新课标初中英语语法讲义 149页

初中英语语法讲义目录一、词类、句子成分和构词法：2二、名词3三、代词：4四、数词：8五、冠词9六、形容词、副词10七、介词16八、动词181、动词的分类：182、动词词形变化一览表：203、be动词的各种时态变化214、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化225、八种时态的具体用法：226、被动语态：257、动词的非谓语形式268、动词用法辨析：28九、连接词32十、简单句33十一、句子成分351、主语：352、谓语：353、宾语：364、表语：375、定语：376、状语：377、宾语补足语：38十二、简单句五种基本句型：38十三、并列复合句38十四、主从复合句38十五、直接引语和间接引语(初中不作特别要求)40十六、倒装句41十七、附加注释41149\n一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,.2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who,she,you,it.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good,right,white,orange.4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am,is,are,have,see.6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now,very,here,often7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a,an,the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,.9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before.10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh,well,hi,hello.2、句子成分英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’mMissGreen.2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jackcleanstheroom.3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：MynameisPingping。4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：Hecanspelltheword.有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：Hewrotemealetter.有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：Hewrotealettertome.5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghaiisabigcity.6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：Heworkshard.7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：Theyusuallykeeptheirclassroomclean./Heoftenhelpsmedomylessons.☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：WhereisyourclassmateTom?3、构词法英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如：inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge(2)派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥Chinese;Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如：snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious(3)派生副词：①形容词+ly②其它,如：slowly,angrily,full→fully,good→well,possible→possibly等等。3、转换法：(1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干),clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词→名词,如：look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。(3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。(4)形容词→副词,如：early→early,fast→fast等等。(5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。(6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。149\n二、名词1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing,Tom,thePeople’sRepublicofChina(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：theGreatWall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：theGreens(格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil,family,man,foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如：box,child,orange；▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water,news,oil,population,information.2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map→maps,boy→boys,horse→horses,table→tables.②s,o,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes,box→boxes,hero→heroes,dish→dishes,bench→benches.[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos,piano→pianos.③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families,city→cities,party→parties.④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves,wolf→wolves,life→lives2、不规则变化：man→men,woman→women,sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth,fish→fish,child→children,ox→oxen,goose→geese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：abagofrice→twobagsofrice,apieceofpaper→threepiecesofpaper,abottleofmilk→fivebottlesofmilk.3、名词所有格：1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’sDay(儿童节),mysister’sbook(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s.如：today’snewspaper(今天的报纸),tenminutes’break(十分钟的课间休息),China’spopulation(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：afinedaughteroftheParty(党的好女儿).2、[注解]：①‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：myaunt’s(我阿姨家),thedoctor’s(诊所)②两人共有某物时,可以采用AandB’s的形式,如：LucyandLily’sbedroom③“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：afriendofmyfather’s,afriendofmine4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：Thecomputerwasagreatinvention.Thewaterintheglassisverycold.2、集体名词(如family,class,team,group,row,police,school等)做句子主语时,①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：ClassThreeisaverygoodclass.如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：ClassThreehaveamapofChina.3、Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：Thereisasheepintheyard./Therearesomesheepintheyard4、maths,news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：Thenewsisveryexciting.5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：ThetrousersareverycheapandIwanttotakethem.6、alotof后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：Alotofstudentsare149\nplayingbaseballnow.Alotoftimewaswastedonthatwork.(被动句)7、and连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：Theteacherandhissonarepickingapplesnow./Fishandchipsisveryfamousfood.8、therebe句型中be的单复数由靠近的名词决定。如：Thereisatableandfourchairsintheroom.9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：BothyouandIarerequiredtobeheretomorrow.10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：Awomanwitha7-year-oldchildwasstandingatthesideoftheroad.11、either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Eitheryouorheisright./NeitheryounorIamgoingthere.12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Twomonthsisnotashorttime.Twothousandkilometersisquitealongdistance(距离).13、主语中含有halfof…/(threequarters)of…/all(of)the….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：OverthreequartersoftheinformationontheInternetisinEnglish/Athirdofthestudentswereplayingnearthelake.但是,population一词又有特殊情况：What’sthepopulationofChina?/ThreequartersofthepopulationinthiscityareArabs(阿拉伯人).(句子用复数)5、部分名词用法辨析：1、sport、game、match、race的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：Peopleallaroundtheworldenjoysports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)/The2008OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/Ourschoolfootballteamwontheleaguematch(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军)/Theywerestrongandwontheboatrace.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：TheShanghaiTelevisionFestivalwillbeheldnextmonth./Sundayisaholidayandmostpeopledonotwork./Whatareyougoingtododuringthesummervacation/holidays?3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：HemadeuphismindtomakethejourneytoDunhuang./Hehasgoneonawalkingtour./HetookseveraltripstoShanghailastyeaar./DidyougotoSantiago(圣地亚哥)duringyourtravels?/Travellingthroughthickforestsisdangerous.4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：Thenoiseofthestreetkeptmeawakeinthenight./Allofasuddentherewasthesoundofshotsandacry./Thesingerhaslostherringingvoiceasaresultofabadcold.5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：Therearemanykindsoffishesinthepool./Ipreferfishtomeat.三、代词：1、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性主格I(我)you(你)he(他)she(她)it(它)we(我们)you(你们)they(他们,她们,它们)宾meyou(你)himheritusyouthem149\n格(我)(他)(她)(她)(我们)(你们)(他们,她们,它们)1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如：IoftengoshoppingonSundays.(星期天我常去购物)/AretheyfromBrazil?(他们是巴西人吗？)/Wherehavetheygone?(他们上哪儿去了？)/That’sit.(就那么回事)/It’she!(是他！)2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：WhoteachesyouEnglishthisyear?(今年谁教你们的英语？)/Helpme!(救救我！)/Weoftenwriteletterstoher.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：--Whoisit?(是谁？)–It’sI/me.(是我。)4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如：BothheandIareworkingatthatcomputercompany.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班)–Whowillgothere?(谁要去那儿？)–Youandme.(你和我)5、人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：--What’stheweatherliketoday?—It’sfine./--What’sthetime?–It’s12：00./It’salongwaytogo./Ittookhimthreedaystocleanhishouse./Itisveryclearthatthepublicwanttoknowwhenthesemencangointospace./Wefounditverydifficulttolearnaforeignlanguagewell.3、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性形容词性my(我的)your(你的)his(他的)her(她的)its(它的)our(我们的)your(你们的)their(他们的,她们的,它们的)名词性mine(我的)Yours(你的)his(他的)hers(她的)its(她的)ours(我们的)yours(你们的)theirs(他们的,她们的,它们的)1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：Isthatyourumbrella?/IoftengotoseemyauntonSundays./Theyaretheirbooks.2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如：Thisisyourcup,butwhereismine?/Yourclassroomisverybig,butoursisrathersmall.3、“of+名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：Afriendofminecametoseemeyesterday.[试比较]Myfriendcametoseemeyesterday.(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)4、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(我们自己)yourselves(你们自己)themselves(他们/她们/它们自己)1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如：Don’tplaywiththeknife,youmighthurtyourself.2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：Thestoryitselfisgood.Onlyhedidn’ttellitwell.6、指示代词：指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。单数复数含义this(这个)these(这些)指较近的人和物that(那个)those(那些)指较远的人和物149\nsuch(这样的人/物)指上文提过的人和物same(同样的人/物)指和上文提过的相同的人和物it(这人/这物)指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如：What’sthis?/Thatmodelplaneismadeofplastic.(被动句)/Remembernevertodosuchthings./Dothesameastheteachertellsyou./---Whoisit?---It’sme!6、关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面的定语从句。1、关系代词who、which、that、whom等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。如：ThestudentwhoisdrawingapictureisinGradeOne.2、关系代词who/whom指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如：Doyouknowthemanwhoiswearingaredhat?3、关系代词which指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如：Haveyoufoundthebookwhichyoulostseveraldaysago?4、关系代词that既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如：Canyouseetheman/dogthatisrunningalongtheriverbank?7、连接代词：用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。英语中连接代词主要有：what(什么),who(谁),whom(谁),which(哪个),whose(谁的)。详见相应从句。8、不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。单数含义someanynonone//each(every)oneeither,neithersotheother,another复合不定代词不可数含义muchlittle,alittleall/////复数含义manyfew,afewonesbothothers,theothers※注：复合不定代词有12个：something(某事),someone(某人),somebody(某人),anything(任何事),anyone(任何人),anybody(任何人),nothing(没事),nobody(没有人),noone(没有人),everything(一切),everyone(每个人),everybody(每个人).(1)some和any的用法：some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如：Ihavesomeworktodotoday./Theywillgotheresomeday.some用于疑问句时,表建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Wouldyoulikesomecoffeewithsugar?any一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如：Theydidn’thaveanyfriendshere./Haveyougotanyquestionstoask?any用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Comeherewithanyfriend.(2)no和none的用法：no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。如：Thereisnotimeleft.Pleasehurryup./Theyhadnoreadingbookstolend.none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。如：Noneofthemis/areintheclassroom)/Ihavemanybooks,butnoneisinteresting.(3)all和both的用法：all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如：IknowallofthefourBritishstudentsintheirschool./--Wouldyoulikethisoneorthatone?–Both.all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both+ofthe+名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of可以省略。如：All(of)(the)boysarenaughty.(4)every和each用法：every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念；each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念；each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be149\n动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。如：Everyoneofthestudentsinhisclassstudiesveryhard.(他班上每个学生学习都很用功)/Theyareverybusy.Eachofthemhassomethingtodo.(他们很忙,人人都有事干)(5)either和neither的用法：either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。如：Idon’tcaremuchforwhattodrink.Eitherofthetwowilldo./--Willyougotherebybusorbycar?–Neither.Iwillgotherebytrain.(6)other、theother和another的用法：other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。another意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如：Somegirlsaresingingunderthebigappletreeandothersaresittingonthegrasstalking./Youhavehadseveralcakes.Doyoureallywantanotherone?/Iwantanotherfourbooks.another(另外的,再一,又一)与theother(另外的一个)主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用theother,在原先基础上增加用another。如：Thisisoneofyoursocks.Whereistheotherone?/Ihaveeaten4cakes,butIstillwantanother.others与theothers的主要区别：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)；theothers指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如：Afewstudentsareplayingsoccerwhileothersarewatchingthem./Twoofthetenboysarestandingandtheothersaresittingroundthem.(7)many和much的用法：many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用；much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。如：Idon’thavemanyfriendshere.(在这里我没有很多的朋友。)/Manydiedinthebusaccident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧失)/Wecanlearnmuchwiththehelpofhim.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多)many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用alotof或者lotsof;many/much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.如：Therearealotofpeopleontheplayground./Theyhaven’tgotmuchworktodo./Therearetoomanypeopleintheroom.(8)few、little、afew、alittle的用法：few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,afew、alittle意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思；few、afew与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物,little、alittle与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如：Heisverypoorandhehaslittlemoney./Don’tworry.Thereisstillalittletimeleft./Inthatpolarregiontherelivefewpeople./Youcangetafewsweetsfromhim.(9)复合不定代词somebody,something,anything,nothing,everything,everybody等是由some,any,no,every,加上body,thing构成的,叫做复合不定代词,在句子中当单数使用。somebody,something,someone一般用于肯定句中；anything,anybody,anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。如：Hey,Lily.Thereissomeoneoutsidethedoor./DidyoumeetanyonewhenyoucametoschoollastSunday?/Hehasnothingmuchtodotoday.(10)one与ones用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、形容词、指示代词、which等。如：Whichjacketwouldyoulike,thisoneorthatone?/Idon’tlikethegreenones.(11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。如：Idon’tthinkso./Helostabook.SodidI.(12)alotof、lotsof、anumberof(/largenumbersof)、agreatdealof、plentyof的区别：五个“名词+介词”短语都表示“大量,许多”,alotof(或lotsof)既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式,可以相应地换为much和many；plentyof“足够、大量”,既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式。anumberof/largenumbersof只可以修饰可数名词复数形式(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用复数形式)可以换为some、many、alotof、plentyof。agreatdealof只可以修饰不可数名词(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为much。如：Alotofpeoplethinkthattimeismoney./Idon’thavetodoitinahurrybecauseIhaveplentyoftime./Ihaveanumberofletterstowritetoday./Ispendagreatdealoftime/moneyonshopping.149\n(13)none、noone、nobody的区别：noone和nobody都表示“没有人”,仅指人,后面不跟of短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式；none表示“没有一个人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。如：Nooneknowshowhemanagedtogettheticket./Nobodyhandedinhis/theircomposition(s)yesterday./Noneofmyfriendscametoseemethatday.9、相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。eachother,oneanother是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通用。eachother表示两者之间,而oneanther表示许多人之间。它们有所有格形式eachother’s,oneanother’s。如：Wemusthelpeachotherwhenweareintrouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。)/Theysattherewithouttalkingtooneanother/eachother.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。)10、疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom。如：Who(m)didyouinvitetoyourbirthdayparty?/Whatdoesshewanttobewhenshegrowsup?2、who和whom只能独立使用,其中who可以作句子的主语、表语或动词的宾语,whom只能作谓语动词的宾语；而what、which、whose等既可以独立使用作主语、表语和宾语,也可以与名词构成疑问短语。如：Whoisthatman?/Whatcolouraretheirhats?/WhichcarwasmadeinGermany?(被动句)注意这个提问：Themaninthecarismyfather.→Whichmanisyourfather?3、which除了可以询问指代的情况之外,还可以针对说明人物的时间、地点、岁数、颜色、大小、状况等进行提问。如：Peoplethereliveaverysadlife.→Whichpeopleliveasadlife?/--Whichhotelhaveyoubookedforyourholiday?—ThebiggestoneinHaikou.4、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数；如果修饰名词,则以名词的单复数为准。如：Whois(are)inthatplayhouse?/Whatisthat?/Whatarethose?/Whatcoloursdotheyhave?四、数词：1、分类：数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。2、基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词。1、英语中常用的基数词有：123456789101112onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13141516171819thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen2030405060708090100twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetyone(a)hundred2335101twenty-threethirty-fiveonehundredandone1000→one(a)thousand,10000→tenthousand,100000→onehundredthousand,1000000→onemillion,10000000→tenmillion,100000000→onehundredmillion,108→onehundredandeight,146→onehundredandforty-six,500→fivehundred,1001→onethousandandone,1813→onethousandeighthundredandthirteen.2、[注]：(1)百位与十位之间要加and；十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。(2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看,每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。(3)hundred、thousand、million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one,two,…等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如：fivehundred(五百),hundredsof(成百上千的),tenthousand(一万),thousandsof(成千上万的),millionsof(成百万的)149\n3、序数词：表示顺序的数词叫序数词。1、英语的序数词基本变法：(1)一般在基数词后加th,(2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth,(4)熟记特殊词。2、序数词如下：1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12th※first※second※thirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth13th14th15th16th17th18th19ththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenth20th30th40th50th60th70th80th90th100thtwentieththirtiethfortiethfiftiethsixtiethseventietheightiethninetiethoneundredth21st22nd23rd35th101sttwenty-firsttwenty-secondtwenty-thirdthirty-fifthonehundredandfirst1000th→onethousandth,1000000th→onemillionth.,第703→thesevenhundredandthird,第5480→thefivethousandfourhundredandeightieth.3、注：(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如：thirty-sixth,(2)使用序数词时一般加定冠词the.如：I’minthethirdgrade.(3)序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如：1/5→onefifth;2/3→twothirds;4/7→foursevenths;1/2→ahalf;1/4→aquarter;3/4→threequarters;50%→fiftyhundredths(fiftypercent).4、数词的用法：1、表示年份：2002:twentythousandandtwo;1976:nineteenseventy-six.2、表示日期：12月1日:Dec.1st或thefirstofDecember；2002年11月8日:Nov.8th,2002.3、表示时刻：5：15→fivefifteen或aquarterpastfive;8：30→eightthirty或halfpasteight;10：45→tenforty-five或aquartertoeleven.4、表示编号：Room105→Roomone0five;BusNo.13→BusNumberThirteen;P.5→PageFive;Tel.No.7658659→TelephoneNumberseven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine5、小数的读法：5.7→fivepointseven,0.16→zeropointonesix.6、“半”的表达：1/2→half,半小时→halfanhour,1.5小时→oneandahalfhours或onehourandahalf.7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如：Thethirdlessonisratherdifficult./Shallwereadthetextathirdtime?五、冠词1、冠词分类及读法：英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词the读法：单独念时读[Ti:],在句子中常发[Ti](元音之前)或者[T[](辅音之前)；不定冠词a/an的读法：单独念时读[ei]/[An]；在句子中常发[[]/[[n]。2、不定冠词a/an的用法：不定冠词a/an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面;an用在元音开头的词的前面。不定冠词的基本用法：(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如：Thereisadoglyingontheground.(2)表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：Aelephantismuchstrongerthanaman.(2)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：HeisateacherofEnglish.(4)表示“一”这个数量。如：Thereisatableandfourchairsinthatdining-room.(5)几个用不定冠词的习语：abit(一点),alittle(一点),afew(几个),alot(许多),akindof(一种),149\napairof(一副、一双),anumberof(大量的),apieceof(一张、一片),halfanhour(半小时),haveagoodtime(玩得开心),haveacold(感冒),makeanoise(发出嘈杂声),have/takea(rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。3、定冠词the的用法：定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。定冠词的基本用法：(1)表示特指的人或事物。如：ThemanwithaflowerinhishandisJack..指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Lookattheblackboard,Lily.(2)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：Thereisamanunderthetree.ThemaniscalledRobert.(3)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：Theearthturnsaroundthesun.(4)用在表示方位的名词前面。如：TherewillbestrongwindtothesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.(5)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Whoisthefirstonetogo?/Ofallthestars,thesunisthenearesttotheearth.(6)常用在乐器名称的前面。如：Hebegantoplaytheviolinattheageof5.(7)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：IhaveneverbeentotheHimalayaMountains.(8)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：HeisfromtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：TheGreensaregoingtoMountEmeinextmonth.(11)same之前一般用the。如：LucyandLilylookthesame.(12)几个用定冠词的习语：atthesametime(与此同时),makethebed(铺床),intheend(最后),allthetime(一直),bytheway(顺便说一下),ontheway(在路上)等等。4、一些不用冠词的情况：(1)专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：Chinaisaverylargecountry.(中国是个大国)/Manneedsairandwater.(2)名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：Mypenismuchmoreexpensivethanyours.(1)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：HewasbornonMonday,February18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一)/Theyusuallyplanttreesonthehillsinspring.(4)(第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Menareclevererthanmonkeys.(人比猴子聪明)(5)三餐饭前不用。如：Wehavebreakfastathomeandlunchatschool.节、假日前一般不用。如：OnChildren’sDaytheboysoftengetpresentsfromtheirparents.球类名词前不用。如：ThechildrenplayfootballonSaturdayafternoons.(6)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：TheyarenowatPeople’sCinema.(9)一些习惯用语中不用。如：⑴at/to/from/outof/after/forschool;⑵in/to/for/afterclass;⑶in/to/outof/intobed;⑷after/at/from/outof/towork;⑸at/tosea;⑹in/from/down/totown;⑺at/fromhome;⑻at/for/tobreakfast/lunch/supper;⑼atnight/noon/midnight;⑽onfoot;⑾gotoschool/bed;⑿ontopof;⒀infrontof;⒁onshow/display/duty/watch;⒂in/outofhospital;⒃atall;⒄on/intime;⒅atfirst/last/once;⒆inChinese/English,etc.;⒇takecareof六、形容词、副词1、形容词：用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。1、形容词的句法作用：作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。2、形容词在句子中的位置：⑴作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如：abigyellowwoodenwheel(一个黄色的大木轮)⑵作表语时放在连系动词之后。如：Thepricesoundsreasonable.⑶作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如：Wemusttryourbesttokeepourenvironmentclean.⑷后置的情况：①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如：Somethingserioushashappenedtohim.②与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如：He’s1.8metrestall.(他身高1.8米。)Themoonisabout380,000kilometresawayfromtheearth.149\n3、有关形容词的用法辨析：⑴whole与all：记住两个词序：①thewhole+名词；②all(of)the+名词。如：Hewasbusythewholemorning./Hecanrememberallthewordshelearns.⑵tall与high,short与low：指人的个子时用tall与short；指其他事物时一般用high与low。如：He’sverytall/short./Talltreesarestandingonbothsidesofthatavenue./Afewpeopleliveonhighmountains.⑶real与true：real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”；而true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”。如：Thisisarealdiamond(钻石)andit’sveryexpensive/--Isthattrue?—Yes.Ihearditwithmyownears.⑷interested与interesting的区别：interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语,而interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。如：Themanisveryinterestingandallthechildrenlikehim./Thisbookisinterestingandyoucanreallyenjoyyourself./Iaminterestedinscience.⑸such用法：such+a(n)+名词(单数)(+that从句)。如：Ihaveneverseensuchafoolish(愚蠢的)boy./Hehadsuchaterribleaccidentthathecouldneverforgetit.⑹good与well：表示“好”时,作定语或表语用good,作状语用well；表示“(身体)好”时用well.如：Doingsportsisgoodforus./Studywellandmakeprogresseveryday./--Howareyou?—Iamverywell.⑺nice与fine：的区别：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等；fine一般指身体或天气好。如：Let’sgoandshare(分享)thenicecake./Sheisanicegirl./Whatafineday!/He’sfinerecently(最近).⑻toomuch与muchtoo：toomuch表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量；muchtoo表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如：IamfullbecauseIhavehadtoomuchrice./Thatcoatismuchtoodear.⑼quick、fast与soon：quick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快,而soon则表示时间上很快即将发生。如：Afteraquickbreakfast,hehurriedtoschoolleavinghisbagathome./Atrainismuchfasterthanabus./HisfatherwillbebacktoChinaverysoon.⑽lonely与alone：lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是：“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语；alone的意思是：“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。如：Helivesalonebuthedoesn’tfeellonely./Heisalonelyperson.Youcannoteasilygetonwellwithhim.⑾other与else的区别：两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前；else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much,后置,另外,orelse表示“否则”,是连词。如：Theotherstudentsareontheplayground./Whoelsecanworkoutthismathsproblem?/Thisisnobodyelse’smoney.It’smine./Doyouhaveanythingelsetosayforyourself?⑿special与especial的区别：表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special较为常用。