初中英语语法讲解——冠词 12页

初中英语语法讲解——冠词一、冠词的概念冠词是一个虚词,它置于名词之前,限定名词的意义.冠词可分为定冠词,不定冠词和零冠词三类.二、不定冠词：a/an1.a用于辅音发音开头的词前，而不是辅音字母前面,如：abook,adesk;有些单词虽然是以元音字母开头，但需用a修饰，这些单词可以连成一句话：Inauniversity,aEuropeanunitedaone-eyedmantostealausefulthing,thenranawayalongaone-wayroad.Thisisausualthing.在一所大学里，一个欧洲人联合独眼龙偷了一件有用的东西，然后沿着一条单行道逃跑了。这是一件平常的事。2.an用于元音发音开头的词前，而不是元音字母前，如：anapple,anhour.有些单词虽然是以辅音字母开头，但发音却是以元音开头，这些单词可以连成一句话：Anhourago,anhonestmanacceptedanhonorabletask.一个小时以前，一个诚实人接受了一项光荣的任务。a/an的用法：1.a/an用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”“一…”或者“一个”的意思.abookaboyamanabirdadoganhouraninterestingbookabigdogadangerousanimal2.表示类别：这种用法是指某人或某物属于某一种类，或者指某一种类的人或物中的任何一个或一件，或者指某一种类的人或物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。 例如：   Thatisapen,notapencil. 那是钢笔而不是铅笔。（指属于某一种类）   Givehimapear,please! 请给他一个梨。（指某一种类中的任何一个）Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.大象比马大。和one的区别：a/an表示类别种类,而one强调数量abus（表示是一辆公交车而不是一辆小汽车也不是火车）onebus(强调是一辆车而不是两辆或三辆)Thereisacatunderthechair. 椅子下面有一只猫。（强调种类）Thereisonecatunderthechair.椅子下边有一只猫。（强调数量）3.用来指某人或某物，但有不具体说明是谁或是什么，如：12\nAcomradefromShanghaiiscomingtogiveusatalkthisafternoon.一位来自上海的同志今天下午将给我们作报告。Mymotheronceworkedinaschool.我母亲曾在一所学校工作。4.表示基本单位，作“每一”讲。例如：threetimesaday10yuanakilosixclassadaythirtymilesanhour等。5.不定冠词a/an可用在一种职业，阶级或宗教的名称前。如：What’syourfather?He’sadoctor.你父亲是什么职业？他是名医生。MrBlackisnowaChristian.布莱克先生现在是名基督教徒。6.用在序数词前表示“再一”，“又一”，如：Youcantryitasecondtimeifyoufail.如果你失败了，你可以再试一次。7.与专有名词连用表示“某一个”，“一个叫......的人”，如：AJohniswaitingforyouatthegate.一个叫约翰的人在门口等你。8.用于说明事物同一性质、特征、程度或大小，表示“相同”，相当于thesame.如：Theyareallofasize.他们大小都一样。9.和形容词最高级连用，修饰名词，表示“非常”，如：Itisamostfunnystory.那是一个非常滑稽的故事。10.用于视为一体的两个名词之前，意为“一副、套、只”，如：aknifeandfork一副刀叉atableandchair一套桌椅awatchandchain一只带表链的表abowandarrow一副弓箭11.固定短语：onceuponatime从前takealook看一看catchacold感冒alittle一点点afew一点儿havearest休息三、定冠词the的用法：1.the表示特指。表示名词所指的人或事物是同类中的特定的一个，以别于同类中其他的人或事物，相当于汉语中的“那个”或“这个”的意思。thebookinmybagtheboyunderthetreetheapplesinthebasketthehospitalnearmyhome2.可以和单、复数名词，也可以和不可数的名词连用。thebooksthebookthericethebreadthefootballtheoldmantheinterestingbooktheteachersthewomen12\n3.用法：1）.定冠词的最基本的用法是“特指”：表示某个或某些特定的人或物。 Doyouknowthegirlinaredskirt? 你认识那个穿红裙子的女孩吗？ BeijingisthecapitalofChina. 北京是中国的首都。2）.再次提到上文提到过的人或物，应该用定冠词the。例如：Tomhasanapple,Theappleisbigandred.Thereisaboyunderthetree.Theboyismybrother.3）.指谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如：Let’sgoandgiveittotheteacher.咱们去把它交给老师吧。Openthedoor，please!请打开门。4）.用于某些固定词组中。 例如:inthemorning/afternoon/evening等。5）.用在形容词前表示一类人。theold老人theyoung年轻人therich富裕的人thepoor_________thedeaf__________theblind____________6）.用在表示“姓”的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇二人。  例如：TheWhitesarespendingtheirholidayinEngland. TheGreenscametoChinatwoyearsago.7）.用在由普通名词构成的表示场所的专有名词前。