- 89.50 KB
- 2022-08-16 发布
- 1、本文档由用户上传,淘文库整理发布,可阅读全部内容。
- 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方,所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议,请立即联系网站客服。
- 3、本文档由用户上传,本站不保证质量和数量令人满意,可能有诸多瑕疵,付费之前,请仔细阅读内容确认后进行付费下载。
- 网站客服QQ:403074932
初中阶段着重要研究的从句有:宾语从句、状语从句、nomatter从句和定语从句。第一讲从句的共同特点从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子,充当什么成分就叫什么从句,如:充当宾语就叫宾语从句,充当定语成分就叫定语从句。从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点:从句是句子。从句的共同特点:1.从句都有自己的连接词2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前,谓语在后,如:Heisateacher主语He在谓语is之前,因此是陈述语序,而Isheateacher?主语He在谓语is之后,因此不是陈述语序。)第二讲:宾语从句在研究宾语从句之前我们先来看一下什么是宾语。宾语就是在句子中用来回答谁做了什么中什么的成分,如Ilostmycar中mycar就回答了我丢失了什么中的“什么”,因此mycar就是宾语,宾语包括动宾、介宾,动宾就是跟在及物动词后的宾语,如:Ihavefinishedmyhomework(myhomework是跟在finish后的动宾);介宾就是跟在介词后作宾语,如:I’minterestedinEnglish(English是跟在in后的介宾语)。宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子,如:Hesaidthathewantedtobeateacherwhenhegrewup.宾语从句的特点:1.宾语从句有自己的连接词2.宾语从句用陈述语序3.宾语从句的时态一.宾语从句的连接词:宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。一般情况下选用连接词时,多用翻译语气法,在研究语气翻译翻译法之前,让我们先来看一下什么是语气,语气就是说话的口气,语气可分为三种:A.陈述语气即没有任何疑问的不需要回答的语气,如:Ihavefoundmylostcar;B一般疑问语气:可以用Yes或No来回答的疑问语气,如:Doyouneedapieceofpaper?Yes,thankyou.;C特殊疑问语气:需要具体回答的语气,如:Whenwereyouborn?October3rd.在为宾语从句选连接词时,我们首先应将宾语从句译成汉语,看是什么语气,陈述语气用that作连接词,that可以省略,如:Hetoldme(that)hisfatherwouldcomebackthenextweek.一般疑问语气用if/whether作连接词,if与whether大多数情况下可以互换,但当宾语从句中有ornot时,不可用if只可用whether,如:Sheaskedhismotherif/whethershecouldhelpher.Hewantedtoknowwhetherhisfatherwouldcometoseehimthenextdayornot.特殊疑问语气用特殊疑问词,如:Hewantstoknowwhathecandotohelphissister.特殊疑问词含义:1).wh-型what(什么)Whatdoyouwanttoeat?What(哪个)+可数名词单数/不可数名词Whatclassareyouin?Whattimeisitnow?when(什么时候)Whendoyouwanttomeethim?Where(哪里)Whereareyoufrom?Who(谁)主格Whoiscallingyou?Whom(谁)宾格WhomdoyouwanttohelpyouwithyourEnglish?(口语中常用who来代替whom)whose(谁的)(+名词)Whosecupisthis?Thereisacuponthedesk,whoseisit?Why(为什么)Whydoyoulikemusicsomuch?Which(哪一个)+可数名词单数Whichappledoyouwant?Which(哪一些)+可数名词复数Whichapplesarefromhisgarden?Which(哪一个)Whichdoyouprefer,thisappleorthat?2).how-型how(怎样)Howdoyouusuallycometoschool?How(身体怎样)Howareyou?Howlong(多长时间)HowwillyoustayinChina?Howsoon(多长时间以后)与将来时(包括现在将来时与过去将来时)连用Howsoonwillyoubeback?Howoften(多长时间一词)注意当遇到了诸如:threetimesaday/aweek之类的也用howoftenHowoftendoyouhaveamathslesson?Twiceaday.Howmanytimes(多少次)Howmanytimesdoyoutakethismedicineaday?15\nThreetimes.Howmuch(多少)+不可数名词Howmuchmeatdoyouwant?注意问钱不忘howmuchHowmuchisyourshirt?Howmany(多少)+可数名词复数Howmanypeople(本身就是复数)arethereinyourfamily?Howold(多大)问年龄Howoldisthatboy?7yearsold.Howfar(多远)Howfarisitfromyourhometoyourschool?Twokilometersaway.Howtall(多高)一般指人高树高烟囱高,Howtallistheboy?Howhigh(多高)一般指山高建筑物高及离开地面高,Howhighcanhejump?二.宾语从句的语序;A.宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后),如:IwanttoknowifhecancometomorrowB.当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时,后面直接加谓语动词,如:Sheaskedmewhohadhelpedhim三.宾语从句的时态,只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任,主过则从过,客观真理一般现”。A.主现则从任:主句如果是一般现在时,则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种,如:1.HetellsmehelikesEnglishverymuch(一般现在时)2.HeasksmeifIsawhisbrotheryesterday(一般过去时)3.Shewantstoknowwhathashappened(现在完成时)4.Isaythattheworldischangingallthetime(现在进行时)5.HewonderswhatIwasdoingatfiveyesterdayafternoon.(过去进行时)6.MyfathertellsmethathewillflytoQingdaoforaholiday(现在将来时)7.MysistersayshehadlearnonethousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm(过去完成时)8.MyfriendshopesmethatIcanhelphim(含情态动词的一般现在时)B.主过则从过:主句如果是一般过去时,则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种,带“过”字的时态分别是如:1.一般过去时,2.过去进行时,3.过去将来时,4.过去完成时1.Hetoldmethathelikedplayingfootball(一般过去时)2.SheaskedmewhetherIwaswatchingTVatthistimelastday(过去进行时)3.Iwantedtosaythatourteamwouldbeatthem(过去将来时)4.HewonderedifIhadfinishedmyhomework(过去完成时)5.IsaidIcouldhelphim(含情态动词的一般过去时)C.客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时,如:1.Hesaysthemoongoesaroundtheearth2.Hetoldmethatoneandonemakestwo.第三讲状语从句状语从句是历年中考的一个必考项目,一定要特殊注意。英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语(adverbial)。状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等,根据状语的功能状语从句可分为:时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句。