高中英语 unit 2 the united kingdom教案 32页

浙江省诸暨市草塔中学高中英语Unit2TheUnitedKingdom教案Ⅰ.单元教学目标技能目标SkillGoals▲TalkabouttheUnitedKingdom▲Talkaboutlanguagedifficultiesincommunication▲Talkaboutspace:position,directionanddistance▲Learntousethepastparticipleastheobjectcomplement▲Learntowriteanon-chronologicalreport:touristguideⅡ.目标语言功能句式Talkaboutlanguagedifficultiesincommunication:Canyouspeakmoreslowlyplease?Ibegyourpardon?/Pardon?Whatdidyoumeanby...(orbysaying...)?Excuseme...I’mafraidIcan’tfollowyou.Ididn’tunderstand...I’msorrybutcouldyourepeatthat?Talkaboutspace:position,directionanddistance:Waleswaslinkedto...EnglandandWaleswerejoinedtoThezonesnearest...iscalled...Themiddlezoneiscalled...词1．四会词汇unite,kingdom,consist,divide,puzzle,clarify,relation,legal,convenience,attraction,collection,construct,influence,project,arrange,sightseeing,available,delight,tower,expand,royal,uniform,splendid,statue,communism,thrill,pot,2．认读词汇theUnitedKingdom,LondonHeathrowAirport,RiverThames,RiverSevern,Wales,Scotland,NorthernIreland,theUnionJack,educational,roughly,\n汇Midlands,industrial,historical,Roman,Norman,Anglo-Saxon,invader,Viking,site,occasion,StPaul’sCathedral,WestminsterAbbey,BigBen,BuckinghamPalace,Greenwich,longitude,navigation,KarlMarx,HighgateCemetery,LibraryoftheBritishMuseum,original,WindsorCastle3．词组consistof,divide...into,breakaway(from),leaveout,breakdown结构Thepastparticipleastheobjectcomplement...thethreecountriesfoundthemselvesunitedpeacefully...However,justastheyweregoingtogetIrelandconnectedtoform...YoufindmostofthepopulationsettledintheSouth,....重点句子1.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.P92.However,thesouthernpartofIrelandwasunwillingandbrokeawaytoformitsowngovernment.P103.ThegreatesthistoricaltreasureofallisLondonwithitsmuseums,artcollections,theatres,parksandbuildings.P104.YoumustkeepyoureyesopenifyouaregoingtomakeyourtriptotheUnitedKingdomenjoyableandworthwhile!P105.HerfirstdelightwasgoingtotheTower.P146.TherefollowedStPaul’sCathedralbuiltaftertheterriblefireofLondonin1666.P147.Thatiswhy,eventoday,whenpeoplecanfollowanyreligiontheylike,familiesstillhavefireworkpartiesandburnclothdollsofGuyFawkesonabonfire.P52Ⅲ.教材分析与教材重组1.教材分析本单元以TheUnitedKingdom为中心话题。通过学习，使学生了解英国的历史、地理、政治、文化、宗教、社会习俗及名胜古迹等有关知识。1.1WarmingUp通过一个小测试考查学生对英国的了解情况。\n1.2Pre-reading通过三个有关英国的小问题，让学生进一步加深对英国的了解。1.3Reading本单元的阅读材料——PUZZLESINGEOGRAPHY(“地理之迷”)，从地理、历史、政治、文化、体育等方面简要介绍了联合王国的形成和发展、风土人情和人文景观。1.4Comprehending通过回答问题、解析地图中的信息、划分课文段落写出大意以及归纳课文内容写出小结等练习，加强学生对课文深层次的理解，培养学生归纳、概括、总结能力。1.5LearningaboutLanguage分词汇和语法两部分。词汇部分设置了“短文填空”和“句子填空”两个内容；语法部分由两个部分组成：一是让学生自己通过在课文中寻找含有相关语法项目（过去分词用作宾语补足语）的句子；二是对该语法项目进行操练。形式有语法结构讲练、趣味性游戏等。1.6UsingLanguage通过增加阅读篇目“SIGHTSEEINGINLONDON”，让学生了解英国首都伦敦的名胜古迹；该部分还提供了听力材料（conversationbetweenZhangPingyuandatouristguide），设计了“说”的话题（让学生表演游客和导游之间的对话），并设置了写作练习，要求学生用“恰当的形容词和动词”来描写他们熟悉或参观过的某一建筑或景观。1.7SUMMINGUP让学生用选择的形式来小结本单元所学的主要内容。1.8LEARNINGTIP就“如何修改自己的作文”给学生提出了几点建议。2.