theGreatWall长城theSummerPlace颐和园theUnitedStates美国theOctoberRevolution十月革命theChinesePeople’sLiberationArmy中国人民解放军theLongMarch长征8）.用在序数词或形容词最高级前ThefirstthingIwanttosayistolistencarefullyinclass.Heisthetallestoneinourclass.9）.世界上独一无二的事物等（月亮、地球、天空、宇宙）theglobe太阳系theuniverse宇宙theatmosphere大气层Thesunrisesintheeast.Theearthgoesroundthesun.10）.在世纪，年代名词前用冠词。12\ninthe1980s或inthe1980’s20世纪80年代inthenineteenthcentury二十世纪11）.在江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河前用the。theChangjangRiver长江theWestLake西湖thePacificOcean太平洋12）.在表示方位的词前，如：Thesunrisesintheeast,andsetsinthewest.太阳从东边升起，从西边落下JiangxiliesinthesouthofChina.江西位于中国的南方。13）在乐器名称前常用定冠词，如：Heoftenplaysthepianoatfiveintheafternoon.他常在下午五点弹钢琴。Canyouplaytheviolin?你会拉小提琴吗？14）用于表示计量的名词前，如bythe....“以...计算”，如：bythedozen按打计算bythehour按小时计算区别：byweight按重量计算bydozens按打计算byvolume按体积计算byhundreds数以百计，很多15)用在报刊、杂志、条约、历史、事件、时期、朝代等前面，如：theNewYorkTimes纽约时报theMiddleAges中世纪16）固定短语：inthemorning在早上thedayaftertomorrow后天thenextday第二天bytheway顺便【对比】有the和没有the意义不同的词组：attable在吃饭atthetable在桌子旁atschool上学attheschool在学校gotobed上床睡觉gotothebed朝床边走去inhospital/prison住院（坐牢）inthehospital/prison在医院/在监狱infuture今后inthefuture将来takeplace发生taketheplace取代inoffice执政intheoffice在办公室gotochurch/college/hospital/prison/school做礼拜、上大学、住院坐牢、上学gotothechurch//college/hospital/prison/school到教堂去、到大学去、到医院去、到监狱去、到学校去四、零冠词：12\n所谓零冠词，即指不使用冠词的情况：用法：1）在物质名词，抽象名词前不用冠词，如：Thedeskismadeofwood.Whatiswork?Workisstruggle2）专有名词前通常不用定冠词，如：England，ChinaMaryLileiMr.Green3）在星期、月份，季节，节日等名词前，如：Wehavefourseasons-spring,summer,autumnandwinter一年有四季：春夏秋冬WeoftengotoseaafilmonSunday.我们经常周日去看电影。TomorrowisNationalDay.明天是国庆节。4）名词前有物主代词，指示代词，不定代词，名词所有格修饰时(this，my，that，those，these，her)，如：thismorningmypenyourwatchwhosebike5）在球类运动、一日三餐、学科和语言的名词前，如：havebreakfastplaychessplaybasketball(注意：在乐器前必须加定冠词如弹钢琴playthepiano，playtheviolin)6）在独一无二的职位、头衔、称呼的名词前，如：Mr.Smith,headofthegroup,willplanforthewholetrip.小组的组长史密斯先生，将全面制定这次旅行的计划。Doctor,Iamnotfeelingmyselftoday.大夫，我今天感觉不太舒服。7）man泛指人类时，前面不加冠词，如：Mancansavetheearth,mancandestroytheearth.人类能够拯救地球，人类也能够毁灭地球。Mancan’tlivewithoutairandwater.没有空气和水，人类不能生存。8）名词在介词后不是抽象概念时，不用冠词，如：Heisstillinhospital.他任在住院。9）单数名词相对应使用时，不用冠词，如：daybyday天天littlebylittle渐渐地stepbystep逐渐地alldayandallnight整日整夜fromtimeotime时不时地handinhand手拉手10）as/though引导的让步状语从句中，如果前置的是名词，名词前不加冠词。如：Childas/thoughsheis,sheplaystheviolinperfectly.12\n尽管是个孩子，但她小提琴拉得很好。11）有些一人兼多个身份的情况，只在第一个名词前加冠词，其他几个不再加冠词。如：AteacherandwriterwillcometovisitourschoolnextMonday.下周一，一个老师兼作家要来参观我们学校。12）系动词turn后如有名词，通常不加冠词，但名词前有形容词修饰时要加冠词。如：Ihopedtobecomeapianist,butIturnedteacher.我本想成为一名钢琴家，可最终成了教师。13）有些不可数名词前尽管有形容词修饰，也不能使用a/an，如：Hereisgoodnewsforyou!报告你一个好消息。Whatgoodadviceyougaveme!你提的建议多好啊！14）固定短语：bybus乘坐公共汽车afterschool放学后inbed卧床atfirst首先atnoon在中午onfoot步行takecareof照顾introuble处在麻烦中takepartin参加payattentionto注意withpleasure高兴地，乐意地atdinner在吃饭五、冠词的省略冠词的省略主要指可用可不用冠词的情况。