一.时间状语从句:在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。时间状语的连接词:when(当…时候)while(当…时候)as(当…时候)after(在…以后)before(在…以前)assoonas(一…就)since(自从…到现在)till/until(直到…才)bythetime(到…为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。举例:1.when当…的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。)Mozartstartedwritingmusicwhenhewasfouryearsold.(当)莫扎特的时候,开始写音乐作品。15\nIwillbecomeateacherwhenIgrowup当我长大了,我要当老师2.while当…时Hevisitedalotofplaceswhilehewastraveling.他在旅途中参观了许多地方。3.as在…的同时;一边…一边…Hesmiledashestoodup.他一边站起来一边笑着。4.after在…之后Helefttheclassroomafterhehadfinishedhishomeworktheotherday.前几天做完作业之后回的家。5.before在…之前Mr.Brownhadworkedinabankforayearbeforehecamehere.布朗先生来这之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。6.assoonas一…就…(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。)Webegantoworkassoonaswegotthere.我们一到那就开始工作。IwillwritetoyouassoonasIgethome.我一到家就给你写信。7.since自…以来到现在表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。MrGreenhastaughtinthatschoolsincehecametoChinathreeyearsago.自格林先生来中国以来,他就在这所学校教书。(还可以用作介词,本句从句还可以用短语:sincethreeyearsago(自三年前以来)表示。)8till/until都可以作连词,连接时间状语,也可以作介词,与其它词构成介词短语,在句中作状语。Theywalkedtill/untilitwasdark.他们一直走到天黑。XiaoMingdidn’tleavehometill/untilhisfathercameback.小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。9.bythetime到…为止(所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时)Bythetimehegetsthere,hisfatherhasalreadygone.他到家的时候,他爸爸已经走了。BythetimeIgottoschool,theclasshadalreadybegan.我到校时,已经开始上课了。用法辨析:1.when,while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如:Whenshecamein,Istoppedeating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)WhenIlivedinthecountryside,Iusedtocarrysomewaterforhim.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)Wewereabouttoleavewhenhecamein.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。15\nWhile引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:Whilemywifewasreadingthenewspaper,IwaswatchingTV.(wasreading是延续性的动词,wasreading和waswatching同时发生)Ilikeplayingfootballwhileyoulikeplayingbasketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如:Wealwayssingaswewalk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”)Aswewasgoingout,itbegantosnow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)aswhenwhile的辨析aswhenwhile都表示主、从句动作同时发生,三者差异如下:as表示“一边。。。一边"的意思强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时用于发生时间较段时when1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作"之前"或"之后"发生。2、when=andthen;atthatmoment(正在那个时候)3.常用于常见搭配中while1、用于时间较长时2、强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不可以。ltwasraininghardwhen(as)Igotthere.我到那里时,正在下大雨。(动作同时发生,when可换为as,但不能换为while,因为get是点动词.)WhenIhadreadthearticle,hecalledme.我看完这篇文章之后,她给我打了电话。(从句动作发生在主句之前,注意时态表达,只能用when)WhenIgottothecinema,thefilmhadbegun.(当)我到了电影院时,电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后,只能用when,并要注意时态)Hewasabouttoleave,whenthetelephonerang.他正要离开,忽然电话响了。(此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达“正在”“即将”.while,as不能代替ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,while,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.他以为我在谈她女儿,然而,实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折,对比,when,as都不能代替它)Whilethealienwasbuyingasouvenir,thegirlcalledthepolice.外星人买纪念品时,那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句,从句的动作同时发生,while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词,因为它表示较长时间)MotherwasworriedbecauselittleAlicewasill,especiallyas(when/while)fatherwasaway.妈妈担心,因为小爱丽丝病了,特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as,when,while可通用)2.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。15\ntill和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:Ididn'tgotobeduntil(till)myfathercameback.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。ItwasnotuntilthemeetingwasoverthathebegantoteachmeEnglish.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。Iworkeduntilhecameback.我工作到他回来为止。Ididn'tworkuntilhecameback.他回来我这才开始工作。PleasewaituntilIarrived.在我到达之前请等我。3.由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时,表述为:现在完成时+since+一般过去时。