语直接引述别人的原话,叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话,叫做间接英语。小明对我说:“我要去玩上自习了”小明对我说他要去上自习了小丽对我说“我捡到100元钱”小丽对我说她捡到100元钱Tomsays“IhateEnglish”Tomsays(that)hehatesEnglish\n直接引语一般前后要加引号,间接引语则不用引号。直接引语和间接引语之间是可以相互转换的。在转换的时候分为以下三种形式:陈述句,祈使句,疑问句。1.直接引语若是陈述句,在变为间接引语时,用连词that引导(that在口语中常常省略只起到了连接句子的作用常常不需要翻译)另外从句的人称,时态,指示代词,地点状语,时间状语都要做相应的变化。hesaid"ilikefootball"----hesaidthathelikedfootball.shesaid"ilikeitverymuch"----shesaidthatshelikeditverymuch.人称的变化:直接引语引号内的第一人称变为与间接引语主句主语的人称保持一致。hesaid"ilikefootball"----hesaidthathelikedfootball.shesaid"ilikeitverymuch"----shesaidthatshelikeditverymuch.直接引语引号内的第二人称变为与主句宾语的人称保持一致hesaidtolily"youmustgetupearly"------hesaidtolilyshemustgetupearly.直接引语引号内的第三人称在变为间接引语时不变,Mr.Smithsaid“jackisagoodboy”--------Mr.SmithsaidjackisagoodboyShesaidtome"theywanttohelphim"----shesaidtomethattheywantedtohelphim.时态的变化:一般现在时--一般过去时Shesaid“Iamagoodstudent.”--------shesaid(that)shewasastudent现在进行时-过去进行时Theboysaid"i'mplayfootball"Theboysaidhewasplayingfootball.现在完成时-过去完成时Cellasaid"ihavenotheardfromtomsinceMay"CellasaidthatshehadnotheardfromTomsinceMay一般过去时-过去完成时Theysaid"wesawherinthestreet"Theysadithattheyhadseenherinthestreet.\n过去完成时-过去完成时Shesaid"ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper"Shesaidthathehadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper一般将来时-过去将来时Zhoulansaid"i'lldoitafterclass"Zhoulansaidthatshewoulddoitaferclass(注意:直接引语若是客观真理,变为间接引语时时态不变Theteachersaid“thesunisbiggerthantheearth”Theteachersaidthanthesunisbiggerthantheearth指示代词this–that,these-those.Theboysaid"iwillcomethismorning."Theboysaidthathewouldgothatmorning.Hesaid"thesebooksaremine"Hesaidthatthosebookswerehis.时间状语now–thenShesaid"itisnineo'clocknow."shesaidthatitwasnineo'clockthen.ago–before\earlierBobsaid"mysisterwasheretheredaysago"Bobsaidthathissisterhadbeentherethreedaysbefore\earlier.today-thattodayTomsaid"ihaven'tseenhertoday"Tomsaidthathehadn'tseenherthatday.yesterday-thedaybeforeShesaid"iwentthereyesterday"Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.tomorrow-thenext\followingdayShesaid"i'llgotheretomorrow"Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenext\followingday.thedayaftertomorrow–intwodays’time\nThecaptainsaid,"theywillarrivethedayafertomorrow"Thecaptainsaidthattheywouldarriveintwoday'stime.thedaybeforeyesterday-twodaysbefore\earlier.Shesaid"icameheretoseethedoctorthedaybeforeyesterday"Shesaidthatshehadgonetheretoseedoctortwodaysbefore\earlier.动词的变化Come--go,Shesaid“Iwillcomeheretomorrow”Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenextday地点状语here--thereShesaid“mysisterisherethreedaysago”Shesaidthathissisterwastherethreedaysbefore2直接引语如果是一般疑问句在变为间接引语时需要变成用if或whether(是否)引导陈述句,句子中的时态,人称,时间状语地点状语。。。。。。也都需要做相应的变化Marryaskedme“areyoufromJapan”?Marryaskedmeif\whetherIwasfromJapan?3直接引语若是选择疑问句在在变为间接引语时需要转换为用whether(是否)引导陈述句。