高中必修3英语Unit 4 教案 23页

Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsI单元教学目标技能目标GoalsTalkaboutthescienceofthestars,thedevelopmentoflifeandspacetravelandgravityPracticegivinginstructionsPracticetalkingabutproblemsinstudyorlifeLearntouseNounClausesasthesubjectLearntowriteanessaytoshowyourproblemsandthewaytoovercomethem.II.目标语言功能句式Talkaboutthescienceofthestars,thedevelopmentoflifeandspacetravelandgravityWheredowecomefrom?Howdidtheuniversebegin?Whyistheuniversethewayitwas?Howwillitend?Howmuchdoyouknowaboutuniverse?Doyouwanttohaveaspacetravel?Doyouknowsomethingaboutgravity?Doyouknowsomethingaboutblackholes?PracticegivinginstructionsPleaselookat/listento…Pleasecheckthat…Youneed…Pleasepayattentionto…Don’tforgetto…You’dbetter…Makesureyou…Watchoutfor…Youmustn’t…PracticetalkingaboutproblemsinstudyorlifeMyproblemis…Thedifficultyis…Mytroubleis…Thequestionis…Myadviceis…WhatIthinkaboutitis…Thefactis…Mysuggestionis…词1四会词汇astronomy,atmosphere,system,violent,solid,explode,carbon,dioxide,oxygen,\n汇surface,planet,harmful,development,spread,method,depend,exist,presence,telescope,disappoint,disappointed,publish,publishing,gravity,force,gradually,cheer,float,mass2认读词汇astronomer,biochemistry,geophysics,solar,BigBang,vapour,nitrogen,dissolve,amphibian,reptile,generally,mammal,global,comet,IssacNewton,AlbertEinstein,StephenHawking,lessen,weightlessly,cabin,exhaust,exclaim3词组solarsystem,intime,prevent…from,dependon,cheerup,nowthat,getthehangof,breakout语法NounClausesasthesubjectNounClausesasthesubjectisalsocalledtheSubjectClause.ThatmeansaNounClauseservesasSubjectinthesentence.ThewordswhichareusedinthisNounClauseare:that,whether,who,what,which,when,where,how,why,etc..Example1.Whatitwastobecomewasamystery.2.Itwasnotclearwhetherthesolidshapewastolastornot.重点句子1.Whatitwastobecomewasamysteryuntilthedustbegantoslowlycombineintoaballmovingaroundthesun.P252.It’sexplodedloudlywithfireandrock,whichwereintimetoproducethewatervapour,carbondioxide,oxygen,nitrogenandothergases,whichweretomaketheearth’satmosphere.P253.Itallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgases,whichhadbecomepartoftheearth’satmosphere,intotheoceansandseas.P254.Whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.P265.Whenwegetclosertothemoon,weshallfeelitsgravitypullingusbutitwillnotbeasstrongapullastheearth’s.P306.Walkingdoesneedabitofpracticenowthatgravityhaschanged.P317.Wewatched,amazedasfirebrokeoutontheoutsideofthespaceshiptheearth’sgravityincreased.P318.Seenfromspace,theearthappearstobeawaterball.9.Buttheanswershavealwaysseemedwellbeyondourreach,untilnow.10.Hugequestionsremaintobeanswered,beforewecanhopetohaveacompletepictureoftheuniversewelivein.Teachingaims:1.Talkaboutthescienceofstars2.PractisegivinginstructionsTeachingimportantanddifficultpoints1.Learntousenounclausesasthesubject\n2.Learntowriteanessaytoshowyourproblemsandthewaytoovercomethem.3.Vocabulary:astronomy,atmosphere,violent,explode,surface,disappointed,gradually,cheer,mass,harmful,presence,intime,prevent…from…dependon,nowthat,getthehangof,breakoutThefirstperiod Warmingupandpre-readingStepⅠPresentationT:Hello,everyone!TodaywewillcometoUnit4,Astronomy.BeforethatIhaveaquestion:wheredowecomefrom?Orwecansay:Whoareourancestors?S1:Monkeys!S2:BeijingRenwholivedmanyyearsago.S3:dinosaurs.