但在Itis+时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:IhavebeeninBeijingsinceyouleft.自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。WherehaveyoubeensinceIlastsawyou?自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?ItisfouryearssincemysisterlivedinBeijing.我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。ItisfivemonthssinceourbosswasinBeijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。知识扩展1.Itissince从。。。以来多长时间了(因为since+从句或名词,表示一段时间)Itisfiveyearssincewemetlasttime.从我们上次见面已经五年了。2.Itis+before…(。。。才)ItwasalongtimebeforeIwenttosleepagain.过了很长时间我才睡着。Itwasanhourbefore(=until)thepolicearrived.过了一个小时,警察才来。二.原因状语从句:在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。连接词:由连词because,since,as引导,也可由for,nowthat等词引导1.Ididn’tgotoschoolyesterdaybecauseIwasill.我昨天没去上学,因为我生病了。2.Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.既然大家都来了,让我们开始开会吧.3.Asyouareinpoorhealth,youshouldnotstayuplate.既然你身体不好,你就不该熬夜.4.Iaskedhertostaytotea,forIhadsomethingtotellher.我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她.用法辨析:because,since,as,for辨析1)because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或since。 Ididn’tgo,becauseIwasafraid. Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。 Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill. Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.15\n三、条件状语从句连接词:if如果,unless(=ifnot)除非。(让步)1.Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgohiking.如果明天不下雨,我们就去远足.2.Youwillgetgoodgradesifyoustudyhard.如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩.3.Iwillgotothepartyunlesshegoestheretoo.我不会去参加聚会的,除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)4.Youwillbelateunlessyouleaveimmediately.如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=Ifyoudon’tleaveimmediately,youwillbelate.)难点提示:用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.Hewillnotleaveifitisn’tfinetomorrow.一般将来时,一般现在时Theyaregoingtohaveapicnicifitdoesn’trainnextweek.一般将来时,一般现在时四、目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词sothat,so…that,inorderthat引导。结果状语从句连接词so…that,such…that,somuch/many…that引导。1.so…that如此…以至于Thescientist’sreportwassoinstructivethatwewereallveryexcited.科学家的报告很有教育性,我们感到很兴奋。Healwaysstudiedsohardthathemadegreatprogress.他总是那么努力,所以他取得了很大的进步。2.sothat以至于,以便于I’llrunslowlysothatyoucancatchupwithme.(目的)我将慢慢跑以至于你能赶上我。Iopenedthewindowsothatfreshairmightcomein.(目的)我把窗户打开以便于使新鲜空气可以进来。3.such…that如此…以至It’ssuchniceweatherthatallofuswanttogotothepark.天气是如此的好,我们大家都想去公园玩。4.inorderthat=sothat:为了Weshallletyouknowthedetailssooninorderthatyoucan/maymakeyourarrangements.不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的)5.比较:so和such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用,形成固定搭配。 sofoolish suchafool soniceaflower suchaniceflower somany/fewflowers suchniceflowers 15\n somuch/littlemoney.suchrapidprogress somanypeople suchalotofpeople (somany已成固定搭配,alotof虽相当于many,但alotof为名词性的,只能用such搭配。) so…that与such…that之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。 Theboyissoyoungthathecan’tgotoschool. Heissuchayoungboythathecan’tgotoschool难点so+形容词或副词so+形+a(an)+单数可数名词so+many或few+复数可数名词+that+much或little+不可数名词sothat,such…that都可以inorderthat两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句,当他们引导目的状语从句时,从句的谓语里常常有can,could,may,might,will,would等次。so+adj或adv.+that,such+n.+that以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词,副词原型,当可数名词前有many,few;不可数名词前有much,little修饰时,应采用句型:somany(few,much,little)+n.。such为形容词,后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的,也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的,则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an).常见的形式是:sucha(beautiful)garden,such(nice)people.1。I’vehadsomanyfallsthatI’mblackandblueallover.我跌了很多跤,浑身数摔得清一块紫一块.2。therearesofewnotebooksthatIcan’tgiveyouany.笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你.3。ItissuchniceweatherthatI’dliketotakeawalk.天气是如此只好,以致于我想去散散步.4。Mikeissohonestamanthatweallbelievehim.麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以致于大家都相信他(=Mikeissuchanhonestmanthatweallbelievehim.)5。TheweatherissonicethatI’dliketotakeawalk.天气是如此只好,以致于我想去散散步.