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一般过去时与过去进行时的区分一.一般过去时叙述旧事,过去进行时描述背景。 A、一般过去时 1)叙述过去状态、动作或事件 HewenttoBeijingtheotherday.(带具体时间) 2)表示过去的习惯 a)would,usedto与过去时 would表间断性不规则的习惯,常带频率时间 usedto表一贯性有规律的习惯 Theyusedtomeetandwouldsometimesexchangeoneortwowords. Hesmokedalottwoyearsago.(过去行为) b)Would用于文中不用于句首,只表过去习惯。 Usedto表今昔对比的含义,叙述习惯动作可与would换用。 Whenhewasaboy,hewouldoftengothere.(叙述过去) Sheisn’twhatsheusedtobe.\n(今昔对比) c)表示状态时一般只用usedto Tomusedtobefat/Thereusedtostandatreethere.(状态) d)was(were)usedto+ving表示“合适于,适应于…..” Heusedtoworkatnight.(“习惯”表经常) Hewasusedtoworkingatnight.(习惯表适应) 3)表示过去的经历,平行动作,依此事件用一般过去时。 Hesatthereandlistenedtotheradio.(依此发生) 4)表示客气委婉的语气,用于情态动词,助动词和want,wonder,hope等 Howdidyoulikethefilm?/Couldyouhelpme? B.过去进行时 -表示在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生 Whatwereyoudoingat8:30lastnight?(过去某时刻正在发生) -短暂性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算 Duringthattimehewasgoingwithus.(表示打算) -与always,often,usually等连用表喜爱,讨厌等感情色彩。\n HewasalwaysChanginghismind. 二、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别 A.进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。 Iwasreadingthebookatthattime.(未读完,“读”的片段) Ireadthebookyesterday.(已读完,表整个“读”) B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用 Itwasrainingallnight.(优先用wasraining,rained为持续动词,故也可使用) Hewaswritingaletterthewholeofafternoon.(短暂动词与持续时间连用,表反复,连续发生,不可用一般过去时) C、while时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。 例:Hebrokeachairwhilehewasjumpingupanddown. D、While所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时,但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时,两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时,长的用进行时。 Iwascookingthedinnerwhilehewasplayingthepiano.(平行) Icookedthedinnerwhileheplayedthepiano. IsawhimwhileIwaswalkingtothestation.\n 三、英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时(不用现在进行时和过去进行时) 1)表心理状态、情感的动词,如love,hate,like,care,respect,please,prefer,know等,若用进行时则词意改变。 I’mforgettingit.(=beginningtoforget) 2)表存在、状态的动词,如appear,exist,lie,remain,stand,seem等 3)表感觉的动词,如see,hear,feel,smell,sound,taste等. 4)表一时性的动词,如accept,allow,admit,decide,end,refuse,permit,promise等。 [示例] 考题1Asshe____thenewspaper,Granny____asleep.(95) A.read/wasfallingB.wasreading/fell C.Wasreading/wasfallingD.read/fell 分析时间从句的动作长,而“入睡”动作短,故前者用过去进行时,而较短动词用一般过去时,选B\n 考题2Tom___intothehousewhennoone___. A.slipped/waslookingB.Hadslipped/looked C.slipped/hadlookedD.wasslipping/looked 分析此题先要理解好when,表“此时”,说明主句中slipped是较短行为,而look是较长行为的片断,即汤姆溜进房子,此时没人瞧见,故选A为正确。 [训练] 1.–IsSmithinAmerica?----Yes,he___inChinaforthereyears. A.livesB.HaslivedC.LivedD.wasliving 2.Themethodhehadstuck-___right. A.toproveB.ToprovedC.TobeprovedD.wereproved 3.–Whydidn’tMissGreengothere? -Shewouldhavegonethereexpect____enoughtime. A.shehadB.ShehadhadC.Shedidn’thaveD.shewouldhave 4.Amdidn’tseemewavetoher,she____inotherdirection. A.lookedB.WaslookingC.HaslookedD.islooking\n 5.Tomburnthishandwhenhe____thedinner. A.cookedB.WascookingC.HasbeencookingD.hadcooked 6.Mary____adresswhenshecutherfinger. A.madeB.IsmakingC.WasmakingD.hadmade宾语从句要点盘点 一、宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。如: Doyouknowwhywinteriscolderthansummer?你知道为什么冬季比夏季冷吗? 二、宾语从句与主句的时态要相互呼应。 主句是现在或将来时态时,从句可用任何所需要的时态。主句是过去时态时,从句要用表示过去的相应的时态。但如果从句中有明确表示过去的时间状语,则从句应用一般过去时,不用过去完成时;如从句表达的是客观规律或真理时,用一般现在时。如: Hesaidhehadfinishedhisstudieswhenthewarbrokeout.他说战争爆发时,他已经完成了学业。 HesaidhewouldspendhisholidayinDalian.他说他将在大连度假。 Shesaidthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.她说地球围绕太阳转。 三、如宾语从句有自己的宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,而把宾语从句后置。