…T:Verygood!Doyouknowwhatitwaslikebeforelifeappearedonearth?S4:Fullofwater…Bs:Idon’tknow.T:Doyouwanttogetmoreinformation?Ss:Yes,wedo.T:Todaywewilllearnsomethingabouthowlifebeganonearth.Turntopage25.Let’scometoWarmingupfirst.StepⅡWarmingup1.Readthethreequestions,whilethestudentslistenandfollow.\n1.Givethestudentsseveralminutestodiscussthequestions.2.Collectanswersfromtheclass.3.Checkanswerswhilediscussing.StepⅢPre-reading Getthestudentstodiscussthequestionsonpage25withtheirpartners.Thenaskthestudentstotelltheirstories.Encouragethemtotelldifferentstories,iftheydon’tknowany,tellthemsome.T:Nowdiscussthesequestionswithyourpartners.ThenIwillasksomeofyoutotellusyourstories.Areyouclear?Ss:Yes.1.Doyouknoweachreligionorculturehasitsownideasaboutthebeginningoftheuniverse?Giveanexampleifyouknow.2.Doyouknowwhatascientificideais?Readsomestoriestothestudents.Panguseparatestheskyfromtheearth;TheBiblicalAccount;India;Japan;Europe;…Panguseparatestheskyfromtheearth.Theskyandtheearthwereatfirstoneblurredentitylikeanegg.Panguwasbornintoit.Theseparationoftheskyandtheearthtook18,000years-theyangwhichwaslightandpurerosetobecomethesky,andtheyinwhichwasheavyandmurkysanktoformtheearth.BetweenthemwasPangu,whowentthroughninechangeseveryday,hiswisdom,greaterthanthatoftheskyandhisabilitygreaterthanthatofthe\nearth.Everydaytheskyrosetenfeethigher,theearthbecametenfeetthicker,andPangugrewtenfeettaller.Another18,000yearspassed,andtherewasanextremelyhighsky,anextremelythickearth,andanextremelytallPangu.ThencametheThreeEmperors(theEmperoroftheSky,theEmperoroftheEarth,theEmperoroftheMen.)Sothesenumberscameintoexistenceandevolvelikethis.Thenumberbeginswithone,becomesestablishedatthree,iscompletedatfive,prospersatseven,andendsinnine.Sotheskyisninetythousandlifromtheearth.OtherlegendsaboutthebeginningofuniverseTheBiblicalAccount"InthebeginningGodcreatedtheheavensandtheearth.Nowtheearthwasformlessandempty,darknesswasoverthesurfaceofthedeep,andthespiritofGodwashoveringoverthewaters.AndGodsaid...."Day1:GodspokeandseparatedlightfromdarknesscreatingDayandNightDay2:GodspokeandseparatedthewatercreatingskyandoceanDay3:GodspokeandcreateddrylandDay4:Godspokeandcreatedthesun,moon,andstarsDay5:GodspokeandcreatedlivingcreaturesintheairandseaDay6:GodspokeandcreatedthelandanimalsandmanDay7:GodrestedandblessedthisdaycallingitHolyThesecondperiod  ReadingStepI LeadinDoyouknowtheoriginofthehumanbeings?Howlifebeganontheearth?Showthepicturesandanalyzethequestions.StepIIScanning Getthestudentstoreadthepassagequicklyandaccuratelyandmeanwhilehelpthestudentstoformagoodhabitofreading.Givethestudentsacoupleofminutestolookthrouththewholepassage.Tellthemtoreadsilentlyandthenasksomedetailedquestionsaboutthetext.Encouragethemtoexpresstheirideas.\nT:Wearegoingtolearnapassageabouthowlifebeganontheearth.Nowreadthetextquicklyandthenanswermyquestions.1.Whatwasthereontheearthbeforelifebegan?2.Whydoscientistthinktherehasneverbeenlifeonthemoon?3.Whydoanimalsfirstappearinthesea?4.Whydogreenplantshelplifetodevelop?5.Whyweremammalsdifferentfromotheranimals? Discusstheanswerswiththewholeclass.Reading.ScanningGettheSstoreadthepassagequicklyandaccuratelyandmeanwhilehelptheSstoformagoodhabitofreading.TeachergivestheSsacoupleofminutestolookthroughthewholepassage.TelltheSstoreadthetextsilentlyandthenasksomedetailedquestionsaboutthetextontheslideshowwiththeirpartners.TeacherencouragestheSstoexpresstheirideas.T:We’regoingtolearnapassageaboutHowlifebeganontheearth.Nowlet’slookattheslideshow.Readthetextquicklyandfindanswerstothefollowingquestions.Showthequestionsonthescreen.1Whatwasthereontheearthbeforelifecouldbegin?2.Whydoscientiststhinktherehasneverbeenlifeonthemoon?3.Whydidanimalsfirstappearintheseas?4.Whydidgreenplantshelplifetodevelop?5.Whyweremammalsdifferentfromotheranimals?SkimmingInthispart,SswillreadthetextagainandthenfinishPart1,2and3.T:NowpleaseskimthepassagefasttofinishPart1.Thenwewillchecktheanswer.KeytoPart1:BCBBT:Skimparagraph2,3and4andfinishPart2and3.Key:DBIGEHACFJT:ForPart3,discussthemwithyourpartner.T:Whyisitwronginfilmsandstoriestoshowdinosaursandpeopletogether?S:Becausedinosaursdiedoutlongbeforehumanbeingsdevelopedontheearth.T:Doyouagreewithhim?S:Yes.T:Whatabouttheanswertothesecondquestion?S:Theyarethecleverestanimalsbecausetheyhavelargerbrainsthananyothercreaturesontheearthsofar.\nT:Excellentjob!I’llcheckhowmuchyouhavelearnedaboutthepassage.StepVListeningListentothetapeforthestudentstofollowandhavefurtherunderstandingofthepassage.21smallplantsinwater4insects(onland)53greenplantsonland7896forestsKeytotheexercise:2.shellfishandallsortsoffish5.amphibian(onlandandinwater)7.reptiles(onland)8.dinosaurs(onland)9.mammals(onland)T:That’sallforthispassage.Nowlet’sdealwithsomelanguagepoints.ExplanationT:Turntopage25.Let’slookatthesentences:1.Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock,whichwereintimetoproducethewatervapour.whichleadsnon-restrictiveattributiveclause.intime:soonerorlater;eventuallyI’llseehimintime.intime(forsth./todosth.):notlateShewillbebackintimetopreparedinner.in/outoftime:in/notinthecorrecttimeTheaudienceclappedintimetothemusic.2.Nobodyknewthatitwasgoingtobedifferentfromotherplanetsgoingaroundthesun.bedifferentfrom:notlikesomeoneorsomethingelseinoneormorewaysNote:Wecanusevery,much,quite,entirely,totallytomodifydifferentCitylifeisquitedifferentfromcountrylife.goingaroundthesunis–ingformthatservesasattributive.Menbreakingthelawwillbepunished.Canyouseethegirldancingwithyourboyfriend?3.Whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.tocome:servesasattributive\nSheisthelastpersontodosuchathing.dependon:somethingmightonlyhappenorbetrueifthecircumstancesarerightforitOursuccessdependsonwhethereveryoneworkshardornot.4.Walkingdoesneedabitofpracticenowthatgravityhaschanged.nowthat:becauseofthefactthatNowthatI’mfree,Icanenjoymusicforawhile.Nowthatyou’vegrownupyoucandecideityourself.PassageAnalyzingITextChart.Howlifebeganontheearthwater1smallplantsinwater3greenplantsonland2shellfishandallsortsoffish4insects(onland)5amphibian(onlandandinwater)6forests7reptiles(onland)8dinosaurs(onland)9.mammals(onland)10.smallcleveranimalswithhandsandfeet11.humanStepIII ListeningListentothetapeforthestudentstofollowandhavefurtherunderstandingofthepassage.T:Readafterthetape,thenanswermesomequestionswithyourbookclosed.1.Howdidwatercomeintobeingontheearth?2.Whyiswaterimportantonearth?