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高中英语语法教案8.特殊词精讲8.1stopdoing/todostoptodo 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事,stopdoing 停止做某事。例如:Theystoptosmokeacigarette.他们停下来,抽了根烟。Imuststopsmoking.我必须戒烟了。典型例题Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped___onabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择\"stoptodosth.停下来去做另一件事\"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stopdoingsth.不正确。8.2forgetdoing/todoforgettodo 忘记要去做某事,forgetdoing 忘记做过某事。例如:Thelightintheofficeisstilon.Heforgottoturnitoff.办公室的灯还在亮着,他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)Heforgotturningthelightoff.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)典型例题----Thelightintheofficeisstillon.----Oh,Iforgot___.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff答案:C。由thelightisstillon可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forgettodosth.而forgetdoingsth表示灯已经关上了,而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。8.3rememberdoing/todoremembertodo记得去做某事,rememberdoing 记得做过某事。例如:Remembertogotothepostofficeafterschool.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don\'tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?8.4regretdoing/todoregrettodo 对将要做的事遗憾,regretdoing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如:Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。Idon\'tregrettellingherwhatIthought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.---Well,nowIregret___that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone答案:D。regrethavingdonesth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regrettodosth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔,因此选D。8.5ceasedoing/todoceasetodo长时间,甚至永远停做某事,ceasedoing短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。例如:Thatdepartmenthasceasedtoexistforever.那个系已不复存在。Thegirlsceasedchattingforamomentwhentheirteacherpassedby.姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。8.6trydoing/todotrytodo 努力,企图做某事,trydoing 试验,试着做某事。例如:Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。Itriedgardeningbutdidn\'tsucceed.我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。8.7goondoing/todogoontodo 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事,goondoing 继续做原来做的事。例如:Afterhehadfinishedhismaths,hewentontodohisphysics.做完数学后,他接着去做物理。Goondoingtheotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习8.8beafraiddoing/todobeafraidtodo 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为\"怕\",beafraidofdoing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的,意为\"生怕,恐怕\"。例如:Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.她生怕被蛇咬着,不敢在草丛中再走一步。Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。8.9beinteresteddoing/todointerestedtodo 对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事,interestedindoing对某种想法感兴趣,doing通常为想法。例如:Ishallbeinterestedtoknowwhathappens.我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)I\'minterestedinworkinginSwitzerland.Doyou14/14\nhaveanyideaaboutthat?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?(一种想法)8.10meantodoing/todomeantodo打算、想,meandoing 意味着。例如:Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.增加工资意味着增加购买力。8.11begin(start)doing/todobegin/starttodosth/begin/startdoingsth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing。例如:Howoldwereyouwhenyoufirststartedplayingthepiano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴?2)begin,start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式todo。例如:Iwasbeginningtogetangry。我开始生起气来。3)在attempt,intend,begin,start后接know,understand,realize这类动词时,常用不定式todo。例如:Ibegintounderstandthetruth。我开始明白真相。4)事物作主语时。例如:Thesnowbegantomelt.雪开始融化了8.12感官动词+doing/todo感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel+do表示动作的完整性,+doing表示动作的进行性。例如:Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调\"我看见了\"这个事实)Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.(强调\"我见他正干活\"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。典型例题1)Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher___upfromchildhood.A.growB.grewC.wasgrowingD.togrow答案:A。因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用seesbdosth的句型。2)Themissingboywaslastseen___neartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay答案A.本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用seesb.doingsth句型。9.