具体用法如下：1、文章标题、书名等前冠词的省略。（文章的标题、新闻标题、广告语、书名、电报中，在不引起歧义的情况下，冠词课不用，从而使行文更加简明、快捷。）如：HistoryofChinabeforeHanDynasty《汉朝以前史》2.部分并列或对称名词前冠词的省略a.两个并列名词都有冠词在前面时，第二个名词前的冠词常可被省略。如：Isthebabyaboyor(a)girl?这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩啊？b.在一些对称结构中，常可以讲冠词省略。如：from(the)eastto(the)west从东到西from（the）morningto(the)night从早到晚3.序数词前定冠词的省略a.日月表达中March(the)eighth83月8日b.并列使用两个序数词，后面序数词前的定冠词常省略。12\nthethirdand(the)forthlesson第三课和第四课4.一些固定短语中冠词的省略take(an)interestin对…..感兴趣catch（a）cold感冒take(a)pridein以…..为豪四、有the和无the：1.inhospital住院/inthehospital在医院里2.infrontof在……(外部的)前面/inthefrontof在……(内部的)前面3.takeplace发生/taketheplace(of)代替4.gotoschool上学/gototheschool到学校去5.nextyear明年/thenextyear第二年6.ateacherandwriter一位教师兼作家(一人)/ateacherandawriter一位教师和一位作家(两人)练习题：一、填空1.Thereis_______ pictureof_______ elephanton_______ wall．2．Thisis_______ usefulbook．I'vereaditfor_______ hour．3．_______ elephantismuchheavierthan_______ horse．4．_______ doctortoldhimtotake_______ medicinethreetimes_______ day．5．Let'sgooutfor_______ walk．6．It'stoohot．Open_______ door，please．7．Thereis_______ womanoverthere．_______ womanisMeimei'smother．8．_______ sunrisesin_______ east．9．_______ ChangjiangRiveris_______ longestriverin_______ China．10．Areyougoingtodoit_______ secondtime？11．Washingtonis_______ capitalof_______ USA．12．_______ Turnersarelivingattheendof_______ TurnerStreet．13．Hejoinedthearmyin_______ springof_______ 1995．14．_______ oldmanis_______ teacher．Helikesplaying_______ basketballafter_______ supper．15．AfterIhad_______ quickbreakfast，Ihurriedtoschool．16．Are_______ sheepkeptby_______ farmersforproducing_______ wooland_______ meat？17．Theywentto_______ People'sPark，butwebothwentto_______ People'sCinemayesterday．12\n18．Ioftenwatch_______ TVin_______ evening．19．_______ dayof_______ December20，1999isMonday．20．What_______ importantnews！二、选择填空1.—Howabout_________charityshow?—Ishouldsayitwas_______success.A.the;aB.the;/C.a;aD.a;/2.On_______sunnyafternoon,myparentsandIhadagoodtimeonthebeach.A.theB.anC.aD./3.—Doyouplay______pianoinyourfreetime?—No,Ilikessports.Ioftenplay_____soccerwithmyfiends.A./;theB.the;/C.the;theD.a;a4.__Eric,whatwouldliketobewhenyougrowup?---_____actorlikeJackieChan.A.TheB.AC.AnD./5.Leaning_____country’slanguageisabetterwayofknowing_______culturebehindit.A.the;aB.a;theC./;theD.a;/6.Maryhasabadcold.Shehastostayin_____bed.A.aB./C.theD.an7.__Ijusthave_______cupofmilkfor_______breakfast.__That’snotenough.A.a;aB.the;theC.the;/D./;the8.Thereis______800-meter-longroadbehind_____hospital.A.an;anB.a;aC.an;theD.a;the9.___Whataboutrentingabike?___Itwillcostyou$2_____houror$4______day.A.A;theB.an;aC.the;aD.an;an10.Itisnot______goodideatodriveforhourswithout________break.A.a;aB.the;theC.a;theD.the;a11.________fineday!Let'sgoouttoflyakite.A.WhatB.HowC.HowtheD.Whata12.Mybrotherstudiesin______university.