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备战全国高中英语语法教案冠词和数词教案

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高中英语语法教案2.冠词和数词2.1不定冠词的用法  冠词本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词,另一种是不定冠词,还有一种是零冠词。  不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源,是\"一个\"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。1)表示\"一个\",意为one;指某人或某物,意为acertain。例如:AMr.Lingiswaitingforyou.有位姓凌的先生在等你。2)代表一类人或物。例如:Aknifeisatoolforcuttingwith.刀是切割的工具。Mr.Smithisanengineer.史密斯先生是工程师。3)组成词组或成语,如alittle/afew/alot/atypeof/apile/agreatmany/manya/asarule/inahurry/inaminute/inaword/inashortwhile/afterawhile/haveacold/haveatry/keepaneyeon/allofasudden等。2.2定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有\"那(这)个\"的意思,但意义较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1)特指双方都明白的人或物。例如:Takethemedicine. 把药吃了。2)上文提到过的人或事。例如:Heboughtahouse.I\'vebeentothehouse.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。3)指世上独一物二的事物,如thesun,thesky,themoon,theearth等。4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如thedollar美元;thefox狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:therich富人;theliving生者。5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面。例如:Wheredoyoulive?Iliveonthesecondfloor.你住在哪?我住在二层。That\'stheverythingI\'vebeenlookingfor.那正是我要找的东西。6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体。例如:Theyaretheteachersofthisschool.(指全体教师)Theyareteachersofthisschool.(指部分教师)7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如:Shecaughtmebythearm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如:thePeople\'sRepublicofChina中华人民共和国theUnitedStates美国9)用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如:Sheplaysthepiano. 她会弹钢琴。10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人。例如:theGreens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)11)用在惯用语中。例如:intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrowthedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field,country)inthedark,intherain,inthedistance,inthemiddle(of),intheend,onthewhole,bytheway,gotothetheatre2.3零冠词的用法1)国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary。2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词。例如:Theyareteachers.他们是教师。3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词。例如:Failureisthemotherofsuccess. 失败乃成功之母。4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词。例如:Mancannotlivewithoutwater. 离开水人就无法生存。5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词。例如:WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词。例如:TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词,如havebreakfast,playchess。8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。例如:Ican\'twritewithoutpenor7/7\npencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。9)当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词,如bybus,bytrain。10)有些个体名词不用冠词,如school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。例如:gotohospital去医院看病gotothehospital去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)11)不用冠词的序数词;a.序数词前有物主代词时。b.序数词作副词。例如:Hecamefirstintherace.他跑步得了第一。c.在固定词组中,如at(the)first,firstofall,fromfirsttolast等。2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构1)两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同的人或物。例如:Heraisesablackandawhitecat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。2)如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一人或一物。例如:Heraisesablackandwhitecat.他养了一只花猫。2.5冠词位置1)不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:a.位于such,what,many,half等形容词之后。例如:Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.我从来没见过这样的动物。Manyamanisfitforthejob.许多人适合这岗位。