分词分词既有动词的特征,由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式,过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示(以及物动词do和不及物动词go为例):dogo主动被动现在分词doingbeingdonegoing过去分词/donegone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone/9.1分词作定语不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行,过去分词强调完成;及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动,过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时,也是如此。分词作定语,单个的分词作定语一般前置;分词词组,个别分词如given,left等,修饰不定代词等的分词,作定语需后置。例如:Wecanseetherisingsun.我们可以看到东升的旭日Heisaretiredworker.他是位退休的工人Therewasagirlsittingthere. 有个女孩坐在那里Thisisthequestiongiven.这是所给的问题Thereisnothinginteresting.没有有趣的东西 分词作定语相当于定语从句,如Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.=Mostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.典型例题1)Thefirsttextbook___forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havewrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written答案D.书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词做定语表被动,相当于定语从句whichwaswritten2)What\'sthelanguage____inGermany?A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak答案B.主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken,在句中作定语,修饰主语language,spoken与language有被动关系。该句可以理解为:What\'sthelanguage(whichis)spokeninGerman?9.2分词作状语分词作状语,可以表示时间,原因,理由,条件,让步,连续等,相当于一个状语从句。例如:Notreceivinganyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.由于没有收到他的信,我给他打了个电话。AsIdidn\'treceiveanyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.Given14/14\nmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.多给些照顾,那些树会长得更好。Ifmoreattentionwasgiven,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.典型例题1)_____someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.A.FollowedB.FollowedbyC.BeingfollowedD.Havingbeenfollowed 答案B.Napoleon与follow之间有被动的含义。beingfollowed除表达被动之外,还有动作正在进行之意。followedby(被…跟随)。本题可改为: Withsomeofficialsfollowing,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.2)Therewasaterriblenoise___thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed 答案B.由于声音在闪电后,因此为声跟随着光,声音为跟随的发出者,为主动。用现在分词。3)_______,liquidscanbechangedintogases.A.HeatingB.TobeheatedC.HeatedD.Heat 答案C.本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动,正在进行的;过去分词表被动的,已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者,是被动的,因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句Whenitisheated,…注意:选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出,分词就选用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。例如:Usedforalongtime,thebooklooksold.由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。9.3连词+分词(短语) 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚,可在分词前加连词。连词有:when,while,ifthough,after,before,as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如:Whilewaitingthere,hesawtwoprettygirlscomeoutofthebuilding.等在那儿时,他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。(waiting和saw的主语相同)9.4分词作补语 通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如:Ifoundmycarmissing. 我发现我的车不见了。\'llhavemywatchrepaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。9.5分词作表语表示主语的状态等。例如:Shelookedtiredwithcooking. 她由于忙着做饭,看上去有些疲倦。Heremainedstandingbesidethetable. 他依然站在桌旁。9.6分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如:generallyspeaking 一般说来talkingof(speakingof)说道strictlyspeaking严格的说judgingfrom从…判断allthingsconsidered从整体来看takingallthingsintoconsideration 全面看来例如:Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill. 从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。(speaking不是dogs的动作)9.7分词的时态1)一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如:Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈。Arrivingthere,theyfoundtheboydead. 一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。典型例题Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,___alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing 答案B.此处没有连词,不能选D,否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和waspreparing。只能在B,C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生,且与主语为主动关系,应用现在分词。2)完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如:Whilewalkinginthegarden,hehurthisleg.在花园里散步时他伤了腿。 分词作时间状语,如果先与主动词的动作,且强调先后,要用havingdone。Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentout.做完作业后,他出去了。=Ashehadfinishedhishomework,hewentout.典型例题___areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnot14/14\nreceived答案C.