\nStepIV RetellFillintheblanksandretellthetext.StepⅦHomework1.Retellthepassage2.RememberimportantlanguagepointsThethirdperiod  GrammarStepILeadinCanyoufindthefollowingsentenceinthereadingpassage?Pleasepickoutthreemoresentenceswithsubjectclausesfromthereadingpassage.StepII.UsingstructureDoyouknowwherewecomefrom?Howdidtheuniversebegin?ReadthepassageandtrytounderstandhowStephenHawkingsolvedtheproblems?1.Whathasattracted StephenHawkingallhislife?2.Doeshethinkitsimpletoanswerthequestions?What’shisopinion?3.Whathavewediscoveredabouttheuniverse,pastandpresent?4.Howcanwehaveacompletepictureoftheuniverse?StepIII Fillintheblanks1._____theuniverseislikehasattractedStephenHawkingallhislife.2._____isclearandsimpleabouttheuniversehasalwaysseemedtoodifficultforustoanswer.\n1._____theuniverseexiststhewayitdoesisamajorquestiontoallthosewhohavelookedatstarslikeHawking.2._____hasdevelopedovertwothousandyearsofobservationhastobegreatlyrevised.3._____intheuniverseweliveisnotthecentre,butoneofthemineplanetsorbitingthesun,whichisjustoneofmillionsofstarsinourownMilkyWaygalaxy.6.______weunderstandtheuniverseisthetimewhenwehumanbeingswillhaveansweredallthequestions.7.______wecanhaveacompletepictureoftheuniversedependsonlearningtounderstandwhatwesee.8.______Hawkingwantstotellusinthistextisthatweshouldstudytheuniverse,andunderstandit.StepⅣExplanationGivethestudentsdetailedexplanation.StepVConsolidationDosomeexercises.Thefourthperiod LanguagepointsStepⅠRevision1.Checkretellingofthepassage2.Translatethefollowingsentences.a.你迟早会成功的.b.我的车与你的不一样.c.站在门旁边的那个人是谁?\nd.他总是第一个来,最后一个走.e.既然你已经长大了,你自己决定吧.Suggestedanswers:a.Youwillsucceedintime.b.Mycarisdifferentfromyours.c.Whoisthepersonstandingbythedoor?d.Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttogo.e.Nowthatyouhavegrownupyoucandecideityourself.StepⅡWordstudyThispartisaconsolidationofthewordslearntinthisunit.Askthestudentstodotheexercisesindividually.a.Page27.Firstletstudentsfinishpart1,2b.Checktheanswerswiththewholeclass.c.Givestudents3minutestofinishpart3.d.Letthestudentsreadpart4forawhileandfinishit.e.Turntopage63.Firstletthestudentsfinish1and2andcheckthe answers.StepⅢPreparationShowsomesentencesontheblackboard.a.Atreehasfallenacrosstheroad.b.Youareastudent.c.Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.d.kingisbadforyou.e.wdoyoudo?”isagreeting.f.tshesaidisnotyetknown.\ng.tweshallbelateiscertain.h.scertainthatweshallbelate.T:Whatpartdoestheunderlinedpartserveasineachsentence?Orfinditssubjectineachsentence.StepⅥLanguagepointsT:Turntopage25.Let’slookatthesentences:a.explodedloudlywithfireandrock,whichwereintimetoproducethewatervapour.Whichleadsnon-restrictiveattributiveclause.intime:soonerorlater;eventuallyIwillseehimintime.Intime(forsth/todosth):notlateShewillbebackintimetopreparedinner.In/outoftime:in/notinthecorrecttimeTheaudienceclappedintimetothemusic.b.odyknewthatitwasgoingtobedifferentfromotherplanetsgoingaroundthesun.Bedifferentfrom:notlikesomeoneorsomethingelseinoneormorewaysCitylifeisquitedifferentfromcountrylife.c.therlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.Tocome:servesasattributiveSheisthelastpersontodosuchathing.