教材重组2.1将WarmingUp,Pre-reading,Reading和Comprehending四部分整合为一节“阅读课”。2.2将UsingLanguage中的Listening与Workbook中的LISTENING和LISTENINGTASK整合为一节“听力课”。2.3将UsingLanguage中的Reading和Work-book中的READINGTASK整合为一节“泛读课”。2.4将LearningaboutLanguage中的Discover-ingusefulwordsandexpressions，Discoveringusefulstructures；Workbook中的USINGWORDSANDEXPRESSIONS和USINGSTRUCTURES整合为一节“语言学习课”。2.5将UsingLanguage中的Speaking和Workbook中的TALKING，SPEAKINGTASK以及LearningaboutLanguage中的Discoveringusefulstructures整合为一节“口语课”。2.6将UsingLanguage中的Writing和Workbook中的WRITING\nTASK整合为一节“写作课”。3．课型设计与课时分配1stPeriodReading2ndPeriodListening3rdPeriodExtensiveReading4thPeriodLanguageStudy5thPeriodSpeaking6thPeriodWritingⅣ.分课时教案TheFirstPeriodReadingTeachinggoals教学目标1.Targetlanguage目标语言a.重点词汇和短语unite,kingdom,consist,divide,puzzle,clarify,relation,legal,convenience,attraction,collection,construct,influence,consistof,divide...into,breakaway(from),leaveoutb.重点句式1.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.P102.However,thesouthernpartofIrelandwasunwillingandbrokeawaytoformitsowngovernment.P103.YoumustkeepyoureyesopenifyouaregoingtomakeyourtriptotheUnitedKingdomworthwhile!P102.Abilitygoals能力目标EnablethestudentstolearnabouttheUnitedKingdom(theUK).3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标EnablethestudentstoknowtheUKingeographyandhistory.Teachingimportant&difficultpoints教学重难点HowtounderstandthegeographicpuzzleoftheUK.Teachingmethods教学方法Skimmingandtask-basedactivities.\nTeachingaids教具准备Arecorder,acomputerandaprojector.Teachingprocedures&ways教学过程与方式StepⅠLead-inTask1:Freetalkaboutthetopic:TheUnitedKingdom.Referencetopic:1.HaveyoueverbeentotheUK?Ifyouhave,canyoutellussomethingaboutitorcanyoutellussomethingaboutyourvisit(s)there?OrwhatisyourimpressionoftheUK?Ifyouhaven’t,wherecanyougettheinformationaboutit?2.WhatisthecapitaloftheUK?Andwhatisthelanguage?3.DoesEngland,BritainortheGreatBritainmeanthesameastheUK?Ifnot,tellthedifferencebetweenthem.4.Whatisthemoneyusedthere?Andwhatisthelargestbanknote?Whataretheotherdenominations(币值单位)ofbanknotes?Whatisthecoinwiththelargestvalue?Andwhataretheotherdenominationsofcoins?5.WhatelsedoyouknowabouttheUK?Task2:Askthestudentstodothequizonpage9andthenchecktheanswers.T:Inthisunit,wearegoingtolearnsomethingabouttheUnitedKingdom.Nowlet’sworkinpairs,dothequizintheWarmingUpandfindouthowmuchyouknowabouttheUK.TherearefivequestionswiththreechoicesA,BandCforeachone.Nowpleaselookthemthroughquicklyandchoosetheanswers.Youmaydiscussthesequestionswithyourpartners.StepIIPre-readingT:Nextlet’stalkaboutthethreequestionsinthePre-reading.Firstofall,I’dliketoaskyouonemorequestionbeforewedealwiththePre-readingquestions.What’stheofficialorfullnameoftheUK?S:TheUnitedKingdomoftheGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.T:Nowwho’dliketoanswerthefirstquestioninthePre-reading?S:Well.LondonisthecapitalcityoftheUKandalsothecapitalofEngland.CardiffisthecapitalofWales,EdinburghisthecapitalofScotlandandBelfast,thecapital\ncityofNorthernIreland.I