另外,special还可以表示特别的目的。如：Shepays(e)specialattentiontoclothes./Thesearespecialchairsforsmallchildren.⒀gone、lost、missing的区别：gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语；lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补；missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。如：Myfever(高烧)isgone,butIstillhaveacough./Theparentsfoundthelostchildatlast./Mydictionaryismissing.Who’stakenitaway?/Formoredetailedinformation(详情)ofthemissinggirls,pleasevisitourwebsite.⒁living、alive、live、lively的区别：四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。living读[‘liviN]有三个意思：①“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语,②“一模一样的、逼真的”,③相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”；live读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为living；alive读[[‘laiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面；lively读[‘laivli]有三个意思：①有生气的、活泼的、快活的,②(色彩)鲜艳的,③生动的、真实的。例如：Alivinglanguageshouldbelearnedorally(口头上).(被动句)/Wehavealivinghopethatyouwillsucceed./Isshestillalive?/Theyarethehappiestchildrenalive./Thisisalivefish./Alivewire(电线)isdangerous./Sheisaslivelyasakitten(小猫)./Hegavealivelydescriptionofthefootballmatch.⒂sick与ill区别：sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语。如：Hehasbeenill/sickforalongtimeandheisveryweaknow./Vetshelptreatsickpetsandmostof149\nthepets’ownerslikethem.⒃thepoor(穷人们)/therich(富人们)等用法：“the+形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人物,复数含义。如：Wemusttryourbesttohelpthepoor./Therichneverknowhowthepoorareliving.2、副词：用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。1、副词的分类：(见下表)时间副词频度副词地点/方位副词程度副词方式副词疑问/连接副词其他副词today,tomorrow,once,here,there,very,too,well,how,too,also,yesterday,now,twice,home,below,enough,hard,where,nor,so,then,early,late,always,anywhere,rather,quite,alone,when,as,on,off,once,soon,just,usually,above,outside,how,so,fast,why,either,tonight,long,often,in,inside,out,much,just,together,whetheryes,no,already,yet,before,sometimes,back,up,down,nearly,onlysuddenly,however,etc.not,neitherago,later,eversincenever,away,off,far,almost,hardly,-ly结尾关系副词maybe,after,whenever(seldom),near,nearby,aslongas等,的副词where,perhaps,first,someday,ever,wherevereven,all,　why,howcertainly,sometime,last,　everywhere,alittle,abit　when,　2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用：⑴作状语：①时间副词：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。如：WewillvisittheGreatWalltomorrow./TheyhavealreadybeentotheUKtwice./Soonthelostboyfoundhiswaybackhome.②频度副词：一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、threetimes等一般放在句尾。如：SometimesIgetupearly./Theworkersusuallyhavelunchatthefactory./Takethismedicinetwiceaday.③方式副词：一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如：Oldpeoplecanhardlywalkasquicklyasyoungpeople/Suddenlyhesawalightinthedarkcave(山洞).④地点副词：一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。如：Thereyoucanseethousandsofbikesrunninginalldirections(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动)/Thefrightenedwolfranaway.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了)/Hewalkedoutquietlyandturnedbacksoon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)⑤程度副词：修饰动词时,放在动词之前；修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面；only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如：Inearlyforgotallaboutitifhedidnottellmeagain./ItwassostrangethatIcouldhardlybelievemyears./Shegottothestationearlyenoughtocatchthefirstbus.⑥疑问副词：用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。如：Whenandwherewereyouborn?/WhydidlittleEdisonsitonsomeeggs?(/Howdoyoudo?⑦连接副词：用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。HowIamgoingtokillthecatisstillaquestion./Thatiswhyeveryoneisafraidofthetiger./Hewonderedhowhecoulddoitthenextday.⑧关系副词：用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如：ThisistheplacewhereMrZhangoncelived./PleasetellmethewayhowyouhavelearnedEnglishsowell.⑨其它副词：too“也”,用在句尾；also放在动词前；either“也不”,放在句尾；nor“也不”,放在句首；so“如此,这样”,放在形容词、副词前；on/off“开/关”放在动词之后；not149\n放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前；maybe/perhaps放在句首；certainly放在句首或动词之前。如：HewenttothePalaceMuseumandIwentthere,too./Maybeyourticketisinyourinsidepocket.(/--Tomdoesn’thaveacomputer.–NordoI.(2)作表语：地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。如：I’mverysorryheisn’tinatthemoment./Ihavebeenawayfrommyhometownfornearly20years./Jimisoverthere.(3)作定语：时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词的后面。如：Peoplenowoftenhavetheirfestivaldinnersatrestaurants./Womentherewerelivingaterriblelifeinthe1920s.(4)作宾语补足语：地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如：Putyourdirtysocksaway,Jim!Theyaregivingoutbadsmell!/Fatherkepthiminanddoinghislessons.[注意]“动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后。如：Hewrotedowntheword.→Hewroteitdown.3、有关副词的重要注释：⑴as…as…常构成一些词组：assoonas…(一旦…就…),aswellas…(同样),as+形容词/副词+aspossible(尽可能……地)。如：PleaseringmeupassoonasyougettoBeijing/MissGaohurriedtotheschoolgateasquicklyaspossible.[注释]“aslong/muchas+名词”可以表示“长达/多达…”的含义。如：Thehousecostsasmuchasfivehundredthousandyuan./Theystayedinthecave(山洞)aslongastwoweeks.⑵later、after、ago、before的用法：①“一段时间+later/ago”分别表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于过去时态。②“after/before+某个时刻”分别表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。③ago与before：ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时。如：Hehadanaccidentaweekago./Someyearslater,theboybecameaveryfamoussinger./Haveyoubeentherebefore?/Afterafewyearshegaveupsmoking.⑶above、below、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over和under.如：Thestarsarehighaboveinthesky./Aplaneflewoverquickly.当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。⑷too、also、either、nor的用法：too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开；also(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前；either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开；nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首；如：AreyouAmerican,too?/HeisnothappyandIamnothappy,either./Hedidn’twatchthefootballgame.NordidI./Youcanalsofindthemarketisverygood.⑸enough、too、so、very、quite、verymuch的用法：enough(“足够,十分”)放在形容词或副词之后；too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相当”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容词或副词之前,verymuch(“非常”)放在动词之后。如：It’stoo/so/very/quiteexpensive./Idon’tlikesweetsverymuch.[注意]very与much的区别：very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much修饰形容词和副词的比较级；much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如：Heisverystupid.(他很笨)/Thefilmwasverymovingandeveryoneswept./Youmustworkmuchharderoryouwillfailtoenterthegoodschool./Idon’tlikehimmuch.⑹sometimes、sometime、sometimes、sometime的用法：sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、sometimes(数次)表示次数、sometime(一些时间)表示一段时间。如：Sometimestheygohikinginthemountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)/Iwillstayheresometime./Iwillmeetyourfathersometime.⑺how、what用于感叹句的用法：对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用what.如：Whatafineday(itis)today!/Howdifficult(theproblemis)!⑻already、yet的用法：在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。如：Haveyoudoneitalready?/Ihavenothadmybreakfastyet.⑼hard与hardly的用法：hard作为副词意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定词,意思是：“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。如：TheystudyEnglishveryhard./Youcanhardlyseeapersonspitinapublicplace.⑽like...verymuch、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法：三个短语分别表示“非常喜欢”、“更喜欢”、“最喜欢”。如：Ilikebaseballverymuch./Doyoulikebutterbetterthancheese?(/They149\nlikehamburgersbest.⑾“quite/what+a+形容词+名词”的用法：记住：①quite/such/what...+a+形容词+名词;②too/so/how+形容词+a+名词;③rather+a+形容词+名词=a+rather+形容词+名词。如：Ihaveneverseensuchastrangeguy(家伙)./Itisquiteanicedayforawalk.⑿how的几个短语：howoften“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问；howsoon“多久以后”,用于将来时态；howlong“多久”,用于过去时、完成时或其他时态；howmanytimes“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问；howmuch“多么,多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。如：Howlonghaveyoubeenlikethis?/Howoftendoeshewashhisface?⒀much、more与most的用法：这三个词除了是形容词作名词的修饰语之外,还是程度副词,much表示“很”,修饰原级形/副,more表示“更”用来构成多音节形/副的比较级,most表示“最”用来构成多音节形/副的最高级。此外,much也可以修饰比较级形/副。如：Thisparkismuchmorebeautifulthanthatone./ItisthemostinstructivefilmIhaveeverseen.⒁nomore、nolonger、not...anymore、no...anylonger的用法：表示时间,可以用nolonger、not...nymore、no...anylonger,而且nolonger只能放在谓语动词之前；表示程度,可以用nomore、not...anymore.如：Henolongerlivedthere./Tomwantednomorecakes./Hedidn’tsmokeanymore/longer.⒂被动语态中,方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间。如：Therunnerwasbadlyhurt.(赛跑运动员受了重伤)/Englishiswidelyspokenintheworldtoday.(如今世界上英语说得很广泛)⒃too...to...与so...that...的问题：副词too/so后面跟形容词或副词,to后面跟动词,that后面跟从句。Too...to...(“太.……以致不……”)是否定的结构,用于简单句；so...that...(“如此…以致…”)是肯定结构,用于复合句。如：Thechildistooyoungtojointhearmy./Heissostrongthathecanlifttheheavybox.⒄既是形容词也是副词的单词有：early,late,long,last,next,first,near,enough,much,all,hard,alone,fast,slow,high,low,straight等等。如：Itwasalongholiday./Hestayedthereverylong./Thinkhardthenyouwillfindaway./Heisaveryhard(难对付的)person.⒅farther与further的用法区别：表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远”,但是further还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther.如：Theydecidedtogofarther/furtherthenextday./Thisproblemwillbefurtherdiscussed./Everyoneofthemhadtheirfurtherstudiesaftertheyleftcollege.⒆rather与quite的用法区别：同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见下图对“nice”程度的描绘：notnice(fairly)nicequiteniceratherniceverynice如：It’squiteanicefilm.(这是部好片子)。(可能意味着不是一部最好的电影)/It’sratheranicefilm.(这是部很不错的电影。)(意味着比大多数电影都好)[注意]注意quite与rather后面的次序词序。⒇maybe、possibly、perhaps的区别：maybe“可能、也许”,比另外两个词更不正式、更随便、可能性不大；possibly“可能地、或者、也许”,可能性较大,在否定句和疑问句中表示“无论如何”；perhaps“可能”,较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如：Youcouldputitoverthere,maybe./Icouldn’tpossiblyhavefinishedsuchalongbookinsuchashorttime./Ithoughtperhapsitwastheletteryouhavebeenexpecting.(21)most、mostly的区别：most作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”；mostly仅为副词,意思为“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如：IwasathomemostofthetimewhenIwasfree.Mostchildrenarenaughty./Thisisthemostexcitingpartofthefilm./SheismostlyoutonSundays.(22)(be)worth、(be)worthyof的区别：worth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词well修饰；worthyof表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式。如：Whatisworthdoingatallisworthdoingwell/Thehouseisworth￥300,000./Thisbookiswellworthreadingseveraltimes./Itisathingworthyofbeingseen.(23)almost、nearly的区别：两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近”,大多数情况下可以互换,与否定词连用时用almost不用nearly.almostno相当于hardlyany(几乎没有)。如：Hehaddone149\nalmostnothingtoday./Wearealmost/nearlythere./Almostnobody/Hardlyanybodyunderstoodhiswords.(24)abit与alittle的区别：这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原级或比较级,可以互换,语气比rather弱。如：Thisdigitalcameraisabit(alittle)expensive./Itisalittle(abit)colderthanyesterday.另外,alittle可以直接加不可数名词,abit则采用“abit+of+名词(不可数或可数名词复数)”的形式。如：Ihavegotabitofacold./Goandgetalittlewaterforme,please.[注意]notabit(=notatall)意为“根本不”,而notalittle则意为“非常,不是一点”。3、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级1、分类：形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。2、规则变化:(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。a)直接加er,est：b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est：c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est：(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more/most.3、不规则变化:原级比较级最高级good好的better更好的best最好的well好；(身体)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身体)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身体)最不舒服的ill(身体)不舒服的many许多的(可数)more更多的；更most最多的；最much许多的(不可数)；非常little少的less更少的least最少的far远的；远地farther更远的；更远地farthest最远的；最远地further进一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地)4、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法：(1)讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。基本句型是：主语(sb./sth)+谓语动词+(very/too/so/quite/rather…)+形容词/副词原级+….如：Heisveryoldnow./Theyranquitefast./Theweatherlooksratherbad./Iamsohappy!☆表示两者之间没有差别时,使用句型：主语(第一个人物)+谓语动词+as+形容词/副词原级+as+第二个人物+….如：Heisasexcitedashisyoungersister./Lilyrodeherbikeasslowlyasanoldlady./Theypickedasmanyapplesasthefarmers(did).☆表示第一个人比不上第二个人时,使用句型：主语(第一个人物)+谓语动词(否定式)+as/so+形容词/副词原级+as+第二个人物+….如：Heisnotso/asexcitedashisyoungersister./Lilydidnotrideherbikeso/asslowlyasanoldlady./Theydidn’tpickso/asmanyapplesasthefarmers(did).(2)讲述两者有差异,第一个人物超过第二个人物时,用比较级。基本句型：主语(‘A’)+谓语动词+(much/alittle/even/still)+形容词/副词比较级+than+第二个人物(‘B’)+….如：Amoderntrainismuchfasterthanacar./Thisbookdidn’tcostmemorethanthatone.讲述两者有差异,第一个人物不及第二个人物时,用比较级。句型是：主语(‘A’)+谓语动词+less+(多音节形/副)比较级+than+第二个人物(‘B’)+….如：IthinkEnglishislessdifficultthanmaths./Doyouthinkitlessimportanttolearnaforeignlanguage?(3)讲述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一个时,用最高级。句型是：主语(sb./sth)+谓语动词+(the)+形容词/副词最高级+in/of….149\n如：TheChangjiangRiveristhelongestinChina./Hejumped(the)highestofthethree(boys).4、关于比较等级的重要注释：1、以上六个句型中,如果动词是及物或不及物动词,则后面用副词；如果后面是连系动词,则后面用形容词。如：Thiscaristhefastestofthefour.(形容词)/Thiscarruns(the)fastestofthefour.(副词)2、“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。如：Theweatherisgettingwarmerandwarmer.3、“the+比较级…,the+比较级…”表示“越…就越…”。如：Themoretreesweplant,thebetteritwillbe./Theharderyoutry,thegreateryourprogressis.4、一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much/alittle/even/still,而表示数量的more之前还可以加some/any/no/one/two/many/several/alot等词。如：Itismuchcoldertodaythanyesterday./Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee?/Hedidnoteatanymore.5、morethan/lessthan分别可以理解为“多于/少于”,相当于副词,morethan=over;lessthan=under.如：IlivedinNewYorkformorethanfourmonths.6、“oneofthe+最高级+名词(复数)”整个短语为单数含义,谓语要用单数形式。如：Oneoftheoldesthouseshasbeenburntinafire.7、“Which/Who+动词+形/副,□,□or□?”句型中,如果有两个选项,形/副用比较级,如果有三个选项,形/副用最高级。如：Whohasmorebooks,LinTaoorHanMei?/Whichistheheaviest,apig,ahorseoranelephant?8、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示两个事物的词时,用比较级,而且往往还要加the；含有all/none/noone/every等表示三个或三个以上事物时,用最高级。如：--Doyoulikethesmallerone?—Neither./--Whichdoyoulikebest?–Allofthem!七、介词1、介词的主要用法：介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：outof(从…中出来),becauseof(因为),awayfrom(距离…),ontopof(在…顶上),eversince(自从…),nextto(在…隔壁),accordingto(根据…),infrontof(在…前方)等。2、介词的分类表：(见下表)地点(位置、范围)介词：above在…前,about在…附近,across在…对面,after在…后面,against倚着...,along在…近旁,among在…中间,around在…周围,round在….周围,at在…处,before在...前,behind在...后,below低于...,beside在...旁边,between在...之间,by在...旁,down在...下面,from来自...,in在...里面,inside在...里面,near靠近...,of在...之中,on在...上面,outof在...之外,outside在....外面,over在....上方,under在...下方,up在...上面,ontopof在...顶部,infrontof在...前,closeto靠近...,inthemiddleof在...的中间,attheendof在...的末端,等等。方向(目标趋向)介词：across横越...,against对抗...,along沿着...,around绕着...,round环绕...,at朝着...,behind向…后面,etween…and…从…到...,by路过/通过...,down向…下,for向...,from从/离...,in进入...,into进入...,inside到...里面,near接近...,off脱离/除...,on向...上,outof向...外,outside向....外,over跨过...,past经过/超过...,through穿过...,to向/朝...,towards朝着...,onto到...上面,onto到...上面,up向...上,awayfrom远离...时间介词：about大约...,after在…以后,at在…(时刻),before在…以前,by到…为止,during在…期间,for有…(之久),from从…(时)起,in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后,on在(某日),past过了…(时),since自从…(至今),through贯穿…(期间),till直到…时,until直到…时,to到(下一时刻),eversince从那时起至今,atthebeginningof在...开始时,attheendof在...末,inthemiddleof在...当中,atthetimeof在...时方式介词：as作为/当作...,by用/由/乘坐/被...,in用…(语言),like与…一样,on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机),over通过(收音机),through通过...,with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼),without没有…涉及介词:about关于...,except除了…,besides除了…还...for对于/就…而言,in在…(方面),of…的,有关...,on关于/有关...,to对…而言,towards针对...,with就…而言其它介词:【目的介词】for为了...,from防止…,to为了…149\n【原因介词】for因为...,with由于…,becauseof因为...【比较介词】as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比,unlike与…不同【伴随/状态介词】against和…一起(比赛),at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on在(值日),with与…一起,有/带着/长着...,without没有/无/不与…一起3、介词短语的句法作用：介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如：Themancame.(状)/Thewomanisfromthecountryside.(定)/Theteacherisnowwiththepupils.(表)(老师现在和学生在一起)4、介词短语在句子中的位置：介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾；介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后；介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如：HewantedtofindagoodjobinShanghaithenextyear.(状语)/Theysearchedtheroomforthethief./Thelettersareforyou.(表语)/Haveyouseenacatwithablackheadandfourwhitelegs?(定语)5、重要注释：⑴this/that/these/those/last/next/a/every/each等词构成的时间短语,前面不用任何介词。如：EveryyeartravellersfromabroadcometovisitPingyao./Hehadabadcoldthatweek.⑵for有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成“对于…而言”。如：It’stoohardformetofinishtheworkinonlyonehour./Thehouseisbigenoughfor10mentolivein.⑶of有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。如：It’sverynice/kindofyoutodoso.⑷介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置。①当宾语是疑问词时。Whoareyoutalkingabout?②宾语在从句中当连接词时。Hehasayoungerbrotherwhohemusttakegoodcareof./Doyouknowwhoourteacheristalkingwithoverthere?③动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。Ifinallyfoundachairtositon.(5)记住一些固定词组：arriveat/in(到达…),onfoot(步行),not…atall(根本不),tothenorthof(在…以北),intheeastof(在…的东部),inthenight(在夜间),atnight(在晚上),beafraidof(害怕…),befullof(充满/装满….),befilledwith(充满/装满….),begood/badfor(对…有益/有害),bemadeof(由…做成),bemadefrom(由…制造),playwith(玩耍……),lookoutof(朝…外面看),attheendof(在…末梢/结束时),bytheendof(不迟于…/到…末为止),withthehelpof或withone’shelp(在…的帮助下),lookafter(照料…),lookfor(寻找…),onabike(=bybike)骑车,helpsb.with(帮某人做…),geton(well)with(与某人相处[融洽]),等等。6、某些介词的用法辨析：⑴时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别：表示时间时,in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后),on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等,at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间；表示地点时,in表示在某个范围之内,on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如：HewasbornonthemorningofMay10th./Iusuallygetupat7：00inthemorning./Hisglassesarerightonhisnose./Heisatthecinemaatthemoment.⑵after与in表示时间的用法区别：“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在…时刻之后”常用于一般时态；“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如：Hesaidthathewouldbehereafter6：00./MyfatheriscomingbackfromEnglandinaboutamonth.⑶since与for表示时间的用法区别：“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从…起一直到现在”,“for+(一段斶间)”表示“总共有…之久”,都常用于完成时态；如：UncleLihasworkedinthisfactorysince1970./UncleLihasworkedinthisfactoryforover30years.⑷by、in与with表示方式的用法区别：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者；in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如：Weseewithoureyesandwalkwithourfeet./Pleasewritethatarticle(文章)inEnglish./Let’sgotothezoobytaxi./ItwaswrittenbyLaoShe.⑸about与on的用法区别：都可以表示“有关…”,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示“有关…(专题/课程)”。如：TomisgoingtogiveatalkonthehistoryofAmerica./Theyareveryexcitedtalkingaboutthecomingfieldtrip.149\n⑹through与across、over的用法区别：through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”；across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over.如：Justthenarat(鼠)ranacrosstheroad./Thereisabridgeacross/overtheriver./Theyclimbedoverthemountainandarrivedthereaheadoftime./Thevisitorswentthroughabiggateintoanotherpark.(7)as与like的区别：两个词都表示“像……”,但是as译为“作为……”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像……一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如：Letmespeaktoyouasafather.(说话者是听者的父亲)/Letmespeaktoyoulikeafather.(说话者不是听者的父亲)(8)attheendof、bytheendof、totheend、intheend的用法区别：attheendof…既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在…末；在…尽头”,常与过去时连用；bytheendof…只能表示时间,译为“在…前；到…为止”,常用于过去完成时；intheend与atlast基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时；totheend译为“到…的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如：Bytheendoflasttermwehadlearned16unitsofBookIII./Attheendoftheroadyoucanfindabigwhitehousewithbrownwindows./TheyleftforBeijingattheendoflastweek./Intheendhesucceededinthefinalexams./Weshouldgoonwiththeworktotheend./Followthisroadtotheendandyouwillseeapostoffice.(9)foramoment、forthemoment、inamoment、atthemoment的区别：foramoment“一会儿、片刻”(=forawhile),常与持续性动词连用；forthemoment“暂时、目前”,常用于现在时；inamoment“一会儿、立即、马上”(=soon;inafewminutes),一般用于将来时；atthemoment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于现在进行时。如：Pleasewaitforamoment./Let’sleavethingsastheyareforthemoment./I’llcomebackinamoment./Iamverybusyatthemoment.(10)but的问题：用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意：如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。如：Icoulddonothingbutwait./Theyhadnochoice(选择)buttofight.(11)infrontof与inthefrontof：infrontof“在…的前面”,与inthefrontof“在…的前部”。如：Acarwasparkinginfrontofthehall./Inthefrontofthehallstoodabigdesk.(12)except与besides的区别：except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含；而besides“除了”则表示包含,即“不仅……又……”。如：EveryonewenttothePalaceMuseumexceptTom.)(Tom没有去故宫)/BesidesChinesehealsostudiedmanyothersubjects.(“汉语”也是他学的功课之一)八、动词1、动词的分类：类别意义例句实义动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。Shehassomebananas.她吃些香蕉。Theyeatalotofpotatoes.他们常吃土豆。I’mreadinganEnglishbooknow.我现在正看一本英文书。连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。Hisfatherisateacher.他父亲是教师。Twinsusuallylookthesame.双胞胎通常看起来一样。Theteacherbecameveryangry.老师变得很生气。助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。Hedoesn’tspeakEnglish.他不说英语。Weareplayingbasketball.我们在打篮球。Doyouhaveabrother?你有兄弟吗？情态动词本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。Youcankeepthebooksfortwoweeks.这些书你可以借两个星期。MayIsmokehere?我可以在这儿抽烟吗？Wemustgonow.我们现在得走了。★重要注解：149\n(1)关于实义动词：①英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。②有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say,raise,lay,find,buy等。③大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study,sing等。④有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know,wash等。⑤有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如：listen,reply,wait,look.(2)关于连系动词：①连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。②常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie等。③有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化：look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。[注释]become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别：become表示“变成”,比较正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“变得”,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”,指变为与原先不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。如：IwascaughtintherainandIbecameill./Hehasgotrich./Hewillbeascientistinthefuture./Mylittlebrotherhasgrownmuchtallerinthepastyear./Thesandwichhasgonebad./Herfaceturnedredafterhermothercriticized(批评)her.(3)关于助动词：①常见的助动词有：用于进行时和被动语态的be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being);用于完成时的have(has,had,having);用于将来时的shall(should);will(would)和用于一般时的do(does,did).②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall,will,should,would.(4)关于情态动词：①常见的情态动词有：can(could),may(might),must,shall(should),will(would),dare(dared),need等,另外,haveto、hadbetter也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。②can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中,在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时,常用“can”代替“may”。情态动词“can”的过去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常缩写成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“couldnot”,通常缩写成“couldn’t”。如：CanIhelpyou?/Hecanswim./Thatcan’tbeMrLi.③may表示允许、请求或可能性,用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,youmay.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t.如：MayIaskyouaquestion?—Certainly./Youmaygonow./Itmaybeinyourpocket.④must表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustn’t；表示“一定”时,否定形式是“can’t”如：Wemustbeverycarefulwhenwecrosstheroad/ItmustbeJack./Ihaven’tseenKatetoday.Shecan’tbehere.[注意]用must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t；用must(一定)进行提问时,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如：Mustwecleantheroombeforeweleave?–Yes,youmust.或No,youneedn’t./Mustshebeintheromm?–Yes,shemust.或No,shecan’t.⑤“haveto”表示“不得不”、“必须”。We’llhavetoleavenowforitisverylateatnight.haveto的疑问形式是：助动词+…+haveto,否定形式是：助动词+not+haveto或者用needn’t.如：Doyouhavetostayuntil8o’clock?/Youdon’thavetodoso.(=Youneedn’tdoso.)⑥shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用；在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如：Shallwegotothezoothisweekend?/Heshallbringhisownbooknexttime.149\n⑦should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。Weshouldspeaktooldpeoplepolitely.⑧will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如：Willyoupleaseclosethedoorforme?/Iwillteachyoualesson.⑨would表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。Hewouldsitnearthefireeverytimehereturnedhome.would也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“will”婉转、客气。在日常会话中,“我想要…”通常用“Iwouldliketo”或“Ishould(I’d)liketo”来表示。如：Wouldyouliketohavearestatthemoment?would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如：Everyyearparentswouldtelltheirchildrenabouttheboywhowouldsavehispeople.⑩need表示“需要”,用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如：Heneedn’tdoitinsuchahurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)/Heneedssomehelp.(他需要一些帮助)/Hedoesn’tneedtobringhisfootballsocksthen.