________universityisveryfarfromhere.A.an,TheB.a,TheC.the,AD.a,A13.Bobis_____eleven-year-oldboy,butheknowsalotaboutChinese.A.anB.aC.theD./14.--Willyougetthereby______train?12\n—No,I'lltake____bus.A./,aB.a,theC./,/D.the,a15．_______ GreatWallis_______ longestwallintheworld． A．A；a   B．The；the   C．A；the   D．The；a16．_______ newbridgehasbeenbuiltover_____HuangpuRiver． A．The；a B．A；／      C．A；the   D．An；the17．_______ womanoverthereis_______ popularteacherinourschool． A．A；an  B．The；a     C．The；the D．A；the18．Heusedtobe_______ teacherbutlaterheturned_______ writer． A．a；a   B．a；the     C．／；a    D．a；／19．Theymadehim_______ king． A．a     B．the     C．an    D．／20．Australiais_______ English-speakingcountry． A．a      B．an       C．the    D．／21．Beijingis_______ beautifulcity．It's_______ capitalofChina． A．a；a   B．the；the C．／；the D．a；the22．Shanghaiisin_______ eastofChina． A．／     B．an       C．a       D．the23．I'vebeenastudenttherefornearlytwoand_______ halfyears． A．a      B．an       C．the      D．／24．Billis_______ Englishteacher．Helikesplaying_______ football． A．a；the B．an；the  C．a；／   D．an；／25．Themuseumisquitefar．Itwilltakeyouhalf_______ hourtogetthereby_______ bus． A．an；／ B．an；a    C．a；／   D．／；／五、练习题1.   Therewillbe_____interviewbetweenthemanagerandhisassistantsthisafternoon..A.anB.aC.theD./2. LittleTonyis__________honestboy.Henevertellslies.A.aB.anC./D.the3.   Pleasestayfordinner.Itwillbereadyinhalf______hour.A.aB.anC.theD./4.  Canyousee_____one-eyedcowin_____field?A.．an,theB.．a,theC.．/,theD.．a,a5. A:Whichgirlisyourdaughter,Mr.White?B:Oh,look,thatlittleoneinred.A.aB.anC./ D.the6.  Hisfatheris________engineer.Healwayswears_______uniformatwork.A.a...aB.a...anC.an...aD.an...an12\n7.  ______youngmanbesidemeis_______universitystudent.A.An…aB.An…/C.The…anD.The…a8. ______girlwithatoyinherhandismylittlesister.A.AB.AnC.TheD./9. Myfriend,Harry,hisfavoritesportisplaying______golf.A.aB.anC.theD./10.  Lastweek,Iwrote______articleonourSchoolFoodFestivaltoShanghaiStudents’Post.A.theB.anC.aD./11.It’s______pleasureformetobeinvitedtoplay_____pianoattheconcert.A.the,aB.a,theC.a,aD.a,/12.  Iliketoread______book.It’sbetterthanreadingontheInternet.A./B.aC.anD.the13. Heorderedabooksometimeagoandnow__bookhasarrived.A.aB.theC.anD./14.  Heorderedawashingmachinebyphonetwodaysago,andmachinehasarrived.A.aB.anC.theD./15. __________teachersaidthatJackwas__________newstudentandhewas________honest.A.The,a,\B.A,the,aC.A,a,anD.The,a,an16.  Tomlikesplaying______football,whileLilylikesplayingviolin.A.the…/B./…theC.the…theD./…/17. Pleasegeteverythingready.Ourmeetingwillbegininhalf______hour.A.aB.anC.theD./18.  It’sabouthalf________hour’swalkfromhereto_________nearestundergroundstation.A.a…theB.an…theC./…theD.the…a19．