b.当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如:ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.我从未这么高兴过。Soshortatime如此短的时间Toolongadistance距离太远了c.quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可,如:ratheracoldday/arathercoldday。d.在as,though引导的让步状语从句中,当表语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后。例如:Braveamanthoughheis,hetremblesatthesightofsnakes.他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。2)定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all,both,double,half,twice,threetimes等词之后,名词之前。例如:Allthestudentsintheclasswentout. 班里的所有学生都出去了。2.6数词 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 一、基数词1)基数词一般可写成如345或threehundredandforty-five。2)基数词一般是单数形式,但遇下列情况,常用复数:a.与of短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scoresofpeople指许多人;b.在一些表示\"一排\"或\"一组\"的词组里。例如:Theyarrivedintwosandthrees. 他们三三两两的到了。c.表示\"几十岁\"。d.表示\"年代\",用in+the+数词复数。e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如Threefivesis(are)fifteen。 二、序数词序数词的缩写形式如first---1stsecond---2ndthirty-first---31st等。 三、数词的用法1)倍数表示法a.主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+as。例如Ihavethreetimesasmanyasyou. 我有你三倍那么多。b.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+thesize(amount,length…)of…。例如:Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon. 地球是月球的49倍。c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than…。例如:Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。d.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍。例如:Theproductionofgrainhasbeenincreasedbyfourtimesthisyear.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。2)分数表示法的构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数。例如:1/3one-third;3/37threeandthree-sevenths.2.7冠词练习1.WhenLindawasachild,hermotheralwaysletherhave______bed.a.thebreakfastinb.thebreakfastinthec.breakfastind.breakfastinthe2.Hehaspromisedtogiveup______hundredsoftimes.a.atobaccob.tobaccoc.thetobaccod.7/7\ntobaccos3.______usuallygotochurcheverySunday.a.TheBrownb.ABrownc.Brownsd.TheBrowns4.Thetrainisrunningfiftymiles______.a.anhourb.onehourc.thehourd.ahour5.Hecanplayalmosteverykindofmusicinstrumentbutheisgood______.a.atthefluteb.atflutec.atafluted.atthatflute6.Theinvestigatorsfoundthatmoreshouldbedonefor______inIndia.a.thosepoorb.apoorc.poord.thepoor7.Youlookinhighspirit.Youmusthave______duringyourholiday.a.wonderfultimeb.awonderfultimec.thewonderfultimed.somewonderfultime8.Thecityassignedapolicemantotheschoolcrossingbecause______traffictherewassoheavy.aab.anc.thed.one9.Anewteacherwassenttothevillageinplaceof______onewhohadretired.a.ab.thec.and.its10.Virtueandvicearebeforeyou;______leadsyoutohappiness,______tomisery.a.theformer…latterb.aformer…alatterc.theformer…thelatterd.former…latter11.Thechildreninthekinder-gardensoontook______totheirteachers.a.quitefancyb.aquitefancyc.quiteafancyd.thequitefancy12.______tendtobemoanthelackofcharacterintheyounggeneration.a.Theoldb.Oldc.Elderlyd.Older13.Amansufferingfromachockshouldbegiven______.a.hotsweetteab.ahotsweetteac.thehotsweettead.onehotsweettea14.Heansweredmyquestionswith______nottobeexpectedofanordinaryschoolboy.a.hisaccuracyb.aaccuracyc.theaccuracyd.anaccuracy15.Ifyougobytrainyoucanhavequite______comfortablejourney.a.theb.onec.ad.that16.We’regoingto______with______today,aren’twe?a.thetea…theSmithsb.tea…thoseSmithsc.atea…aSmithd.tea…theSmiths17.Iwantanassistantwith______knowledgeofFrenchand______experienceofofficeroutine.a.the…theb.a…thec.a…and.the…an18.Ann’shabitofridingamotorcycleupanddowntheroadearlyinthemorningannoyedtheneighborsand______theytookhertothecourt.a.intheendb.attheendc.inanendd.inend19.Itisreportedthattoday______presidentwillhavelunchwith______PresidentOmon.a.the…theb.a…ac.the…/d./…/20.TiananMenSquareand______GreatWallaretowoftheplaceseveryoneshouldseein______People’sRepublicofChina.a.the…theb./…/c.the…/d./…the21.Ithaslongbeenknownthatthereisanelectricfield______.a.insidetheearthb.insideearthc.insideanearthd.onearth22.