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了)⑾dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to”。HowdareyousayIamafool?/Hedidn’tdaretotouchtheredbutton.⑿‘dbetter(do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是：’dbetternot(do).如：You’dbettersithereandsaynothing./You’dbetternotspeakbecauseheissleeping.2、动词词形变化一览表：(1)规则动词变化表：规则变化原形动词结尾情况现在时单三人称现在分词过去式和过去分词一般情况+s+ing+eds,x,ch,sh,o结尾+es+ing+ed辅音字母+y结尾y→i,+es+ingy→i,+ed重读闭音节一元一辅结尾+s双写辅音字母,+ing双写辅音字母,+ed不发音的e结尾+s去掉e,+ing+die结尾+sie→y,+ing+d不规则变化have→has；be→is(无)(见不规则动词变化表)注意：①在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。②s/es的读音规则：在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[z]；在[s]、[F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz].③ed的读音规则：在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音后和元音后读[d]；在[t]、[d]后读[id].(2)不规则动词变化表：(原形→过去式→过去分词)be(am,is)wasbeenloselostlostbe(are)werebeenmakemademadebeatbeatbeatenmaymight　becomebecamebecomemeanmeantmeantbeginbeganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmust　bringbroughtbroughtpaypaidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadRead149\ncancould　rideroderiddencatchcaughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunranruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsentdrawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshould　drivedrovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutshutfeelfeltfeltsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitsetsetforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespillspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstandstoodstoodhave(has)hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentaketooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwearworewornleaveleftleftwillwould　lendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritewrotewittenlielaylain　　　149\n3、be动词的各种时态变化一般现在时一般将来时现在完成时Iam….Youare.…He/She/Itis….We/You/Theyare….(I等各人称)willbe….IamHe/She/Itisgoingtobe…We/You/TheyareIhavebeen….Youhavebeen….She/he/Ithasbeen….We/You/Theyhavebeen….一般过去时过去将来时过去完成时Iwas….Youwere.…He/She/Itwas….We/You/Theywere….(I等各人称)wouldbe….IwasHe/She/Itwasgoingtobe…We/You/TheywereIhadbeen….Youhadbeen….She/he/Ithadbeen….We/You/Theyhadbeen….注意：句型变化时,否定句在am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t(am后面not不可以缩写)；疑问句将am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would提前到句首。4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化现在时态一般现在时现在进行时一般将来时现在完成时谓语动词构成动词用原形(单三加s/es)(问句和否定句借用助词do/does)amis+动词-ingarewill+动词原形amis+goingto+动词原形arehave+过去分词has过去时态一般过去时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时谓语动词构成动词用过去式(问句和否定句借用助词did)was+动词-ingwerewould+动词原形was+goingto+动词原形werehad+过去分词5、八种时态的具体用法：(1)一般现在时表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。①　一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语：often,usually,sometimes,always,every(day等),once/twice,a(week等),on(Sunday等),never,inthe(morning等)。如：TheygotothePalaceMuseumonceayear./Theyoftendiscussbusinessintheevening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意)②　表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如：Theearthturnsroundthesun./Lighttravelsfasterthansound.③表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如：ThetrainforHaikouleavesat8：00inthemorning.④在时间状语从句中(以when,after,before,while,until,assoonas等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如：PleaseringmeupassoonasyouarriveinGermany./Ifitrainstomorrow,wewillhavetostayathome.⑤一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come,go为主。如：Herecomes149\nthebus./Theregoesthebell.⑥一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Nowthemidfieldplayercatchestheballandhekeepsit.⑦人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有：like,love,hate,dislike,want,wish,hope,think(认为),understand,remember,forget,mean,need,hear,feel,see.如：Ithinkitisgoingtosnow./Ireallyhopeyoucanenjoyyourstayhere.(1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。①　表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：at(eight)(yesterdaymorning),(tenminutes)ago,when引导的时间状语从句。如：Igotupat6：00thismorning./LittleTombrokethewindowathalfpastninethismorning./Whenhewentintotheroom,hesawastrangertalkingwithhisfather.②　表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：yesterday,last(year等),in(1998等)。如：Hecametoourcityintheyear2000.③　表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有：last…,in…,from…to…,for(10years),often,usually,sometimes,always,never等。如：MrJacksonusuallywenttoeveningschoolswhenhewasyoung./Everydayhewenttotherichmanandborrowedbooksfromhim.④　讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如：IhappenedtomeetRoseinthestreet.(2)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。①一般将来时的时间状语有：tomorrow,this(afternoon),next(year),oneday,now,soon,someday,sometime,inthefuture,when引导的从句等。②　用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will”用于所有人称。如：Iwillgraduatefromthisschoolsoon./YouwillstayaloneafterIleave.③　“am/is/aregoingto+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/areto+动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。如：Amantoldthemthatthewomanwastogivebirthtothespecialbaby./It’sgoingtorainsoon.④　表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。如：Iwillgotothelabtogetsomechemicals(化学药剂).SopleasewaituntilIreturn.⑤　现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)⑥　shall和will在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如：ShallwegotothezoonextSaturday?/Willyoupleaseopenthedoorforme?⑦“beto+动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如：Anangelcametotellherthatshewastohavethisspecialboy.　(4)现在进行时现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。①现在进行时由“助动词be(amisare)+现在分词”构成。②现在进行时的时间状语有：now,this…,these…等,但经常不用。如：Whatareyoudoingupinthetree?/Iamwritingalongnovelthesedays.③表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有：come,go,stay,leave,spend,do等。如：I’mcomingnow./Whatareyoudoingtomorrow?/Heisleavingsoon.④表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：Heisalwaysborrowingmoneyfrommeandforgettingallaboutitsometimelater.(5)过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。①过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。②过去进行时的时间状语有：then,atthattime,thistimeyesterday,at(eight)yesterday(morning),(ayear)ago,以及由when引出的时间状语从句。如：Hewascookingsupperthistimeyesterday./ThelittlegirlwasplayingwithhertoywhenIsawher.149\n③用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如：Shewasithappenwhenshewaswalkingpast./Theysangalotofsongswhiletheywerewalkinginthedarkforest.④也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如：Hewasalwaysborrowingmoneyfrommewhenhelivedhere.(6)现在完成时现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。①在完成时由“助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词”构成。②表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有：already,yet,just,once,twice,ever,never,threetimes,before等。如：Ihaveneverseensuchfinepicturesbefore./HehasjustgonetoEngland.③表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有：for(twoyears),since1990,since(twoweeksago)和since引导的状语从句。如：Ihavebeenawayfrommyhometownforthirtyyears./UncleWanghasworkedinthefactorysinceitopened.④口语中havegot往往表示have(有)的意思。如：Theyhavegotthousandsofbooksintheirlibrary.⑤havebeento与havegoneto的区别：havegoneto(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,havebeento(“去过”)表示人在这里。如：--WhereisMrLi?–HehasgonetotheUK./--DoyouknowsomethingaboutBeijing?–Yes,IhavebeentoBeijingthreetimes.⑥在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下表：瞬间性动词的完成时→延续性动词或状态动词的完成时have(already)goneto…havebeenin/at…for(twoyears)has　cometo…hasbeenheresince(1990)(had)　left…(had)beenawayfrom…　　　arrived…　beenin…　　　died　beendead　　　begun　beenon　　　ended　beenover　　　bought...　had…　　　borrowed…　kept…　　　joined…　beenin…　或者使用下面这个句型：Itis/hasbeen+(多久)+since+主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+……+过去时间状语[注意]在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是：瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如：HowlongmayIkeepthebook?(句子中keep取代了borrow)(7)过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之,过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。①过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。②过去完成时时间状语有：by(yesterday),bythen,bytheendof(last…)或者由when,before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already,just,once,ever,never等词语,也会有for…或since…构成的时间状语。如：Theyhadalreadyfinishedcleaningtheclassroomwhentheirteachercame./Thewomanhadleftbeforeherealizedshewasacheat.③过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、after引导的从句中,或者从句是before引导的主句中。如：AfterIhadputonmyshoesandhat,Iwalkedintothedarkness./Hesaidthathehadneverseen149\nakangaroobefore.(8)过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。①过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“would+动词原形”。②过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有：later,soon,thenext(day).③在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时。如：HepromisedthathewouldpaymealotifIhelpedhimwiththeproject./Everytimewhenhewasfree,hewouldsitdownandreadsomebooks.④表示纯粹的将来时用would或should,表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/weregoingto(+动词原形)。如：Shetoldmeshewouldbe18thenextmonth./Shetoldmethatshewasgoingtohaveawalkwithherpetdog.⑤过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如：Whenitrainedintheday,hewouldbringanumbrellawithhim.(9)现在完成进行时：现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是：“have/has+been+动词的现在分词”。如：Ihavebeenswimminginthecoldwaterforabouttwohours./Howlonghaveyoubeenwaitinghere?6、被动语态：(1)被动语态定义：被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。(2)英语中被动语态由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表：现在时态一般现在时现在进行时一般将来时现在完成时谓语动词构成amis+p.p.areamis+being+p.p.arewill+be+p.p.amis+goingto+be+p.p.arehave(has)+been+p.p.过去时态一般过去时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时谓语动词构成was+p.p.werewas+being+p.p.werewould+be+p.p.was+goingto+be+p.p.werehad+been+p.p.[注]p.p.表示过去分词。(1)被动语态的用法：①不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如：Amanwaskilledintheaccident./Thiswindowwasbrokenyesterday.②不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如：Riceisalsogrowninthisplace./Arailroadwillbebuilthereinthreeyears.③强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如：ItwaswrittenbyLuXun./Apetdogisneverkilledbyitsowner.(2)主动语态如何改写为被动语态：主动句：主语(人/物)+谓语(及物动词)+宾语(人/物)+其他+状语(动作的执行者)(各种时态形式)(动作的承受者)被动句：主语(人/物)+谓语(及物动词)+by+人/物+其他+状语149\n(动作的承受者)(be+过去分词)(动作的执行者)(3)注意点：①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：Histeachergavehimadictionary.→Hewasgivenadictionarybyhisteacher.也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如：Histeachergavehimadictionary.→Adictionarywasgiventohimbyhisteacher./Hisfathermadehimakite.→Akitewasmadeforhimbyhisfather.②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如：Thebossmadethepoormanwork12hoursaday.→Thepoormanwasmadetowork12hoursaday.③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如：Thegirltakesgoodcareofherlittlebrother.→Thegirl’slittlebrotheristakengoodcareofbyher.④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：Heispleased/worried/tired/…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)Hewashit/knockeddown/told/shot/…….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)7、动词的非谓语形式(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。(2)动词不定式：①形式：动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只要在“to”前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是：“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。*它的被动形式：“tobe+过去分词”。*它的完成形式：“tohave+过去分词”。②动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。③动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用forsb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如：Tohelpanimalsishelpingpeople./Itisverydifficult(forus)tolearnChinesewell./Ittookmehalfanhourtoworkoutthisproblem.④动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。[A]及物动词+不定式一般形式：谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语)[说明]want(想)/try(试图)/decide(决定)/wouldlike(想要)/hope(希望)/love(喜爱)/learn(学会)/afford(提供)/agree(同意)/fail(失败、未能)/mean(意味着)/prefer(宁愿)/wish(希望)+to(do)(无)help(帮助)to可以省略begin(开始)/start(开始)/hate(憎恨)也可跟动名词,意义变化不大forget(忘记)/remember(记得)/like(总爱)也可跟动名词,意义变化较大如：Iwouldliketohavearestatthemoment./Theybegantosearchtheroomforthethief./Helikedtohaveaswiminthepoolnearhishouse./WhendidyoulearntospeakEnglish?/Don’tforgettoclosethedoorwhenyouleave.[比较]Heforgottoturnoffthelight.Heforgotturningoffthelight./Pleaseremembertoringmeup./Iremembercallingyouyesterdaybutyouforgot.(149\n[B]及物动词+疑问词+不定式：谓语动词(vt.)+wh-疑问词+不定式(作宾语)[说明]tell(告诉)/show(显示)/know(知道)/ask(问)/findout(发现)/understand(明白)/wonder(疑惑)/learn(学会)/forget(忘记)/remember(记得)/teachsb.(教某人)/discuss(商讨)whatwhere+how+to(do)whowhich……不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。如：Hedoesnotknowwhichonetotake./Tellmehowtogettothestation./Sheaskedmewhattodofortoday’shomework./Canyouteachmehowtosearchtheinternet?[C]不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置。如：Ifounditnotveryeasytolearntorideabike.⑤动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。[A]记住下面的一些结构：被修饰部分+不定式(作后置定语)汉语意思akeytolockthedoor锁门的钥匙aboxtoholdthesethings装这些东西的箱子giveherabooktoread给她一本书读Isthereany(+名词/代词)to(do)?有…要(做的)吗?It’stimetogo.是走的时间了。/该走了。Doyouhaveanyworktodo?你有工作要做吗?I’dlikesomethingtoeat.我要点儿吃的。Ihavenothingtosay.我没有话要说。Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?你要点儿喝的吗？[B]在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如：Theycouldnotfindaplacetolivein./Pleasegivemeachairtositon./Hehasgotawritingbrushtowritewith.⑥动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况：[A]放在不及物动词(come,go,stop,finish,wait等词)的后面。如：Hecametoseeheryesterday./Istoppedtohavearest.[B]放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。如：Wecleanedtheroomtolethimplayinit./Iopenedthewindowtoseemoreclearly.[C]有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如：Toarrivethereontime,Igotuponehourearlierthanusual.[注意]stoptodo与stopdoing的不同。如：Theystoppedtohavealook./Theystoppedlookingoutofthewindowandbegantolistentotheteahcher.⑦动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。如：Myjobistokeepthegoal.⑧动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。谓语动词(vt.)+宾语(人/物)+不定式(作宾语补足语)ask(请)/tell(关照)/teach(教)/want(想要)/wouldlike(想要)/get(让)/help(帮)/invite(邀请)/like(喜欢)/warn(警告)/+sb./sth.+to(do)make(使得)/let(让)/hear(听)/see(看)/feel(感觉)/watch(观看)/have(使得)/help(帮助)+sb./sth.+(do)如：Mumaskedmetohelpherwiththecooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)/Iwouldlikeyoutoseemyparents./Thebossoftenmadetheworkerswork14hoursaday./Nowletmehearyouplaytheviolin.[注意]help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略；hear/see/feel/watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较：149\nIheardhercryingwhenIwalkedpast.(指当时瞬间的情况)Isatnearherandheardhersingthenewsong.(指整个过程)(3)动名词①动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。②动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。如：LearningEnglishallbyyourselfisnotsoeasy.(=ItisnotsoeasylearningEnglishallbyyourself.)③动名词可以作宾语。[A]want/need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如：Yourcarneedsreparingbadly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)Myhairneedscutting.[B]remember/forge/stop/finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如：Iforgottowritealettertohim./Iforgotwritingalettertohim./Theystoppedtolookback./Theystoppedlookingback.[C]enjoy/mind/keep/hate/go等词一般用动名词作宾语。如：Doyoumindmyclosingthedoor?/Shehatestravellingbyair./Theywentswimmingeveryafternoon.[D]like/love/start/begin/learn后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。如：WebegantostudyEnglishwhenwewereatprimaryschool.④动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如：Myjobisputtingthesepartstogether./Iamputtingthesepartstogether.⑤动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如：Eatingtoomuchisnotgoodforyourhealth.(动名词短语,作主语)/Seeingisbelieving.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语)/Heranafteramovingbusandgotontoit.(现在分词,作定语)/Hisfathersawhimsittingonsomeeggs.(现在分词,作宾补)(4)分词：包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)①主要区别：现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。②分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。[A]作定语：分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。如：Ihavegotarunningnose.(我流鼻涕)/Thewomanrunningafterthethiefshoutedveryloudly,“Stopthethief!”/YesterdayImetamancalledMr.Black./Heonlygavemeabrokenglass,soIwasveryangrywithhim.[B]现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)谓语动词(vt.)宾语宾语补足语keep(保持)/see(看到)/hear(听到)/watch(注意到)/feel(感觉到)sb./sth.(do)ing如：Mumkeptmeworkingalltheweek./WhenIenteredtheroom,IsawJackeatingabigpear.)/InthedarkIfeltsomethingverycoldmovingonmyfoot.[C]现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如：Shecameintotheclassroom,holdingapileofpapersinherhand./Iamverybusythesedaysgettingreadyforthecomingoraltest.[D]过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有：beworried(焦虑)/bepleased(高兴)/betired(疲劳)/getdressed(打扮好)/getlost(迷路)/getcaught(遭遇)/beomefrustrated(沮丧)/becomeinteretedin(对…感兴趣)等等。例略。[E]过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如：Ihadmyhaircutthismorning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意：havesth.done表示动作由别人来做,而havedonesth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)149\n8、动词用法辨析：(1)“Whynot+动词原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是简略句,完全形式是：Whydon’tyou+动词原形+…?如：Whynotgoandhavealook?/Whynottryitonceagain?(2)seem(好象)的用法：记住几个结构：①sb./sth.+seem+(tobe+)形容词+…；②sb./sth.+seem+like+…；③sb/sth+seem+to(do)；④Itseemsthat+从句。如：Heseemed(tobe)veryhappywhenhewascalledbytheheadmaster./ItseemsthatnobodyelsecoulddosuchafoolishthingexceptJim.(3)beafraid(害怕)的用法：记住几个结构：①beafraidofsth;beafraidof(doing);②beafraidto(do);③beafraidthat+从句。如：Sheisalittleafraidofsnakes.(她有点怕蛇)/Don’tbesoafraidtostayathomealoneatnight.(别害怕晚上一个人在家)/I’mafraidthatsomebodywilltakehisplacebecauseofhisseriousmistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因为他犯了那么大的错误)(4)besorry(抱歉)的用法：记住几个结构：①besorryfor(sth);②besorryfor(doingsth);③besorryto(do);④besorrythat+从句。如：Iamverysorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong./Iamsorrytotroubleyou./Iamsorry(that)heisn’thereatthemoment.(5)besure(确信)的用法：记住几个结构：①besureof(sth);②besureto(do);③besurethat+从句。如：Shetoldmemanytimesthatshewassuretocome./Areyousureofyouranswer?Maybeit’swrong./IamsurethatDadwillhelpmewiththejob.(6)make与do的用法：一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用do,表示创造建构某事物用make.如：Idon’tknowwhattodo./I’mnotgoingtodoanywork./MyfatherandIoncemadeaboat.此外还要记住一些固定说法：dogood/harm/business/one’sbest/afavour……makeadecision/aneffort/amistake/anoise/aphonecall/money/war/thebed/sure,...(7)puton、wear、have…on、bein、tryon、dress的用法：puton强调“穿、戴”这个动作过程,wear则表示“穿着、戴着”这一状态,have+衣物+on主要表示状态,bein(+颜色/衣物)也是表示一个状况,dress(+人)表示“给…人穿衣”。如：Pleaseputonyournewshoes./Thetwinsarewearingthesameclothes./Todayshehasanovercoaton./Doyouknowthewomanwhoisinblack?/DadisdressingTomnow.[注意]dress与wear或puton的区别：wear或puton常用衣物作宾语,而dress常用人作宾语。表示给自己穿衣时常用“getdressed”或“dressoneself”表达。bedressedin与wear基本同义。dressup意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。如：Couldyoudressthebabyforme?/Heiseightbutcan’tdresshimself./Shewasdressedinaredcoat./DoIhavetodressuptogotoJim’sparty?(8)like、love与enjoy的用法：三个词都含有“喜欢”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟动名词,love后面一般跟动词不定式。like后面有时跟动词不定式,表示一种习惯或嗜好(往往与具体的时间或地点有关)。enjoy后面还可以加名词、反身代词,表示“享受…乐趣；玩得开心”。如：Doyoulikeshopping?/Helikestohaveaswimwhenhegetshomeeveryafternoon./Theylovetosingforeignsongs./Didyouenjoyyourselfattheparty?/HeenjoyslivinginChina.(9)study、learn的用法：study主要表示“学习、研究”,指过程；而learn主要表示“学会”,指结果。表示“学”时可以互换。如：Howmanysubjectsdoyoustudy?/Haveyoulearnedityet?/Howlonghaveyoustudied/learnedEnglish?learn还可以表示“听说”,如：Helearnedthemusicianhimselfwasintown.(10)think、want、wouldlike的用法：三个词都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考虑”,want指“想要、愿望、企图”,wouldlike指“想要”,think后面一般跟介词短语或从句,want和wouldlike后面跟名词或动词不定式。如：DoyouthinkthatChinawillbecomeadevelopedcountryin40years?/IamthinkingofthemoneyIoncelenttoLiMin./Whatdoyoureallywanttosay?/Whichofthesecakeswouldyoulike(tohave)?(11)lookfor、search…for、find、findout的用法：前面两个词语表示动作过程,后面两个表示结果,lookfor指“寻找”不见的或丢失的东西,但还没有找到；search…for…指“为找…而搜寻…”；find指“找到”了东西；findout主要指“查明一个事实真相”。如：Hey,Monkey,whatareyoulookingforinthecupboard?/Haveyoufoundthelostkeytoyourcar?/Thesoldiersweresearchingtheroomforthespywhentheyheardaloudnoise./Let’strytofindoutwhobrokethewindow.[注解]find的几个结构：findsb.sth“为某人找到…”,findsth./sb.+adj./n.“发觉某人是…”,findit+adj.+todo…(或+宾语从句)“发现(做……)如何”。如：Hismotherfoundherdaughteravery149\nclevergirl.(名词作补语补足语)/Youcaneasilyfinditnotgoodforyourhealthtoeatcoldfood.(12)listento、hear的用法：两个词与听觉有关,listento指“听”这一过程,hear指“听到”这一结果。如：Areyoulisteningtome,Jim?Yes,Ihaveheardyourwords.(13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四个词均与眼睛有关,look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的过程；see指“看见”这一结果,有时see还引申为“明白”,表示“看”时后面加“电影”等词；watch指专注的看,含有“注视、监视”之义,后面常跟“电视、比赛”等词；read限制为看书面材料,译为“看、阅读”,后面跟“书、报纸、杂志”等词。如：Whatareyoulookingat?/Pleaselookattheblackboard./Letmegotoseethefilm,mum,willyou?/Hewon’tfeelwelluntilhefinisheswatchingthefootballmatch./Readinggivesusknowledge.(14)hear、hearof、hearfrom、learn的用法：hear“听说”,后面可以跟名词、代词、从句表示听见的内容,hearof“听说”,后面跟人,指对某人有耳闻但没有见过面；hearfrom“收到……的来信”,后面加人；learn“听说、得知”,后面跟从句,含义与hear相似。如：IhearMrGreeniscomingtoseeustonight./HaveyoueverheardofthemanwhooncewenttotheHimalayaMountains?/Howoftendoyouhearfromyourfather?/Helearnedthemusicianhimselfwasintown.(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法：四个词与“说”有关。speak“讲话、发言、演说”,是不及物动词,涉及人时要加介词to,speak作及物动词时后面跟语言名称；talk“谈话、闲谈”,是不及物动词,涉及人时用介词with、to等,涉及事情时后面跟介词about等；say是及物动词,后面跟名词、代词、从句等,表示说的内容；tell是及物动词,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟从句或者介词短语等。如：DoyouspeakEnglish?/Whospokeatthemeeting?/OurteacheristalkingtoLinTao’sparent./CanyousayitinEnglish?/Pleasetellmesomethingaboutthestrangeflyingobject.(16)beableto(do)、can的用法：can是情态动词,有许多含义,表示“可能、可以、会”等意思,只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式；beableto表示能力上“会”,有多种时态形式,to后面跟动词原形,有时可以与can/could互换。如：CanyouspeakEnglish?/Hecouldn’t(wasn’tableto)swimwhenhewas12.(17)therebe、have的用法：两个词都可以译为“有”,但是,have表示的是“拥有”,主语必须是人或者物；therebe表示“存在”的概念,主语在therebe之后。如：Howmanybrothersandsistersdoyouhave?Ihaveonlyonebrother./Howmanychairsanddesksarethereintheirclassroom?Thereisnone.[注解]therebesb./sthdoing与therebesb./sthtodo有所不同：用doing表示一个正在发生的事情,而用todo则表示一个滞后或迟于therebe的动作。如：Look!Thereisadoglyingonthestairway./Takeyourtime.Thereisnothingforyoutodotonight.(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三个词,borrow“借进”、lend“出借”都是一次性动作,不可以和表示一段的时间状语连用；keep“保存”用来表示借一段时间。如：IhavelostthebookIborrowedfrommyteacher.WhatcanIdo?/Howlonghaveyoukeptmydictionary,eh?Formorethantwomonths!(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法：bring指从远处“拿来”；take指从面前“拿走”；carry指一般的搬运,不涉及方向；send主要指“送、派遣、寄”；lift指把东西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。(20)hope、wish的用法：两个词都表示“希望”,但是,hope表达有把握或信心实现的事情,后面直接跟动词不定式或者宾语从句,不可以跟动名词或作宾语补足语的不定式；wish表达实现的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名词、宾语从句(用过去时)或者作宾语补足语的不定式。如：Weallhopetoseehimverysoon./Ihopeitwillbefinetomorrowsothatwecangoout./HowIwishitwasnotrainingatthemoment!(21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法：spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型：sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.；take的主语通常是事情,句型：sth./It+(take)+sb.+时间+todo…。(如果是动作则常用it作形式主语将动词不定式后移)；cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型：sth.+(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气.；pay的宾语通常是金钱,句型：sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物.如：Shespentthewholenightreadingthenovel./Thisjobwilltakemetwodays.=Itwilltakemetwo149\ndaystodothejob./Howmuchdoesahouselikethiscost?/Ipaidhimtwentydollarsforthebook..(22)begin、start的用法：begin在大多数情况下可以替代start,(反义词是end),后面接不定式或动名词时区别不大,但是start还可以表示“开始、出发、启动”,反义词是stop；某事停止后再重新开始一般用start.如：Whendidyoubegin/starttolearnEnglish?/Theystartedgettinginthecropsaftertherainstopped./Thistimehecouldnotstarthiscar.(23)arrivein/at、reach、getto的用法：arrive是不及物动词,到达具体地点时后面加介词at,到达一个大的地方(国家、城市)时后面加介词in,arrive后面可以直接跟地点副词here/there/home等；get表示“到达”时是不及物动词,涉及地点(无论大小)时后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地点副词here等；reach是及物动词,后面直接跟地点名词。如：HearrivedinSanFranciscolastSunday./Howdidyougetthereinthenight?/Wehurriedallthewayandreachedthestationjustfiveminutesbeforethetrainleft.(24)bemadeof、bemadefrom、bemadeinto、bemadein、bemadeby、bemadefor的区别：bemadeof指从制成品中可以看得出原材料,而bemadefrom则指从制成品中看不出原材料,口语中都可以换成bemadeoutof。bemadeinto表示“被制成……”,bemadein表达被制造的地点,bemadeby表达制造的人,bemadefor表达被制造的目的。如：Thiskindofpaperismadefrombamboo./Thedeskismadeofwoodandmetal./Alotofpaperhasbeenmadeintopaperbirds./Computersaremadeinthesecities./ThiskitewasmadebyUncleWang./Abigbagwasmadeformetoholdmywastethings.(25)beusedfor、beusedto、usedto、getusedto的区别：beusedfor+名词/代词或动名词,beusedto+动词原形,表示两个短语意思相近,表示“用于…”。usedto+动词原形,表示“过去常常”,否定式可以是“didn’tuseto”也可以是“usedn’tto”；get/beusedto+动名词,表示“习惯于….”。如：Aknifecanbeusedforcuttingthings./Aknifecanbeusedtocutthings./Heusedtoborrownovelsfromthelibrarywhenhewasatschool./Heisusedtogettingupearlyinthemorning.