本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断,分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写信)之前,因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not+分词,故选C。该句可理解为:Becausehehadnotreceivedareply,hedecidedtowriteagain.9.8分词的语态1)通常,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。例如:Heisthemangivingyouthemoney.(=whogaveyou…)他就是给你钱的那个人。Heisthemanstoppedbythecar.(=whowasstoppedby…)他就是那个被车拦住的人。2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生,如gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned等。例如:awell-readperson. 一个读过许多书的人amuch-traveledmay 一个去过许多地方的人aburnt-outmatch烧完了的火柴10.独立主格10.1独立主格独立主格结构的构成:名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;名词(代词)+形容词;名词(代词)+副词;名词(代词)+不定式;名词(代词)+介词短语构成。独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 例如:Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假。Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow. 天气允许,我们明天去看你。Thisdone,wewenthome.工作完成后,我们才回家。Themeetinggoneover,everyonetiredtogohomeearlier.会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的。Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆10.2with的复合结构作独立主格 表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构:with+名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如:Hestoodthere,hishandraised.=Hestoodthere,withhishandraise.他举手着站在那儿。典型例题Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback。A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied 答案D.with+名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.注意:1)独立主格结构使用介词的问题:当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制。例如:Arobberburstintotheroom,knifeinhand.(hand前不能加his)劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀。2)当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。例如:Helaythere,histeethset,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直勾勾看着上面。典型例题:Weather___,we\'llgooutforawalk.ApermittedBpermittingCpermitsDforpermitting答案B.本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号,且we小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为\'天气允许\',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为Ifweatherpermits,we\'llgooutforawalk.然后将if去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。11.动词的时态11.1一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语:every…,sometimes,at…,onSunday。例如:Ileavehomefor14/14\nschoolat7everymorning.每天早上我七点离开家。2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球绕太阳转动。ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.上海位于中国东部。3)表示格言或警句。例如:Pridegoesbeforeafall. 骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:Idon\'twantsomuch.我不要那么多。AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。比较:NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子。Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。11.2一般过去时的用法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。例如:Wheredidyougojustnow?刚才你上哪儿去了?2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。 3)句型:Itistimeforsb.todosth\"到……时间了\"\"该……了\"。例如:Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了。Itistimethatsb.didsth.\"时间已迟了\"\"早该……了\",例如Itistimeyouwenttobed. 你早该睡觉了。would(had)rathersb.didsth. 表示\'宁愿某人做某事\'。例如:I\'dratheryoucametomorrow.还是明天来吧。4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些。比较:Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含义:她已不在人间。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含义:她现在还活着)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如:Didyouwantanythingelse?您还要些什么吗?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.能不能帮我一下。2)情态动词could,would。例如:Couldyoulendmeyourbike?你的自行车,能借用一些吗?11.3usedto/beusedtousedto+do:\"过去常常\"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:Motherusednottobesoforgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。Scarfusedtotakeawalk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。beusedto+doing:对……已感到习惯,或\"习惯于\",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题 ----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.----It\'s69568442.A.didn\'tB.couldn\'tC.don\'tD.can\'t 答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。11.4一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst?我先读哪一段呢?Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?今晚七点回家好吗?2)begoingto+不定式,表示将来。a.主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?明天打算作什么呢?14/14\nb.计划,安排要发生的事。例如:Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。这出戏下月开播。c.有迹象要发生的事。例如:Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.