Morecollegegraduateswouldliketoworkin______westpartofourcountry____nextyear.A.the,theB./,/C./,theD.the,/20．Mygrandpausedtohave______walkinthegardenafter____supper.A.a,aB./,aC.a,/D./,/21．Thescientistsfrom_____UnitedStateslivein______NinthStreet.A.the,theB./,theC./,/D.the,/22．Thereis____reportintoday’snewspaper.It’sabouttheInternationalFilmFestival,Shanghai.A.aB.anC.theD./23．MrWangis___ambulanceman.Heisalwaysbusywiththework.A.aB.theC.anD.the24．Theoldladyteacheschildrentoplay______pianoataweekendschool.A.aB.anC.theD.／25、Lindaalwaystakes______activepartinsportsafterschool.A./B.aC.anD.the26、CanIhave______lookatthephotoofyourpenfriend.A.aB.anC./D.the12\n语法专项——冠词1.   Therewillbe_____interviewbetweenthemanagerandhisassistantsthisafternoon..A.anB.aC.theD./2. LittleTonyis__________honestboy.Henevertellslies.A.aB.anC./D.the3.   Pleasestayfordinner.Itwillbereadyinhalf______hour.A.aB.anC.theD./4.  Canyousee_____one-eyedcowin_____field?A.．an,theB.．a,theC.．/,theD.．a,a5. A:Whichgirlisyourdaughter,Mr.White?B:Oh,look,thatlittleoneinred.A.aB.anC./ D.the6.  Hisfatheris________engineer.Healwayswears_______uniformatwork.A.a...aB.a...anC.an...aD.an...an7.  ______youngmanbesidemeis_______universitystudent.A.An…aB.An…/C.The…anD.The…a8. ______girlwithatoyinherhandismylittlesister.A.AB.AnC.TheD./9. Myfriend,Harry,hisfavoritesportisplaying______golf.A.aB.anC.theD./10.  Lastweek,Iwrote______articleonourSchoolFoodFestivaltoShanghaiStudents’Post.A.theB.anC.aD./11.It’s______pleasureformetobeinvitedtoplay_____pianoattheconcert.A.the,aB.a,theC.a,aD.a,/12.  Iliketoread______book.It’sbetterthanreadingontheInternet.A./B.aC.anD.the13. Heorderedabooksometimeagoandnow__bookhasarrived.A.aB.theC.anD./14.  Heorderedawashingmachinebyphonetwodaysago,andmachinehasarrived.A.aB.anC.theD./15. __________teachersaidthatJackwas__________newstudentandhewas________honest.A.The,a,\B.A,the,aC.A,a,anD.The,a,an16.  Tomlikesplaying______football,whileLilylikesplayingviolin.A.the…/B./…theC.the…theD./…/17. Pleasegeteverythingready.Ourmeetingwillbegininhalf______hour.A.aB.anC.theD./18.  It’sabouthalf________hour’swalkfromhereto_________nearestundergroundstation.A.a…theB.an…theC./…theD.the…a19．Morecollegegraduateswouldliketoworkin______westpartofourcountry____nextyear.A.the,theB./,/C./,theD.the,/20．Mygrandpausedtohave______walkinthegardenafter____supper.A.a,aB./,aC.a,/D./,/21．Thescientistsfrom_____UnitedStateslivein______NinthStreet.A.the,theB./,theC./,/D.the,/22．Thereis____reportintoday’snewspaper.It’sabouttheInternationalFilmFestival,Shanghai.A.aB.anC.theD./23．MrWangis___ambulanceman.Heisalwaysbusywiththework.A.aB.theC.anD.the24．Theoldladyteacheschildrentoplay______pianoataweekendschool.A.aB.anC.theD.／25、Lindaalwaystakes______activepartinsportsafterschool.12\nA./B.aC.anD.the26、CanIhave______lookatthephotoofyourpenfriend.A.aB.anC./D.the12