初中英语语法总结6257115 14页

1.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon.　　Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.　　Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.　　2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。　　HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.　　ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.　　3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。　　Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.　　4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。　　CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?（不是willyou）　　Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)　　2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果),unless(除非)，when(当…的时候),assoonas(一…就…)，before,after,until,till,as(当…的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。　　Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.　　IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.　　Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.　　2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如：　　IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.　　Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.　　Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.　　3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。\n　　Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautilandkind-hearted.Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.ismybrother.(所属)　　Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.　　Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.（指物）　　Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.　　IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.（在这儿）　　Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.　　4.wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that从句.　　IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.　　IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.　　Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.　　2hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.　　Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.　　Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.　　5.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.　　(表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。)　　Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes.　　(表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。)　　6.感官动词用法之一：see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形/动词ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。　　IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正进行)\n　　Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(听的是全过程)　　Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(频率词)　　若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式：　　Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.→　　Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.　　7.感官动词用法之二：look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词，后接形容词。Helooks.Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautil.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.　　这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。　　注意：如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：　　Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.　　Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.　　8.find和think部分用法:+宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从)　　宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.　　2.形容词短语，Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.　　3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.　　9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike，和want类似：◇都可接名词短语：Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.◇都可接带to不定式：Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.　　2feellike:◇后也可接名词短语：Doyoufeellikesometea?　　◇后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】　　10.词序易错的短语：1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?　　Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.\n　　Iwanttogosomewherewarm.　　2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。　　Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?　　Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?　　3enough修饰形容词和副词，enough放在后面。　　Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.　　Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1Whatdoyouthinkof…?=　　Howdoyoulike…?“你对…怎么看？”(How…?句中有like，是动词。)2What’stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天气什么样?”(What…?句中有like，是介词“像”。)　　12.take,cost,pay,spend区别：　　1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.　　Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.　　2物+cost+sb+钱:Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.(cost,cost,cost)　　若cost后无sb,则译作“价钱是”：Thebagcosts30Yuan.　　3人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)　　4人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.　　Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.　　Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.　　spend有时可指“度过”：spendholiday/weekends/winter　　13.双宾结构：pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/　　ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth.\n　　其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.　　buy,build等可接sth+forsb.　　另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.　　14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）　　Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.（连词）　　Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.（介词）　　类似的，while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。　　如：I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.（连词）　　I’llwaituntilnextFriday.（介词）　　15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:1.动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。　　He’seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。Thereisnotimeleft.　　IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。　　Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.　　2.动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。　　theingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboyinginthecorner(正进行)　　asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)　　16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.　　Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.　　17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语：　　Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.\n　　Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.　　Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.（谓语用单数）　　Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数)　　Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(谓语用复数)　　18.later/after/ago/before:1later“…时间后”结构：时间段+later　　常用于一般过去时。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.　　(later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’llseeyoulater.)　　2after“…时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和1相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.　　(after也可加句子：I’llsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.)　　3ago“…时间前”结构：时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.　　(since+时间段+ago，主句用现在完成时)　　4before单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”　IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.　　(若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时，译为“…时间前”：　　Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)　　19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季　　20.月：January,一月；February,二月；March,三月；April,四月；　　May,五月；June,六月；July,七月；August,八月；September,九　　月；October,十月；November,十一月；December,十二月。　　21.星期：Sunday,星期日；Monday,星期一；Tuesday,星期二；\n　　Wednesday,星期三；Thursday,星期四；Friday,星期五；　　Saturday,星期六。Sunday为第一天，Saturday为最后一天。　　22.“也”：either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。　　注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。　　23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.　　24.(a)little/(a)few:1few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数名词。2afew“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数;alittle“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另外，在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle译为“很多”　　25.及物动词+副词：puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down;　　turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout;　　keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒);　　takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off　　宾语是名词时，可放在中间或后边，是代词时只放在中间。　　