\nDependon:somethingmightonlyhappenorbetrueifthecircumstancesarerightforitOursuccessdependsonwhethereveryoneworkshardornot.d.kingdoesneedabitofpracticenowthatgravityhaschanged.Nowthat:becauseofthefactthatNowthatIamfree,Icanenjoymusicforawhile.Nowthatyouhavegrownup,youcandecideitbyyourself.Thefifthperiod UsinglanguageStepIleadinDoyouknowthefollowingscientists?Whoarethey? Whathavetheydiscovered?StepIIspeakingandtalkingShowthestudentsthepicturesofsomefamousscientistsandgetthemtalkaboutthem.StepIIIListeningListentoPar1andPart2ofthetapeandchoosethebestsummaryofthelisteningtext.StepIVListenagain1.ListentoPart1againandfillinthefirstcolumnofthechart.2.ListentoPart2againandfillintherest.3.Checktheanswers.StepⅤHomework1.ishpart3(P23)2.ishpart3(P64)Thesixthperiod  Reading\nStepIFastreadingReadthewholepassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Howmanytimeswouldtheforceofgravitychangeonourjourney?2.Whyisthespaceshipnotfallingbacktoheearth?3.Whathappenedwhenthewritertriedtostepforward?StepIICarefulreadingReadthepassagecarefullyandfindouttheimportantsentences.1.Icheeredupimmediatelyandfloatedweightlesslyaroundinourspaceshipcabinwatchingtheearthbecomesmallerandthemoonlarger.2.“Ohdear,”Icried,“walkingdoesneedabitofpracticenowthatgravityhaschanged.”3.Wewatched,amazedasfirebrokeoutontheoutsideofthespaceshipastheearth’sgravityincreased.StepIIIlanguagepoints1.cheerup:欢呼，喝彩，感到高兴，使高兴。当看到球队的到来，人群欢呼起来。_____________________whenthey sawtheteamarrive.他带她去听音乐会来使她高兴。Hetookher_____________to____________.2.watch…do/doing:观看，注视我们看着太阳正在树后面落下。We_____________________behind\nthetrees.每一天当他们看到植物生长，他们的心里都充满了希望。Everydayasthey__________________,theirheartsfilledwithhope.3.nowthat:既然，由于既然每个人都到了，我们就可以开始会议。_________________________,wecan beginthemeeting.由于你是一个大男孩,你就必须行为表现得更好._______________________,youmustbehavebetter.4.amazed是过去分词，此处做状语用他进来的时候没有人注意到.Hecamein_________5.breakout (战争,争吵,疾病等)爆发在深夜,突然有人吵架._________________suddenlyatmidnightStepIVListeningListentothetapeandpayattentiontoyourpronunciationandintonation.StepVHomework1.Reviewthereadingmaterials.2.Findoutthebeautifulsentencesinthisunit.Addedmaterial:什么是黑洞？      \n就是在宇宙中有那么一些点，这些点的体积趋向于零而密度变得无穷大，由于具有强大的吸引力，物体只要进入离这个点一定距离的范围内，就会被这个强大的引力吸收掉，连光线也不例外。因此任何进入这个范围的物体都无法再逃出来，就是说，没有任何信号能够从这个范围内传出，因此这个范围的界限被称作视界，里面的情形人类无法看到。所以科学家给它起了个名字叫黑洞，英文就是blackhole。一颗燃烧尽了的恒星由于自身的重力而不断坍缩，最后就会形成黑洞。历时30年霍金改观点称黑洞能“吸”能“吐”从事宇宙黑洞研究近三十年的世界天体物理学泰斗斯蒂芬·霍金在前不久承认“黑洞悖论”有误之后，21号，他在爱尔兰都柏林举行的一个学术研讨会上终于就自己的新发现向外界进行了详细阐述。黑洞是宇宙中引力极强的区域。19世纪70年代，霍金首次提出黑洞能够辐射能量的理论，但是在引入这一理论的同时，霍金也制造了物理学上的一个巨大难题，因为他认为黑洞辐射不包含以前吸入物质的相关信息，而且随着黑洞的消失，曾经存在的黑洞的相关信息也会消失于无形。这与量子力学中认为物质信息不会完全消失的理论相矛盾。对此，过去近30年来，霍金的解释是：黑洞中的量子运动是一种特殊情况，这种说法受到了许多科学家的质疑。如今，霍金终于改变了观点，在当天召开的学术研讨会上，霍金说，根据他的最新发现，黑洞并非只是吞噬物质。除了会在星系形成的过程中扮演重要角色外，在经过一段相当漫长的时间后，黑洞也会把一些曾被它吸入的物质信息向外界释放出来。霍金的最新阐述被不少人称为黑洞理论的一个重要逆转。美国加州理工学院的理论物理学家约翰·普雷斯基就是其中之一。20多年前，霍金提出黑洞辐射理论时，普雷斯基就一直坚持物质信息不会完全消失，当时两人还因此打赌。所以，在当天结束演讲后，霍金将一本百科全书赠予普雷斯基，作为打赌输了的代价，而普雷斯基则获得了全场的热烈掌声。Blackholes\n (1)Whatisablackhole?Well,it'sdifficulttoanswerthisquestion,sincethetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequatehere.Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspace(notathing)intowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape----notevenlight.Sowecan'tseeablackhole.Ablackholeexpertsastronggravitationalpullandyetithasnomatter.Itisonlyspace----orsowethink.howcanthishappen? (2)Thetheoryisthatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint;theycollapseandsometimesasupernovaoccurs.Formearth,asupernovalookslikeaverybrightlightintheskywhichshineseveninthedaytime.Supernovaewerereportedbyastronomersintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.SomepeoplethinkthattheStarofBethlehemcouldhavebeenasupernova.ThecollapseofastarmayproduceaWhiteDwarforaneutronstar---astar,whosematterissodensethatitcontinuallyshrinksbytheforceofitsowngravity.Butifthestarisverylarge(muchbiggerthanoursun)thisprocessofshrinkingmaybesointensethatablackholeresults.Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarble,butstillhavingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.Anymatterneartheblackholeissuckedin.Itisimpossibletosaywhathappensinsideablackhole.Scientistshavecalledtheboundaryareaaroundtheholethe"eventhorizon."Weknownothingabouteventswhichhappenonceobjectspassthisboundary.Butintheory,mattermustbehaveverydifferentlyinsidethehole. (3)Forexample,ifamanfellintoablackhole,hewouldthinkthathereachedthecenterofitveryquickly.Howeveranobserverattheevent\nhorizonwouldthinkthatthemanneverreachedthecenteratall.Ourspaceandtimelawsdon'tseemtoapplytoobjectsintheareaofablackhole.Einstein'srelativitytheoryistheonlyonewhichcanexplainsuchphenomena,sothatthereisno"absolute"timeandspacedependonthepositionoftheobserver.Theyarerelative.Wedonotyetfullyunderstandtheimplicationsoftherelativitytheory;butitisinterestingthatEinstein'stheoryprovidedabasisfortheideaofblackholesbeforeastronomersstartedtofindsomeevidencefortheirexistence.Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.InAugust1977,asatellitewaslaunchedtogatherdataaboutthe10millionblackholeswhicharethoughttbeintheMilkyway.Andastronomersareplanninganewobservatorytostudytheindividualexplodingstarsbelievedtobeblackholes. (4)Themostconvincingevidenceofblackholescomesfromresearchintobinarystarsystems.Binarystars,astheirnamesuggests,aretwinstarswhosepositioninspaceaffectseachother.Insomebinarysystems,astronomershaveshownthatthereisaninvisiblecompanionstar,a"partner"totheonewhichwecanseeinthesky.Matterfromtheonewecanseeisbeingpulledtowardsthecompanionstar.Couldthisinvisiblestar,whichexertssuchagreatforce,beablackhole?Astronomershaveevidenceofafewotherstarstoo,whichmighthaveblackholesascompanions. (5)Thestoryofblackholesisjustbeginning.Speculationsaboutthemareendless.Theremightbeamassiveblackholeatthecenteronourgalaxyswallowingupstarsataveryrapidrate.Mankindmayonedaymeetthisfate.Ontheotherhand,scientistshavesuggestedthatveryadvancedtechnologycouldonedaymakeuseoftheenergyofblackholesformankind.These\nspeculationssoundlikesciencefiction.Butthetheoryofblackholesinspaceisacceptedbymanyseriousscientistsandastronomers.theyshowusaworldwhichoperatesinatotallydifferentwayfromourownandtheyquestionourmostbasicexperienceofspaceandtime.Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswerforthefollowingquestions1)Blackholesarerelatedto____1.geography       B.astronomy        C.physics           D.economic2)Ablackholeis____A.adarkstar                             B.alargeheavenlybodyC.aregionofspace                       D.agreatmassofmatter3)whatcausessomestarstoexplode,theoreticallyspeaking?A.theirdensity       B.theirgravity.      C.theirmovement    D.theirlight4)Scientistscalltheareaaroundtheblackhole____.1.aWhiteDwarf                         B.asupernovaC.theeventhorizon                       D.thestarofBethlehem5)accordingtoEinstein'srelativitytheory,thereisno"absolute"timeandspace.Isittrueorfalse?A.true             B.false6)whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?Thestoryofblackholesinspace____A.isacceptedbymanyseriousscientistsandastronomers\nB.hastosomeextentbeenprovedbyresearchintobinarystarsystemC.isquestioningourbasicideaofspaceandtimeD.Soundslikesciencefiction7)accordingtothepassage,ourearthmaybeswallowingbytheblackholeoneday,isittrueorfalse?1.true            