______muchharderwork,thevolunteerswereabletoplacetheragingforestfire______.a.Bythemeansof…underthecontrolb.Bymeansof…undercontrolc.Bymeansof…underacontrold.Byameansof…undercontrol23.Nosoonerhadthemandepartedthanthetreebegandroppingcoffeebeans______.a.bythethousandb.byathousandc.bythousandsd.bythousand24.Heexpressed______oftheirhavingeverbeenmarried.a.thedoubtb.adoubtc.doubtd.andoubt25.Hesawthroughthelittleboy’stricks______.a.atglanceb.attheglancec.atsomeglanced.ataglance26.Theirvictoryis______,forthey’velosttoomanymen.a.outofquestionb.outofthequestionc.outquestiond.ofquestion27.Manyagirlwantstobecome______.a.somesecretaryb.asecretaryc.secretaryd.secretaries28.Hegrabbedme______andpulledmeontothebus.a.aarmb.anarmc.thearmd.bythearm29.I’llcomein______minute;infactI’llcome______momentI’mthrough.a./…theb.a…thec.the…ad./…/30.Thisisoneof______interestingbooksonyoursubject.a.themostb.themostofthec.mostd.mostofthe31.Heenjoyslife______the“QueenAnne”.a.onaboardb.7/7\nonboardc.intheboardd.board32.Helosthisfoband______hiswifelefthim.a.onthattopb.ontopofthatc.onatopofthatd.onthetop33.Mostoftherepresentativesthinkthat______themeetingwasverysuccessful.a.onwholeofb.onawholec.onthewholed.onthewholethat34.UndernocircumstanceswilltherebewagecontrolwhileIam______ofthegovernment.a.theheadb.aheadc.headd.thathead35.Likehissister,Davidneeded______fromsomegenerouspersoninordertogethome.a.arideb.someridec.rided.theride36.Thebrain’slefthemispherecontrolslogicandlanguage,while______controlsintuitivetalentsandmusicalability.a.therightb.arightc.thatrightd.rightone37.______issettinguparesearchteamtoseehowchildrenreacttovideogames.a.TheJapan’sHealthMinistryb.Japan’shealthMinistryb.AJapan’shealthMinistryd.JapanhealthMinistry38.UnlikeAmericans,whoseemtoprefercoffee,______agreatdealoftea.a.Englishdrinkb.TheEnglishdrinkc.Englishmandrinkd.theEnglishdrinks39.Hundredsofpeopleare______now,sothereareabout50peopletryingforthesameposition.a.outoftheworkb.outworkc.outofworkd.outofawork40.Hismothertaught______,buthisfatherwasonlyablue-collarworker.a.pianob.anpianoc.thepianod.apiano41.ContrarytowhatIhadexpected,helostfor______.asecondtimeb.asecondtimec.secondtimesd.thesecondtime42.Fashionschangeandpeoplechangetoo,buttheoldfeelingremains______.a.thesameb.samec.thatsamed.assame43.Wearegoingtodinetomorrowwith______tocelebrateChristmasDay.a.theCunningb.Cunningsc.TheCunningsd.Cunning’s44.Thisis______whichiscollectedbeforethefirstraininSpring.a.oneteab.ateac.thetead.thattea45.______isknownbyitsnote,______isknownbyhistalk.a.Abird/amanb.Onebird/onemanc.Thebird/themand.Bird/man46.Nevertravelwith______wholeavesyouincaseofdanger.a.thefriendb.thatfriendc.afriendd.friend47.DoyouthinkitpossiblefortheNorthPoletohave______afewthousandyearsfromnow?a.Shanghaib.aShanghaic.theShanghaid.oneShanghai48.Idon’tthink______isabettercarthanourmakes.a.aFordb.Ford’sc.theFordd.Ford49.Ididn’tknowwhyhelookedangrywhenIpattedhim______.a.ontheheadb.onheadc.onaheadd.onhishead50.heneverfailstogiveyou______whenyouareintrouble.a.hishelpinghandsb.thehelpinghandc.helpinghandsd.ahelpinghand51.Thehistoricaleventsofthatperiodarearranged______.a.inalphabeticalorderb.inanalphabeticalorderb.inthealphabeticalordersd.inaalphabeticalorders52.Theliketotakeavacation______.a.onetimetheyearb.onetimeinayearc.onceayeard.onceinayear53.