其句型为:“主语+谓语+it+补足语+宾语从句”。如: Wethinkitimportantthatweshouldmasteratleastoneforeign\nlanguage. 我们认为掌握至少一门外语是重要的。 注意: (1)连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except,but和in等少数几个介词后。其它一些介词的宾语从句如由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。如: Heisagoodstudentexceptthatheiscareless.他是个好学生,只不过有点粗心。 Seetoitthatchildrendon'tcatchcold.当心孩子别感冒了。 (2)that引导表语从句时,在句中无词义,只起连接作用,但不可省去。Hisideaisthatweshouldgothereatonce.他主张我们立即去那儿。 四、连词whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,不可省。if引导宾语从句。 (1)宾语从句是肯定句时,whether,if可互换;但whether常和ornot连用,宾语从句是否定句时,一般用if引导。如: Idon'tknowif/whetherIshouldtellyou.不知我是否应告诉你。 Iwonderwhetheritistrueornot.不知这是不是真的。 Idon'tcareifitdoesn'train.天下不下雨我不会在乎。 (2)作介词宾语时,只能用whether,不能用if。如:\n Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughexperience.一切都取决于我们是否有足够的经验。 五、that引导宾语从句时不可省的几种情况: 1.that宾语从句的状语部分位于从句前部时。 Ipromisedthatifanyonecouldsetmefree,Iwouldmakehimkingovertheearth. 我曾许诺如果有人把我放了,我就让他成为全世界的国王。 2.当主句的状语部分位于that宾语从句前时。 AbrahamLincolnlatersaidhimselfthatheonlywenttoschoolalittlenowandalittlethen. 亚伯拉罕·林肯自己后来说他只不过是时断时续地接受教育。 3.主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。 WhenhegottoEngland,hefound,however,thathisEnglishwastoolimited. 然而当他到英国时,他发现他的英语很有限。 4.当一个谓语动词带两个或两个以上的that引导的宾语从句时。 ThenhesaidthatFrenchwasthemostbeautifultongueintheworld,andthatwemustkeepitamongusandneverforget\nit. 他说,法语是世界上最美的语言,我们必须坚持说法语,永远也不要忘记它。 5.宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。 ImustnevertellanyonethatIcouldnotseethecloth. 我决不能告诉任何人我看不到那布。 6.宾语从句的主语是this/that,或用this/that修饰主语时。 Hesaidthatthatwasagoodidea.他说那是个好主意。 7.在直接引语中,主句和宾语从句被隔开时。 “I'msorrytotellyou,”hesaid,“thatyoudidn'twatchcarefullyenoughwhatIdid.” 我很遗憾的告诉大家,你们没有仔细观察我所做的一切。 8.宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。 Theoldladythenexplainedthatwhatshewaslookingforwasapairofglovesforagirl. 那位老太太解释说她在为一个女孩找一双手套。 1. 名词(1) 不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆:man—men, woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth(2) 单数、复数同形的名词:fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese(3) 常用复数形的名词:trousers, shoes, glasses\n(4) 只有复数形的名词:thanks, clothes(5) 单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词:people, police(6) 有生命的名词所有格形式:单数名词加's, 复数名词加s', 不是以s结尾的复数名词加's, 如: children's room(7) 无生命的名词所有格用of结构表达:如: the capital of China(8) 表示并列名词各自所有,在各名词词尾加's:如: Tom's and Mary's bikes (两人各自的自行车)(9) 表示并列名词共同所有,则在后一个名词的词尾加's: 如: Tom and Mary's mother (即Tom与Mary是兄妹)(10) 关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格:如: ten minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, a boat's length, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth(11) 双重所有格:a friend of my father's2. 形容词与副词(1) 原级,比较级,最高级词形变化:① [单元音+单辅音]的单音节词fat—fatter—fattestthin—thinner—thinnesthot—hotter—hottestbig—bigger—biggest② 以y结尾的双音节词easy—easier—easiestheavy—heavier—heaviestpretty—prettier—prettiest③ 劣级比较less+形容词/副词原级+than例: She is less beautiful than Mary.④ 两者之间用比较级,在比较级前加定冠词,三者以上用最高级例: He is the taller of the two.She is the best player of the three.⑤ 越……越……的表达法例: The days are getting hotter and hotter.The more you study, the more you learn.⑥ 修饰比较级的词有:much, by far, even, a little, a great deal…例: She is much better now.\n 切记不要用比较级来修饰比较级。3. 连词(1) 动词与*近的主语一致:这样的连词有: or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also。(2) or的用法:① 作或者讲例: You or your friend has to go to the teachers' office.② 作否则讲例: Hurry up, or you will be late for school.(3) and与but:例: He has no money and he is poor. He is poor but he is honest.4. 