(26)beat,win与lose：beat(打败),后面跟“人”,而win(赢得),后面跟“比赛、竞赛”等。如：Whowonatlast?/ClassThreebeatus5-0./Iamsuretowinthematch.而lose则表示“输了”,常用句型：losesth.tosb.如：UnluckilywelostthematchtoClassThree.(27)grow、plant、keep的区别：plant着重讲“栽、种植”这个动作,grow则指种植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep则主要指“喂养”、“赡养”一个人或者动物。如：Hegrewvegetablesinhisgarden./Iplantedtentreeslastyear,butfourofthemdied.(28)fall、drop的区别：fall指东西由高处向下坠落,不及物动词；也可以作连系动词,意思是“变得,进入某种状态”。drop表示物体由高处往低处落下,不及物动词；或让物体落向低处,及物动词。如：Themanfelloffthetractorandhurthimself./Soonaftertheytouchedthepillowstheyfell(系动词)fastasleep./Hefeltasifhehadtodropmaths./Hedroppedaletterintothemail-box.(29)join、joinin、takepartin的区别：join多指参加组织、团体、党派等,后面跟人时表示和某人一起参加某项活动；joinin指参加某项游戏或活动；takepartin多指参加群众性的活动、运动、会议等。如：Hejoinedthearmyin2001./Theyjoinedmeincongratulatingyou.(30)beat、hit、strike的用法区别：beat指“连续不断地打击；(心脏的)跳动”；hit指“一次性地撞击、命中”；strike与hit基本同义,还可以理解为“划(火柴)、给……深刻的印象”。如：Themanlooksdead,buthisheartisstillbeatingweakly./Hehittheballsohardthatitflewovertheirheadsandfellintothelake./Hewentintotheroomandstruckamatch(火柴).(31)carryon、carryout的区别：carryon表示“进行、继续”；carryout表示“进行、贯彻、实现”。如：Iwillcarryonthework./Ihavesomedifficultiesincarryingouthisorders.(32)beamazed与besurprised的区别：beamazed“感到惊讶”,指人对某个不可能发生却实际发生了的事情感到极其的讶异；besurprised“感到吃惊”指人对突发的事件感到惊讶。如：Whenhediveddeepintothesea,hewasamazedatthecoloursofallthebeautifulcoralreefs.(33)warn的用法：“warnsb.of/aboutsth”意思是“针对…而警告某人”；“warnsb(not)todosth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”；“warnsb.+that从句”意思是“警告某人说……”。如：Theywarnedthepassengersofthieves.(34)thinkof与thinkabout等短语的区别：thinkof表示“考虑、思念、认为、想起、建议”等；“thinkabout”表示“看待、认为”；“thinkmuch/highly/alotof”表示“高度评价…”；“thinkover”表示“仔细考虑”；“thinkout”表示“想出”。如：Theheadmasterthoughthighlyofthisboy./We’rethinkingofgoingtoFranceforourholiday./Thinkitoverandyouwillhaveaway./Icannotthinkofhisname.Iforgotit./－Whatdoyouthinkabouthiscomposition?－Verygood!149\n(35)agreewith/agreeto/agreeon等词语用法：“agreeto+动词”表示“同意做某事”,“agreewith+sb./观点”表示“赞同…的观点”/agreeabout表示“对…话题有相同看法”/“agreeto+建议”表示“同意”某人的建议,“agreeon+决定”表示“赞成某人的决定”。例略。(36)deserve(应该,应得)的用法：deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名词。如：Theyhadtriedtheirbestandtheydeservedtowin./Thelittleboyalwaysmadetroublesaroundanddeservedbeating./Thegirldidagooddeedanddeservedpraise.九、连接词1、连词的含义：连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连接词。2、连词的分类：连词分为并列连接词和从属连接词两种。1、并列连接词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。常见的并列连接词有：and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否则),nor(也不),so(所以),however(然而,无论如何),for(因为),still(可是),aswellas(也),both..and...(...和...),notonly...butalso...(不但…而且…),either…or…(或…或…),neither…nor…(既不…也不…)等。2、从属连接词用于引导从句,常见的从属连接词有：when(当…时候),while(正当…时候),after(在…之后),before(在…之前),since(自从),until(直到),although/though(虽然),if(假如),as(如…一样；由于),as…as…(和…一样),asfaras(就…而言),aslongas(只要),assoonas(一…就…),evenif(即使),because(因为),unless(除非),than(比…),whether(是否…),inorderthat…(为了),so…that…(如此…以致),sothat…(以便),nowthat…(现在既然),bythetime…(到…时候),everytime…(每当),asif…(仿佛),nomatterwhen(或whenever)(无论何时),nomatterwhere(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。［辨析］(1)because、as、since、for的用法：because(因为)表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面；另外,回答why的问句只能用because.as(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。for(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如：Heisnotatschooltodaybecauseheisseriouslyill./Asallofyouhavegothere,now,let’sgotothezoo./IwillaskLinTaotogowithmesinceyouareverybusy./Wemustbeoffnowforthematchstartsat7：00.(2)if、whether的区别：表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句,另外,whether还可以引导主语从句、表语从句(以及同位语从句)等名词性从句或者让步状语从句；而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。如：Idon’tknowif/whetherhewillarriveontime.（我不知道他是不是会按时到达）/Iwillringyouupifhearrivesontime.（如果他按时到达我会给你打电话的）[注意]下列情况只能用whether不能用if：①引导主语从句,②引导表语从句,③引导从句作介词宾语,④引导不定式短语,⑤引导让步状语从句,⑥在动词discuss之后,⑦在wonder/notsure之后,⑧在if与whether含义易混时。如：WhetheritisafinedaynextSundayisstillaquestion.(引导主语从句)/Pleaseaskhimwhethertogotherewitharaincoatornot.(作动词的宾语)/Hainanistheplacetobe,whetherit’ssummerorwinter.(引导让步状语从句)/Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouneedmyhelp.(引导宾语从句)(如果换成if则还可能表示“如果你需要我的帮助请告知”)(3)while、when、as的用法区别：while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是同时发生的、是平行的；when可以表示较短的动作也可以表示较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可以同时发生也可以先后发生；as与上两词同义,可替换while和when,表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边……一边……”。如：PleasedonottroublemewhileIamwritingmyhomework./I’llgohomewhenIhavefinishedmyjob./Theywererunningquicklyacrosstheroadwhentheyheardthesoundofatruckcoming./Aswewalkedinthedarkstreet,wesangsongsandtalkedloudly.(4)till/until与not…till/until的区别：前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一个才开始的动作。如：Iwillstayhereandwatchthebabyuntilyoureturn.(stay这个动作一直进行到你return)/Theywon’tgoonworkinguntiltheygetwhattheythinkisreasonable.149\n另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till.如：Untilthelastminuteofthematchwekeptplaying./Notuntilhehadfinishedhisworkdidhegohome.（倒装句）(5)though与although的区别：两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但在句中可加still或yet连用。although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可以换为though；though“虽然、尽管、即使”,还可以与even连用(=evenif),表示“即使、纵然”,作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。如：Hepassedtheexamsalthoughillnesspreventedhimfromgoingtoclasses./shewon’tleavetheTVset,eventhoughherhusbandiswaitingforherforthesupper./Itwasaquietparty.Ihadagoodtime,though.(6)preferto…ratherthan…与prefer…to…的区别：preferto…ratherthan…后面都是用动词原形,prefer…to…都是用动名词或名词。如：IpreferEnglishtoJapanese./IprefertolearnEnglishratherthanlearnJapanese.十、简单句1、简单句的特点：简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。2、简单句的种类：简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。3、陈述句：用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。▲陈述句的肯定式：Heisamiddleschoolstudent./Ihaveahammerinmyhand./Sheteachesusgeography./Thenewplaywasgoodenoughandeverybodyenjoyedit.▲陈述句的否定式：1)谓语动词如果是tobe、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如：Mybrotherisnotateacher./Hedoesnothaveacousin./Iwillnotgotheretomorrow./Mymotherisnotcookingamealinthekitchen./Youmustnotmakesuchmistakesagain./Wehaven’tdiscussedthequestion.2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加donot(don’t).如：Idon’tknowanythingaboutit./LiMingdoesnotfeedpigsinthecountryside.3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与havegot的否定式相同。如：Ihaven’t(got)anybrothersorsisters.[注意]①句子中如果有all、both、verymuch/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、not…atall等；Allofthemwentthere.→Noneofthemwentthere.②句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时,则视为否定句。如：Fewpeoplelivetherebecauselifethereisveryhard.③陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如：That’syourboss?④陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序,即：主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。⑤所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如：Theoldmantoldmethathewouldliveherefortenmoreyearsbeforehereturnshome.4、疑问句：▲一般疑问句：用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。1)一般疑问句构成：句中谓语动词是tobe、助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。如：Isheanengineer?/Haveyougottoday’snewspaper?/Shallwegotoseeafilmthisevening?/Canyouexplainit?/Isthereanyfishforsupper?/Wouldyouliketogooutforawalk?谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do/does/did,原来的谓语动词改为原形。如：Doyougetupatsixeverymorning?/Doesshestudyhard?2)一般疑问句的回答：一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如：Willyoujoinusinplayingbasketball?—Yes,wewill./—No,wewon’t.Haveyougottoday’snewspaper?—Yes,Ihave./—No,Ihaven’t.回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。[注意]回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。3)一般疑问句的否定结构(即否定形式的一般疑问句)表示惊奇、责怪、建议、看法等,只要将149\n“not”置于主语之后或者将“not”放到主语之前与be,have等助动词或情态动词合并在一起就可以了。如：Willhenotcome?/Isn’tyoursisteraPartymember?/Haven’tyouanybrothers?/Don’tyouliketheplay?/Can’twewalkalittlefarther?/Won’tyousitdown?/Hasn’tsheheardofthematter?这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构”；如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如：Can’theanswerthequestion?(他不能回答这个问题吗？)—Yes,hecan.(不,他能回答这个问题。)—No,hecan’t.(是的,他不能回答这个问题。)▲特殊疑问句：要求具体回答的问句。1)特殊疑问句结构是：疑问代词+一般疑问句+？除who以外的疑问代词短语疑问副词如：Whatdoyouwant?（你要什么？）/Who(m)areyoulookingfor?（你在找谁？）/Whosemagazineisthis?（这是谁的杂志？）/Whichclassareyouin?（你在哪班？）/Whendidyougetupthismorning?（你今早什么时候起身的？）/Wherehaveyoubeen?/Whydidhegotobedsoearly?/Howdidyougothere?但是,“who”引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同：如：Whoisdancingoverthere?（谁在那边跳舞？）有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如：Whatisonthewall?/Whichisyours?/Whosebookisinyourbag?[注意]从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用！如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词：疑问代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,疑问副词：when,where,why,how,how构成的短语：howmany(多少个)(独立用；或跟可数名词),howmuch(多少)(独立用；或跟不可数名词),howold(多大年纪),howfar(多远),howoften(多常),howlong(多久,多长),howsoon(多久以后),howmanytimes(多少次),等等。3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如：Whydon’tyouaskJiminstead?(常缩略为Whynot…?)4)特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如：Whenandwherewereyouborn?5)疑问词如果是介词的宾语,则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如：Whatdoyouwantacomputerfor?=Forwhatdoyouwantacomputer?▲反意疑问句：反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。1)构成：由两部分组成：前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be,have,助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构；反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致；反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。陈述句部分附加问句部分注意点肯定陈述句否定的简短一般问句当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用该词；否则就使用do/does//did.否定陈述句肯定的简短一般问句如：Heisold,isn’the?/Themanwentaway,didn’the?/Heisn’told,ishe?/Heneverwentthere,didhe?2)反意问句的回答：无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循：“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”如：Themanwentaway,didn’the?(那人走开了,不是吗？)——Yes,hedid.(是的,他走了。)/No,hedidn’t.(不,他没有走。)149\nThemanneverwentthere,didhe?(这人从来不去那里,是吗？)——Yes,hedid.(不是呀,他去的。)/No,hedidn’t.(是呀,他不去。)▲选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。1)构成：(1)一般疑问句+or+第二选项？(2)特殊疑问句+第一选项(+第二选项)+or+第三选项？2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes/no回答。如：Isyourfriendaboyoragirl?–Agirl./Whichdoyouprefer,coffeeortea?–Tea,please.(/Whichdoyoulikebest,singing,dancingorskating?--Dancing,ofcourse.5、祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。▲祈使句的肯定式：动词(原形)+其他如：Pleasegivemeahand./Shutup!▲祈使句的否定式：Don’t+动词原形+其他如：Pleasedon’ttalkinlowvoices./Don’tlookback![注意]以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let’s”后面。如：Let’snottroublehim.肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如：Pleasedohelpme!6、感叹句：感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“！”▲对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是：What+(a/an)+(形容词)+名词+陈述句结构(主谓语),用来强调句子中的名词,如：Whatagood,kindgirl(sheis)!/Whatbadweather(itis)!▲仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是：How+形容词/副词+陈述句结构(主谓语),用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。Howcarefullytheoldmanwalks!/Howdeliciousthefoodis!▲有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。Heissittingonatiger’sback!/Aniceshot!(漂亮一击！)/Goodgoal!十一、句子成分1、主语：(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：Thepainterpaintedaverynicepicture./TheyfoughtagainstSARSbravely./Toseeistobelieve../Helpinganimalsistohelppeople.(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：ItisverycomfortabletohaveaClassAseatduringthelongjourney./Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.(=Itisbadforyourhealtheatingtoomuch.)(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略：(Itis)nothing./(It)doesn’tmatter./(I)thankyou.(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：Themanlooksworried,doesn’the?/Tigersaredangerousanimals,aren’tthey?(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keepthekeyboardsclean,children.(省略了主语)/Yougothereandfetchmeaglassofwater.(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及therebe句型主语在动词之后。如：Computersaremadeinthisfactory./Wherearethey?/Doestheboylikestayinghome?(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致,而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。NeitherJimnorRosehaspassedtheexam./TheChinesepeopleareahardworkingandbravepeople.(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。2、谓语：(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：149\nHetravelledinspaceforthefirsttime./WhoteachesyouEnglishthisyear?/Thepizzahasgonebad.(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：［情态动词］+［时态助动词］+［语态助动词］+［主要动词］(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表)　记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：IamsorryIammakingsomuchnoisebutIhaveto./Hecan’thavefinishedreadingthe800-page-longnovel./Somethingmustbedonetostopthefowlflufromspreadingout.(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1+原形动词”、“be+原形动词”。记住使用下列正确形式：①情态动词+原形动词。如：You’dbettergooverthelesson.②shall/will/would+原形动词。如：Theyshouldhavebeenthereonce.③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如：Whatareyoudoingthisevening?/Manytreeshavebeencutdownsince1970s.④have+过去分词。如：Manytreeshavebeencutdownsince1970s.⑤一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词。如：Hedoesnotenjoyhimselfverymuch./Didanyofyouseedinosaureggs?⑥行为动词1+行为动词2(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如：Hemadeuphismindtobeavet./Feelinggoodaboutyourselfisessentialtofeelinggoodaboutlife./Theywakeuptheotherfamilymembers,calling,“MerryChristmas!”(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。(5)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”；复数形式的动词有：are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。谓语部分第一个动词的形式单数形式复数形式一般现在时be(是)动词；现在某些时态和语态的助动词beam(单一);are(单二);is(单三);are一般过去时be(是)动词；过去某些时态和语态的助动词bewas(单一);were(单二);was;(单三)were一般现在时have(有)动词；现在完成时态的助动词havehave(单一);have(单二);has(单三);have一般现在时行为动词和助动词dodo(单一、单二);does(单三)do实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词（否定和疑问句除外）原形动词(单一、单二);动词+s/es(单三)原形动词其他各时态语态的谓语动词单复数形式相同记住：主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。（参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：”）Airandwaterisnecessarytousall.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如：TheOlympicGamesisheldeveryotheryear,isn’tit?----Yes,itis.3、宾语：(1)由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如：TheangelalsocametoJosephandtoldhimthesamething.(代词和名词充当两个宾语)/Hetoldmethatthecompanycouldnotaffordtopayhimsomuchmoney.(不定式作宾语)/Theyenjoywatchingfootballgamessomuchthattheyoftenforgettheirlessons.(动名词作宾语)/Ithinktobeachildren’sdoctorisveryrewarding.(从句作宾语)(2)只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listentotheradio./Canyouhearanythingexciting?(3)宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如：Whatdidhesee?(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如：Pleaseputthe149\nshoesaway./Pleaseputawaytheshoes./Pleaseputthemaway.(5)动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：Heoftengivesmesomehelp.(他常常帮我。)②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make,buy,borrow时,介词用for.如：Pleasemakemeakite.或Pleasemakeakiteforme.(6)在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：Ifoundthejobratherdifficult.(7)宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。4、表语：(1)说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如：Hebecameadoctorafterhelefthighschool./Therubberwheelsareoverthere./Hedoesnotfeellikeeatinganythingtodaybecausehehascaughtabadcold./Whoisit?(2)表语只能放在连系动词(如：be,look,become,turnget,grow,feel,seem)之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。(3)代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如：It’sI.(It’sme.)是我。(4)只能作表语的形容词有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。Hewasterriblysorryforhiscarelessness./Pleasemakenonoisehere;thebabyisasleep./Iamonlyinterestedinsittinginaboatanddoingnothingatall!/Iamnotaloneinthinkingso.(5)表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。5、定语：(1)修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如：Putitinthetopdrawer./FranceandSwitzerlandareEuropeancountries./Hismotherandfatherarebothcollegeteachers./ThisisthedaythatIcanneverforgetinmylife.(2)单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序：冠词/物代年龄/形状/大小/温度色彩来源质地/材料目的/用途被修饰的名词(中心词)athemyhis…old,young,…red,yellow,blue,…Chinese,English,American,…wooden,woolen,glass,silk,paper…meeting,tennis,sports,reading,swimming,…box,shoes,room,pig…long,short,round,square…big,large,small,little…hot,cold,warm,cool…(3)时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如：Icouldnotfindmywayout,soIstayedthereallalong.(4)介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面：Themonkeyinthecagewascaughtyesterday.(5)形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如：Herememberedeverythingunusual.(6)定语还可以用从句充当,详见定语从句。(7)注意：由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。149\n6、状语：(1)说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如：Iwasnotbornyesterday./Formanyofthesefamiliesacollegeeducationwassomethingnew./Hewokeuptofindhishouseonfire.(2)副词作状语位置较为灵活,详见《六·2》“副词在句子中的位置以及作用”；介词短语作状语,位置基本固定,详见《七·4》“介词短语在句子中的位置”；不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语形式”；从句作状语,详见《主从复合句》的“状语从句”。(3)多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如：Hewentoufoftheroomataquarterto23:00lastnightandthendisappearedintothedark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。)/(4)状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。(5)注意：由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。7、宾语补足语：(1)补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如：CallhimJim,please./Itriedmybesttomakehimhappy./Askhertocometodinnertomorrow./Heletthesmalleranimalsbringfoodtohim.(2)部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如：Lethimin,Itellyou!(3)不定式或分词作宾语补足语的情况,详见《八·7》“动词的非谓语形式”相关内容。十二、简单句五种基本句型：句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型：1、基本句型的词序：2、划分符号(没有统一规定,仅供参考)：主语：定语：()谓语：状语：[]宾语：宾补：〈〉表语：主谓句型：S－Vi。主系表句型：S－Vlink－P主谓宾句型：S－Vt.－O主谓双宾句型：S－Vt－O间宾－O直宾主谓宾补句型：S－Vt－O－C3、例句：Jimisworking[veryhard][now].（他现在正非常努力地工作。）Sheisyoung.（她年轻。）Itlookslikerain.（天看上去要下雨。）Theboy[always]kickedthedog[withhisfeet].（这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗。）Hehas[never]boughtmeatoy[sincelastyear].（从去年起他没给我买过一个玩具。）Hefeltsomething(cold).（他感到有个冰冷的东西顺着腿上爬。）4、英语词类与句子成分关系图：句子成分词类或短语主语*谓语宾语*表语*定语*状语*宾语补足语名词√√√×√√√√√√×√代词√√√×√√√√√√√××形容词×××√√√√√√×√√数词√×√√√√√×√动时态语态形式×√√√×××××149\n词动词不定式√√×√√√√√√√√√动名词√√×√√√√√××动词现在分词×××√√√√√√√动词过去分词×××√√√√√√副词×××√√√√√√介词短语×××√√√√√√[注释]1、“√”表示某种词类可以充当某个成分,“√√”表示某种词类经常充当某个成分,“√√√”表示某种词类最经常充当某个成分。“×”表示某种词类不能充当某个成分。2、“*”表示该成分可以由从句充当,如主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。十三、并列复合句1、基本概念：并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起；但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。2、常见的并列句：(1)用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。(2)表示在两者之间选择一个,常用的连接词有or,otherwise,orelse,either…or…等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。(3)表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折,常用的连接词有but,yet,still,however等,前后分句时态一致。(4)说明原因,用连接词for,前后分句时态一致。(5)表示结果,用连接词so,前后分句时态一致。十四、主从复合句1、概念：主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。如：Whilethegrandparentslovethechildren,theyarestrictwiththem./Itseemedasifthemeetingwouldneverend./Hurryup,or(else)you'llbelate./HoweverIcookeggs,thechildstillrefusestoeatthem.2、分类：从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。（参见以下各条）3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法：(1)表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。例如：Thatiswhyhedidnotcometoschoolyesterday./Itisbecauseyouaresoclever.(2)宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。①基本形式：（主句＋）连词+从句主语+从句谓语+...②关于宾语从句连词的选择：若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if或whether;若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等)例如：Theybelievethatthecomputerwillfinallytaketheplaceofhumanbeings.(从句本来就是陈述句)/IwonderwhetherIshouldsaysomethingforhimtotheheadmaster.(从句来源于一般问句ShallIsaysomethingforhimtotheheadmaster?)/Heaskedmewherehecouldgetsuchmedicine.(从句来源于特殊问句Wherecanhegetsuchmedicine?)③宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时；如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如：IthinkIwilldobetterinEnglishthisterm./Theteacheraskedtheboyiftheearthisround.④下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：149\nbesorry/afraid/sure/glad+that从句,如：I’msorryI’mlate./I’mafraidheisn’tinatthemoment.(3)状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。时间状语从句通常由when,as,while,after,before,since,assoonas,since,till(until),while,whenever等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如：Whenyoufinishthework,youmaygoouttoplaywithSam./Iwon’tleaveuntilMumcomesback.地点状语从句通常由where,wherever等引导。如：Gobackwhereyoucamefrom!/Iwillneverforgettocatchthethiefwhostolemynecklacewhereverhemaybe.原因状语从句通常由because,since,as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：Hewentabroadbecausehisfatherhadfoundagooduniversityforhim.目的状语从句通常由sothat...,so...hat...,inorderthat...等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can/could/may/might等情态动词。如：Hegotupearliersothathecouldcatchthefirsttrain.结果状语从句通常由sothat...,so...that...等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：Helostsomanybikesthathedecidednevertobuyanewone.比较状语从句通常由as,than,as(so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如：JaneismuchtallerthanI/me./Idon’thaveasmanybooksasyou(do).让步状语从句通常由though(although),as,evenif(eventhough),however,whatever等引导。如：Evenifyoupaythedebt(债务)forme,Iwillnotthankyoubecauseithasnothingtodowithme./HewearsaT-shirtthoughitisverycold.条件状语从句通常由if,unless,aslongas等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。Youwillcertainlyfailinthecomingfinalexamsunlessyouworkmuchharder./Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,weshallgohiking.[注意]1、because与so；(al)though与but；if与so不可同在一个句子中成对出现。2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。(4)定语从句：在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。①定语从句的位置：放在名词或代词的后面。如：Themanwhohasanumbrellainhishandismyuncle.②语法术语的改变：被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中that、which、who称为关系代词,where、when、how称为关系副词。③关系代词或关系副词的作用：关系代词who、whom和whose指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。which指物that多指物,有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。Thisisthethief(that/who/whom)wehavebeenlookingforthesedays./Pleasefindaroomwhichisbigenoughforallofustolivein.关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：Thisistheroomwheretheyhadaquarrelaweekago./IcanneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstsawyou.④限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如：Shespentthewholeeveningtalkingaboutherlatestbook,whichnoneofushadheardof.[注解]1、关系代词只能用that的情况：当先行词是指事物的不定代词(all,anything等),或先行词部分含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不能用其他的关系代词,只能用that.如：AllthatLilytoldmeseemsuntrue./Canyougivemeanythingthathasnosugarinside?/Thisisthefirsttwo-storybusthatrunsinourcity.2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。如：Doyouknowthewomanwhoisweepinginthecorner?149\n(你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女人吗？)/Donottellmeanywordsthathavenothingtodowithme.3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用which或whom,较少使用that或who,而且,关系代词常常省略。如：Tom’sfatherwasthefirstparentwhomourteachertalkedto.4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用which或whom,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用that或who.如：ThisistheroominwhichMissLioncelived.(=ThisistheroomMissLioncelivedin.)(5)主语从句：在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由that,whether以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾。如：Whenweshouldstartisstillaquestion.十五、直接引语和间接引语(初中不作特别要求)1、直接引语和间接引语：在陈述句中,直接引用说话人原来的语句,称为直接引语。在书写时,直接引语用引号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说话人说的内容,称为间接引语。2、直接引语改变为间接引语：1、直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时应注意以下各点：①不用引号,而用连接词that,但有时可省略。②人称作相应变化；③主句里的动词如果是过去时,间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变：一般现在时变一般过去时；一般将来时变过去将来时；现在进行时变过去进行时；现在完成时变成过去完成时；一般过去时变成过去完成时；但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用,则时态不变。如：Hesays,"IamnotfromtheUSA.”→HesaysthatheisnotfromtheUSA.MrSmithsaidtohisgirlfriend,“Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.”→MrSmithsaidtohisgirlfriendthathehadnotseenherforalongtime.2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用从属连接词whether或if引导,词序要改变。如：LinTaosaidtoMissGreen,"IsitmadeinChina?”→LinTaoaskedMissGreenifitwasmadeinChina.3、直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用疑问词引导,词序是：连词+主语+谓语。如：Lucysaidtome,“HowcanIhelp?”→Lucyaskedmehowshecouldhelp.4、直接引语如是祈使句,变间接引语时,须将祈使句变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式前用tell,ask,order.如：Hesaidtothelittleboy,“Comehere,youngman!”→Heaskedthelittleboytogothere.5、直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化：在直接引语中在间接引语中thatthosethenbeforethatdaythatweek(month,etc.)thenextweek(month,etc.)thedaybeforethenext(following)daytherethisthesenowagotodaythisweek(month,etc.)nextweek(month,etc.)yesterdaytomorrowhere十六、倒装句1、THEREBE句型以及以here、there开头的句子。