“WhatisTodger?”“Heis______.”a.apoetandnovelistb.apoetandanovelistb.poetandnovelistd.thepoetandnovelist54.“Howdidyoupaytheworkers?”“Asarule,theyarepaid______.”a.byanyourb.bythehourc.byahourd.byhours55.TheDMZextendsabouttwohundredkilometers______.a.fromeasttowestb.fromtheeasttowestc.fromtheeasttothewestd.fromeasterntowestern56.What______areyouplanningtobuy?a.makeofcarb.makeofthecarc.makeofacard.makeofcars57.______,youcan’tfoolher.a.ThechildthoughRowenaisb.ThoughchildRowenaisb.AschildRowenaisd.ChildasRowenais58.What’s______istogetinformationaboutthesituationfirst.a.thewisestb.awisestc.thewiserd.wisest59.Thedifferencesbetween______aregraduallybeingeliminated.a.thetownand7/7\nthecountryb.townandcountryb.atownandacountryd.atownandthecountry60.ScientistshopetosendanexpeditiontoMarsduring______.a.the1990sb.the1990c.1990sd.1990’s2.8数词练习1.______martyrshaveheroicallylaiddowntheirlivesforthepeople.a.Thousanduponthousandofb.Thousandandthousandsofc.Thousandsuponthousandsofd.Thousandandthousandof2.Theyreceived______oflettersabouttheirTVprograms.a.dozenb.dozenanddozencscored.dozens3.Whoisthatman,______inthefrontrow?a.oneb.theonec.firstd.thefirst4.Wehaveproduced______thisyearaswedidin1993.a.asmuchcottontwiceb.astwicemuchcottonc.muchastwicecottond.twiceasmuchcotton5.Theearthisabout______asthemoon.a.asfiftytimebigb.fiftytimesasbigc.asbigfiftytimed.fiftyastimesbig6.ThepopulationofmanyAlaskancitieshas______inthepastthreeyears.a.morethandoubledb.moredoubledthanc.muchthandoubledd.muchdoubledthan7.Themoonisabout_____indiameterasdiameterastheearth.a.one-threeaslargeb.onethreeaslargec.one-thirdaslarged.onethirdaslarge8.Fivehundredyuanamonth_____enoughtoliveon.a.isb.arec.isbeingd.hasbeen9.______ofthebuildingswereruined.a.Threefourthb.Threefourc.Three-fourthsd.Three-four10.Consult_____forquestionsaboutearthquakes.a.thesixindexb.indexsixc.sixthindexd.indexnumberingsix11.Shewenttothecountryside______.a.inthemorningatnine/onJunefirst,1968b.onJunefirst,1968/inthemorningatninec.atnineinthemorning/onJunefirst,1968d.onJunefirst,1968/atnineinthemorning12.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearth______coveredwithwater.a.areb.isc.wered.be13.Thismonththeproductionofstainlesssteelinoursteelworkshasincreased______2,000tons.a.withb.inc.ond.by14.Withtheminiaturizationofthestructuralcomponentstheweightoftheseelectricdeviceshasdecreased________30percent.a.asb.withc.ind.by15.TheOlympicGamesareheld______.a.everyfouryearsb.everyfouryearc.everyfourthyearsd.everyfour-years16.Asheisnotingoodhealth,hegoestohisfactoryonly______justtolearnsomethingabouttheprogressofexperiment.a.onceaweekb.oneweekc.onetimeaweekd.oneaweek17.Threestudents______inthisuniversitycomefromtheSouth.a.oftenb.outofintenc.outoftend.intens18.Stringsofthesamethicknessmadeofnylonare______.a.fivetimesstrongerthanthoseb.fivetimestrongerthanthosec.fivetimesstrongthanthosed.fivetimesstrongerasthose19.thewheelsoftheoldwagonarenearly______thoseofamoderncar.a.twicethesizeofb.twicesizeofc.twicesizesofd.twicethesizeof20.Onedayonthemoonis______.a.twoEarthweeklongb.twoEarthweekslongb.twoEarthweekslongerd.twoEarthweekslength附:限定词练习1.Myhandwashurt.Couldyoudo______typingforme?a.someb.manyc.suchd.any2.Therewere______studentsinthereadingroom.a.neitherb.notc.nod.none3.Ifitisof______usetoyou,pleasetakeit.a.someb.manyc.nod.any4.I’veinvitedfivepeopletoteathisafternoon.Outofthem,onlyJohnandMarycancome,______can’t.a.otherb.theotherc.othersd.theothers5.MostEnglishpeoplegotoSpainforthesea,thesunandallthe______thingsassociatedwitharelaxingholiday.a.anyb.anotherc.somed.other6.