相应的其他也需要变化。Sheaskedme”doyouwantadogoracat”?SheaskedmewhetherIwantedadogoracat?4直接引语若是特殊疑问句在变为间接引语时特殊疑问词不变但是需要变为陈述句句子中的时态,人称,时间状语地点状语。。。。。。也都需要做相应的变化Sheaskedme“whatdoyoudoinyourfreetime”?SheaskedmewhatIdidinmyfreetimeSheaskedme“whydidshegotoChina“?SheaskedmewhyshehadgonetoChina5直接引语若是祈使句时变为间接引语时往往用复合结构todo\nottodo,引述间接引语的动词通常用tell,ask,order,command,request,(根据具体的情况而定)Shesaidtome“pleasehavearest“Sheaskmetohavearest.“Don’tansweritatonce“shesaidtoTom\nShetoldTomnottoansweritatonce.带有let的祈使句在变为间接引语时常用suggest+ving或suggest+that从句的形式“Let’sgoforawalk.”ThegirlsaidThegirlsuggestedgoingforawalk.Theteachersaid虚拟语气多用于条件状语从句中但并不是所有的条件句都用虚拟语气。它只用在非真实的条件句中。而不用在真实的条件句中。英语中条件从句有两种,一类是真实的条件句,令一类是非真实的条件句,如果假设的情况有可能发生,是真实的条件句;如果假设的情况是不存在或不大可能发生,则用虚拟条件句。Ifhedoesn'tcomeat1,wewon'twaitforhim.Ifafloodhappenedinthepast,therewasusuallyagreatlossoflifeandproperty.Weshallgothereunlessitrainstomorrow.Iwillletyouusemybikeonconditionthatyoukeepitclean.名词性从句定义:在句子中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。名词性从句可以分为主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句Whattheyaredoingseemsveryimportant.(主语从句)Myhopeisthathewillbehereintime(表语从句)Doyouknowwhosheis(宾语从句)Idon’tliketheideathatmoneyiseverything.(同位语从句)\n引导名词性从句的关系词主要有从属连词(that,whether,if)连接代词(what,whatever,who,whom,whose,which,whichever)连接副词(when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever)主语从句:在句子中起主语作用的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的有从属连词that,whether,连接代词who,what,which,连接副词when,where,how,why,Thattheywillgoiscertain.Whetherhe’scomingornotdoesn’tmattertoomuch.Whowillgomakesnodifference.Whyhediditwasn’tquiteclear.主语从句我是把整个的主语从句看作是一个单一的概念,因此说他的谓语动词通常来说是用单数形式。Whowillgomakesnodifference.Whyhediditwasn’tquiteclear.Itisobviousthatyou’vemadeabigmistake.Whenandwherewe’llgoisn’timportant.(that引导主语从句时通常不省略,但是在很多情况下为了避免头重脚轻,经常使用it做形式主语放在句子的前面而将that引导的真正主语从句后置)ItisknowntoallthattheEarthrevolvesaroundthesun.Itisobviousthatyou’vemadeabigmistake.It做形式主语主要有以下几种结构。1.itbe+形容词(obvious,ture,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,likely,certain,….)+从句itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.Itislikelythathecan’tcometothepartytonight.2.itbe+名词词组(nowonder,anhonor,agoodthing,apity,nosurpriseafact,aproblem….)+从句itisapitythatwecan’tgoitisnosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.\n1.itbe+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,…..)+从句itissaidthatMr.liuhasarrivedinBeiJing.itissuggestedthatthemeetingshouldbeputoff.2.it+(seem\happen)等一些不及物动词+从句itseemstomethatyoudon’tliketheidea.IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.5it+(doesn’tmattermakenodifference…)Itdoesn’tmatterwhethershewillcomeornotItmakesnodifferencewhereweshallhavethemeeting.表语从句表语从句是在句子中做表语的从句。