如：Therearealotofchildrenintheshowroom./Herecomesthebus./Theregoesthebell./ThedooropenedandincameMrLee.2、用“So/Nor/Neither+助动词+主语”倒装结构表示第二个人物的情况与上文的人物情况相同。如：Tomwenttothebeachlastweek,and,sodidI./LiMei’sboughtnothingfromtheshop.NeitherhasJim.149\n3、在疑问句中,通常使用在主语之前安放助动词的倒装方法,对主语提问除外。如：Howdidhefindthelostbook?/Wherearetheygoingtospendthesummervacation?4、感叹句中通常将被感叹的部分前移,而将句子的主谓语整体后置。如：Whatabeautifulflower(itis)!5、有引号引用某人的原话时,引号外面的主谓一般采用倒装形式放在句尾,但是,若主语是代词则不倒装。如：“Whatonearthareyoudoingupthere?”saidthefather./“Whatonearthareyoudoingupthere?”hesaid.十七、附加注释die、dead、death的用法：die是动词,可以独立做谓语,有各种时态变化,也可以变成非谓语形式作句子的其他成分；dead是形容词,作句子的定语、表语或宾语补足语；death是名词,作句子的主语、宾语等。如：I’mgoingtodie!/Themanhasbeendeadforaboutthreemonths./Heisworriedtodeath.149\n（英文版）easilyblame,topreventthebrokenwindoweffect.Supervisetheleadingcadrestoplayanexemplaryrole,taketheleadinthestrictimplementationoftheand,leadtosafeguardthesolemnityandauthorityofthepartydiscipline,ensurethatthepartydisciplineandthelawsandregulationsforimplementationinplace.Throughoutthedisciplineinthedailysupervisionandmanagement,strengthensupervisionandinspection,fromthethoroughinvestigationofviolationsofdisciplinebehavior.Strengthentokeyareas,keydepartmentsandkeyprojectsaswellasthemassesreflecttheconcentrationoftheunitsanddepartmentsforsupervision.-strengtheningsupervision,disciplineinspectionandsupervisionofcadrestosetanexampleforcompliancewiththeandisamanmustbehexyl,blacksmithneedsitsownhardware.Disciplineinspectionorgansastheexecutorofthepartydiscipline,andsupervisorofthedefenders,foritssupervisionmustbemorestrictly,disciplineinspectionandsupervisionofcadrestofirmlyestablishtheawarenessofPartyConstitution,senseofdiscipline149\nandrulesconsciousness,politicsloyalty,senseobey.ActionspeakJiOrdinancetosetanexampleoftheregulationsoftheruleoflaw,strengthensupervisionandacceptthesupervisionofthefirmnessandconsciousness,docomplywith<>and<>.Tofirmlyestablishthedisciplinemustfirstbedisciplined,thesupervisorwillbesubjecttothesupervisionof"concept,andconsciouslysafeguardandimplementpartycompassesparty,taketheleadinpracticing"threestrictrealstrict,soloyal,clean,play.Tobegoodatlearning,theConstitutionandtheasmorality,politicsandbroughttofruition;toimplement<>,donotwantto,darenot,notwithdisciplinaryrulertosupervision;todisciplinearuler,oftenthecontrolinspection,andconsciouslyintheideologicalredlinetodrawtherowMingGoodaccumulationisindeedthebottomline,sothatthehearthasfear,saidtohavequit,thelinehasended.Attached:indifferenttoheart,calmlytothetableinourlife,therearemanyunpredictablethingswillhappen,somegood,somebadthings,wecannotcontrolispowerlesstostop,butwithtime,youwillfindinlifesometimesturnsouttobenotgood,somebadthingsfinallyturnedouttobeagoodthing,149\nbutthenwemuddyhoweverdidnotknow,thisisthelifeteachusthings.1,lifecanbecomplex,canalsobesimple.Wantsimplelifeofprecipitation,tohaveenoughtimetoreflect,tomakeBecomemoreperfect.Lifeisthemostimportantthingisnottowin,butthestruggle;nottohaveconquered,buttohavefoughtwell.2,theplainisthebackgroundoflife.Liveaplainlife,giveuponthemselvesisnotacoward,butthewiseanswers;notdisillusionedaftertheheart,suchasashes,butexperiencethestormaftertheenlightenment;notunrewardingperfunctorily,butcalmattitudeoflifeofunrestrainedself-confidence.Plainliving,thereisnonoisenoisy,noearthlytroubles,moredidnotfillinthediscontentofdesire,somejustacalm,acalm.3,memoryofheartwillnotgoodthingstoerasethe,lifeisaWhennomovie,painisabeginning,thestruggleisakindofprocess,deathisakindofending.Giveupthisgivingupisthehelpless,donotgiveuptheabandoned,donotgiveupthisgivingupisignorance,donotgiveupshouldnotgiveupispersistent.4,athingfiguredisheaven,thinkimpassabilityishell.Sincetheliving,tolivebetter.Sometimeswebecauseoftoonarrow-minded,toocarearound149\nthechoresandpennywiseandpoundfoolish,notworththecandle.Somethingstoattracttroubleandworry,completelydependsonhowwelookatanddealwithit.Don'talwaystakeeverythingbacktothings,anddon'tgetintoablindalley,don'twanttoface,don'tbenarrow-minded.Poketocare,isakindofopen-minded,afreeandeasy.5,Iamnotafraidofothersbehindmeaknife,Iafraidtolookbackandseestabme,ismyintentiontotreatpeople;Iamnotafraidofthetruthtotellthebestfriend,I'mafraidheturnedtoitasajoketotelldon't6,whenweareinapositiveframeofmind,youwillfindmanygoodthings;andwhenweareinanegativestateofmind,youwillfindmanydepressedthings;lifehappyandworry,allisyouoflifeattitude,optimistic,goodluck;lossofsink,Eritreacompany.Whenyouareinadversity,maywishtochangeapointofviewtothinkeverythingovertothegoodThink,becausegoodmentalitydecidedthefateofthe!7,peoplearetired,rest;hearttired,calm.Growup,mature,thissocietyread.Tiredandsad,squatdown,totheirahug.Becausetheworldnoonecansympathizewithyou,havemercyonyou.Youcry,tearsisyourown;youpain,noonecanunderstand.149\nThenyouonlytearstosmile.8,eachpeoplehaveyouth,Eachyouthareastory,thelifeoftheworldnevergetseasier,Iwantwhat,wishtheworldallknow,ashasbeenthesame;nowwantanything,forfearthatothersknow,orliketolosethesame.9,theheartmove,everythingintheworldisfollowedbybirth,Rangrang,importantthingisoftenthemostdifficulttoopenone'smouth,becausewordswillreduceitsimportance;toletstrangerspeoplecareaboutyourlifeinthegoodthings,theoriginalisnoteasy10,donotblame,donotlaughatwho,alsodon'tenvywho.Likeapersonisakindoffeeling,notlikeapersonistrue.Thetruthiseasytoexplain,IfeelIsunspeakable.Thebesttravellifeisthatyouinastrangeplacefoundalonglosttouched.11,happylifenotinthebustlingin,andinthepeaceofmind;nomatterhowmanygrievances,howuncomfortable,andultimatelytohealthemselvesortheirown,othersmaygotyoutocomfort,butneverknowyourheartishowwanjianchuanxin.12,ma'am,likeamovie,learntoappreciate,learntobegrateful,learntolerance,andgoodness,helpingothers.Insteadofaccusingthesociety,asintoone;andanexceptionisbettertogivethantowhat13,don'tenvyhimAsumof,149\ndon'tloseyourlifeandthelife,respectivelyis:theformerisaweexperiencedcannotescapeinadayfinallywilllastminute,whilethelatterisourpersistent,wewanttocherishthememoryofthosepeopleandthings.14,learntosmile,learntostrong,theworldyouknowsomanypeople,somanypeopleandyouare,youcannotchangealsocan'tleteveryonelikeyou,soalsodonotwanttodo.Lifeistooshorttogocrazytolovetogotowaste,tochasethedreamtoregret.15,whentemper,ablessingtogo.Awoundingelegantpeople,thekeyistocontroltheirownemotions.Withthemouthisthemoststupidbehavior.Acontrolnegativeemotionsthanacantakeacitymorepowerfulwaterflowslow,languageisexpensive.Peoplespenttwoyearsoftimetolearntospeak,buttospendafewyearstimetoshutup.Thatisakindofability,thatisakindofwisdom.16,lifeisnotperfect,sometimes,growthisnotacry,notaneyefuloftears,thereisnotraceofemotion,thereisnogleamofhope,nodesire,noaction,nostatic,thereisonlyonekindofdownwardsinkingfeeling,sinkAmurky?6?7?6?7sink?6?7?6?7towardthebottomofthesink.17,insomeway,donotgo,youwillnotknowtheothersidesceneryisbeautiful.To149\nyouisnotgood,youdonotmindtoomuch,noonehasanobligationtoyou;youlearnknowledge,isyouhaveweapons,youcanstartfromscratch,butnotunarmed;howdoyoutreatpeople,doesnotrepresenthowotherstreatyou,ifcannotseethroughthispoint,onlyinvitingworry.18,timeislikeaspongeinthewater,aslongasyouarewillingtosqueeze,thetotalwaterisstillthere.Everylife,aftertheupsanddownsThebesttestoflive,tolife,survivalandcontinuation,donotstopthestruggleinthejoysandsorrowsoflifeontheroad,sothatdifferentsoultobearlifebeat,acceptanceofsuffering.19,indifferenttoheart,calmlyintable,elegantandcomfortablelife,donottakewhatissoimportant.Thepursuitwillbedisappointed;tobealive,youwillhavetrouble.Lifeisthemostafraidofwhatallwanttocareabout,butalsowhatallgraspisnotfirm,withoutscenery,separatedpopulations,suchasnottodesire,alldockedinthefateoftheend.Whyistoorigid,thenatural,togostaynottolive,letgoofobsession,revelis20,ifthefateofthebrokenHopesofsailing,pleasedon'tdespair,thecoastisstill,ifthefateofthewitheredpetalsofthebeautiful,pleasedonotsink,thespringisstill,149\nlifewillalwaysbeendlesstrouble,pleasedon'thelpless,becausetheyarestillalive,isstilladream,thesunstill,westill.Lost,keepmemories;toget,mustworkto;butthemostimportantisgoodtocherishtheirown.21,life,selectthecomplex,istochoosethepain;chooseasimple,ischoosetobehappy.ThecomplexworldlikeaSignificanceofpride.Hopeistheornatepalace,outsidepeopleadmiringthemagnificent,livinginthedeepknowledgeoflivingittopaytheprice.Simpleworldasasimplelogcabinoutsideridiculedshabby,theheartiswillingtogolivetoknowthejoy.Sufferingandjoyistheirownchoice.22,learnhowtouseasinglepowerfulheart,letthepastbethepast,letthefuturecome.Lifeisreallytheendoftheendofaneagleisflyingwings,lifeisconstantlypursuit.Don'tmisstoregret,don'twaitforoldjustmiss.Timetoreturn,seizeeverymoment,againpainstakinglyagaintiredalsoThosestrugglingtofly.23,lifecouldnotYimapingchuan,evenflatpavement,inevitablytherewillbeafewpiecesofroadblocks.Someoftherocksaroundthepast,whileothershavetomoveitout.Justmoveothersputthestoneisveryeasy,becausethestonefromtheappearancewecandiscern;difficultto149\nmyselftomoveawaytheheartofstonehead.Leavetimetospendwithher,oftenreflectmyheart,soastoremoveyourheartofstone.24,everythingdoesnothavetobedemanding,cometo,everythingdoesnothavetocareabout,overthepast;failingtodonotfrown,laughitlaugh.ResultsDon'tdemand,doto;lifeisasimple,calmandpeaceful.Alwaysnottochoosetheirownpathandregret,lifeislikeatrain,thesceneryandthentheUnitedStateswillretreat,thepassageoftimeandencounterwilleventuallydriftingfurtherandfurtheraway,beforeisalwayshimself.25,everyonehasaweakness,weaknessistruehumanity.Thathasnoweakness,ashallowperson.Thatpeoplethinkthereisnoweakness,mostlyfalse.Lifehasshortcomings,thereareshortcomingsisthereallife.Thatnooneregret,orchildishornumbnessorSelfdeception.Itisintoleranceofweaknessandsoontoaccept,peoplelivehappily.Hello,everyone!Iamapartymember.Thetitleofmyspeechis:and,149\nalongtheroadsignsandmarkings,trafficsafetyfacilities,onbothsidesofthegreen,advertisingsigns,controlareaillegalconstructionandimplementationofremediationtaskstotherelevantdepartments,clearworktimeofthenodetoensurerectificationworktimely.Setuproadareaspecialrectificationworkleadinggroup,implementabureau,theBureauofthecounty(District),theprojectroadsitedomainenvironmentcomprehensiveimprovementMechanism.Toensurethattheworkcarriedoutsmoothly,thebureaualsoorganizedthecityroadmanagersparticipatedintheregulationofroadregionandtherelevantlawsandregulationsofthespecialtraining.2.Activebuttjointisreported,activelystriveforthesupportof.LocalPartycommitteeandgovernmentsupportisthejobAsamagicweapon,IamoneoftheBureauoftheprincipalleadersrepeatedlyattackinspection"remediationandroadareatotheprincipalleadersofthemunicipalreport.***,theSecretaryofmunicipalPartycommittee,mayor**,***,vicemayorofmanytimestherateoftherelevantdepartmentsdirectlyundertheresponsiblepersonin-depthNationalHighwayG105line,G205line,provincial149\nS341lineandtheotherhighwayprojectsite,on-siteoffice,coordinationsolveengineeringconstructionandenvironmentalcomprehensiverenovationinthepresenceofdifficultiesandproblems.Lastyear,nationalhighwayalongthecounty(District)governmentledorganizationsdeploytraffic,urbanmanagement,publicsecurity,land,environmentalprotection,industryandcommerce,highwaysandotherrelateddepartments,tocarryouttodismantleillegalconstructionandgroundstructures,cleaningupillegalstandardRecordslabel"asthemaincontentoftheroaddomainintegratedenvironmentalremediationactivitiesandachievedgoodresults.3.Payattentiontocomprehensivemanagement,improvetheeffectivenessofremediation.Roadconstructioncontrolmanagementhasbeenstrengthened.Accordingtotherelevantprovisionsofthelawsandregulationsoftheandandsoon,county**,**CountyPeople'sGovernmentonhighwayconstructioncontrolareaweredelineatedandissueapublicnotice,**CountyPeople'sgovernmentalsoapprovedbytheexecutivemeetingofthegovernmentthroughdiscussion,implementationofroadboundarymarkersof73149\nmillionyuanofspecialfundsinput,stakesetting.Accordingtostatistics,lastyearthecityhaserectedbuildingcontrolzonepeg820,constructioncontrolareaboundarymarkers815.thesecondishighwaygreeningandbeautificationworkenhancetheroadarearemediationeffectiveness.Willhighwaygreeningandbeautificationworkasroadarearemediationofakey,invitegardenexpertstoguidethedesignofgreen,theimplementationofhighstandardsforecologicallandscapehighwayactivitiestocreate,fiveyears,Iboardgreeningmileageofmorethan900kilometers,appropriateroadgreeninggreeningrateof100%,effectivelyenhancethecityroadgreeninglevelandgrade,addsasharpscenerylinefor**********.Third,rectificationofillegalconstructionandoccupationoftheroadhasbeenchecked.Bythroughthetown,crossingtheroadonmanyoccasionstocarryoutconcentratedrectificationactions,tocleartheremnantsofthewall,brokenArchivesofhighwaysinstrictaccordancewiththewallofbuildingstructuresandtheillegaldeposits,remediationalongtheJeeves,Jeevesplacedadvertisementsandvehiclemaintenance,carwashingandotheracts,standardizeandpurificationonbothsidesofthehighway149\nbillboardsandothernonroadsigns,Icityofnationalandprovincialhighwaybasiceliminationofthe"dirty,chaotic,poor,blockingphenomenon,highwaytrafficenvironmentpurification,landscaping.(2)tostrengthenthemanagementonthebasicdatamanagement.Thelevelofthearchivesmanagementregulations,formulatethe,theestablishmentoftheroad,theimplementationofthefilemanager,filecollection,filing,sorting,filing,confidentiality,custody,borrow,identificationpinDestroythestandardization.2,standardizedmanagement,enhanceserviceimage(a)evaluationsystemtofurtherimproveinordertostrengthenandstandardizeguidanceandassessmentofeachcounty(area)bureauofhighwaysmanagementwork,theBureaudevelopeda<***CityHighwayBureauhighwaysmanagementassessmentimplementationmeasures(Trial).Toregularlycheckforhalfayear,year-endassessmentandirregularrandomsamplingcombined,takingthespotroadinspections,samplingsections,listeningtothereports,archivesdatacheck,foreachcounty(area)bureauofhighwaysmanagementworkimplementationofthespecialassessment.Accordingtotheannualcomprehensiveassessmentappraisalscoreresults,149\nevaluationofoutstanding,excellentcomplianceandNotuptothestandardoffourgrades.Andinaccordancewiththelevelofassessment,theawardonbehalfofdialhighwaymanagementfunds.Totalscoreisabove95%,isexcellent,10millionyuanreward;totalscoreof90-94forexcellent,8millionyuanreward;forthetotalscoreof80-89pointsforstandard,reward50000yuan.Onthetotalscoreislessthan79pointsfornon-complianceunit,circulateanoticeofcriticism.(II)Sheunginspectionworktofurtherstandardizeaisinplacetoensuretheinspection.Nationalandprovincialtrunkhighwaypatrolmonthlynotlessthan20days,StateRoadaweekofnotlessthan3times,dartaweekofnotlessthan2times.Thesecondistoexploreandpromotetheelectronicpatrolmonitoring.Cityhighwaypatrolvehiclesareinstalledonthehighwaypatrolvehiclemonitoringsystem;highwaylawenforcementpersonnelareequippedwitharecorderforlawenforcement,ontheprocessofsupervisionandlawenforcementtoensureevidencehasplayedaneffectiverole.Thethirdisunifiedandstandardizedinspectionledgerrecords,inspectionequipmentuseandmanagementofthe149\nelectronicPatrolinformationstorageutilization.Thefourthistheestablishmentofhighwaymaintenanceandinspectionsmechanism.Thecity's19countryandprovincialtrunkhighwaymaintenancecenterequippedwiththeCPPCCkeeper,andtodeveloparoadoftheChinesepeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConferencetubememberresponsibilities.Accordingtostatistics,in2015(ontheroad.Day....Stoptheroadmileage,17cases;cleanupdebrisonbothsidesoftheroad20,demolitionbillboard30,demolitionchaoticscaffoldinghouse3,cleanLaneHawking15.)(3)roadpermitworktofurtherstrengthentheimplementationofadministrativelicensingsystem,strengthenthesupervisionandadministrationofthelicensing.Strictimplementationofthe.Accordingtotheprovisionsoftheroadapprovalproceduresandprocessestocarryoutroadlicense,doaccordingtothelaw,thelicenseinaccordancewiththelaw,shallbesubjecttoexaminationandapprovalofthe.Implementthecollectiveexaminationandapproval,tostrengthensupervision.Highwaysandapprovalofbusinessimplementationoftechnicalreviewofadministrative149\napprovalandseparation,theauditfocusedonthemorecomplexinvolvedintheroadlicensingmatters,collectivedecision-making,toimprovethescientificnatureoftheroadadministrativeexaminationandapproval,reduceapprovalcorruptionrisks.SecondistopromotetheInadministrativepermissionofinformationtechnologytoimproveservicequality.Accordingtothe<***ProvincialPeople'sGovernmentOfficeonIssuing2014improveandexpandthespiritoftherelevantdocumentsoftheonlinebusinesshallofprogramofworknotice>andministriesandprovincialandmunicipalgovernment,IrealizedthebuttofGuangdongProvincehighwayinformationnetworkandprovincialnetworkbusinesshall***branchofficehighwayslicensingexaminationandapprovalwork.Simplifythelicensingprocess,andstrengthentheofficesystem,optimizethequalityofservice.(4)imageoftheteamtofurtherenhanceaisgraspWindowsimage.2015years,mybureauhighwayslicensinginthecityadministrativeservicecentersettingswindowservice.Accordingtothe<**provincialhighwayTheprovisionsoftheadministrativelicensingservicewindowmanagementway>and,IBureaufor149\ndamagedhighwaycapacitycompensationstandard,occupiedbyhighwayrepair(lost)compensationexpensesstandards,inaccordancewiththelawofadministrativelicensingitems,thecommunicationsadministrativelicenseimplementationproceduresintothelineonthewallpublicity,intheservicewindowisequippedwithallkindsofapplicationfillinsample,administrativelicensingserviceguidebrochure,inaconspicuousplacepubliccommitmenttothesystemandadvisorytelephonecomplaints,forthemassesprovideswarmandthoughtfulservice.Secondistograspthe"FourUnifications"workinginthecity'shighwaylawenforcementimage.AccordingtotheMinistryoftransportandtheministriesoftheProvincialBureauoftherelevantdocuments,IboardinfrontoftheJune2015completedtheidentificationoflawenforcement,lawenforcementstationappearance,clothingoflawenforcement,lawenforcementdocuments"fourunification".(5)theAILUnursingatmospherefurtherformationofmybureauattachesgreatimportancetothepropagandaworkofhighwaymanagement"roadawarenessmonth"into<***CityHighwayBureau2015road149\nadministrationworkpoints.Oneisaroundthe"normsoflawenforcement,improvetheservice"theme"roadawarenessmonth"activitiescarriedout.Accordingtostatistics,thecity'shighwaysystemweredeployedhighwayspropagandacar60times,staffofhighways152people,setpointconsulting6,issuedandpublicityDataof8000,hangingbanners134;broadcast60hours/20,update7inchhighrodmakingpermanentpropagandapage4;in<***Daily>7theditionpublished,purchasedanddistributed,legaltext,atotalof500this.Thesecondistocarryout"12.4"nationallegaladvocacydayactivities,thecityroadofficersgodeepamongthemassesinterpretationofhighwayHighwaysManagementlaws,regulationsandpolicyadvocacy,analysisforillegalconstructionatbothsidesoftheroad,atypicalcaseofillegaladvertisingmanagement,showingpublicroadconstructionandmaintenanceofhighwaysTheactualresultsofthemanagement,themassesloveprotectionconsciousnessandsocialawarenesstofurtherenhancetheenforcementofhighways.149\nInrecentyears,Iboardinthehighwaymanagementworkweresomebeneficialexplorationsandtheattempt,andachievedinitialresults,butthereisstillacertaingapcomparedwithrequirementsoftheProvincialBureauandotherbrothersCity,wewilltoimplementtheparty'sspiritoftheFifthPlenarySessionoftheeighthsessionoftheopportunity,andfurtherincreasetheintensityofroadmanagementwork,andconstantlyimprovetheoverallqualityoftheworkforceandtheabilitytolearn,andstrivetoachievethenewhighwayacross.TodaythetopicofdemocraticlifewillItalkaboutthemaintocorrectlytreatleaveturnensuretransitiondelicategasisunderstanding,tocarryoutcriticismandself-criticism,in-depthtofindproblems,profoundanalysisofthecauses,throughselfanalysistofindtheirownexistenceproblem,tocorrectlyunderstandtheirown,strengthenthepartyspirittraining,toensurethattheelectionofsmoothlyandsuccessfullycompleted.BelowItalkabouttheirownsituation,pleaseputforwardvaluableopinion.Mainunderstanding(a)seriousdiscipline,tocreateadelicategasisinthegeneralenvironmentin149\naccordancewiththeCentralCommissionfordisciplineinspectionorgans,,municipalandcountyPartyCommitteeOrganizationDepartmentofthecountyPartyCommitteeOrganizationDepartmentfilesrelatedtothespiritoftherequirements,earnestlyimplementthe"nineisprohibited,nineshallbe"thesolemndiscipline,Iearnestlystudythe.,,andfile,andaprofoundunderstandingofthenineisprohibited,aninelaw"disciplineessenceandfirmlysafeguardtheelectionofseriousEnsuretheunhealthytendencieshavesuccessfullycompleted,andactivelycreateadelicategasistheelectionofenvironment,toensurethattheelection,soas149\ntofurtherstrengthenthetownleadershipandcadreteamconstruction.Throughthestudy,in-depththinking,toaseriousdisciplinetheimportanceandnecessityofamoreprofoundunderstanding.First,itistheirondiscipline.Thecentralputforwardthe"nineisprohibited,nineshallbethereasonforearlyseriousgeneraldiscipline,designated"high-voltagewire,"itselfreflectsthepartycommitteesatalllevelsofthereelectionofattachesgreatimportancetotheobjectiveisbrightresoluteattitude,theimplementationofeffectivemeasures,thesamecandidatetofightwithdisciplineelectionofwindDisciplineingasishealth.Secondly,thisisprevenient.Fromsometypicalcases,wecanseethatindividualcadreselectiontoengageinspeculativehackcanvassingvotes,inviolationofdiscipline,andultimatelypaidahighprice.ThedestructionofHengyangelectioncaseandNanchongcanvassingbriberycasethatstrengthenelectiondiscipline,seriouselectiondisciplineofnecessityandimportance.Thedisciplineofpublicitytothepublic,widereport,thatis,earlywarning,earlyhitprecautionaryneedle,tellthecadresshoulddowhatshouldn'tdo,whattodoandwhatnottodo,andbettereducationofcadres,warning149\ncadres,andbuildastronglineofdefense,toavoidtheoccurrenceofsimilarproblems.Thereisduty.Seriousdiscipline,withastrongteamisanimportantstartingpoint.Astheleadershipofthepartymembersandcadres,taketheleadintheimplementationandtaketheleadinupholdingtheelectionofdiscipline,whichisamajorpoliticalresponsibility.Mustbeclearrequirements,strictconstraintsthemselves,cherishthehonor,safeguardtheimageoftheorganization;promoterighteousness,playanexemplaryrole.EspeciallyasdeputyTownship,butalsotogiveafullplaytoitsrole,alwaysstandinthedisciplineoffirst-linemaintenance.ThewindSuJithroughtheelectionoftheworkofthewholeprocess.(II)seriousdiscipline,treatcorrectlyleaveturnasacadreoftheparty,whetheritisin,isback,stay,turnareorganizationMetabolismofentrepreneurialcareer,needanddevelopmentneed.So,hisfirstwithabroadmindtotreat"leaveturn".Thepositionisofficerpositions,powerforthepeopleservicetools.Differentpositionsoftheparty'scause,playsadecisiverole,thesameimportant.Toabilitystrong,styleofcomradetoimportantpositions149\nandapplause,isfullofvigorandvitalityandpromisingyoungcadresinleadershipandcheerfortheirown"leaveturn"andcalmlyface,calmplace.Secondistoahealthystateofmindtotreat"leaveturn".Thepersonnelofmetabolic,betweenthepastandthepresent.Cadrenewoldalternant,team,pushInthepartyconstitutioncontrolstrictworkingtocareerdevelopmentobjectiveneed,isnevertheendofthehistoricalprocess.Eachacadremustfaceuptothelawsofnaturetothinkwealsotooktheformerrelaybaton"goonleadershippost,regardlessofthecurrentpositions,positionsandresponsibilitieshavewhatchange,candoforpeaceofmindandmood,suchaswater,inahappymood.(3)carefullyandfindouttheproblem,correctunderstandingofthemselves,eventhoughtheydoconscientious,seriousattitude,honestyinpolitics,buthighstandard<>,thecontrolstandard,especiallycontrollearning,strivingforexcellentactivitiesemergeinlargenumbersofadvancedcharacters,advanceddeedsStaticnotconsciouslypracticethe"strictthreereal"andstrengthenthepartyspiritaccomplishmenttofindthegap,swingisinsufficient,acleardirection,mainlymanifestedinthefollowingaspects:oneisthe149\nlearninginitiativeandself-consciousness.Oftenbusywithworkasanexcuse,notconsciouslytaketheinitiativetosparetimetolearn.Isoftensuperiortolearnwhattolearnwhat,andworkcloselytolearn,andworkingrelationshipisnotlesstolearn.Mainlymanifestedinthetheoreticalstudyisnotthorough,systemisnotthorough,theMarxismLeninism,MaoZedongthought,DengXiaopingTheoryand"ThreeRepresents"importantthought,thescientificconceptofdevelopmentandlearning,generalsecretaryoftheseriesofspeechlearning,justfromthesurfaceonlearningInthelesslesslessandnotdeepenough,notfromthedeeperstudy,tostudy,tounderstand,tosentiment,touse,toguidethework.Thesecondistoinvestigatetheresearch.Thisyeartheirparticipationinthecounty,thecountygovernment'simportantmeeting,thetownPartyworktimeismore,coupledwiththespecificaffairsbusy,in-depthprimaryresearchtimereduced.Theinspectionwascarriedoutresearchactivities,therearesurfaceexamination,thematicresearch,listentoreportsanddiscussionresearch,thegeneralrequirementsandspecificguidance,inacertainextent,affectedthetimelydiscoveryandsolve.Thirdisthelevelofleadership,149\nleadershipandneedtobefurtherimproved.Strokethepersonnelselectionispositive,workcoordinationandcooperationcan'ttothebesteffect;inthecoordinationtodealwithsomecomplexproblems,theapproachisnotenough.Especiallyencountered,timeistight,thetaskisheavy,isoftenthesoldierstobeblocked,thewatertosoilcover,strugglingtocopewith.Theglobalandforward-lookinginnovationisnotenough.