______wereironedbymymotheryesterday.a.Theallsheetsb.allofsheetsc.Allthesheetsd.Sheetsofall7.Asusual,______manwasgivenhisindividualassignment.a.everyb.eachc.alld.7/7\nboth8.Theysaw______girlsthedaybeforeyesterday.a.boththeothertwob.thetwootherbothc.thebothothertwod.thebothtwoother9.Oneusesthefreezer,thecomputerandthebusinessschooltomanufacture______dishesinneveraticklongerthan100seconds.a.suchothersb.othersuchc.suchotherd.othersucha10.______boxerwasstrong,but______hadagoodbuildandwaslightonhisfeet.a.Either/everyb.Neither/eachc.Both/bothd.Allthe/all11.______wasastonishedtofindhimselfrootingandshoutinginamostundignifiedmanner.a.Manyelderlymanb.Amanyelderlymenc.Manyanelderlymand.Manyelderlymen12.Iknownow,ofcourse,thereis______aslove.a.nosuchathingb.notsuchthingc.notathingd.nosuchthing13.Astherewere______life-boatsforeverybody,40liveswerelost.a.aslittleb.solittlec.toofewd.veryfew14.Hewasbrave;_____soldiersfoughtsobravelyinthatbattle.a.noothersb.noanotherc.nootherd.notother15.Idon’tthinkwehavemetbefore.I’mafraidyou’reconfusingmewith______.a.someotherb.someotherpersonc.otherpersond.oneother16.16.WeekendslastfromFridayeveningtoSundaynight.______daysareweek-days.a.Theotherb.Anotherc.Otherd.Everyother17.Wehad______goodtimethatwehatedtoleavetheparty.a.suchab.suchc.sod.pretty18.Parisis______thatwecanhardlyvisitallthebeautifulparksintwoorthreedays.a.suchlargeacityb.soalargecityc.suchalargecityd.asuchlargecity19.DeputiestotheNationalPeople’sCongressareelected_______.a.everyfouryearb.eachfouryearsc.everyoffouryearsd.everyfouryears20.Thereishardly______differencebetweenthetwolibraries.a.nob.anyc.muchd.some21.Foryoungpeople,Carpenteris______singer.a.mosttheirpopularb.mostpopularoftheirsc.theirmostpopulard.mostpopularoftheir22.______areabouttheAmericanIndependentWar.a.Bothbookb.Bothbooksc.Allthetwobookd.alloftwobooks23.WhenIamintrouble,myfriendswillgivemetheirhandswithout______hesitation.a.someb.ac.anyd.the24.You’rewelcometomyhouse______timeyou’dlike.a.theb.anyc.nod.some25.Hewasverymuchdisappointedbecause______wenttohisweddingparty.a.nohisfriendsb.allnohisfriendsc.nonehisfriendsd.noneofhisfriends26.Youshouldn’tstopyourcarheresincethereisasign‘______’.a.NotParkingb.NoParkc.NoParkingd.NotaPark27.Icannotinvited______ofyou,sinceI’vegotonlyoneextraticket.a.eitherb.bothc.somed.one28.______theidiomsarenoteasytorememberanduse.a.Everyb.Somec.Alld.Each29.Thereisalineoftreesin______sideoftheriver.a.everyb.eachc.perd.none30.______ourcountriesaredevelopingcountries.a.Eachb.Eitherc.Everyd.Both31.Thescientistwroteanumberofbooks,but______bookswerenovels.a.lasttwohisb.hislasttwoc.twohislastd.lasttwoofhis32.Haveyougot______copiestogoaround?a.muchc.alargeamountofc.enoughd.great33.Youcanneverusemycar.____timeshouldyoutouchit.a.Atnob.Atanyc.anyd.No34.Mybrotherisgoingonthepicnicwith______friends.a.histwolittleotherb.otherhistwolittlec.hisotherlittletwod.histwootherlittle35.Thoseexamplesarenotenough,youshouldgive______examplestomakeyourargumentconvincing.a.someb.anyc.somemored.anymore36.______feelsentitledtomoreinlifethanjusthousework.a.Manywomenb.Alotofwomanc.Manyawomand.Afewwoman37.Youwillhavetopractice______timesbeforeyoucandoit.a.manymoreb.moremanyc.more7/7\noftend.moreseveral38.Itis______workofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.a.asounusualb.suchanunusualc.sounusuald.suchunusual39.Thiscakeisdelicious,butIcan’teat______.a.someb.noc.anyd.much40.HerearesomebooksbyAmericanwriters.Youcanread______youlike.a.anyb.whichc.whatoned.whicheverone7/7

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