B.false8)accordingtothepassage,thehumanbeingonedaymaymakeuseoftheenergyofblackholebyadvancedtechnology.Isittrueorfalse?A.true             B.false附件AppendixesEINSTEIN'SLEGACYAlthoughheisregardedasoneofthemostbrilliantmathematicalphysicistsofthecentury,Einsteinthoughtofhimselfasmuchasaphilosopherasascientist.Certainlyhistheoriesrelatingmatter,energy,space,timeandgravityhaveguidedmuchoftheworkintheoreticalphysicssince1905.Hisfamous"thoughtexperiments,"basedonintuitionandimaginationratherthanlaboratorywork,propelledusbeyondthemechanistic,unchanging"clockworkuniverse"ofNewtonandtheotherclassicalphysicistsintoarelativisticuniverse.Hereclocksrunslowerorfasterdependingonthespeedoftravelorlocationintheuniverse,and"true"distancesarestretchedorshrunkbygravity.Einstein'slegacyisauniverseinwhichspaceandtimearewovenintoasinglefabric--spacetime.Itismatterthatcausesspacetimetocurveandwhosemotionandpropertiesare,inturn,alteredbythatcurvature.UncertainBeginningsEinstein'scollegerecordasanunenthusiasticstudentisfairlywellknown.So,too,hisindependenceandquestioningofauthority,allofwhichmayhavepreventedhimfromlandinganentry-levelacademicpositiononcehegraduatedin1900withadegreeinphysics.Yetdespitethisunpromisingstart,Einsteinchangedtheworldthroughthepowerofhisunconventionalimagination.\nEinstein'sSpecialTheoryofRelativitychallengedlong-heldnotionsaboutspaceandtimethathadbeenestablishedovertwocenturiesearlierbyIsaacNewton.IsaacNewton(1642-1727)Oneoftheforemostpioneersofmodernscience,IsaacNewtondevelopedhisthreelawsofmotionandatheoryofgravity,nottomentionthecalculusneededtodevelopandexpressthesetheoriesinmath!Hesethisconceptsinaframeworkofspaceandtimewhichhe(likeeveryoneelseatthattime)assumedtobeabsolute.Fortwocenturiesthatomissionwasovershadowedbyhistriumphsincelestialmechanicsandoptics.What,inessence,werethekeyconceptsinNewton'stheoryofgravitation?Massesexperienceanattractiveforcebetweenthem,aforcewhichactsatadistance,resultingintheiraccelerationtowardeachother.Thestrengthofthatforcedependsonthesizeofthemassesandisinverselyproportionaltosquareofthedistancebetweenthem.InNewton'suniverse,spaceexistedindependentofthematterinit.Bothspaceandtimewereabsolute,regardlessofthemotionoftheobserverandthemattercontainedwithinspace.Nosubstancecontrolledthemotionsofthemoon,Earthandplanets;onlytheforceofgravity.ButNewton'stheoryofgravitationwasa"descriptive"theory;itdidn'texplainhowtheforceofgravitywasexerted,afactthathasaninterestingparallelinEinstein'sworkandwhichremainsahottopicforfutureresearch.Newton'slawssatisfactorilyexplainedmostphenomenastudiedforthenexttwohundredyears.Towardtheendofthe19thcentury,however,asmeasuringdevicesgrewmoreandmoreprecise,thelistofpuzzlinginconsistencieswasgrowing.StephenHawking'suniverse'Whatplace,then,foracreator?'ProfessorStephenHawkingneedsnointroduction-heisprobablythemostfamousphysicalscientistintheworldtoday.HawkingistheLucasianprofessorofMathematicsatCambridgeUniversity(apostpreviouslyheldbySirIsaacNewton),andisalsoworld-famousasasuffererofmotorneuronedisease.Hawkinghasbeenfavorablycomparedwithsomeofthegreatestscientistsofalltime.Forexample,theChicagoSun-Timessaid:HawkingisalegendrightuptherewithGalileoandNewtonandEinsteinHawking's1988book'ABriefHistoryofTime'becameaworldwidebest-seller,\nsellingmorethansixmillioncopies.