看那乌云,快要下雨了。3)be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4)beaboutto+不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他马上要去北京。注意:beabouttodo不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。11.5begoingto/will用于条件句时,begoingto表将来,will表意愿。例如:Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you\'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.11.6beto和begoingtobeto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,begoingto表示主观的打算或计划。例如:Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)I\'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)11.7一般现在时表将来1)下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.火车明天上午六点开。Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。2)以here,there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.车来了。Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.铃响了。3)在时间或条件句中。例如:WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.比尔来后,让他等我。I\'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里,就写信给你。4)在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等的宾语从句中。例如:Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。11.8用现在进行时表示将来下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:I\'mleavingtomorrow.明天我要走了。Areyoustayingheretillnextweek?你会在这儿呆到下周吗?11.9现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have(has)+过去分词。11.10比较一般过去时与现在完成时1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,lastweek,…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow等,皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语:for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always等,皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语:thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,already,recently,lately等。3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。例如:Isawthisfilmyesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了)Ihaveseenthisfilm.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)Whydidyougetupsoearly?(强调起床的动作已发生过了)Whohasn\'thandedinhispaper?(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthree14/14\nyears.(是团员的状态可持续)句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday,last,week,in1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。(错)Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.(对)Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.11.11用于现在完成时的句型1)Itisthefirst/secondtime....that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.这是我第一次访问这城市。Thisisthefirsttime(that)I\'veheardhimsing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意:Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2)Thisis+形容词最高级+that…结构,that从句要用现在完成时。例如:ThisisthebestfilmthatI\'ve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。典型例题(1)---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。(2)---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it\'sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。(错)Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.(对)Ihaven\'treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.11.12比较since和forSince用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.我住在这儿二十多年了。IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意:并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.(我现在已不在这里工作。)Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.(现在我仍在这里工作。) 注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1)(对)TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.2)(错)Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow. 显然,第二句不对,它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.11.13since的四种用法1)since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix)。例如:Ihavebeenheresince1989.1989起,我一直在这儿。2)since+一段时间+ago。例如:Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.我在这儿,已经有五个月了。3)since+从句。例如:Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.你走后,变化可大了。Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincewewerehere.我们走后,变化可大了。4)Itis+一段时间+since从句。例如:ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.我考上研究生有两年了。11.14延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历;瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:Hehascompletedthework. 他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)I\'veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till/until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句,表示\"做……直到……\"瞬间动词用于否定句,表示\"到……,才……\"。