26.as……as用法：1和…一样…Hisroomisasbigasmine.　　HerunsasfastasI/me.2as…aspossible/sbcan“尽可能…”　　Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.3有些短语有几个意思：assoonas和…一样快；一…就…；asmuchas和…一样多；多达；aslongas和…一样长；长达；只要；aswellas和…一样好；和…一样；asfaras远达；就…来说；　　27.prefer用法：prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜欢…　　prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…　　prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事\n　　28.some-,any-,every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-,在疑问句中仍译为“某～，一些～”Doyouhaveanythingtosay？Isanybodyinthehouse？在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何～”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.Wedon’thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每～”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere？-No，TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere.　　29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would+v.原形)六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数(加s/es)；现在分词(v.ing)；带to不定式。　　30.if/whether区别：if如果(引导条件状从)/是否(引导宾从)　　whether无论(引导让步状从)/是否(引导宾从)　　都译为“是否”时，whether可接ornot,也可接带to不定式。　　if则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。　　Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.　　31.因为：because,常是对why的回答，语气最强。　　since,位置：Since…，….Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow.　　for,位置：…，for….语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing.　　as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。　　32.表推测：must,may,might,can,could,can’t　　must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。　　Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.　　may/might“也许”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。\n　　Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.　　can/could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。　　Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.　　Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan’tbetherenow.　　33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，sotall/slowly…　　such是形容词，后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews…;　　suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone…;　　suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies…;　　若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时，不用such,而用so.　　somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater…　　也常有“so/such…that…”句型，译为“如此…以致于…”。　　34.so的另两个用法：1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“…也”　　上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.　　Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.　　以及对话形式：A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.　　2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词，“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo.　　又如：A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.　　35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语　　“…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn’tgetwell,nordidherbrother.　　或对话形式：A:Jimhasn’thadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.　　36.keep,make,get,have用法：\n　　1keep+sb/sthdoingsth“让…一直做…”I’msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.keep+doingsth“坚持做某事”　　2make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事I’lltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.　　3get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.　　4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词　　Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.　　我们让那台机器一直工作着。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。　　5也都可接形容词：keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,　　makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.　　37.used短语：usedto+动原，“过去常常”Heusedtosmoke.　　beusedto译为“被用来…”，后接动原。Itisusedtocutthings.　　beusedto译为“习惯于…”，后接动词ing或名词/代词.　　如：He’susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.　　beusedfor+目的（名词或动词ing）如：　　Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.　　38.through/past/across:都可作介词，“穿过”前常有位移动词。　　Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.　　Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.　　Heswamacrosstheriver.【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。】　　位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.　　39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的数量”；后者“许多的”\n　　都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is.　　Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.　　40.延续性动词：Howlong，since，for，(以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。　　HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I’velivedheresince2002.　　Let’swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词：　　Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.　　41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:　　1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.all接可数复数，谓语也用复数。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。　　2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数，后谓语都用单数。　　3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。　　4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.　　none+of+限定词+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见88　　5-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?　　-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。　　6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?　　-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。　　all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个”　　42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。　　Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.\n　　Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.　　若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。　　Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.　　It’sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.　　It’satwo-monthholiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)　　43.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法：1MustI…?我必须…吗？　　A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.　　2MayI…?我可以…吗？A:MayIgooutforawalknow?　　B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t.　　3NeedI…?我有必要…吗？　　A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.　　44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字，不加s及of.否则加s,加of.如：thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople.　　ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：severalmillionpounds　　45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语，QT主语用it.　　Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?　　2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can’tshe?　　Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?　　QT要结合think后的从句而定。　　3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let’s…用shallwe?　　Getupnow,willyou?Don’tbenoisy,willyou?\n　　Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou?　　Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let’sdoitnow,shallwe?　　4Therebe句型，QT主语用there.　　Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn’tthere?　　ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn’tthere?　　Therewon’tbeamovieinttheatre,willthere?　　46.puton,wear,dress,in:1puton,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.　　2wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.　　3dress,“给…穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.　　Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.　　bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。　　Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表颜色的词。　　4in,“穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.　　Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?I’veseentheboyinyellow.　　47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would/should+动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.）　　Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反)　　IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)　　48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:　　1如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another,后加可数名词单数。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.\n（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。）　　another也可+数字+可数复数：Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.　　2如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.)，有如下用法：　　第一种，所说内容只有两个：　　Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodatscience.【只有两个，用theother,不加s,后面名词可省略。】又如：Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。　　第二种，只有两部分：此种