(Cynicssuggestedthatitwasoneofthemostbought,andleastread,booksofalltime,boughttodecoratethecoffee-tablesofthescientificallyilliterate!)Godandthecreationoftheuniversereceivealotofattentionin'ABriefHistoryofTime'-notalwaysfavorably.ThereisahintofwhatiscomingintheintroductionbyCarlSagan,oneofthemostferociousatheistsofrecentyears.Sagansays:ThisisalsoabookaboutGod...orperhapsabouttheabsenceofGod.ThewordGodfillsthesepages.HawkingembarksonaquesttoanswerEinstein'sfamousquestionaboutwhetherGodhadanychoiceincreatingtheuniverse.Hawkingisattempting,asheexplicitlystates,tounderstandthemindofGod.Andthismakesallthemoreunexpectedtheconclusionoftheeffort,atleastsofar:auniversewithnoedgeinspace,nobeginningorendintime,andnothingforaCreatortodo.'ABriefHistoryofTime'isanon-specialistoverviewofastrophysics,payingparticularattentiontoHawking'sownimportantworkonblackholes.However,italsoaddressesthequestionoftheoriginanddestinyoftheuniverse.Hawkingusestheideasofquantumgravityandimaginarytimetoproposeauniversethatisfinite,butunbounded.Thatistosay,itislimitedinspaceandtime,butdoesnothaveabeginning(doingawaywithamomentofcreation,andthus-perhaps-withtheneedforacreator).FootprintsofCreationDiscoveryoftheCosmicBackgroundRadiationBefore1964,thereweretwocompetingtheoriesofcosmology:theSteadyStatetheory,championedbyFredHoyle,andGeorgeGamow'sBigBangtheory.Hoyleandhiscolleaguesmaintainedthattheuniversehasnobeginningorendandthat,astheuniverseexpands,matterisspontaneouslycreatedtomaintaintheconstantdensityoftheuniverse.Then,inaserendipitousdiscovery,ArnoPenziasandRobertWilsondetectedcosmicbackgroundradiation.Theywerelookingforsignalsfromtheearlycommunicationssatellites,buttheywereplaguedbybackgroundradionoise,correspondingtoatemperatureofaboutabout3degreesKelvin,thatwouldnotgoaway.Thesignalwasequallystronginalldirections,regardlessofthepositionoftheSunortheMilkyWayrelativetotheobserveronEarth.Latermeasurementsshowedthattheradiationwasextremelyuniform--theydetectedvariationsoflessthanonepartin10,000.Clearlythisradiationwascomingfromthedistantpartsoftheuniverse.ThiscosmicbackgroundradiationwasrightinlinewithBigBangtheory.ImmediatelyfollowingtheBigBang,theuniversewastremendouslyhot.Whenmatterandphotonspartedcompany300,000yearsaftertheBigBang,theradiationwasfreetotravelthroughspace.BigBangtheoristsknewthatiftheirscenariowascorrect,thisradiationmuststillbeintheuniverse--afterall,wherecoulditgo?Theyalsoknewthat,becauseoftheDopplerShiftassociatedwiththeexpansionoftheuniverse,thesephotonsmusthavebeen"stretched"intoradiowavesofmuchlongerwavelength--inthemicrowaveregionoftheelectromagneticspectrum.Moreover,measurementstakeninyearstocomewouldshowthatthecosmic\nbackgroundradiationisconsistentwiththatemittedbyablackbody.Ablackbodyisahypotheticalobjectthatabsorbsallradiationfallingonit.Whenheated,itwouldemitradiationatcharacteristicenergiesorwavelengthsthatcorrespondtoitstemperaturealone.Inpractice,suchabodywouldhavetobetotallyisolated.Theseconditionsdescribethehot,dense,nearlyperfectlyopaqueuniverseinitsfirst300,000years.TheSteadyStatetheory,whichhadnowayofaccountingforthecosmicbackgroundradiationwhosecharacteristicssomuchresembledablackbody's,wasputtorest.