例如:Hedidn\'tcomebackuntilteno\'clock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntilteno\'clock.他一直睡到10点。 典型例题1.Youdon\'tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。2.---I\'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe14/14\n答案A.等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。11.15过去完成时1)概念:表示过去的过去----|----------|--------|---->其构成是had+过去分词构成。那时以前那时 现在 2)用法a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。c.表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示\"原本…,未能…\"。例如:Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn\'t.那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。3) 过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。例如:HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.他说过他以前学过一些英语。Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。典型例题Thestudents___busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe___intheoffice.A.hadwritten,leftB,werewriting,hasleftC.hadwritten,hadleftD.werewriting,hadleft答案D.\"把书忘在办公室\"发生在\"去取书\"这一过去的动作之前,因此\"忘了书\"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在\"同学们正忙于……\"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意:hadhardly…when 还没等……就……。例如:IhadhardlyopenedthedoorwhenIhehitme.我刚打开门,他就打了我。hadnosooner…than刚……就……。例如:Hehadnosoonerboughtthecarthanhesoldit.他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。11.16用一般过去时代替过去完成时1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:Whenshesawthemouse,shescreamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。2)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.11.17将来完成时1)构成willhavedone2)概念a.状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b.动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达上海了。11.18现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法:a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:Wearewaitingforyou.我们正在等你。b.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)c.表示渐变,这样的动词有:get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如:Theleavesareturningred.叶子在变红。It\'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越来越热了。d.与always,constantly,forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改变主意。典型例题Mydictionary___,Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstill___it.A.haslost,don\'tfindB.ismissing,don\'tfindC.haslost,haven\'tfoundD.is14/14\nmissing,haven\'tfound.答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。11.19不用进行时的动词1)表示事实状态的动词,如have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue等。例如:Ihavetwobrothers.我有两兄弟。Thishousebelongstomysister.这房子是我姐的。2)表示心理状态的动词,如know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate等。例如:Ineedyourhelp.我需要你的帮助。Helovesherverymuch.他爱她很深。3)瞬间动词,如accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等。例如:Iacceptyouradvice.我接受你的劝告。4)系动词,如seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn等。例如:Youseemalittletired.你看上去有点累。11.20过去进行时1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while等。例如:Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.他们离开车站时,正下着雨。WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。典型例题1)Mary___adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.madeB.ismakingC.wasmakingD.makes 答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,\"玛丽在做衣服时\"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。2)Asshe___thenewspaper,Granny___asleep.A.read;wasfallingB.wasreading;fellC.wasreading;wasfallingD.read;fell 答案B.句中的as=when,while,意为\"当……之时\"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为\"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。\"句中的fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fallsick。11.21将来进行时1)概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如:She\'llbecomingsoon.她会很快来的。I\'llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.将来我一定去见他。注意:将来进行时不用于表示\"意志\",不能说I\'llbehavingatalkwithher.2)常用的时间状语有soon,tomorrow,thisevening,onSunday,bythistime,tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等。例如:Bythistimetomorrow,I\'llbelyingonthebeach.明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。11.22一般现在时代替一般将来时When,while,before,after,till,once,assoonas,solongas,bythetime,if,incase(that),unless,evenif,whether,themoment,theminute,theday,theyear,immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:HeisgoingtovisitherauntthedayhearrivesinBeijing.他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。