介词(1) 表示时间:at: 表示某一时间点如: at noonon: 表示特定的日子如: on Christmasin: 表示一段不具体的时间如: in the morning, in the Second world war 如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morningduring: 表示期间内的某个时期如: during the night, during the Second World Warfor: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词如: for three daysthrough: 表示在整个期间没有间歇例: It snowed through the night.till/until: 表示动作持续的终点例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.by: 表示动作完成期限例: I'll be back by five o'clock.since: 表示某动作的起始点例:I have studied English since 1990.(2) 表示地点:at: 表示较小的地点如: arrived at the school gatein: 表示较大的地点如: arrived in Shanghaifor: 表示目的地例: I'll leave for Shanghai.above: 表示上面,上方,其反意词是below\nover: 表示垂直上方,其反意词是under例: The dog jumped over the table.through: 表示穿过如: through the forestacross: 表示平原上的跨越例: I want to walk across the road.5. 动词(1) 动词的时态:① 一般现在时一般现在时的主要用法有两点:其一表示一经常发生的动作,如: I always go to school at seven. 其二表示某一真理,事实,如: The earth moves around the sun.② 现在完成时现在完成时的主要用法有两点:其一表示某一动作发生于过去,并持续下来,到现在完成。如: I have studied English for two years. 其二表示某动作发生于过去并已结束,但其影响到现在。如: I haven't had my lunch. I'm hungry now.与现在完成时连用的词语有:yet, already, before, since, ever, never等。其考查要点:其一: Have been表示曾经去过,如:I have been to America twice. 说此话的人应已经回到国内。而He has gone to Japan.则此人目前已到日本去了。其二: 截止性动词可以有现在完成时,但不可与表示一段长度的词连用,如: The class has begun. The class has been on for five minutes.③ 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作,过去的习惯或反复发生的动作。如: Who broke the window? In those days, I studied hard at night every day. 与过去时连用的时间状语有: at that time, ago, in 1949, just now (刚才), last night, yesterday④ 一般将来时纯将来时的表示法: shall/will+动词原形例: I'll leave for Shanghai this evening. 表示按计划要做或可能做的事: be going to+动词原形例: I'm going to help you tonight. 将来时的特殊表示法a. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving例: Don't worry. I'm coming. b. be about to+动词原形\n例: He is about to leave, when the telephone rings. c. 状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来例: If it rains tomorrow I won't go to the party.(2) 情态动词:can: 能,会例: He can do it very well.may: 许可,可能性例: May I use your pen?must: 必要,禁止(多表示主观看法)例: You mustn't play with fire.have to: 不得不(多表示客观之事)例: I have to go, because I have a meeting.could与would:二者用于现在时表示语气的委婉例: Could you help me?6.句型(1) 宾语从句:由疑问代词或副词引出的宾语从句例: Could you tell me where the post office is? Could you tell me what he said? (what作said的宾语) 由that引出的宾语从句例: They said that they would give me some help. (that 仅作引导词) 宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。例: He asked when we would leave home.(2) 状语从句:状语从句可包括:时间/地点/原因/结果/目的等状语从句。例:I will come when I am free. I'm late because my bike is broken. He went so early that he got a good seat. She studied hard so that she would pass the exam. 状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。例: If it rains tomorrow I shall not go to the cinema. 表示在一长动作进行过程中某一动作突然发生则长动作要用进行时态,而突发性 动作要用一般时态。例: When I'm reading a book, the telephone rings.(3) 反意疑问句例: She can swim across the river, can't she?It's a fine day, isn't it?Marry needs to have a rest, doesn't she?You have nothing to do, do you?\nHe seldom does homework, does he?Don't open the door, will you?Open the door please, will you?Let us have a rest, will you?Let's go, shall we?(4) 感叹句:例. What a hot day it is! How hot the weather is!7. 不定式(1) 不定式在句中作宾语,状语: 例: It has begun to rain. I want to go to the cinema.(2) 不定式与疑问词连用: 例: I want to know how to work. I want to know what to do.(3) 不定式的否定句: 例: He told me not to do it.④ 省略to的不定式: 例: I saw him come this morning. 这样的动词有see, hear, watch等感官动词,及have(作让、使讲) make, let.