引导表语从句的有连词thatwhether,as,asif,连接代词有who,what,which,连接副词有when,where,how,why,Myideaisthatthisplanshouldbecarriedoutimmediately.Thequestionremainwhethertheycangototheconcert.TheproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceherThequestionishowhedidit.ThisiswhywecalledoffthemeetingThisishowwedidit.(主语是reason的表语从句要用that引导,不能用because)Thereasonhewaslatewasthathemissedthebus在一些表示建议命令劝说的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词常用虚拟语气should+动词原形来表示,should又常常省略Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)startearlytomorrow.同位语从句在复合句中做同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释或说明。它一般跟在某些名词之后,用以说明该名词具体所要表现的内容。引导同位语从句的关系连词有that.whether还有when,whereHow,what,why…能跟同位语从句的通常是具有一定内容含义的名词。如belief,conclusion,doubt,evidence,hope,idea,message,news,order,possibility,promise,question,suggestion,thought,facts,…..\nTheteachercametotheconclusionthatthestudentswasnotinterestedinlearningEnglish.Ihadnoideathateveryonewashere.Iheardthenewsthatourteamhadlostthegame.Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot同位语从句的位置在一般情况下同位语从句紧跟在名词的后面,但是有的时候它可以被其他的词隔开。Thethoughtcametohimthatmaybetheenemyhadgoneaway.Anideaoccurredtohimthathemightmakeabigmistake.TheyheardthenewsontheradioyesterdaythattheearthquakecausedmanydeathsinSichuan宾语从句,Iknowhim主语谓语宾语IlovemymotherIsawadoginthetree.IwanttogoshoppingIknowwhoheis主语谓语连词从句主语从句宾语主句宾语从句灰太狼saidthathewouldcomebackagain结构:主句+连接词(引导词)宾语从句Iwonderedifhecouldpasstheexam.Iamafraid(that)hewon’tpasstheexam.Iamangryatwhatyousaid.定义:在复合句中做宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句既可以做动词的宾语,也可以做介词的宾语,形容词的宾语宾语从句的引导词\n1.宾语从句用陈述语序。连接副词(when,where,why,how,)除了起连接的作用外还可以在从句中做状语具有一定的词义。(可以做时间状语,地点状语,方式状语,原因状语)Couldyoutellmehowyouusethecomputer.宾语从句的时态1引导词连词thatif\whether连接代词whatwhichwhowhose,whom连接副词when,where,why,howThat没有具体词义只是起到连接的作用多数时候可以省略Marrysaid(that)Tomwasgoodatswimming.NoweverybodyknowsthatEarthisround.If\whether除了起到连接的作用外具有实际的意义常常翻译为“是否”不能省略。HeaskedifIcouldhelpedhimIwonderif\whethertheywillcometomyparty.Let’sseeif\whetherwecanfindoutsomemoney.连接代词whatwhich,who,whose,whom,whenever,whoewhateverver,)这些连接代词除了起连接的作用外,还具有词义,在从句中可以充当主语,宾语,定语,表语等语法成分Iwonderiwonderwhowillteachus(做主语)Theyaskedwhosecoatthiswas.(做定语)Doyouknowwhatthatis?(做表语)连接副词(when,where,why,how,)除了起连接的作用外还可以在从句中做状语具有一定的词义。(可以做时间状语,地点状语,方式状语,原因状语)宾语从句的时态问题如果主句是现在时态(包括一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时)从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。Hesaysthatheofengoesto松花lakeHesaysthathewillgoto松花laketomorrow.如果主句用过去时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时)从句用过去的某种时态IknewhelivedinJiLin\nHeaskedmewhetherhewouldcomebacktomorrow.Hesaidthathehadseenthefilmbefore.当宾语从句表示的是客观真理,公式,定理时无论主句用什么时态从句都用一般现在时态Theteachersaidthatthesuntravelsaroundtheearth.宾语从句的语序问题宾语从句都用陈述语序Couldyoutellmehowyouusethecomputer.在多数情况下if、whether可以互换。但他们又有自己的用法Whether常常与ornot连用。Ican’tsaywhetherornottheycancometomyparty.