典型例题(1)Hesaidhe________meapresentunlessI_______indoingtheexperiment.A.hadnotgiven;hadnotsucceededB.wouldnotgive;succeededC.willnotgive;succeedD.wouldnotgive;willsucceed.答案B.在时间,条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有Hesaid,故为过去式。主句用将来时,故选B.此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。(2)表示现在已安排好的未来事项,行程等活动。例如:Themuseumopensattentomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)11.23一般现在时代替一般过去时1)\"书上说\",\"报纸上说\"等。例如:Thenewspapersaysthatit\'sgoingtobecold14/14\ntomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。2)叙述往事,使其生动。例如:Napoleon\'sarmynowadvancesandthegreatbattlebegins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了。11.24一般现在时代替现在完成时1)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember等。例如:Ihear(=haveheard)hewillgotoLondon.我听说了他将去伦敦。Iforget(=haveforgotten)howoldheis.我忘了他多大了。2)用句型\"Itis…since…\"代替\"Ithasbeen…since…\"。例如:Itis(=hasbeen)fiveyearssincewelastmet.从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。11.25一般现在时代替现在进行时。在Herecomes…/Theregoes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如:Theregoesthebell.铃响了。11.26现在进行时代替将来时1)表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如:Areyoustayingwithusthisweekend?和我们一起度周末好吗?Weareleavingsoon.我们马上就走。2)渐变动词,如get,run,grow,become,begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如:Heisdying.他要死了。11.27时态一致1)如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。例如:Atthattime,peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.那时,人们不知道地球是动的。Hetoldmelastweekthatheiseighteen.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。2)宾语从句中的,助动词ought,need,must,dare的时态是不变的。例如:HethoughtthatIneednottellyouthetruth.他认为我不必告诉你真相。11.28时态与时间状语时态时间状语一般现在时every…,sometimes,at…,onSunday等一般过去时yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982,justnow等一般将来时next…,tomorrow,in+一段时间,before+时间点等现在完成时for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,recently等过去完成时before,by+过去的时间,until,when,after,once等过去进行时thismorning,thewholemorning,allday,yesterday,fromninetotenlastevening…when,while等将来进行时soon,tomorrow,thisevening,onSunday,bythistime,tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening11.29时态、语态练习1.“Idon’tliketotravel.”“Haveyouever_____inanairplane?”a.flyingb.flewc.flowedd.flown2.Thecenterofgravityofthehumanbody______behindhisjoint.a.locatedb.locatingc.tolocated.islocated3.“Todayisverycold,isn’tit?”“Yes,theriveris_____over.”a.freezedb.freezec.frozend.freezing4.“Whathappenedinthatnewarea?”“Newhouses______recentlyoverthere.”a.arebuiltb.buildc.havebuiltd.havebeenbuilt5.“Whendidyougotowork?”“Assoonastheycame,we______towork.”a.wentb.weregoingc.hadgoned.go6.“Didyouwaitforhimverylong?”“Yes,I______tobeduntilfiveinthemorning.”a.didgob.didn’tgoc.hadgoned.went7.Perhapsitwillbealongtime______fromabroad.a.whenTomcomesbackb.whenTomwillcomebackc.beforeTomcomesbackd.thatTomcomesback8.Tom______mathematicsthroughouthiscollegelife.a.boredb.boredwithc.wasboredd.wasboredwith9.______thatdresswhenIfirstsawyouatthestation?a.Wereyouwearingb.Haveyouwornc.Didyouweard.doyouwear10.MrWu______toworkbybuseveryday.a.hasbeentravelingb.hastraveledc.travelsd.istraveling11.Don’tdisturbhim.He______totheweatherforecast.a.listensb.isbeinglistenedc.haslistenedd.islistening12.MyEnglishteacher______mytest.a.hasnotyetgradedb.hasnotyetbeengradedc.isnotyettobegradedd.isnotyetgraded13.We______onitformanyhours,butwehavenotyetreachedanyconclusion.a.arebeingworkedb.areworkingc.havebeenworkingd.havebeen14/14\nworked14.Shanghai______ontheHuangpuRiver.a.standb.standsc.isbeingstandd.hasstood15.“Tellthestudentstostopshouting.We______ouressaysnow.”a.writeb.havebeenwritingc.arewritingd.havewritten16.“______yourbest?It’snotsatisfactory.I’mafraidyouwillhavetodoitagain.”a.Doyoutryb.Haveyoutriedc.Areyoutryingd.Haveyoubeentrying17.Chinesemarriedcouple_____redpacketstochildrenandtheunmarriedduringtheChinesenewYear.a.giveb.havebeengivingc.aregivingd.havegiven18.Myuncle,Sam,______managerofthefirm.a.hasjustmadeb.isjustbeingmadec.hasjustbeenmaded.isjustmade19.Thisisthefirsttimethestudents______toHydePark.a.havegoneb.havebeengonec.havebeengoingd.arebeinggone20.She______hermother’sworksinceshewasadmittedintohospital.a.isdoingb.hasbeendoingc.hasdoned.hasbeendone21.I______theincidentasifitwereyesterday.a.amstilltorememberb.havestillbeenrememberingc.ambeingstillrememberedd.stillremember22.I______swimmingintheriverandIalways_____toswimwhenIcan.a.amliking/havegoneb.ambeingliked/amgoingc.like/god.haveliked/havebeengoing23.Wehavesometimesaccidentsonthisline,butnoaccidents______sincelastwinter.a.occurb.haveoccurredc.havebeenoccurringd.areoccurring24.He_____onthisessayfortwentyminutesbuthe_____onlyahundredwords.a.hasbeenworking/haswrittenb.isworking/writesb.hasworked/hasbeenwritingd.works/iswriting25.Elections_______everyfouryearsandCongressmeetsonceayear.a.aretakenplaceb.aretobetakenplacec.tookplaced.takeplace26.