五、让步状语从句让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子连接词:though,although.,whether…ornot难点:though,although当“虽然”讲,都不能和but连用.Although/though…but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet(still)连用.所以thought(although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的.Wrong:Althoughheisrichbutheisnothappy.Right:Althoughheisrich,yetheisnothappy.虽然他很富有,然而他并不快乐.Right:Althoughwehavegrownup,ourparentstreatusaschildren.Right:Althoughwehavegrownup,ourparentsstilltreatusaschildren.尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩.although,though辨析although不能though那样用作副词,表示强调时要用eventhough.15\n1、Heislookingfit,though.但是,他看上去很健康.考点2、EventhoughIdidn’tunderaword,Ikeptsmiling.尽管我一个字也不懂,我还是一直微笑着。3、Heisquiteexperienced,heisyoung,though.尽管他很年轻,他很有经验。典型例题1)___sheisyoung,sheknowsquitealot. A.When B.However C.Although D.Unless答案:C。意为虽然她很年轻,却知道许多。3) everif,eventhough. 即使We’llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.尽管天气很坏,我们仍将要去旅行。4)whether…ornot 不管……都Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.不管你信不信,那是真的第三讲nomatter从句结构:"nomatter+特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序"或"特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序"Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.替换:nomatterwhat=whatevernomatterwho=whoevernomatterwhen=whenevernomatterwhere=wherevernomatterwhich=whichevernomatterhow=however注意:nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。(错)Nomatterwhatyousayisnotusefulnow.(对)Whateveryousayisnotusefulnow.你现在说什么也没用了。(Whateveryousay是主语从句)(错)Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey’regiven,(对)Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey’regiven. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么第四讲定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分,如:Iwillgivemyteacherabunchofbeautifulflower.(中beautiful就是定语)定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子,定语从句要放在所修饰的词后,如:IhavemetthedoctorwhoisintheNo.1hospital.定语从句的连接词:1.连接代词:who、which、whom、whose、that2.连接副词:when、where、why选用连接词的关键是看先行词,先行词是指定语从句所修饰的名词或代词,如:Theboywhoisplayingfootballismybrother.(这里theboy就是先行词)一、连接代词的选用:1.who指人,先行词为人,在从句中做主语(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.15\n(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2.whom指人,先行词为人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.(2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend3.which指物,先行词为物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。(5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语,译成"...的"(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?介词+连接代词引导的定语从句连接代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词+连接代词引导(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.(2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.(3)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.(4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.(5)We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.(6)We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.注意:1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)(2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)2.若介词放在连接代词前,连接代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;连接代词是所有格时用whose(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)(2)Themanwiththatyoutalkedismyfriend.(F)(3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)(4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)3.“介词+连接代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities二、连接副词的选用:1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.15\n2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.(2)Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,(2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich./whereIwasborn.三、判断关系代词和关系副词的方法准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词,具体操作方法如下:提出定语从句,把先行词补进定语从句中,若是先行词作地点状语就用Where,若作时间状语就用when,若作原因状语就用why(先行词一般为thereason),其他情况则用连接代词,例1.Isthisthemuseum___youvisitedafewdaysago? A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld?A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone例3.Isthisthereasonwhyyouarelateforschool?答案:例1D,例2A 在句1中,定语从句youvisitedafewyearsago所缺部分为visited后的宾语,因此先行词给该定语从句作宾语,故选连接代词,所以应选B。 