连词that在引导宾语从句时常常省略NoweverybodyknowsthatEarthisround.HewonderedhowtheGreatWallwasbuilt.做动词的宾语时也可以跟一个间接宾语再加宾语从句Hetoldmewherehewasstaying.IpromisedherthatIwouldgivehimmorehelp.做介词的宾语ThisreliesonhowmuchyoucanpayforitDoyoubelieveinwhatshehassaid?做形容词的宾语有一些形容词(sure,certain,afraid,confident)后可以跟一个宾语从句。Theyareconfidentthattheycandothejobwell.Iamnotcertainwhetherthetrainwillarriveontime.\n有一些动词(find,think,consider,make,believe,guess,suppose,assume等等)当他们有宾语补足语时常常需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句置后。HehasmadeitclearthathewillnotbecomingIthinkitnecessarythatwetakeregularexerciseeveryday.引导宾语从句的that在很多情况下是可以省略的Hetoldme(that)hewasborninChina.Iadmit(that)thismeetingisimportant.但是,在从句中如果有形式宾语的结构,连接真正宾语的that则不能省略。宾语从句时态的问题:宾语从句在引导客观真理或自然现象,其谓语时态都为一般现在时TheteachertoldthestudentsthatthesunisbiggerthantheEarth.引导名词性从句的引导词,1.连接词(that,whether,if)That:that在引导名词性从句的时候只起连接的作用,本身没有词义,在从句中不充当任何成分Thathewouldcomehereontimeisunlikely.ItisknowntoallthattheEarthrevolvesaroundthesunWhether\if在引导名词性从句时除了具有连接的作用,本身是有词义的。常常翻译为“是否”Whetherhewillcomeornotwon’tmakemuchdifference.(主语从句)TheyaskedifIcouldhelphim.(宾语从句)1.连接代词(who,whom,whose,which,what,,whenever,whoewhateverver,)这些连接代词除了起连接的作用外,还具有词义,在从句中可以充当主语,宾语,定语,表语等语法成分Iwonderwhowillteachus(做主语)Theyaskedwhosecoatthiswas.(做定语)Doyouknowwhatthatis?(做表语)Youcantakewhateveryoulike.做宾语)2.连接副词(when,where,why,how\n,)除了起连接的作用外还可以在从句中做状语具有一定的词义。(可以做时间状语,地点状语,方式状语,原因状语)Couldyoutellmehowyouusethecomputer.Pleasetellmewhereheis.Canyoutellmehowicangettothestation.Doyouknowwhenwe’llhaveameeting.DoyoukonwwhomtheyarewaitingforHeaskedwhosebikeisthebestinourclass.连词whether和if的区别(是否)1.whether可以引导所用的名词性从句而if只能引导宾语从句Whetherhewillcomeornotwon’tmakemuchdifference.(whether引导主语从句不能用if代替)Theyaretalkingovertheproblemwhethertheycantakethismeasure.(whether引导同位语从句不能用if替换)Thethingtobesettlednowiswhetheranyingcanbedonetosavethebird.(whether引导表语语从句不能用if代替)theyaskedwhether(if)Icouldhelphim.(宾语从句,可以用if替换)2.whether经常和ornot连用。而if则不可以。Letmeknowwhetheryoucancomeornot.(宾语从句,但是却不能用if替换)在做介词的宾语时Iamthinkingaboutwhetherhecanfinishtheworkontime.I’mworryaboutwhetherihurtherfeelingsWearetalkingaboutwhetherwe’llgoonpinictomorrow.在不定式前Ihasn’tdecidedwhethertovisittheoldmanHeaskedmywhethertogohome.当与ornot或or连用时常用wheterWhether放置于句首时不能用if替换Whetherthisistrueornot,ican’tsay\n宾语从句的时态问题如果主句是现在时态(包括一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时)从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。IknowhelivesinJiLinIknowhelivesinJlintenyearsago.Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow.如果主句用过去时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时)从句用过去的某种时态IknewhelivedinJiLinHeaskedmewhetherhewouldcomebacktomorrow.Hesaidthathehadseenthefilmbefore.当宾语从句表示的是客观真理,公式,定理时无论主句用什么时态从句都用一般现在时态Theteachersaidthatthesuntravelsaroundtheearth.宾语从句的语序问题宾语从句都用陈述语序

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