______careless,oryouwillmakemistakes.a.Benotb.Notbec.Don’td.Don’tbe27.TheNo.8bus______toChengducollegeofGeology,andnottoSichuanUniversity.a.aregoneb.isbeinggonec.goesd.aregoing28.Oil,exportedfromIrantoEurope,_____bytankers.a.usedtobetransported/havebeenbuiltupb.usedtobeingtransported/havebuiltupc.wasusedtobetransported/hadbeenbuiltupd.wasusedtobeingtransported/willbebuiltup29.Ifit______,thematchwillbepostponed.a.hasbeenrainedb.doesrainc.rainsd.israined30.AssoonasI______thetools,Ishallbeginwiththework.a.haveb.amhavingc.havebeenhavingd.havebeenhad31.Onceyou______theknackofit,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty.a.shallhaveb.hadhadc.arehavingd.have32.Everytimehe______me,heisrudetome.a.willseeb.seesc.isseeingd.isseen33.JohntoldMarythathe______whathewasdoingduringthevacation.a.wasjustaskedb.wasjustaskingc.hadjustbeenaskedd.hadjustasked34.Nowthatyou_______,whatareyougoingtodo?a.arebingreturnedb.havebeenreturningc.havebeenreturnedd.havereturned35.Istartedmyteachingcareerattheschool.Thatwasmorethantwentyyearsago,andI______thereeversince.a.wasb.hadbeenc.willbed.havebeen36.Everythingontheearth______allthetime.a.ischangingb.ischangedc.haschangedd.hasbeenchanged37.We______fineweatherforthepastfewdays.a.haveb.arehavingc.havebeenhadd.havebeenhaving38.It______everydaysofarthismonth.a.israiningb.rainsc.hasrainedd.hasbeenrained39.noonecanprovethattheearth______notround.a.isbeingb.istobec.isd.hasbeen40.“Thereshe______!Weneedn’twaitanylonger.”a.comesb.hasbeencomec.hasbeencomingd.istocome41.Thelittlegirl______bythedrug-pushertocarrydrugsintothecountry.a.wasmadeuseb.wasmadeusedc.wasmadeuseofd.14/14\nwasmadeusedof42.Ishalltellyouwhathe______atthreeo’clockyesterdayafternoon.a.haddoneb.woulddoc.wasdoingd.hadbeendone43.Bytheendoflastyearthey______1,000machines.a.turnedoutb.hadturnedoutc.wouldturnoutd.hadbeenturnedout44.Hewassixty-eight.Intwoyearshe______seventy.a.wouldbeb.wasc.hadbeend.wasbeing45.Howlongago______playingfootball?a.hadyoustoppedb.wouldyoustopc.didyoustopd.wereyoustopping46.Uptillthenwe______halfthedistance.a.hadonlycoveredb.coveredc.wouldonlycoverd.wouldbeonlycovered47.WhileI______television,thedoorbell______.a.watched/wouldringb.wouldwatch/hadrungb.waswatching/rangd.hadbeenwatched/wasringing48.They______withusforthetimebeing.a.wouldstayb.willstayc.havebeenstayingd.willbestaying49.IneverdreamedI______herediscussingstateaffairswiththeotherdeputies.a.willbesittingb.wouldbesittingc.willhavebeensittingd.wouldhavebeensitting50.Johntoldusthatbytheendoftheyearthey______togetherforthirtyyears.a.wouldhavebeenlivingb.wouldhavelivedc.wouldhavebeenlivedd.willhavebeenliving51.Thenewtypeofmachine______theyearafternext.a.isgoingtoturnoutb.isgoingtobeingturnedoutb.isgoingtohaveturnedoutd.isgoingtobeturnedout52.Largesumsofmoney______eachyearinpaintingthesteelworkofbridges,ships,andotherexposedstructures.a.havespentb.havetobespentc.havetospendd.spend53.Thepolice______inwhattheinformerreported.a.interestedb.hadinterestedc.wereinterestingd.wereinterested54.Acandidateforthepost______atthemoment.a.isinterviewingb.beinginterviewingc.interviewingd.isbeinginterviewed55.Bytheendoflastyeartherailway______.a.wasbeingcompletedb.wouldbecompletedb.hadbeencompletedd.hadcompleted56.I______tovisittheircountrybeforelong.a.havebeeninvitedb.ambeinginvitedc.hadbeeninvitedd.shallbeinvited57.Theory______withpractice.a.mustbecombiningb.mustcombinec.musthavebeencombinedd.mustbecombined58.Hesaidsuchathing______tohappen.a.oughttobenotallowedb.oughtnottobeallowingb.oughtnottohaveallowedd.oughtnottobeallowed59.Shetoldmethatherproposal______.a.neededtotakeintoconsiderationb.neededtobetakenintoconsiderationc.neededtobetakingintoconsiderationd.neededtohavetakenintoconsideration60.Theschoolauthoritiesandtheteachers______overtheadvantagesofthedemeritsystem.a.werealwaysarguedb.werealwaysarguingb.hadalwayshadarguedd.hadalwaysbeenargued61.Hefulfilledtheplanearlierthanhe______.a.hadexpectedb.expectingc.shouldexpectd.wouldexpect62.