而句2中,定语从句theexhibitionwasheld主、谓、宾俱全,将先行词themuseum代入定语从句,定语从句变为theexhibitionwasheldinthemuseum,inthemuseum是地点状语,所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)四、介词+连接词用法说明1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。2)that前不能有介词。3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when,where和why互换,如:ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago. ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago. Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub? Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?Thisisthereasonwhyhecamelate.Thisisthereasonforwhichhecamelate.五、定语从句只能用that的几种情况1.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时15\n(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who(4)Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.2.当先行词被序数词修饰(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.4.当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时(1)ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting?5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?第四讲定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分,如:Iwillgivemyteacherabunchofbeautifulflower.(中beautiful就是定语)定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子,定语从句要放在所修饰的词后,如:IhavemetthedoctorwhoisintheNo.1hospital.定语从句的连接词:1.连接代词:who、which、whom、whose、that2.连接副词:when、where、why选用连接词的关键是看先行词,先行词是指定语从句所修饰的名词或代词,如:Theboywhoisplayingfootballismybrother.(这里theboy就是先行词)一、连接代词的选用:1.who指人,先行词为人,在从句中做主语(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2.whom指人,先行词为人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.(2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.15\n注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend3.which指物,先行词为物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。(5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语,译成"...的"(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?介词+连接代词引导的定语从句连接代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词+连接代词引导(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.(2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.(3)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.(4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.(5)We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.(6)We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.注意:1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)(2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)15\n2.若介词放在连接代词前,连接代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;连接代词是所有格时用whose(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)(2)Themanwiththatyoutalkedismyfriend.(F)(3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)(4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)3.“介词+连接代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities二、连接副词的选用:1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.(2)Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,(2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich./whereIwasborn.三、判断关系代词和关系副词的方法15\n准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词,具体操作方法如下:提出定语从句,把先行词补进定语从句中,若是先行词作地点状语就用Where,若作时间状语就用when,若作原因状语就用why(先行词一般为thereason),其他情况则用连接代词,例1.Isthisthemuseum___youvisitedafewdaysago? A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld?A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone例3.Isthisthereasonwhyyouarelateforschool?四、介词+连接词用法说明1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。2)that前不能有介词。3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when,where和why互换,如:ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago. ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago. Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub? Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?Thisisthereasonwhyhecamelate.Thisisthereasonforwhichhecamelate.五、定语从句只能用that的几种情况1.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who(4)Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.2.当先行词被序数词修饰(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.15\n4.当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时(1)ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting?5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?15