(4)toensurethatthetransitiondelicategasselectedloyaltothepartyloyaltothepeopleofleadingcadres(recommended)forthecountytoprovideaccurateinformationtoensurethetransitionintheair,afterthegeneralelectionofworkhaveagreaterchange.Thesecondisbalanced,promotetheworkinanorderlymanner.Inthefutureaperiodoftime,thetransitionwillbeinthecountyundertheleadershipoftheExtendedsurface.Andbreedingindustryandtheconstructionofkeyprojectsalsoinactively,theyhavetoseriouslyconsider,overalltransitionandkeyprojectstopromote.Educationteammembersandthetown,villagecadresactivelyparticipateinindustrycultivatethework,withoutstandingachievementstoaccepttheassessmentoftestoftheorganizationandthemassesof149\nthepeople,inthetownsetuppromisingisastronggeneralbusinessandtherightatmospheregeneralelection,doelectionandprojectstopromotethetwonotmistake,thepromotionoftwo.Second,therectificationmeasuresOneistoenhancelearning,awarenessraising,hewillcontinuetostrengthenlearning,improvethelevelofawareness,theirownunityofthoughtandactiontothecounty,townshippartycommitteeofarrangementsfortheelection.Thesecondiscorrectly,strengthendiscipline,owntherightoftransition,amatterofpersonalleaveturn,asatown,deputysecretaryofPartycommittee,themselvesarefullyawareoftheonlyseriouswork,strictdemandsonthemselvesinordertonotnegativeexpectationsoforganizationsandthemasses,sothatindividualscanwelldealwithgoodtransitioninpersonalleaveturn.ThreepeopleontheelectionpromiseasDeputySecretaryofthePartycommittee,intheelectionofmysolemncommitmenttoCatch:ifaisstrictlyabidebyandtaketheleadintheimplementationofthe"nineisprohibited,nine"transitiondiscipline,nottoengageincliques,nottoengageincanvassingvotesbuyingandselling,buying,andnofraudswindlersofficer,donotintercedesayhello,149\nnotillegal,nottorungasleak,donotinterferewithchangingtimes,accomplishstrictdiscipline,warning,withirondisciplinefirmlyputunhealthytrends,promotedelicategastoensuretransitioninthehealthyandorderlydevelopment;thesecondisresolutelyobeyorganizationarrangement,andresolutelytostressthepartyspirit,principle,discussoverallsituation,correctlytreatpersonalleaveturn,thecorrecttreatmenttheelectionresultsandfocusontheircareers,fromstarttofinish,ensurethenormalandorderlydevelop.Forin-depthstudyandimplementtheparty'seighteen,theeighthsessionofthefourth,thespiritofthefifthplenarysession,theimplementationofcomprehensivestrictlyrequired,asolidgraspoftheconstructionofPartymemberteam,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofthecountyPartyCommitteeOrganizationDepartmentNo.3(2016)LuoZufa.Accordingtotherequirementsoftheandthecentralworkofeducationforthepartymembers,combinedwithactualtown,2016Partymembereducationand149\ntrainingschemeisformulated.Theguidingideologyadheretoacomprehensivestudyofimplementingthescientificdevelopmentviewasguidance,in-depthstudyandimplementtheparty'seighteen,theeighthsessionofthefourth,fifthplenarysessionandtheGeneralSecretaryXiJinpingseriesimportantSpeechadheretotheapplicationforpromotinglearning,andstrivetoimproveourideologicalandpoliticalqualityofPartymembers;firmlyestablishcatchapartytobuildpipemustbemembers,tubemembersfirstcatcheducationofideologicalunderstanding,closetothePartymember'sideologicalandpracticalwork,strivetobuildapartyregulareducationworkmechanism,promotethepartymembersplayavanguardandexemplaryrole;firmlygrasptheconstructionofabilityofadministrationofstrengtheningtheparty,advancednatureandpurityofconstructionofthemainline,adheretotoenhancedgraspthepartybuildingworkconsciousness,strengthentheselfconstructionofthepartyorganizationsasthefundamentalstartingpoint,forthetown'seconomicandsocialdevelopmentprovidedforideologicalandpoliticalguaranteeofthestrongandpowerfulorganizationguarantee.Second,target201Themaintaskof6yearsof149\neducationandtrainingofPartymembersisearnestlyimplementthe<2015-2018XXCountyEducationandtrainingofPartymemberstoimplementviews>(LuoWeido[2015]121)tofurtherstrengthentheworkoftheeducationandtrainingofPartymembersrequest,totrainingthetown,thegrassrootspartymembersandcommon.From5January2016,throughavarietyofchannelsinavarietyofformsinaplanned,stepbystep,tofocusontheorganizationtocarryouttheeducationandtrainingofPartymembers.Apartyspiritideagenerallyenhanced.Througheducationandtraining,promptingthemajorityofPartymemberstofurtherstrengthentheidealandfaith,enhancethepartyconcept,consciouslypracticetheagencywillsocialistcorevaluesystem.TofurtherenhancetheconfidenceoftheroadofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,theoreticalsystemofself-confidenceandconfidence.(II)Partymembersworkingabilitygreatlyimproved.Throughthedevelopmentofeducationandtraining,toboosttheknowledgestructureofPartymemberstransformationandupgrading,improvethepartytousetheMarxiststand,viewpointsandmethodsofanalysisandproblemsolvingability,adapttothenewsituationandnewtasks.(3)play149\naneffectiveroleofPartymembermodel.Throughthedevelopmentoftrainingandeducation,promotethepartymembersintheProduction,work,learningandservicetothecommunityingivefullplaytotheexemplaryvanguardrole,andactivelystrivingtotaketheleadinlearningtoimproveandtaketheleadinstrivingforsuccess,servingthemassestotaketheleadandleadlaw-abiding,taketheleadinpromotingthehealthyatmospheremodel.(4)thebuildingofgrassrootsorganizationsstrongimpetus.Throughthedevelopmentofeducationandtraining,thePartymembertroopoverallqualityandabilitytoservethepeopleincreased,grass-rootspartyorganization'screativity,cohesionandcombateffectivenessoftheimproved.Contentsandmeasuresaccordingtodifferenttypeofthetown,atdifferentlevels,theactualneedsofthedifferentpositionsofPartymembers,hierarchicalclasstocarryouttheeducationandtrainingofPartymembers.Adheretothetownoverallandpleasetutoring,pleaseComeinandsentdownthecombination,tothepartyspiriteducationandabilitycultivationasthecenter,overallconstitutionanddiscipline,thecorevaluesystem,politicaltheory,domesticandinternationalsituationin149\ntownsituation,partyorganizationconstruction,legaleducation,culture,scienceandtechnology,industrialdevelopment,management,resourcemanagementandprotection,socialmanagementinnovationintheaspects,tovillage(unit)asaunit,toallmembersoftheorganizationaaboverotationactivities.FocusonTownshipandvillagecommitteecadresstraightunitleadingPartygroupsecretary,activistofjoinorbeadmittedtotheparty,theeducationandtrainingofvillageclassmothballcadretraining,effortstostrengthenthepartiesorganizationSecretaryofpartyspiritaccomplishment,doagoodjoboftheconsciousnessofthepartybuildingwork,enhancedthePartyactivist,peopleinruralareastopromoteruraleconomicdevelopmentofpracticalabilities.Atthesametime,throughthedevelopmentofthethemeofpracticaltraining,autonomouslearningtraining,makefulluseofthepartymembersandcadresofmoderndistanceeducationnetworketc.,forthepartymembersinvariousfieldstocarryouttheclassificationofrotation,partyspirittraining,tobegrindquality,improvequality.OrganizationalLeadership(a)strengthenleadership,implementtheresponsibility.TownPartycommitteetothe149\nworkoftheeducationandtrainingofPartymembersintothepartybuildingworkimportantcontent,theoverallresponsibilityoftheSecretaryofthePartycommittee,vicesecretaryoftheleadandtheimplementationofspecificmembersoftheorganization,theorganizationalSecretaryofthepartiestopersonallyplan,personallydeploy,supervisetheimplementation;theeducationandtrainingofPartymemberstocarryoutintothegrass-rootspartyConstructionworkresponsibilitysystemandthebuildingofgrassrootsorganizationsspecialassessment,directlywiththegrass-rootspartyorganizationsPingxianpingyoulink,tostrengthentheorganizationandleadershiptodoagoodjobofworktoimplement.(II)theoverallprogress,implementtheplan.Ensurethatthedeployment,accordingtothearrangementofthe2016Partymembereducationandtrainingplans,basedontheactualneedsoftheparty,on-demandrationing;dosupervisionandguidance,strengthenthesupervisionoftheworkoftheeducationandtrainingofPartymembers,guidanceandservicestohelpsolvethedifficultiesandproblemsinthetraining;assessment,bylisteningtothereport,informationsearch,evaluation,etc.,withemphasisonthe149\nassessmentoftheimplementationoftheplan,Partymemberstoparticipateintrainingproportionandeffect,indeedProtecttaskimplementation.(3)thetypicalguide,stepuppublicity.Payattentiontocultivateadvancedandtypical,timelypromotionandthetypicalexperienceofthecharacteristicsofthepractice.TheworkoftheeducationandtrainingofPartymembersasthefocusofthegrass-rootspartybuildingandthesectorskillstrainingforcommunicationandadvocacy,bysettingthecolumn,offeringspecialjournalsandotherformsofpropaganda,tocreateastrongatmosphereofpublicopinion,promotetheorderlyconductoftheworkandachievedcertainresults.InordertofurtherimplementtheGeneralSecretaryXiJinpingseriesofmajorspeechesabouttheparty'sworkstyleandcleangovernmentandanti-corruptionstrugglespiritandthecentral,province,city,CountyCommissionforDisciplineInspectionandthespiritoftheplenarysession,tofurtherstrengthentheawarenessoftheloyalpartymembersandcadres,senseofpurpose,senseofresponsibilityandasenseofdiscipline,boostthecounty'seconomicandsocialdevelopment.Inaccordance149\nwiththeensemble[ofJiQing2016)spiritofthedocumentNo.3,combinedwithmybureauactual,makethisprogramofactivities,andathemeoflearningpartydiscipline,strictdiscipline,boostingQingshendevelopment.Second,activitytimeApril20161-April30,three,activitycontent(a)carryoutpartydisciplinelearningactivities.Globalorganizationofcadresandworkerstofocusonlearning,networklearning,self-studyandotherformsofstrengthenconstitution<,andotherrelevantinformationlearning.EducationforPartymembersandcadrestoastheruler,combinedwithitswork,measure,controlandtheirownideasandpracticaltest,taketheinitiativetoconductLianzhengisaffirmatoryconsciouslypracticecommitment,achievetheheartsoftheparty,ZunJishouConfessionsofreadingsoftheSi>writingexperience,theconceptofwarningeducationindependentmicrofilm>reflections,prisonsandcourtroomfree"asthemaincontentofthespecialwarningeducationactivities.Useoftheweeklyworkerwillfocustowatchawarningeducation.The<>,cadresandworkerstowritetheirfeelings,reflections,andthecleanpublicitycolumnposted;4monthglobalorganizationofPartymembersandcadrestotheeyebrowdeltaprisonvisitstodetaineesxianshenshuifaeducationofcadresandworkersWithlow-costcombinedwithspecialmethod.(3)toteachaclassofanti-corruptioninitiatecheapcourse.Bytheleadersofanticorruptionandfinancialsupervisionandadministrationofstate-ownedassetsofexplaintheprofoundthingsinasimplewaytoexplain,sothatallstaffofhonestbusiness,accordingtothelawtoactinamoreprofoundunderstanding,soastoenhancestaff'ssenseofresponsibilityandsenseofmission.(4)topromoteinnovationtohelpthefamilyactivities.Tocarryoutthepartymembersandcadres"motto,brightfamilytraditions"activitiesforfamilyeducationintoharmony,filialpiety,encouraginglearning,goodness,thrifty,inspirational,149\ncultivationofexcellentgenestoguidePartymembersandcadrestogoodtraditionfolk,withagoodtraditionbeinghonest,withgoodtraditionpromotepoliticalwinds,creatingadelicategasisthegeneralatmosphere.Fouractivities(a)tostrengthenleadership,carefulorganization.Oneistheestablishmentofthe"independentwarningeducationmonth"activitiesleadinggroupofthestateownedFinancialBureau,bureauleadingPartygroupsecretaryoftheleader,boardmembersoftheteamtoserveasdeputyhead.Thesecondismakingdeterminepromotionalcontent,clearsteps,trulyunderstanding,measures,andputinplace,ensuretheeffectivenessoftheactivities.(II)takeallfactorsintoconsideration,payattentiontoactualeffect.Accordingto"strictthreerealspecialeducationand"twostudiesdo"activities,inbasedontheprovisionsoftheactionwithoutaliasing,andcreativitytocarryoutvariousforms,richandcolorfulactivities,andstrivetoPayattentiontoactualeffect,andresolutelyprevent,goingthroughthemotions,reallypromotethepartymembersandcadresfromthedepthsoftheideologicalsolidatingabideby149\ndisciplineregulationsofthedefence.(3)strengtheningpropaganda,tocreateatmosphere.Tomakefulluseofthecolumnpublicity,propagandapositionofnetwork,increasepublicityefforts,expandwarningeducationactivitiesofthecoverageandinfluence.Today,weholdthecity'sprecisetechnologytopovertyalleviationandprojectworktopromotethemeeting,themainpurposeistofurtherpromotethetaskofaidingthepoorwithtechnologyrootsandaccelerateallkindsofscientificandtechnologicalprojects.Lastyear,thisyear,thecity'sscientificandtechnologicalworkhasmaderemarkableachievements,suchastheconveningofnationalpovertyalleviationofscienceandtechnologyonthespotwill,cultivatehigh-techenterprises,Bashanscholartrainingandtheintroductionofscientificandtechnicalpersonnelincentives,listingnationalagriculturalscienceandTechnologyPark,scienceandtechnologyincubatorbuilding.Justnow,HuangliInrecentyearscityscienceandtechnologytohelpthepoorandscienceandtechnologyprojecteffectiveness,themainproblemswereanalyzed,andinaperiodoftimeinthefuture,thecity'sprecise149\ntechnologytopovertyalleviationandscienceandtechnologyprojectworkarrangements,Iagree,Ihopeeveryonetoearnestlyimplement.Here,Istressedthethreepoints.Learning"learning",tocarryoutthe"learninganddoing"educationasthecity'sinnovationanddevelopmentofanimportantdrivingforce.ThePartyCentralCommitteedecidedto2016yearsinallPartymemberstocarryoutlearningthepartyconstitution,partyrules,aseriesofspeech,doaqualifiedpartymembereducation(referredtoas"learningtodo").Sometimeago,Icalledthe"learningthepartyconstitution,partyrules,aseriesofspeech,doaqualifiedpartymembereducationandmobilization,theprovincecarriedoutwithinthe"twoa"learningeducationmobilization.MunicipalPartycommitteewillsoonbeheldamobilizationwillmakearrangementsforthedeployment.Tocarryoutthe"twoa"studyandeducation,basedon"learning",keyin"do".AsthescienceandTechnologyDepartmentofcadresandworkers,to(benchmarkfortwopilotdemonstrationstudythroughstudyingthepartyconstitutionofpartycompasses,aseriesofspeech,not149\nonlytodoaqualifiedpartymembers,todoagoodjobofscienceandtechnologyinnovation.Nextweek,Iasthecity'scounty-levelleadingcadresreadingclassopencooperationandinnovationdrivenstudygroupmemberswenttoMianyang,Meishannationalinnovationdrivendevelopmentcharacteristicsandtheprovince'sInnovationDrivenDevelopmentZoneworkexperience,agreatharvest,feelingverydeep.Mianyang,Meishancityinnovationdrivenstrengthisverygreat,especiallyisMianyanghasbecomecivilmilitaryintegration,acomprehensivereformandinnovation,ourbenchmarkinginMianyang,thegapisverylarge.MianyangScienceandtechnologycityconstructionasthebasis,builtaroundthe"Five"goalofbuildingHotbedofinnovationofconstructionscienceandtechnology,militaryandcivilianfusiondemonstration,collectinganddistributingcenterofscientificandtechnologicalachievements,innovativetalentsconvergenceandhightechnologyindustryconcentration),vigorouslypromotetomilitaryandcivilianfusionforthecharacteristicsofcomprehensivereformpilotinnovation,andachievedremarkableresults,istowardthenationalcivilmilitaryintegrationinnovationdemonstrationarea,thenational149\ninnovationdrivendevelopmentcharacteristicsdemonstrationareaandwesterneconomicdevelopmentgrowthemerginggreatstepforward.TheexpandingPark,strongerinnovationplatform;incubatedenterprises,cultivateinnovation;polytalent,toimprovetheabilityofinnovation;promotingfusion,highlightingthecharacteristicsoftheinnovation;catchopen,forminnovationeffortsoftheexperienceisworthlearningfrom.Benchmarkingadvanced,wehavetostrugglingtoTheamountofweightistograsptocatchthestrategicinnovation.Toimprovethetargetorientedsystem.Theinnovationactuallyplacedinthecoreposition,firmlyestablishthe"graspinginnovationdevelopment,seekinnovationistoseekthefuture,innovationisnotbackward,slowinnovationalsowilllagbehind"concept,acceleratefactordriventoinnovationdrivenchange.CityBranchBureautoactivelyseekthecitymanagementsystememphasizingtheinnovationdrivendevelopment,focusonstrengtheningthescientificandtechnologicalenterpriseincubatorconstruction,scientificandtechnologicalinnovationplatform,technologyorientedsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisestocultivate,highandnewtechnologyindustryoutputvalueandproductevaluation.149\nSecond,wemustbuiltinnovationandEntrepreneurshipplatform.ThecitywillbeinPakistanandtheopenareatobuildthewholeToconfidence,"doublecenter",thenewindustrialparkforaperiod,thecitypublicentrepreneurshipParkPhaseII,QinBaelectricitysupplierindustryparkforthreeperiod,incubationareaofmorethan50millionsquaremeters.Thecounty(District)totakeadvantageofidleassetsofconstructionscienceandtechnologyenterpriseincubator,apassengerspaceandothernewpublicrecordspace,theformationofa,a,a,tocreatevividsituation.Third,wemustfostertechnologicalinnovationsubject.Tovigorouslyimplementthe"highandnewtechnologyenterprisedoublingplan"and"scienceandtechnologyorientedsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisestocultivateplan",tohonortheimplementationoftaxincentives,financialsubsidies,suchasapackageofpoliciestosupport,sothathightechnologyenterprise"indomitablespirit",letthesmallandmedium-sizedenterprise"overwhelming".Toincreaseinvestmentinscienceandtechnologyinnovation.ToactivelyseekspecialfundsforthedevelopmentofMunicipalScienceandtechnologypartforcashinginnovationdrivethe149\ndevelopmentoffinancialsubsidypolicy,transferaportionoffundsforscienceandtechnologyenterprisesofloanguaranteesandinterestsubsidies.Encouragebankinginstitutionssetupscienceandtechnologybranchofthefranchise,pushthepatentpledgeloan,forthesmallandmediumsizedenterprisesofscienceandtechnologyprovidefinancingservicestailored.Fifth,wemuststrengthenscienceandtechnologypersonnel.Toattractmoretechnologymilitarypersonnelandhigh-endtalentwithtechnology,project,withfundstoBazhongLingbanorjointscienceandtechnologyenterprises,encourageandsupportbothinsideandoutsidethecitycomradesandthe5yearsofcollegegraduatesandcollegestudentstoanewpublicspace,scienceandtechnologybusinessincubatorinnovationandentrepreneurship.Second,itisnecessarytopromotetheprecisiontechnologypovertyalleviationastheimportantcontentofthescientificandtechnologicalwork.Tobuildawell-offsocietyinanall-roundwayby2020istheparty'seighteentothewholePartyandthepeoplethroughoutthecountrytomakeasolemncommitment.Leadthecitypeopleoutof149\npovertytobecomerichgostraighttowardswell-off,Partycommitteesatalllevels,politicalresponsibilityandmissionofthetimesofthegovernment'smajorpolitical,technologysectorisalsotheboundenresponsibility.Municipalthreetenthplenarysessionmade,proposedtofurtherpromotethe"fiveagroupof"preciseactiontohelpthepoor,"sixprecision"and"1+6"povertyalleviationprojects,clearthe"addGreatscienceandtechnologyachievementtransformationefforts,acceleratetheconstructionscienceandtechnologypovertydemonstrationvillageanddemonstrationhouseholds,givefullplaytotheroleofmoderninformationnetwork,fortheimpoverishedvillagepoorhouseholdstoprovideproductiontechnology,marketinformation,policyadvice,encouragescientificandtechnicalpersonneltothepoorvillagelaunchedatoonehelpingandguidingthedevelopmentofincomeindustrialprojects,strengthentechnicaltrainingandpropagandaofpopularscience,highlightinggrasplargebreeding,familyfarmers,agriculturalco-operativesarethebackboneofthetraining149\n"technicalpovertyalleviationmission.Thecity'sscienceandtechnologysectormustbefromthepoliticalheight,theassaultfortifiedpositionsthathelpdeficientupasthemostimportanttask,themosturgentwork.Themostarduousmission,toscienceandtechnologyforprecisepovertyalleviationpromotetospeedupawell-offsocietyinanall-roundwayDecisiontodeploy,boosttheprocesstoprecisetechnologytopovertyalleviationandtheeffectivenessofawelloffsocietyinanallroundway.Oneshouldobeytheoverallsituation.Thecity'sscientificandtechnologicalsystemofcadresandworkers,especiallyleadingcadres,shouldhavethepoliticalconsciousness,ideologicalconsciousactionconscious,inaccordancewiththecentral,provincialandmunicipaldeploymentrequirements,tostrengthentheorganizationandleadership,reasonablearrangementoftime,carefullystudythedeployment,toensurepoverty.Theremustberesolutelyimplementthepoliticalpositionandcharacter,povertyalleviationandtheattitudetobedistinctive,povertyalleviationactionshouldbestrong,topolitics,tounderstandtheoverallsituation,reimplementation,seeresults.Tolockthetarget.Inaccordancewiththe149\nprovincialPartycommitteeandthemunicipalPartycommittee,municipalgovernment,lock2provincial-levelGeneralrequirementsforthecompletionofthegoalofpovertyalleviationpovertyalleviationpovertyalleviationpovertyalleviationpovertyalleviationpovertyalleviationandTechnologyDemonstrationCounty,fourprovincialscienceandtechnologydemonstrationtowns,10provincialscienceandtechnologydemonstrationvillageandamunicipalscienceandtechnologydemonstrationarea,2MunicipalScienceandtechnologydemonstrationtowns,fivemunicipalscienceandtechnologydemonstrationvillageandthe"fiveone"precisetechnologytopovertyalleviationandspecialoperationstasks,invertedduration,wallchartbattle,setthetime,tasks,measures,staff,giventheresponsibilitytoensurehighqualityprecisiontechnologypovertyalleviationtask.Tofocusonthekey.Tofocusonprecisepovertyandaccurateoutofpoverty,detailedmeasures,clearjobresponsibilities,todeveloptargetedandoperableprecisetechnologytoimplementpovertyalleviationprogram.Prominentprecisepovertytechnicaltraining,poorvillageinformatizationconstruction,technologyorientedpovertyreductionmodelvillageand149\ndemonstrationhouseholdsconstructionprecisiontechnologypovertyalleviationfocus,inaprecisesense,preciseattitude,precisestyle,goallouttofighttheprecisetechnologyofpovertyalleviationandbattle.Three,itisnecessarytostrengthenscienceandtechnologyfundssupervisionasanimportantmeanstoenhancethequalityoftheproject.Scienceandtechnologyprojectfundsupervisionisthekeytotheimplementationoftheprojectofscienceandtechnology.Inrecentyears,especiallyduringthe"TwelfthFiveYearPlan"period,thesystemofscienceandtechnologymanagementinthecityvigorouslytodeclaretheimplementationofthecountryandprovincescienceandtechnologyprojects,scienceandtechnologydemonstrationleadbroughtobviouseffectandimprovethescientificandtechnologicalinnovationcapabilityofenterprises,boostingthecharacteristicsandadvantagesofindustrialdevelopment,scienceandtechnologysupporttotheeconomicandsocialleadingroleimprovedsignificantly.Intheprojectmanagementofscienceandtechnology,inadditiontoseriouslyimplementthestate,provincialscienceandtechnologyproject149\nmanagementrulesandregulations,andtheactualBazhong,establishedtheaccesssystemofscienceandtechnologyprojects,theprojectofscienceandtechnologycommissionersystem,scienceandtechnologyProjectcreditsystemandscientificandtechnologicalprojectshonestcommitmentsystem,andtheMunicipalFinanceBureaujointlyissuedthe>requirements,accordingtothearrangementoftheBureauofthepartywork.Today,theorganizationheldthecountypublicsecurityorganspartysecretarygraspinggrass-rootspartyconstructionworkinthedebriefingwill.TheimplementationofthisisapowerfulmeasuretotheSecretaryofthepartyorganizationconstructionoftheparty,,andislearningtocarryouttheparty'sspiritoftheFifthPlenarySessionoftheeighthsessionofthe,graspthenewsituationofPartybuildingworkundertherules,pushingPublicsecuritypartybuildingservicesinthepublicsecuritycenteroftheinevitablerequirement.Justnow,the3JuzhuunitPartybranchsecretaryofdebriefing,belowIonthe3partyorganizationworkonebyonereview.149\nPartybranchofthePoliticalDepartmentGood:first,strengthenideologicalandpoliticalwork,paycloseattentiontotheworkoftheimplementation.ThePoliticalDepartmentofthePartybranchstrictlyinaccordancewiththerequirementsofbureauPartycommittee,to"strictthreerealspecialeducationasthemainline,takeeffectivemeasures,paycloseattentiontotheideologicalandpoliticalworkoftheimplementation,strengthentheeducationofPartymembersandthepolicethought,improvethePoliceIdeologicalandpoliticalconsciousness,makeasolidfoundationforpublicsecurityworksmoothdevelopmentofhealth.Second,strictmanagementteam,boostthemoraleoftheteam.StrictimplementationofPoliceIdeologicalTrendofperiodicanalysis,timelygrasptheideologicalsituationofthepersonnel;strictlyimplementthesystemofcheckonworkattendance,strengthenthedailymanagement;cashrewardsandpunishments,continuetoboostthemoraleoftheteam.ThethirdisTheintensificationofpolicetraining,improvethepoliceactualcombatskill.Seriouslyandactivelycarryoutaseriesoftrainingactivitiesand<149\nHenanpublicsecuritynetwork,>learningactivities,themajorityofpoliceinthepoliticalquality,physicalquality,professionalquality,policingskillsimproved.Thefourthistoadheretothepreferentialtreatmentfromthepolice,thewarmpoolpolice.AccordingtothRequirements,andactivelydoagoodjobofpersonnelmanagementwork,torunwithinthescopeofthepolicy,helpthepolicesolvethepracticaldifficulties,thepolicesystemicheartintowork.Thefifthisstrengtheningpropaganda,promoterighteousness.Aroundthecenterofthepublicsecuritywork,activelydoagoodjobinthepublicity,fullydisplaythespiritofgoodpublicsecurityteam.SixistofulfilltheresponsibilityofPartybuilding,doagoodjobofeducationandmanagementofPartymemberteam.Soundandperfect"threeclass",Partyofdemocraticappraisal,commendationandrewardsystem,effectivelyenhancethebranchofthecreativity,cohesionandfightingcapacity.Shortcomings:isideologicalandpoliticalworkstillcannotadapttothenewsituation,newtask,intheformofasingle,innovationisnotenough,lackoflearning149\neducationoftheappealandstudytheeffectofeducationneedstobeimproved,thepoliticaldepartmenttostrengthentheguidancetothegrass-rootsunits.Thesecondisthebranchoforganizationallifewillimplementtheisnotgoodenoughtoplayanexemplaryrole.TrafficPoliceBrigadePartybranchSystemofgoodpractice:oneisgraspingtheimplementationoftheworkofPartybuildingsystem,enhancedbranchteamcohesion,combatforce.ThebrigadePartybranchalwayspaycloseattentiontotheworkofPartybuildingandwouldnotletgo,conscientiouslyperformtheirduties,strictimplementationofdemocraticlifeetc.,todevelopthebranchoflearningplan,allequippedwithlearningrecordtheexperienceandexperiencetheandorganizeregularinspectionlearning,ensuresthatthelearningplan,implement,effect.Secondistocarryoutthe"strictthreerealspecialeducation.Thedevelopmentofspecialeducationlearningscheme,heldapartybranchfocusonlearningandthelevelofconsultationforum,deputydirectorinchargeof,brigade149\nleaderforthepartymembersandthepoliceonthelectures,deployedtocarryoutBanZichengthroughouttheYanZhenchangYangShuicaitorelivetheoathtojointheparty,visitthememorialhall,learningadvancedcharacters,microlecturesattentionandlearningcharacteristicsoftheactivities,andtodevelopmeasuresforrectification.Threeistopayattentiontothepartybuildingworkintothepublicsecuritywork.ThebrigadePartybranchandalwayswillbetheworkofPartybuildingin9.3security,nationalcivilizedcityreexamination,theSCOsecuritymeeting,thefocusofillegalinvestigation,"sword","antiterroristviolence,toensuresafety","fivewave","campturnnonbus","detoxification",thefocusofthework,inatimelymannertocarryouttheprewarmobilization,wartimedynamicallyjudged,thepost-warawardinrecognitionofaseriesofmeasuresMembersalwaysfightinginthefirstlineoftrafficmanagement,alltrafficpolicehasalwaysmaintainedahighstateofmind,astrongimpetustotheworkcarriedout.Shortcomings:first,thereisa"handhardandsoft"phenomenon.OfworkofPartybuildingunderthenew149\nsituationisnotenoughemphasis,focusonlightbusinessbuilding,reformlighteffects.Thesecondismeasuresarenotenougheffective.Inparticular,catchapartytobuildworkinginnovationconsciousnessisnotstrong,measuresandmethodsusedintheexperienceoftheold,oldpracticesandeffectivenessneedstobefurtherstrengthened.Thethirdisthreelesson"notverygoodinsist,lifeofthepartyorganizationtocarryoutlessoften.ZhaopolicestationPartybranchGoodpractice:oneistostrengthenthestudyandeducation.To"strictthreerealspecialeducationasanopportunitytotakeleadershiplectures,seminars,individuallearning,exchangeofexperienceinvariousforms,thepoliceorganizationlearningleadersatalllevelsofthespiritoftheimportantspeech,<>intheconstitutionaswellasthesideofcorruptioncasesandaskedpartymembersandthepolicecarefullyrecordedstudynotes,writingexperiences,joinandpayattentiontothemicrolectures,accordingtothecontrolrequirementsof149\ninspection,enhancetheirown,toensurethatthelearningeffect.Thesecondistostrengthentheleadershipresponsibility.Partybranchsecretaryasthefirstresponsibilityofhonestgovernment,earnestlyimplementthe"fourperson",andinsistedonthe"importantworkpersonallyDepartmentDepartment,majorissuespersonallyintervene,personallykeyaspectsofcoordination,supervisionofimportantcasespersonally",Partybranchmembersalwaysstrictdemandsonthemselves,playanexemplaryrolemodel.Third,strengthentheserviceforthepeople.Everyactofthemassesforthewarmreception,carefullyrecordedmassesantireflecteachaproblem,andmaketheresistanceebureauPartycommitteeHearttoanswer,andconstantlyimprovethequalityofservice.Combinedwiththe"onevillage,onepolicework,policeorganizationcarefullytouchrowallmayaffectthestabilityoftheunstablefactors,resolveconflictsanddisputes,andarrangeforthepolicewithdailyvisits,issuedsecurityleaflets,collectingsites,personnelinformation,promotetheharmonypolice.Existingproblems:apartybranchteampartyaffairs149\nknowledgeisnotrichenough,onsomeoftheproceduralprovisionsarenotfamiliarwith,inacertainextentrestrictedtheworkcarriedout.Thesecondisregularideologicaleducationisnotdeepenough,theideologicaltrendsofthepolicecommandisnottimelyandaccurate.Third,thereisaneedtoimprovethemanagementlevelofrefinement,policestandardizationawarenessisnotstrongenough,dailyhabitisnotquiteself-conscious.Sincethisyear,bureauunitPartybranchto"strictthreerealspecialeducationasthemainline,totheservicecenter,troopconstructionasthefocus,adheretothecombinationofideologicalbuildingofthepartyandthesystemoftheparty,solidtocarryoutthecomprehensivestrictlyrequired,tofurtherstandardizetheconstructionofthepartyorganization,continuouslyimprovingthequalityofPartymembersandpolice,continuetostrengthenthepartybuildinginnovation,servicebuildingexecutionsignificantlyimproved,hasmaderemarkableachievements.Meetingdebriefingof3unitsintheworkofParty149\nbuildingproblemsinotherunitsarealsodifferentdegreesofexistencetootherunitsbythepartybuildingdebriefing,drawontheexperienceoffacetheproblem,replicability,carefulanalysisofrectification,promotethesustainedandhealthydevelopmentoftheworkofPartybuildingunits.Below,tofurtherstrengthenthecountypublicsecurityorganspartybuildingworkstressedtheviewsoffivepoints.One,improvetheideologicalunderstanding,enhancethesenseofpoliticalresponsibilityandhistoricalmissionFollowthebasicconstructionoftheparty'seighteenyears,XiJinping,generalsecretary:theseriesofimportantspeechtothepartyputforwardmanynewideas,newjudgment,thenewrequirementsistopromotegrass-rootspartybuildingwork.Weshouldthoroughlystudyandunderstand,andconsciouslyassumeresponsibility.Oneistograspthepartybuilding"threequestions"ofthenewrequirements.Xi,generalsecretaryoftheparty'smass149\nlineeducationpracticesummaryoftheGeneralAssemblyontheproposedtheconstructionof"threequestions,namely:"isnotthepartycommitteesatalllevelsandthedepartmentsofPartycommittees(party)toachievethesedulouscatchapartytobuildisnotatalllevelsofPartycommitteesecretary,theDepartmentofthepartycommittees(party)secretarybecomestrictlyadministeringthepartysecretary?IsnotatalllevelsandalldepartmentsofthepartyForcedtheconstructionofPartycommittees(party)memberstofulfilltheresponsibilitiesstrictlyresponsibility?"GeneralSecretaryofthepartybuilding"threequestions",directedatthecrucialpoint,enlightening,threemirrorplacedinfrontofeveryone,letyouaccordingtoaphoto,seealook,wanttothinkabouttheconsciousofit,isthethreepiecesofpapersplacedinfrontofus,itiscleartojudgeourselveswhetherintodotheirduty.Building"threequestions",urgepeopletowatch,thought-provoking,andconveyastrongresponsibilitytoasksignal.Thesecondistounderstandthebuilding"threeno"newjudgment.Xi,generalsecretaryoftheparty'smasslineeducationpracticesummarycongresspointedoutthat"historyandrealityAre149\naccountedforinthepoliceforcesofdiscipline,donotdo,istostoptheeventtellsus,notaclearresponsibilitytoimplementtheresponsibility,accountability,andstrictlyadministeringthepartyisnotto".GeneralSecretaryofthe"threeno",aclearresponsibilitytoimplementtheresponsibility,accountability,andpointoutthekey.ThecountypublicsecurityorgansisateamoftheCommunistPartyasthemainbody,Partymembersandthevastmajorityofbureauofbelongingtodifferentunitsoftheleadershipcadresandbackboneofthepartymembers,thepowerandresponsibilityarerelativelyconcentratedintheparty'sconstruction,mustbeclearresponsibilities,theimplementationofresponsibility,accountability,orcatchapartytobuildisanemptyword.Threeistoclearthe"threegrasping"newinitiatives.ThetotallearningbookRememberthatcatchapartytobuildmustgrasptheresponsibilitysystem,graspingaccountabilitymustgrabtheresponsibilityperson,graspingtheresponsibilitymustcatchthefirstresponsibleperson.WhyshouldwelettheBureauunitPartybranchsecretaryofthedebriefingistoimplementgeneralsecretaryputforward"3catch".Toseizethepartyorganization'sprimaryresponsibility,seizethe149\nkeyissue.Two,thefullimplementationofthetaskofideologicalconstruction,thetheoryofarmedtasksimplementedGeneralSecretaryXiJinpinginthemasslineofeducationalpracticesummarycongressputforwardinthenewperiodpartybuildingthoughtoftasksandrequirements,tostrengthentheconstructionofthePartypointedoutthedirectionandpath.Oneistostrengthentheoreticalstudy.Theurgenttaskistofullyunderstandthestudyandimplementthespiritofthefifthplenarysessionoftheeighthsessionofthesignificanceof,theorganizationofPartymembersandthepolicethroughthefocusonlearning,self-studyandspecialcounselingandotherformsofseriousin-depthlearning,adheretothefirststepinlearning,deeplayer,accuratelygraspthespiritoftheThirdPlenarySessionoftheEleventhCentralCommittee,anddothethinkingandlearninggains,useit.Thesecondistostrengthenthepartyspirittemperance.Adheretotheschoolpartyconstitution.Throughthecenterofthegrouplearning.Secretaryofthepartyorganizationaboutlecturesandotherformsoflearningthepartyconstitution,149\nenlightenmentspirit,guideBureauunitPartybranchandallmembersofthepolicetofirmlyestablishtheconsciousnessoftheparty.Persistinlearningadvanced.VigorouslycarryforwardthespiritofJiaoYulu,YangShuicaispirit,seriouslystudytheadvanceddeedsofComradeYanZhenchang,deepfineshineDusingthepolicepartyguided,tostrengthenpublicopinionandpublicservantconsciousness,consciouslypracticethe"strictthreereal.ThethirdistostrengthenthepartyandPartydisciplineeducation.Fortheideologicalconstructionofthepartyfacesnewtasks,newrequirements,theemergenceofmanynewproblems,newsituations,andactivelytaketheinitiativetoadapttotheconstantlyemancipatethemind,innovativeways,makinguseoftheInternet,microchannel,microBonewplatformfornew,enrichthecontentofeducation,improveeducationforms,theconstantremindereducation,enhancethepolicePartydisciplineinawe,guidePartymembersandthepolicedopoliticalunderstandingdisciplineabouttherulesoftheleaders.Thefourthistostrengthentheideologicalandmoraleducation.Guidethepartypoliceexemplarypracticethesocialistcorevalues,cultivategoodpoliticalandmoral149\ncharacter,professionalethics,familyvirtueandmorality,formingastrongatmosphereofmoralconstruction.Payattentiontostrengthenthepositiveguidancetothepolicepartyideology,adheretothediversificationofthesocialideologyguidedbythesystemoftheoriesofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,improvingandperfectingthePartymembersandthepolicethoughtThedynamicanalysisofmechanism,providinganideologicalguaranteeforthepurityandfirmnessofteammembers.Three,fullyimplementthestrictrequirements,themanagementandadministrationoftheparty'sresponsibilitytoimplementGeneralSecretaryXiJinpingstressedthattoimplementstrictlytheresponsibility,doagoodjobofPartybuildingasthebiggestachievement.Therefore,inmybureauimplementcomprehensivestrictlyrequiredmustbethepartytuberesponsiblepartyimplemented.First,tofurtherimplementtheresponsibilitysysteminPartybuilding.Toestablishandimprovethepartybuildingresponsibilityassessmentmechanism,atthebeginningof149\ntheyeartoprogressivelysigningpartybuildsworkingtargetresponsibilitybook.PartyorganizationsatalllevelsismainlyresponsibleforcomradestodoagoodjobofPartybuildingasthegreatestachievements,adheretothedevelopmentwholeheartedlyfor,toconcentrateitsattentionontheconstructionoftheparty,thepartybuildingworkisincludedintheagenda,andbusinesstoworkwiththedeployment,withchecks,withtheimplementationof,truetoformPartygrasping,Secretarytotaketheleadinefforts,inchargeoftheleadershipSpecificcatch,catcha,layersofimplementationpatternofPartybuildingwork.Istoimprovethereportingandappraisingsystem.Inaccordancewiththe"debriefingthepartybuilding,theappraisalratingofPartybuilding,Partybuildingassessmenttest,useofcadresatrequestoftheparty",CFcountyPartydebriefingpractice,andconstantlyimprovetheannualpartybuiltdebriefingappraisalsystem,inparticular,totheyeardebriefingappraisalevaluationandannualcomprehensiveexaminationcloselytogether,thepartybuildsthejobevaluationresultsintotheleadingbodiesandleadingcadresoftheannualcomprehensiveassessmentsystem,strengthentheuse149\nofdynamicmanagementandresultsofdebriefingappraisalwork,furtherenhancethedebriefingappraisalofscientific,effectiveanddirectiveThenewintegrationbusiness.Threeistoimprovethe"threeclass"system."Threeclass"systemistoimprovetheparty'sorganizationallife,strictpartymembereducationmanagementsystem,wemustdoagoodjobintheimplementationandlong-termpersistence.Accordingto"thepartysecretaryoftheorganizationlectures","partymembersandcadresmicrolecturesandThematicPartyDayactivities,innovation"threeclass"form,rich"threeclass"content,payattentiontotheworkofPartybuildingwiththepublicsecuritywork,theformationof"thesameresonancefrequency,thelinkageofcommunion"partyorganizationlifesituation.Atthesametime,the"threeclass"systemimplementationofjoinorbeadmittedtothepartyorganizationcommitteedebriefingappraisalofimportantcontent,strictgraspthe"threeclass"systemReal.Four,strictpoliticaldisciplineandpoliticalrules.GuideallPartymembersandthepoliceinideological149\npoliticalactionalwaysasthegeneralsecretaryoftheCPCCentralCommitteewithComradeXiJinpinghighlyconsistent,involvedinmajorpoliticalprinciple,politicalstand,politicalviewsandotherissues,wemustbesober,standfirm.Guidethemembersofthecivilianpolicetostrengthenthesenseoforganization,determinedtodotheindividualissubordinatetotheorganization,theminorityissubordinatetothemajority,thelowerleveltothehigherlevel,andthewholepartytotheCentralCommittee.Sometimeago,Iheldapartyenlargedmeeting,focusonadherencetotheparty'spoliticaldisciplineandpoliticalrulesofthematictheorystudy,Iatthemeetingforthefeelingstospeak.Iunderstand,partyaconceptoforganization,cannotseeParty,touchnot.Accordingtothematerialisticpointofview,thematerialdeterminesconsciousness,existencedeterminesconsciousness,consciousnessistheobjectivethingsinthebraintoreflect,then,howtoprovethattheparty'sexistence?Likethecurrent,cannot,cannotbetouched,butthroughthewirecarrier,connectpowersupply,theelectriclight,themotorisrunning,itisprovedthatthecurrentexistence.Similarly,thepartyisbylivingeveryParty149\nmember,everyPartymember,speechandactionofthecarrier,reflectingparty.Partyisawhole,inordertonormaloperation,eachpartymembersaccordingtotheirpersonalitycharacteristics.Academicknowledge,professionalknowledge,hobbies,physicalcondition,age,workexperience,workexperienceandothercomprehensiveevaluation,maintaskofthedivisionoflaborandinjointlydoagoodjobinpartywork,ismainlyresponsiblefortheDivisionIbusiness,theninmydivisionofwork,inthePartycommitteecollectivediscussionby,decision,foreign,oneverylevelofmemberscantobureauofthepartyinthenameandidentitydeliveredaspeech,theorganizationofwork.Inspecificwork,inthehigherPartycommitteeshaveclearprovisionsofthespirit,inaccordancewiththespiritofthedocumentsofrankingPartycommittee,combinedwithmyworkofthedivisionoflabor,onbehalfofthebureauPartycommitteeputforwardtheirviewsandsuggestions.SincePartymembersaccordingtothehigherPartycommitteestothespiritofthedocumentcanbeBureauonbehalfofthepartyorganizationofwork,thenthebehaviorhaspartyauthorityandseriousness,weshouldrespectthemandbewith,give149\nsupport,cannotaccordingtopersonalpreferences,personalunderstandingandawareness,regardlessoftheoccasion,inbroaddaylight,inmeetings,especiallyinthelowerfrontof,guiltyofliberalism,publishedthehigherPartycommitteeshavebeenexpresslyprohibitedspeech,alsocannoteuphemisticallycalledthepersonalpointofview;regardlessofpartyimageandpersonalimage,irresponsible,gossip,justopentheriver,grumble,grumbleabout;even,sarcasticridicule,sarcasm,obliqueaccusations,makepeopleHoldthemoststringentstartspeech,personalattacks,ventpersonalgrudge;moreeven,withulteriormotives,ulteriormotives;fanYinbreeze,will-o'-thewisp,deliberatelyandpartydissensionanddiscord,rumorsspread,thespreadofdivision,andthepartyandthepeople,theheartsofthepeople,thedeclineofmorale.Thiskindofbehavioristheparty'sdisciplinearenotallowed,frommystart,fromthemembersofthePartycommitteemember,once,whodespitethepartydiscipline,drunk,behind,thekeymoment,inviolationoftheparty'spoliticaldiscipline,politicalrulesandwaitforthepartydiscipline.Wemuststrictlycomplywiththeimplementationofthecentralandsuperiorpartycommittee149\nhasclearlydefined,doesnotallowbargaining,unconditionalobedience,unconditional,doesnotallowadiscount,ordisguiseddiscount.Inaddition.Wewanttostrictlyenforcethesystemofdemocraticlifeoftheparty,Partyofdemocraticlife,itisnecessarytocarryoutcriticismandself-criticism,isbetweenthemembersofthePartycommitteeofthemutualcriticism,remindeachother,willnotdonotspeak,gossipingafterwards.GuidePartymembersandthepolicestrictlyrequestreportingsystem,regularlypartymemberstoexecutethepoliticaldisciplineofpoliticalrulessituationanalysisjudgedandthematicsummary,constantlyenhancepoliticalofthepoliticallifeoftheparty,theprincipleandmilitancy.Five,comprehensivelyimprovethescientificlevelofPartybuilding,thetaskofthepartybuildingToenhancethescientificleveloftheconstructionofthepartyisourpartyaccordingtotheworldlyaffairs,nationalandthenewchangesandnewchallengesofthepartyputforwardthemajorissueiseffectivetodealwiththefourtest",resolvethepressingrequirementof"four149\nbigrisk"istheonlywaytomaintainanddeveloptheparty'sadvancednatuStepistostrengthentheparty'scohesion,attractionandthefightingpoweroftheinevitablechoice.Underthenewsituation,itisnecessarytoapplythelawoftherulingpartyconstructionofMarxism,accordingtothebasicrequirementsofmaintainingtheparty'sadvancednature,continuetostudynewsituations,solvenewproblems,sumupnewexperience,makethepartybuildinginscientificorbitcontinuestoadvance.Onetofocus,effortstolayasolidfoundation.Continuetocarryoutthe"twohit"activities,accuratelygraspstrictlyrequirednewrulesandcharacteristicsoftheworkofPartybuildingunder,deepeninggrass-rootsincreaseofbasicpartyorganizationandPartymemberqualityupgradeplan.Continuetocarryoutthewindowunitsvanguardpartypost,windowmodelbuildingactivities,andcontinuouslyEnhancethepartymembersandthepoliceinvolvedinactivitiestocreateenthusiasm.IncreaseofPartyorganizationsandPartymembersadvancedtypicaladvocacytrainingeffortstobecomea"sign","evergreentree".Tobroadenthepartyservingthemasseschannels,constructionofPartymemberscontactingandservingthemasseswork149\nsystem,makethePartymembertobecometrulykeepinmindthepurpose,advancedelementsoftheheartofthemasses.Establishandimproveincentiveswithintheparty,care,helpingmechanism,wedocareandlovegrassrootscadres,oldpartymembers,difficultlifemember.Inordertopromotethepartyconstructionservices,continuetocarryout"partymembersandcounterpartassistance"liveandon-the-jobPartymembervolunteerserviceactivities.Second,wemuststrengthenmanagement,effortstoenhancethepartymembersQuality,andconscientiouslyimplement,adheretostrictstandards,rigoroustraining,strictprocedures,strictregulationandcontrol,andcontinuouslyimprovethequalityofPartymembers,optimizethestructureofPartymemberteam.Strengtheningofdifferentkindsofpolice,theclassifiedmanagementofPartymembersindifferentpositions,throughtheimplementationoftargetmanagementofPartymembers,recordmanagement,starratingetc.waystostrengthentheeducationofPartymembers,managementandservicework.Adheretothemassappraisal,solidandeffectivetocarryoutmembersofthepubliccommitment,nopostpartypost149\ndutyactivities,givefullplaytotheroleofPartymembers.ActivelyintroducetheInternet+,bymeansofinformationtostrengthentheeducationandmanagementofthepartymembersandmakefulluseof"XuchangmaleAnnpartybuildingnetwork","peaceofXuchang,CommunistPartymembers,LianchengmicrolecturesandothernetworkplatformtostrengthentheeducationandtrainingofPartymembers.Threetostrictrequirements,effortstoimprovetheparty'sstyleofwork.Tobuildafirst-classunits,tocreateafirst-classteam,cultivatefirst-classstyle,createfirst-classperformanceasthegoal,combinedwithlearningfromtheadvancedmodels,andeffectivelysolvethepolicepartyinthepartyspirit,moralcharacter,styleandabilityexistingprominentproblems;adheretotheleadausterity,opposeextravaganceandwaste,andopposeformalism,bureaucratismandseriouslypracticethe"strictthreereal,establishagoodstyleofwork;earnestlyimplementthe"eightinsist,eightagainst",advocatediligenceExcitedtolearnandapplywhattheyhavelearned,theheartofthemasses,servethepeople,grabgetrightonthejobreally,andtoensuretheeffectivenessof,hardwork,thrift,theoverallsituation,149\ncurried,developdemocracy,solidaritywork,impartiallyandwiththerightofhonestyinpolitics,lifeisdecent,healthyinterestineightaspectsofgoodatmosphere,promotethecountypublicsecurityorganspartypoliticalconstructionhasmadenewachievements.Fourth,itisnecessarytoproducebattleforteffect.Partyorganizationsatalllevelstograspthepracticaltothecenterofthepublicsecurityworkservicekeylinks,adheretothecompletionofdifficultandperiloustaskasthemainbattlefieldoftheworkofPartybuilding,themoreencounteredseriousincidents,majorrescuemission,amajorsecuritytasks,themoreyouwanttoplaythepartyorganizationTheroleofcore,andearnestlydoagoodjobbeforethewarmobilization,wartimemotivation,warveteranandso,trulypartymembersandcadrestofighttowhere,thelifeofthepartyorganizationwillextendtowhere,theroleoffightingbastionofthepartyorganizationsplaywhere,reflectingthepartybuildingworktopromoteandprotectthepower.Comrades,inthecircumstancestopromotecomprehensivestrictlynewsituation,thePartyCentralCommitteeandthe149\nPartycommitteeofahigherleveloftheconstructionofthepartyproposedthenew,higherrequirements,theworkofPartybuildingtaskisarduous,thegloriousmission,rareopportunity.Letustothedebriefingmeetingasastartingpoint,intheBureauoftheparty'scorrectleadership,conscientiouslystudyandimplementtheseriesofimportantspeechofGeneralSecretaryXiJinping,spiritandtheparty'sspiritoftheFifthPlenarySessionoftheeighth,thoroughlyimplementthecomprehensivestrictlyrequired,continuetocarryforwardtheparty'sfinetradition,heartenspirit,dosolidwork,theenterprisingspirit,selflessdedication,tocontinuetocreatethecountypublicsecurityorgansofPartybuildingworkinthenewsituation,tomaintainsocialstabilitytoensureSuccessfulcompletionofthetask,re,alsoisaPromotepublicsecurityundertakingsflourish,fortheconstructionofabeautifulandhappyXuchangcountytomakenewandgreatercontributions!Carryoutthepartybuildingdebriefingappraisalwork,implementthecentralandprovincialPartycommittee,themunicipalPartycommitteeandcomprehensivelypromotethe149\nstrictlydeploymentrequirements,implementstrictlytheresponsibility,tampthefoundationofPartyConstructionofmajorinitiatives.Publicsecurityorgansastheparty'sabsoluteundertheleadershipofthedemocraticdictatorshipforce,asthepartyandthepeopleinthehandsofthe"hilt"musttostrengthentheworkofPartybuildingandwalkintheforefront,andmakeanexample.FromjustfouroftheSecretaryofthepartyorganizationdebriefingsituation,thepartyorganizationofdebriefingofPartybuildingandideologicalworkattachesgreatimportancetopreparemorefully,inthedebriefingprocess,sayachievementsdonotexaggerate,speaktheproblemdoesnotcover,emphasizenotvanityaboutrectification,trulyrealistic.OfferasPoliticalBureauDirectorcomments,targetedstrong,closelywiththepracticalassessmenthighlightsoutstandingcharacteristics,askclear,pointoutoftheresults,pointsouttheproblemsandpointsoutthepressure.ThisisnotonlyadebriefingmeetingandPartybuildingtheresponsibilitytoimplement,todaythedebriefing,todoagoodjobofnewperiodpartybuildingworkwillplayaverygoodroleinpromoting.Next,accordingtothecitybureauPartyCommitteeonParty149\nbuildingworkonthearrangements,BaichiefcommissionedbycombiningcityBureauofPartybuildingworkofnewrequirements,borrowthisopportunitytorevisitfourpoints.Toimprovetheideologicalunderstanding,enhancethesenseofresponsibilityandhistoricmission,theparty'seighteenyears,XiJinping,generalsecretaryFollowtheconstructionofaseriesofimportantspeechtothepartyputforwardmanynewideas,newconclusionsandnewrequirements,thegrass-rootspartybuildingwork.Weshouldthoroughlystudyandunderstand,andconsciouslyassumeresponsibility.Oneistograspthepartybuilding"threequestions"ofthenewrequirements.Xi,generalsecretaryofthelast10August,theparty'smasslineeducationpracticesummaryoftheGeneralAssemblyontheproposedtheconstructionof"threequestions".Thatis:"isnotthepartycommitteesatalllevelsandthedepartmentsofPartycommittees(party)toachievethesedulouscatchapartytobuildisnotatalllevelsofPartycommitteesecretary,thedepartmentsofPartycommittees(party)secretarybecomestrictlyadministeringthepartysecretary?IsnotatalllevelsandalldepartmentsofPartycommittees(party)Forcedmembersto149\nfulfilltheresponsibilitiesstrictlyresponsibility?"GeneralSecretaryofthepartybuilding"threequestions",directedatthecrucialpoint,enlightening,threemirrorplacedinfrontofeveryone,letyouaccordingtoaphoto,seealook,wanttothinktheself-knowledge;isthethreepiecesofpapersplacedinfrontofus,itiscleartojudgeourselveswhethertheparty'sconstructiontodotheirduty.Building"threequestions",urgepeopletowatch,thought-provoking,andconveyastrongresponsibilitytoasksignal.Thesecondistounderstandthebuilding"threeno"newjudgment.Xi,generalsecretaryoftheparty'smasslineeducationpracticesummarycongresspointedoutthat"historyandreality,especiallytheAresubstantiallymorethan80%ofthedisciplinetomovetellsus,clearresponsibility,fulfilresponsibility,accountability,andstrictlyadministeringthepartyisnotto".GeneralSecretaryofthe"threeno",clearresponsibility,fulfilresponsibility,accountability,andpointoutthekey.ThecitypublicsecurityorgansisamemberofCommunistPartyasthemainbodyoftroopsandmembersaccountedfortotalnumberofcivilianpolice,theBureauofbelongingtovariousdepartmentsofleading149\ncadresandbackboneofthepartymembers,thepowerandresponsibilityarerelativelyconcentratedintheparty'sconstruction,mustbeclearresponsibilities,theimplementationofresponsibility,accountability,orcatchofPartyconstructionisempty.Threeistoclearthe"threegrasping"newinitiatives.Xi,generalsecretaryofthestrong,catchapartytobuildmustgrasptheresponsibilitysystem,graspingaccountabilitymustcatchresponsibility,graspingtheresponsibilitymustcatchthefirstresponsibleperson.WhyshouldweletJushuunitpartysecretarytothepartyorganizationatthenexthigherleveldebriefingistoimplementgeneralsecretaryputforward"3catch".Toseizethepartyorganizationismainlyresponsibleperson,seizethekeyproblem.Second,itisnecessarytoimprovetheworkofPartybuildingsystem,thesystemconstructionistostrengthenthepartybuildingworkofpublicsecurityisanimportantguarantee.Tothroughthescientificdevelopmentofthesystem,improvethesystem,executionsystemandmakethesystembecomeahardbound,continuetopromotethepublicsecurityworkofPartybuildingstandardization.OneistofurtherimplementtheresponsibilityofPartyBuilSystem.149\nItisnecessarytoestablishandimprovePartybuildingresponsibilityassessmentmechanism,atthebeginningoftheyeartoprogressivelysigningpartybuildsworkingtargetresponsibilitybook.PartyorganizationsatalllevelsismainlyresponsibleforcomradestodoagoodjobofPartybuildingasthegreatestachievements,adheretothedevelopmentwholeheartedlyfor,toconcentrateitsattentionontheconstructionoftheparty,thepartybuildingworkisincludedintheimportantprocess,andbusinesstoworkwiththedeployment,withchecks,withtheimplementationof,truetoformPartygrasping,Secretarytotaketheleadinefforts,leadersinchargeofspecificgrab,grabalevel,layersofimplementationpatternofPartybuildingwork.Thesecondisimprovethedebriefingappraisalsystem.Inaccordancewiththe"debriefingthepartybuilding,theappraisalratingofPartybuilding,Partybuildingassessmenttest,theuseofcadresatrequestoftheparty",theSecretaryofthepartydebriefingcontrastdoLaw,andconstantlyimprovetheannualpartydebriefingappraisalsystem,especiallytotheannualdebriefingappraisalevaluationandannualcomprehensiveexaminationcloselytogether,theparty149\nbuildsthejobevaluationresultsintotheleadingbodiesandleadingcadresoftheannualcomprehensiveassessmentsystem,strengthentheuseofdynamicmanagementandresultsofdebriefingappraisalwork,furtherenhancethedebriefingappraisalofscientific,effectiveandoriented.Third,improvethe"threewillbealessonsystem."threeclasssystemistoimprovethelifeofthepartyorganization,strictmanagementofPartymembereducationsystemmustdoagoodjobintheimplementation,insistforalongtime.Accordingtothe"Secretaryofthepartyorganizationlectures","PartycadresImplementationofintegratingmicrolecturesandthemedayactivities,innovation"threeclass"form,rich"threeclass"content,payattentiontotheworkofPartybuildingwiththepublicsecuritywork,theformationof"thesameresonancefrequency,thelinkageofcommunion"partyorganizationlifenewsituation.Atthesametime,the"threeclass"oftheimplementationofjoinorbeadmittedtothepartysecretaryoftheorganizationdebriefingappraisaloftheimportantcontent,strictgraspthe"threeclass"system.TostrengthentheeducationofPartymembers,improvePartymemberofpartyspiritideaandpoliticalconsciousness.Xi149\nGeneralSecretaryprofoundlypointedout:"firmidealandfaitharethelegalteamofpoliticalsoulmustbetheidealandbeliefeducationinpoliticalandlegalteamconstructionofthefirst,constantlyplayingfirmlyholdhighthebanner,commandoftheparty,loyaltytothemissionoftheideologicalfoundation."Thecity'spublicsecurityorgansisawithCommunistPartymembersforthedisciplinedsubject,Partymembersaccountedformorethan80%ofthetotalnumberofcivilianpolice,bureauofbelongingtodifferentdepartmentsofleadingcadresandbackbonebasicallyisapartymember,doagoodjobintheconstructionofPartymemberteam,willseizethefundamentalconstructionofpublicsecurityteam.Wemustseizethepoliticalconstructionofthepoliceasthecore,adheretothepartyforpublicsecurityworkabsoluteleadershipthisfundamentalprinciple,puttheidealandbeliefofpartyspiriteducationinamoreprominentposition,toensurethatthePartymembertroopabsoluteloyalty,absolutelypure,absolutelyreliable.Toadheretothetheoryofarmed,seriousorganizationAndadherencetothein-depthstudyofthemajorityofPartymembersandtheparty'sbasictheory,especiallyXiJinping,general149\nsecretaryoftheseriesofimportantspeechspirit,educationofPartymembersandtheparty'spoliticaldisciplineandpoliticalrules,andconsciouslyinaccordancewiththepartyconstitutionandpartypoliticallifestandardstoregulatetheirownwordsanddeeds,sothatdiscipline,rules,listentosayhello,dointhepartyparty,thepartyworryabouttheparty,thepartyfortheparty,thepartyretainingtheparty,andalwaysintheideologicalandpoliticalactionandtoXiJinpingasgeneralsecretaryoftheCentralCommitteeofthepartyremainhighlyconsistent,consciouslydotheparty'sloyalguardsofthemassesofthepeoplecaringpeople.Tobuildastrongbaselayerorganization,strengthengrass-rootspartyorganization'scohesiveforceandfightingforce.TostrengthenthebasiclevelpartyorganizationconstructionIsthekeytothetargetisdoingagoodjobofPartybuildingworkoftheimportantbasisandguarantee.Tooptimizetheorganizationalsettings.InaccordancewiththeeaseofPartymemberstoparticipateinactivitiesforPartyorganizationsplayaroleinprinciple,reasonablenormsofthepartyorganization,Partyorganizationsatthegrassrootslevelfullcoverage,toensurethateachparty149\nmembersintothepartyorganizationinPartyactivities,organizationandmanagement,theorganizationofcare,toacceptthesupervisionoftheorganization,andactivelyplayarole.Second,wemustpaycloseattentiontotheteamconstruction.Catchteam,withtheteampartybuildingisanimportantcontentandbasiclevelpartyorganizationteamwithmembersshallcomplete,cleardivisionoflabor,responsibilityimplementation,implementationofpostmanagement.WithagoodteamwithastrongPartySecretary,toeffectivelystrengthentheSecretaryofthepartyorganizationisthePartyofpersonofthefirstresponsibility,senseofresponsibility,theresponsibilitysystemtoprevent"partyconstructiontaskofPartybuilding,Partybuildingworkandbusinesstwoskins"phenomenon.Third,weneedtoplaygoodbattlefortaction.Partyorganizationsatalllevelstoeffectivelyseizeasakeylinkinthecenterofthepublicsecurityworkservice,adheretothedingTothecompletionofdifficultandperiloustaskasthemainbattlefieldoftheworkofPartybuildingandtheencountermajoremergenciesandmajorrescuemission,amajorsecuritytasks,themoreyouwanttoplaythecoreroleofPartyorganizations,andearnestly149\ndoagoodjobintheprewarmobilization,wartimemotivation,postwarentitledworktrulywherethebattleofPartymembersandcadres,theparty'sorganizationallifeextendedtowhere,theroleoffightingbastionofthepartyorganizationsplaywhere,reflectingthepartybuildingworktopromoteandprotectthepower.Comrades,inthecircumstancestopromotecomprehensivestrictlynewsituation,doagoodjobofpublicsecurityPartyBuildingworkasthetaskisarduousandgloriousmission,hopeeveryonetofirmlyestablish"agameofchess,"thought,putdownRealstrictlyrequiredasthenewnormalorganoftheparty'sconstruction,furtheremancipatethemind,ningxinjuli,dosolidwork,tomaintainsocialstability,promotesocialfairnessandjustice,protectthepeopleliveandwork,tomakenewandgreatercontributions.TheaccidentsceneoftheaccidenttreatmentofXXXX,April7toApril11,accordingtotrafficpolicedetachmentandthetrafficpolicebrigadeofthearrangement,IhadthehonortoparticipateintheMinistryofPublicSecurityResearchInstituteheldhigh-endtrainingclass,by5daysoftrainingandlearning,Ihaveadeepfeeling,learninga149\nlotofnewknowledgeandtodealwiththeaccidentofskills,tolearnandworkareofgreathelp,wewillexperienceissummedupasfollows:first,studythenewknowledge,toexpandthefieldofvision.Intheresearchtheteachertoexplain,wereviewthe,andemphaticallystudiedatthesceneoftherealrecorddrawingstandards,thegraphcanreflectthestateandeachelementFullcoverageregardlessofsize,position,giveapersontoliveamoreintuitiveunderstandingofthenextstepaccidenttreatmenthasagreathelp.Atthesametime,Ihaveseensomenewaccidentinvestigationequipment,suchasanewgenerationoftrafficaccidentscenedrawingsystem,throughtraining,thepolicecanveryfastrenderingstandardsitemap,datameasurement,andinaccordancewiththeMinistryofpublicsecurityofthestandard,andtheUAV,theapplicationofUAVcameraorcamera,fromthefundamentalsolutionoverviewaccidentphotos.Second,onthescenephotographybasicrequirementsandaccidentphotographicdifference.Thescenephotographysceneisthemostobjectiverealreaction.Butphotographsofthescenetakentoensureobjective,comprehensive,timelyandclearrequirements,149\nthisscenephotostoassuranceitslegaleffect;thescenephotographyhasalsoundergoneachangebytheoriginalphotographyoforientationandoverviewofphotography,PhotoCenter,breakdownofthephoto,changeforrangephotography,photographicoverview,localcamera,filmelement,photographyofminutia,thanphotography,sotophotographiccontentmorerefined,morespecific,theasevidenceofamoretargeted,moreaccurate.,onsitesurveyextractedtracesandfieldexplorationprocesstracesareextractedbytheproblemsanderrors.TraceonthesceneofthediscoveryandextractionasamatterofSothesceneinvestigationisanimportantpartoftheprocess,ontheanalysisofthecauseoftheaccidentandtheaccidentareveryimportantrole,throughtheteacher'sexplanationandanalysisthemasanexpert,fromtheperspectiveofidentificationoftracesofthescenepointsextractionandpointedoutthedirectionforunderourownexplorationsitetoextracttraces,atthesametime,throughtheteacher'sexplanation,accidentswillproducecertaintraces,whichrequiresusinthesceneoftheaccidentinvestigationofcareful,andnotmissinganyusefultoourtraceonthescene.Onadvancedequipmentoftraffic149\naccidentidentification,geneticanalysisoftheroleof.IfeelthedeepestisnowhomeCarsafetyairbagwithsomethingcalledtheairbagmodule.Thisisknownas"blackbox"carequipment,hasarecordofwhenthespeed,whethertotakebraking,takeafewbrakingandotherdata,recording,hasaverylargeroleforanalyzingthecauseoftheincident,nextseriousaccidentsmustpayattentiontoextractsuchequipment;andescapeaccidentsarecommoninthegeneralvideosurveillanceontheblurredimage,wLicenseplatenumber;shellac,fiberidentification,etc.withadvancedequipmentcanmaketheidentification,withtheadvancedequipment,technicalbacking,feelingtheimpartialhandlingoftheeachaccidentandescapedetectionaccidentconfidence.Onthesceneoftheaccidentprotection.Theteacherfromthreeaspectstoexplaintheroadtrafficaccidentandlawenforcementdutysitesafetyprotection:1,fromtheleveloflawsandregulations,Ministryofpublicsecurity,proceedingfromtheactualconditionspromulgatedontherulesandregulationstostrictlyenforced,whichrequireseachofusapolicestartingfromtheirownpointofview,fortheirownsafety,mustnotomitanylink,don'tbeafraidoftrouble,thisis149\nListsarenotqualifiedforyoualoneareresponsiblefortheunitisresponsibleforthefamilyisresponsiblefor;2.Strengthenon-siteprotectionfacilitiesoftheconfigurationanduse,thefirsttobuyandconfigurationofsafetyprotectionequipment,ifequipment,butalsoaboutwhatdoor?Thenisanotherquestion,equipment,howtouse,theteacherofTianjinaccidentlesson,becausealotofequipment,isnotputintouse,resultinginourpoliceduetothelackoftimelyreminderoftheaccident,causingustoanumberofpolicecasualties;3,thedeviceisputintouse,butalsostrengthenindividualprotectionskillsandteamworktraining.Inaword,Wewanttousequalifiedequipmentandabidebylawsandregulations,strengthentrainingofpersonalskillsandteamworkandensureitsownsecurityinthefieldstaff.Throughthestudyoffivedaysoftraining,anincreaseofknowledge,learningthesomethingnew,strengthentheunitandbrotherofbusinessflow,alsofoundtheirownshortcomings,thenextstepIwanttoshareofWuxiadvancedconceptsandcolleagues,commonlearningandcommonprogress,makesthetrafficpolicebrigadeaccidenttreatmentworkmoreonthefloor!149\nInrecentyears,XXcityalwaysadheretoahandgraspingthebuilding,ahandgraspthemanagement,andactivelyexplorenewmodeofBiogasService,strivetoinnovatenewmechanismforecologicalcompensation,payattentiontoenhancetheimageofthenewenergyteam,cohesiontocreateanewbrightspotofcircularagriculture,biogasinscientificmanagement,comprehensiveutilizationandachievedcertainresults.First,thecultivationofnewbusinessentities,toexplorenewmodeoffollow-upservicesXXcityhasbeenbuiltbiogas11millionhouseholds,biogasdigestersis"treasurepool,biogasreplacedthecoalandfirewood,becomeaclean,economiclifeenergy,biogaspoolinsteadoftheoldcesspool,becometoimprovethesanitaryconditionsofimportantpossessions.Withthemaintenancequantityisincreasingyearbyyear,firedampfollow-upserviceintothelong-standingproblem.TodoagoodjobofBiogasService,polishupthebrand149\nof"XXmodelandweguidebiogasmechanicestablishedbiogascooperation,energyservicecompanies,suchasthemodelofmarketmainbody.Throughmarketservice,breakthroughinthepastbythegovernmentconstruction,maintenance,apackintheendofthenarrowconcept,establishthe"whobenefits,whomanagement"thecorrectconcept.Themainbodyofthenewtakeinnovativeservicemode,expandservicecontentandothermeasures,developingbiogasservice,centralizedgassupplypipelineconstructionandgaschargingoperationandotheraspectsofcomprehensivemanagement.Itnotonlysolvestheproblemoffarmhouseholdbiogas,andchangethefollow-upservices,butalsoincreasestheincomeofserviceteam.Thecultivationofnewsubjects,toconsolidateandimprovetheservicesystem,theeffectiveestablishmentofalong-termmechanismofbiogasservices,toachievethestandardizationofthefollow-upservices,intensiveandprofessional.Two,theintroductionofinternationalcarbontrading,innovativenewmechanismforecologicalcompensation149\nXXCityXiangBaiGuocentripetalrichisanordinaryfarmersbiogas,biogashishomewithverygoodresults,heiscarbonfundprojectoffarmers,thisyear,thewinneroftheNetherlandsgovernmenttopayhimthehichcanidentifyInspiredbytheintroductionof$23,heusedthiscarbontradingincometobuyanewgasstove.ThisisXXhouseholdbiogascleandevelopmentmechanismprojectistheUnitedNationsfirstsuccessfullyregisteredhouseholdbiogascarbonfundproject.Theprojectof4330householdbiogaspool,eachyeartoreducecarbonemissionsin7298tons,carbonemissionstradingincomeof10millionUSdollars,equivalenttoRMB65millionyuan,carbontradingincomesubsidiestobuildpoolfarmerforbiogasdigestersfollow-upmaintenanceprovidesongoingcapitalinvestmentincarbonfundproject,XXCity,theimplementationofthe"gasrewards"project,"whetherthenormalignition,gaspressuresize,pigherdsheadnumberIndicatorswillbiogasdigesterusingeffectisgood,mediumandpoortorefinethemanagementandpostingtheuseoffarmhouseholdbiogas,biogasusegoodfarmersreward.Ecologicalcompensationprojectimplementation,increasetheincomeoffarmers,mobilizetheenthusiasmoffarmers,increaserateofthe149\nuseofbiogas,atthisstagefortheimplementationofthevoluntaryemissionreductionprojectstoprovideareference.Three,establishanadvancedservicemodel,highlightingthenewimageoftheenergyteamRepeatedlysincethetechnologyofbiogasdigesters"thirdbuiltsevenincharge,notgoodwillbe"ayear,twoyears,threeyearsfouryearskeepfrogs.Tocatchthefollow-upservice,tocatchtheteamXXCityinstrengtheningtheteambuildingprocess,theemergenceofanumberofservicemodelsandtechnicalexperts.DragonandPhoenixTownAgriculturalServiceCenterofYuanLiang,isatypicalrepresentative.Hefrom2005yearsengagedingas,tenyearsasoneday,alwayskeepthepeopleofnoblesentiment,conscientiouslyperformtheirdutiesconscientiouslyservethemasses.Hisadvanceddeedsofpeople'sdaily,thefarmerdaily,HubeiDailyandothermediareportedthat2015wasnamedtheprovinciallaborModel,bytheDeputySecretaryoftheprovincialPartycommitteeZhangChangerastheneweraofShiChuanxiang,149\nYuanLiangwithhisdedicationtothecauseofthegas,wonthemajorityofpeoplegoodreputation.Vigorouslypromotethetypicaldeeds,strengthentheplay.Incentivemotivation,thecity"foreveryonetolearnadvanced,allvyingfortheadvanced,everyonecatchupwithandsurpasstheadvanced"hasbecomesorampant,theteamhasthetypical,postapacesetter,setupthecity'sruralenergyteamforthegoodimageofthecivilservice.Four,topromotethedevelopmentofcircularagriculture,buildacomprehensiveutilizationofanewbrightspotTable,animportantroleintheprofoundunderstandingoftheecological"XX"fromtheecologicalagriculture,XXcitytobiogasdevelopmentofecologicalagriculture,alwaysadheretotheconstructionofbiogasenergylineoverallcirculationagriculturedemonstration,inaccordancewiththe"gasintopeople'shomes,freeinstallation,accordingtothecharges,comprehensiveutilization"principle,vigorouslycarryoutthecentralizedgassupply,recyclingforthepurposeofbiogas149\nengineeringconstruction.Oneistocarryoutmultidemonstration.ThedragonandPhoenixTown,TunXiangBaiGuoXiang,theconstructionofthebiogasengineeringasalinktothe"pig-biogas-vegetable","pig-biogas-tea","pig-biogas-fruit"cycleofagriculturaldemonstrationbase,throughavarietyofexperimentsanddemonstrations,summarizetestresultAndpromotionofdemonstrationexperience.Thesecondistoenhancethequality.Thecityinbiogasproductionandutilization,researchanddevelopmentof"highyieldbiogasfermentationdeviceandseleniumenrichedbiogasfertilizerproductionmethod"isStateIntellectualPropertyOfficeofthegrantofthepatentright,toenhancetheleveloftechnologyofthecityofBiogasfertilizeruse.Thethirdistoexpandtheuseofthearea.Accordingtolocalconditions,duetoimplementthestrategy,thefollow-upservicesofbiogasandbiogascomprehensiveutilizationoforganiccombination,tosolvethe"plantingnobiogaspool","biogaspoolornotinthelaborforce",practicalproblemssuchas"laborwithoutcultivation",letbiogasfertilizerwasincirculationandutilization.149\nThenextstep,XXcitywillinaccordancewiththeprovincial,stateenergydeployment,andfurtherincreasetheeffortstotheconstructionofbiogasproject,toaccelerateruralbiogastothescaleofdevelopment,comprehensiveutilizationandscientificmanagementinthedirectionoftransformationandupgrading,promotethesustainabledevelopmentofbiogasinruralareas.Inrecentyears,underthesupportandguidanceoftheprovincialruralenergyoffice,thecountycompletedatotalofhouseholdbiogaspoolnearly7millionhouseholds,large-scalebiogasproject4,smallandmedium-sizedbiogasprojectin141,ruralserviceoutlets211,subsidiesforsolarwaterheater2340,biomassstove2300units,forthedevelopmentofgreenagriculture,improvethepeople'squalityoflifeplaygreatrole.Inparticular,wesucceedinbiogaspurification,highvalueutilizationbasedon,tofurtherexpandthescale,toopenupthemarket,standardizedmanagement,topromotethetransformationandupgradingofruralbiogasprojectmadesomeactiveexploration.Ourapproachtoreportasfollows:One,scaledevelopment,playtheeconomicandsocial149\nbenefitsofhighqualityofmethaneutilizationBiogashigh-qualityexploitinspirednewruralofourcountry'senergymarket,forinstallationofgaspipelineengineeringofnewruralresidentialdemand.Sincelastyeartheprovince'sruralbiogashighqualityusingafterthespot,webasedonthebasis,toexpandthescale,anamplesupplyofgassource,toensurethatfarmerswithadequatequalityofbiogas.Oneistoexpandthesizeoftheoriginalbase.LastyearheldaspotofQianfengcountyandintheprovinceofruralenergyoffice,countygovernmentsupport,intheoriginal30acresoftheprojectonthebasisof,toratifythenew10acresofland,accordingtolargescalebiogascentralizedgassupplyengineeringconstructionrequirements,invest100millionyuantobuilda3000m3volumeofanaerobicfermentationtank,theimplementationoftechnicalinnovation,usingcarbonsteeloutputpipeline,buildingtogas10000m3abovethenewholder,andcompletetherelatedprojects,assurancethathavebeendevelopedtofarmerswiththesupplyofgas,2016SpringFestivalpeak149\ngasduring.Therehavebeennointerruptioninsupply,theuseroftenSatisfaction.Secondistoactivelyopenupnewbases.Thisyear,wethroughthecomprehensivedeploymentofthecountygovernment,relatedtotheintegrationofsectorfunds,inPuZhenZhangZhuangSonglinfarm,theporttownofgoldfarmingcooperatives,planstobuildtwo2000m3volumefermentor,copyforwardmode,solveenvironmentalpollution,fruittreesfertilizer,lifeproblemswithgas.Wewillalsounderthesupportofrelevantdepartments,theforwardmodeislaunchedcountypublicsecurity,withconditionsinothercounties,willingnessofbiogasengineeringbase,toassistintheconstructionofgascompressionpurificationequipmentandproductionandmarketingintegrationmode.Atpresent,Qianfengcompanyhasbeendeclaredabiogaspurification,compressionandcanning10anumberofutilityTechnologypatents,2inventionpatents,hasappliedforaregisteredtrademarkofthestriker,andwiththeequipmentmanufacturerstoimprovetheequipmentstereotypesandproductionandbusinesslicenserelatedwork.149\nFile,identitytoaccesstoawiderangeofmeasurestoimplementadecentralized,andthird,wewillsteadilydevelopthemarket,weforwardthecompanytogethertoformateam,thepublicsecuritycounty,Nanping,lotuspondgatethreetownresidentialareadevelopment,jointconcentratedpropaganda,furthermobilizeandorganizefarmerstobaseinspection,totheuser,enhancetheperceptualknowledge,sothatthemajorityofusersofbiomassgasfromignorance,doubt,andthesafe,convenient,economicalandpracticaladvantagesofconvinced,blownaway.Atthesametime,begintoruralareamarketdevelopment,MengZhenJinGangCunZhaKouZhenDeYiVillagepilot,thebiomassgassupplyfarmers,letoldpeople'slivesimprovegrades.Popularsupport,thisyear,hasadded2382users.Inthecommercialsector,hasalsodevelopedmorethan10foodandbeverageindustryusers,theamountofgasisequivalentto500civiliangasconsumption.Two,makeaninventoryofthestock,toplaytheroleofhighqualityoftheuseofBiogas149\nRectificationhasbeenbuiltinthebiogasproject,theuseofmobileintegratedcompressionpurificationequipment,thenearestgasrecovery,thenearestdistribution,improvetheuseoftheoriginalbiogasprojecteffect,givefullplaytotheroleofhighqualityandrevitalizethProvince'sruralmarshgaswithhighqualityuseafterthespot,weorganizedaspecialgroup,onthebasisofafullrangeofinvestigationandresearch,andforwardthecompanytogetheronthecounty'sthreelargeandmedium-sizedanaerobicfermentationtankberenovatedandthroughtechnicaltransformationtorestoregasproductioncapacity,buildingintegratedmobilecompressionpurifiedgasrecoveryequipment,gasrecoveryatthepriceofoneyuanpercubicmeterbystrikercompanyrecovery.Bothsideshavecertaineconomicbenefits,notonlystarttheutilizationofwastefermentationtank,butalsosavesthecostofnewfermentationtank,achieveawin-winresults.Transformationofconcentratedresidentialaboveatthesametime,wealsothecountynearly20100m3volumefermentationtank,technologicaltransformation,theuseof149\nforwardthecompany'sequipment,sothattomakefulluseoftheconditionsareripefortheDistrict,weusesmallequipmentforpurificationofdirectsupply,theuseoftheuserdirectlywithcleanandhighqualityrawmaterialgas,deeplywelcome.Forexample,weinZhangTianSiZhenChangChunCunresidentialareagasinvestmentlessthan20millionyuan,tomorethan100usersforthenaturalgas.Throughtheentireoldbuildingsandbuildingnew,oneortwoyearstocoverthewholecounty,andtrulylettheruralbiogasupgradingworkimplemented,resultingingreatersocialbenefitsandeconomicbenefits.Three,comprehensiveutilization,toplaythekeyroleofbiogasprojecttoboostgreenagricultureConsumptivestrikerinmycountyisplanting,livestockandpoultry,aquaticCounty,accordingtostatistics,thecountypigherds57millionhead,poultrykeptcaged9.7million,large-scalefarmsandfarmingdistrictmorethan1000,animalmanureandsewageemissions20milliontons,aquacultureandenvironmentalprotectionpressure.Inthecountygovernment'ssupport,wehavemorechannelstoraise149\nfunds,thebiogasprojectnearthebaseofthefivetownsmorethan20alivestockandpoultryfarmmanurerenovationtoachieveseparationofdryandwet,andeachfarmroadrepair,thecompanyandtheaquaculturefieldsignedagreement,theimplementationofpaidservice.Ontheonehand,tosolvetheenvironmentalpollutionproblems,toensurethatthelivestockandpoultrybreedingThehealthydevelopmentoftheindustry,ontheotherhand,toensuretheQianfengcompanyproductionofbiomassgasrawmaterials,caneffectivelyreducethecost.Inthetreatmentofbiogasslurryandresidue,weequiptheafullautomaticdripinjectionandsprayingfertilizationsystem,biogasslurrydestinedforthevegetablefruitbase,throughthepipenetwork,theuseofautomationinprocessofsprinklerirrigationandachievesmallinvestment,biggainsineffect.Combinedwithbiogascentralizedsupplythroughtheestablishmentofbiogashouseholds,biogascomprehensiveutilizationdemonstrationarea,fanoutfrompointtoarea,toexpandthescale,givefullplaytothecommercial,biogasfertilizerfertilizethesoileffect.Comprehensive149\nutilizationofagriculturalstructureadjustmenttoconstructionofbiogasasalink,promoteaquaculture,drivenbyplantingindustrydevelopment,andvigorouslypromotethe"pig-Marsh-fruit,pig-Marsh-food,pig-Marsh-Fish"greenmode,tocreateecobrand,organicbrand.Overthepasttwoyears,wemetwithXingLongecologicalfarm,DorianvegetablecooperativesandJinGanggrapebasejointlyinvestedmorethan30million,tobuildthree"threenaturalponds"comprehensiveutilizationprojectpilot,theeconomicbenefitisobvious,vegetablegrowersofidentityAndpraise.Althoughwehavedonesomeworkontheuseofbiogasinhighquality,butaccordingtoindustrystandardsandmarketoperationrequirementstherearemanyproceduresneedtocomplete,weurgethedepartmentpaymoretogiveguidanceandsupport,toensurethatruralbiogashigh-qualityuseofstandardization,scale,standardizationandrapidlytotheprovince,andstrivetopromotethecountry.estock.149