______whenthebellrang.a.Hardlywouldhereachschoolb.Hardlyhadhereachedschoolc.Hardlyhereachedschoold.Hardlyhewasreachingschool63.WeweredeterminednottodoitunlessJulie______it,too.a.haddoneb.wasdoingc.wasdoned.did64.Theyweresurethey______finalvictory.a.werewonb.wouldbewonc.wouldwind.hadbeenwon65.When______togiveusananswer?a.willyoubeableb.willyouhavebeenablec.willyouabled.willyouhaveabled66.We______ontheprojectbytheendofnextweek.a.shallhavefinishedtoworkb.shallfinishtoworkc.shallhavefinishedworkingd.shallfinishworking67.He______forsixyearsbythetimehetakeshisexamination.a.shallhavefinishedtoworkb.shallfinishtoworkb.shallhavefinishedworkingd.shallfinishworking68.IpromiseyouthatI______youapresentnext14/14\nweek.a.willgiveb.willhavegivenc.shallgived.shallhavegiven69.Ihopethatshe______tothedemandsofthenaughtyboys.a.willnothaveagreedb.willnotbeagreedc.willnotagreed.willnothavebeenagreed70.Inthelongrunyourmoney______inbonds.a.wasmoresafelyinvestedb.ismoresafelyinvestedb.willbemoresafelyinvestedd.aremoresafelyinvested71.Mr.Wilsonaskedmeiftheseislands______toJapan.a.belongb.arebelongingc.arebelongedd.havebeenbelonged72.Beforetheendofthenineties,airpollution______aseriousproblemthatendangersthehealthofthehumanrace.a.willbebecomeb.willbecomec.willhavebecomed.willhavebeenbecome73.Thetrain______ateighttonight.a.willbestartedb.willhavestartedc.shallbestartedd.starts74.We______anEnglisheveningtonight.a.arebeinghavingb.arehavingc.willbehadd.shallbehad75.They______forBeijingforpractice.a.areleavingb.arebeingleftc.willhaveleftd.willbeleft76._____meoraren’tyou?a.Willyouhelpb.Shallyouhelpc.Areyougoingtohelpd.Willyouhavehelped77.Anewpowerstation______there.a.willbegoingtobuildb.isgoingtobebuiltc.willbegonetobuildd.isgonetobebuilt78.______ameetingthisafternoon.a.Theregoingtobeb.Therewillbegoingtobeb.Thereisgoingtobed.Therewillgoingtobe79.We______anewexperimentthisafternoon.a.shallbetoperformb.willbetoperformc.aretobeperformedd.aretoperform80.Thegovernment_____toapprovetheuseofwidespreadsurveillancewhentheJusticeDepartmenttookobjections.a.isgoingb.hadbeenc.wasaboutd.iscoming81.Yououghtto_____atestinphysicsthedaybefore,Ithink.a.havetakenb.takec.betakend.betaking82.Keplerprovedthatthesun______thecenterofthesolarsystem.a.isb.wasc.hadbeend.wouldbe83.Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthat______thisyear.a.appearsb.isappearingc.hasappearedd.haveappeared84.Myfriend______herelastweek,buthecouldn’t.a.wastohavecomeb.musthavecomec.camed.hadtocome85.Hedidnotarriveuntilthemeetingwasnearlyover,forthesimplereasonisthathe_____asleepwhilewatchingtelevision.a.hadfallenb.hasfallenc.felld.wasfalling86.Wehadhardlysatdownwhenshe______platesoffoodforus.a.broughtb.hasbroughtc.hadbroughtd.wasbringing87.Afriendofminereturnedtohishouseafteraholiday,onlytofindit______.a.bebrokenintob.wasbrokenintoc.hadbrokenintod.hadbeenbrokeninto88.“WhatwereyoudoingwhenAnnaphonedyou?”“Ihadjustfinishedmyworkand______totakeabath.”a.startingb.tostartc.havestartedd.wasstarting89.“Haveyougonetoseethedoctor?”“No,but______.”a.Igob.Iamgoingtoseec.Igotoseed.I’mgoingto90.Eachtimeyoulookatanobject,you______apicture.a.tookb.aretakingc.taked.havetaken91.Waterpipes______rustyafteraperiodofuse.a.becomeb.isbecomingc.arebecomed.werebecome92.Thisforeignscientist______inourcollegeforfifteenyearsanddoesnotwanttoleave.a.workedb.isworkingc.worksd.hasbeenworking93.______tohavedinnerwithustonight?a.Willyoulikeb.Doyoulikec.Wouldn’tyouliked.Won’tyoulike94.WhatIwasuncertainabout______whethertheycouldovercomethedifficulties.a.isb.willbec.hadbeend.was95.“Certainly,______himaboutsomethingelseinanycase,soitwon’tbeanybother.”a.I’llseeb.Iseec.Icanseed.I’llbeseeing96.Bythetimethecourseends,______alotaboutBritain.a.we’lllearntb.wearelearningc.wehavelearntd.14/14\nwe’llhavelearnt97.Allthemachines______bytheendofthefollowingweek.a.wererepairedb.wouldberepairedc.willhavebeenrepairedd.werebeingrepair98.Hewillcometocalloneyouthemomenthe______hiswork.a.willfinishb.finishesc.hadfinishedd.finished99.Idon’tthinkshe’llbeupset,butI’llseeherincase________.a.she’llb.sheisc.shedoesd.shewould100.“Iwishthatyoursisterwouldcometovisitme.”“Well,I’lltellherwhenI______her.”a.seeb.sawc.wellseed.wouldsee14/14