’dliketotellyousomethingaboutGlasgow,acityinScotland,wheremycousinhasbeenstudyingintheUniversityofGlasgowfor3years.HeoftenwritestotellmesomethingaboutthecityandtheUniversity.Glasgowisacitywithapopulationof620,000.Itlies68milesofwestcentralScotlandalongbothbanksoftheRiverClyde.ThecityoccupiesmuchofthelowerClydevalleycombiningsuburbs—withanoverallpopulationof1.4million—whichextendintosurroundingdistricts.GlasgowisthelargestcityinScotlandanditsindustrialcentre;ithasanexcellentharbourwithmodernportfacilities.T:Verygood.Nowthenextquestionisalittlebitmorechallenging.Who’dliketohaveatry?S:Englandcanbedividedintothefollowingthreemainareas:NorthEngland,MidlandsandSouthEngland.T:Great!Isthereanyoneelsewho’dliketohaveatry?S:Yes.I’dliketotellyousomethingaboutacityinthesouthofEngland.Canyouguesswhichcityitis?Yes,ItisDover,wheremanypeoplehavebeentryingagainandagaintoswimacrosstheEnglishChannel.ItisaportcityinthefarsoutheastofEngland.Ithasalonghistory.PeoplehavelivedinwhatisnowcalledDoversincetheStoneAge.ThefirstsettlementsinDoverweremadearound6,000yearsagobyStoneAgepeople.Soitisoneoftheoldestcitiesintheworld.TherearealotofculturalrelicsinDover.SofewothertownsorcitiescanboastsuchauniquecollectionofrelicsandmonumentsdatingbackfromtheBronzeAge,theRomanEmpire,theSaxonera,andinfacteveryotherimportanthistoricperiods.WhilemoderndevelopmentshaveseenmanyofDover’simportanthistoricalbuildingssweptaway,therearestillmanyimportantsitesthatmustbepreservedforfuturegenerations.ThestoryofDoverisasoldascivilizationitself.StepIIIWhile-readingTask1:AskthestudentstodescribebrieflytheUKaccordingtothefollowingmap.\nAsampledescription:WecanseefromthemapthattheUKissurroundedbywaterinallsides.OnthewestoftheGreatBritainliestheIrishSea,whichisontheeastofIreland.OnthesouthofEnglandliestheEnglishChannel,throughwhichtheAllieslandedthecontinentduringtheWorldWarII.Onthenortheast,liestheNorthSea.AndonthenorthistheNorthAtlanticOcean.Task2:AskthestudentstotalkaboutthedifferentflagsofthecountriesoftheUK.CrossofStGeorge(England)CrossofStPatrick(Ireland)UnionJackAsampledescription:TheflagofEnglandisacross,theflagofScotlandandIrelandarebothlikeafork.TheflagoftheUnionJackistheflagoftheUK,whichisthecombinationofthethreeflags.Thatistosay,theUKisacombinationofthethreecountries:Scotland,EnglandandIreland.Task3:Scanning1.Lookthroughthepassageasfastaspossible;2.TrytofindtheanswerstothequestionsgivenintheComprehending.\nSampleanswers:S1:Wales,forwecan’tfindanypatternofflagofWalesanditisusuallyassumedtobepartofEngland.S2:ItrepresentsEngland,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.S3:TheVikings.TheyonlyinfluencedthevocabularyandtheplacenamesoftheNorth.Task4:SkimmingT:Pleaseskimthepassagetogetthegeneralideaofthewholepassage.Whilereading,pleasetrytodividethewholepassageintoproperpartsandfindoutthemainideaofeachpart(helpingthestudentsfulfillthetaskifnecessary).Sampleanswers:Part1(Para.1-2):WhatEnglandincludes;aboutGreatBritain;theUK.Part2(Paras.3-4):ThegeographicdivisionofEnglandintozones,theirsimilaritiesanddifferences.Part3(Para.5-6):TheculturalimportanceofLondon.T:ThenhowdoyouunderstandthetitleofthetextPuzzlesinGeography?AretherereallyanypuzzlesingeographyoftheUK?Ifso,whatarethey?Ifnot,whydoesthewriteruse“PuzzlesinGeography”asthetitle?Getthestudentstodiscussaboutitinpairs.Thenaskthestudentstofillinthefollowingform.Countries/CapitalofUKInformationfromthetextEnglandWalesGreatBritainNorthernIrelandLondonIrelandSampleanswers:Countries/CapitalofUKInformationfromthetext\nEnglandThefirstcountrypeoplethinkofwhenspeakingoftheUKandthelargestofthefourcountries.Itisroughlydividedintothreezones:theSouthofEngland,MidlandsandtheNorth.WalesThefirstcountrythatwaslinkedtoEnglandinthe13thcenturyanditisincludedwhenpeoplerefertoEngland.GreatBritainThenamegivenandusedwhenEngland,WalesandScotlandwerejoinedtogether,whichtookplacein1603,whenScotlandKingJamesbecameKingofEnglandandWales.NorthernIrelandTheNorthernpartofIrelandthatwasjoinedtotheGreatBritaintobecometheUnitedKingdom,whichwasshowntotheworldintheflagcalledUnionJack.LondonThecapitaloftheUKandEnglandaswell.Itcontainsthegreatesthistoricaltreasuresofall,withitsmuseums,artcollections,theatres,parksandbuildings.Ithastheoldestport,buildingandcastleandithasbeeninfluencedbysomeinvadersofLondon.IrelandThesouthernpartofthatcountry—IrelandorSouthernIreland,whichbrokeawaytoformitsowngovernmentandacountryindependentofNorthernIreland,whichispartoftheUK.T:Nowlet’sdo“Comprehending”Exercise3.LookatthemapofEnglandandWales.Divideitintothreeparts.DrawlinesacrossthezonesoftheSouth,MidlandsandtheNorthofEngland.Puteachtownorcityintoitscorrectzone.\nSampleanswers:North:York,Leeds,Sheffield,ManchesterMidlands:Coventry,BirminghamSouth:Reading,London,Brighton,PlymouthStepⅣPost-readingTask1:Askthestudentstowritedownashortsummaryofthepassage.ThepassagemainlyclarifieshowtheUKdevelopedasanadministrativeunionandshowshowEnglandisdividedintodifferentzonesaccordingtoitsgeographicalposition.ItalsoexplainshowLondonwasinfluencedbysomeinvadersandturnedouttobetheculturalcapitalofEnglandaswellastheUK.Task2:Askthestudentstoparaphrasethefollowingsentences.1.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.2.ThegreatesthistoricaltreasureofallisLondonwithitsmuseums,artcollections,theatresandbuildings.Sampleanswers:1.NowwhenpeoplementionortalkofEngland,Walesisincludedinit,too.2.Londonincludesthegreatesthistoricaltreasureofall,withitsmuseums,artcollections,theatresandbuildings.IfyouwanttomakethemostofyourtriptotheUnitedKingdomandknowmoreaboutit,youshouldbeveryalert.Task3:Askthestudentstoanswerthefollowingquestions.Showthefollowingonthescreen.1.HowdidtheUKcomeabout?2.WhatistherelationshipbetweentheRepublicofIrelandandtheNorthernIreland?3.WhyisLondonthecapitalofEngland,GreatBritainandtheUKaswell?4.WhatelsedoyouknowaboutLondon?5.HowdothefourcountriesoftheUKworktogetherandhowdotheydiffer?6.WhatdoestheUnionJackshowtoyou?7.WhatisthetypicalgeographicalfeatureofEngland?8.WherecanyoufindmoreaboutBritishhistoryandculture?Sampleanswers:\n1.First,therewasEnglandandthenWalesjoinedtoEnglandinthe13thcenturyAD.Lateronin1603whenKingJamesofScotlandbecametheKingofEnglandandWalesaswell,GreatBritainwasformedpeacefullyincludingthethreecountries.ThentheytriedtogetIrelandconnectedtoformtheUnitedKingdombutthesouthernpartofIrelandbrokeawaytoformitsowngovernment.ThatwashowtheUKcameabout.2.AtfirsttheRepublicofIrelandandtheNorthernIrelandwereofthesamecountry.ButwhentheUKintendedtogetthecountryincludedintotheunion,thesouthernpartbrokeawayandformeditsowngovernment.SonowtheRepublicofIrelandisanindependentcountrywhiletheNorthernIrelandispartoftheUK.3.LondonwasfirstthecapitalofEnglandandthenthecapitalofGreatBritainandfinallyoftheUnitedKingdom,becauseitembodiedthegreatesthistoricaltreasureofall.4.Threeoutoffourinvadersorconquerorshaveinfluencedthecity,makingitthelargestcityofallaswellasthehistorical,cultural,politicalandeconomiccenter.IthastheoldestportbuiltbyRomansinthe1stcenturyAD,theoldestbuildingbegunbytheAnglo-Saxonsinthe1060sandtheoldestcastleconstructedbylaterNormanrulersin1066.5.Thefourcountriesworktogetherinsomeareas,forexample,ininternationalrelations,withthesamemoneysystemandsoon,buttheyarestilldifferent.Forinstance,England,NorthIrelandandScotlandhavedevelopeddifferenteducationalandlegalsystemsaswellasdifferentfootballteamsforcompetitionsliketheWorldCup.6.TheUnionJackshowsthecombinationoftheflagsofthreedifferentcountries:CrossofStGeorgeofEngland,CrossofStAndrewofScotlandandCrossofStPatrickofIreland.7.England,thelargestofthefourcountries,isdividedroughlyintothreezones:thesouthofEngland,whichisthezonenearestFrance,theMidlands,whichisinthemiddle,andtheNorthofEngland,whichisthezonenearestScotland.MostofthepopulationsettlesinthesouthwhilemostofthelargeindustrialcitieslieintheMidlandsandtheNorthofEngland.\n8.WecanfindoutmoreaboutBritishhistoryandcultureinolderbutsmallertownsfirstbuiltbytheRomans.Task4:Askthestudentstoanalyzethetext.1.Askthestudentstofillinthefollowingchart.CountryWhenitjoinedwithorseparatedfromeachotherEnglandWalesScotlandNorthernIrelandRepublicofIrelandSampleanswers:CountryWhenitjoinedwithorseparatedfromeachotherEnglandFirstWalesLinkedtoEnglandinthe13thcenturyADScotlandConnectedwithEnglandandWalestoformGreatBritainin1603NorthernIrelandConnectedwithGreatBritaintoformtheUKlateronRepublicofIrelandSeparatedfromtheUKasaresultofuprisingforindependencein19162.Asksomeofthestudentstoretellthetext.Asampleversion:WhenpeoplespeakoftheUK,England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandareoftenused.EnglandandWaleswerelinkedtogetherfirst,whichhappenedinthe13thcenturyAD.ThenJames,ScotlandKing,unitedthethreecountriestoformGreatBritainin1603peacefully.Lateron,thethreecountriesintendedtogetIrelandconnectedtofoundtheUK.However,thesouthernpartbrokeawayandformeditsown\ngovernment.SoonlyNorthernIrelandbecamepartoftheUK.Thefourcountries,ofwhichEnglandisthelargest,worktogetherasawholebuttheyhavedevelopeddifferenteducationalandlegalsystems.Englandcanberoughlydividedintothreezones,theSouthofEngland,whichisnearesttoFrance,theMidlandandtheNorth,whichisnearesttoScotland.MostofthepopulationsettlesinthesouthwhilemostofthelargeindustrialcitieslieintheMidlandsandtheNorthofEngland.London,thecapitalcityoftheUK,includesthegreatesthistoricaltreasureofallwithlotsofmuseums,artcollections,theatres,parksandbuildings.Someearlyinvadershaveinfluenceditalotfromroads,towns,castles,language,andsoontogovernment.VisitorswillfindtheevidencehereandtherearoundLondoniftheykeeptheireyesopen.3.Askthestudentstoanalyzethewritingtechniquesofthetext:Whatisthewritingstyle?Whatisthemainideaofthetext?Sampleanswers:1.WritingstyleThetextiswritteninnarrativestyle,whichintroducestothelearnershowtheUKwasformedgeographicallyandhistorically,mainlydealingwithEnglandandtheotherthreecountries,whichnotonlyworktogetherasaunioninmanyaspectsbutalsodeveloptheirownadministrativesystems.ItalsointroducesthefourinvaderswhoinfluencedtheUKlanguage,place-names,vocabularyandsystemofgovernment.2.MainideaThetextmainlyexplainstothelearnershowthefourcountries,England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandformedtheUK,andhowtheyworktogetherandhowtheyaredifferent.ItalsointroduceshowEnglandcanbedividedintothreedifferentzonesgeographicallyandhowLondonwasinfluencedbysomeofthefourinvadersculturallyandhistoricallyandhowtheevidenceoftheinvasionscanbefoundaroundthecountrysideofGreatBritain.StepⅤHomework\nAskthestudentsto:1.Getreadytoretellthetextinyourownwords.2.Goover“LearningaboutLanguage”1,2and3onpages12.3.Do“Discoveringusefulstructures”1and2onpages13.TheSecondPeriodListeningTeachinggoals教学目标1.Targetlanguage目标语言重点词汇和短语crown,Protestant,hurttheking2.Abilitygoals能力目标EnablethestudentstolearnaboutoneofthemostfamoushistoricalsitesinLondon:theTowerofLondon.3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标HelpthestudentslearnhowtotalkaboutthehistoricalsitesintheUK.Teachingimportant&difficultpoints教学重难点TalkaboutthehistoricalsitesintheUK.Teachingmethods教学方法Listeningandcooperativelearning.Teachingaids教具准备Arecorder,acomputerandaprojector.Teachingprocedures&ways教学过程与方式StepⅠRevisionandLead-inCheckthestudents’homework.Thenaskthestudentstoreadasfastaspossibletheinstructionsandthenlistentothetapetwicetogetthebestanswers.T:TheMonarchyistheoldestinstitutionofgovernmentintheUnitedKingdom.Until1603theEnglishandScottishCrownswereseparate;afterthisdateonemonarchreignedintheUnitedKingdom.Nowpleaseopenyourbooksandturntopage15.Let’stakeup“Listening”.Beforeyoulistentothetape,pleasereadfasttheinstructionsandfindoutthekeypointsforlistening.Paymuchattentiontothe\nfollowingimportantpointswhilelistening.1.WhichkingonthelistwasoneoftheprincesintheTower?Howdoyouknow?2.Whohadthetwoprinceskilled?Andthenchecktheanswers.StepⅡListening(P52-53)T:Nowweshalltakeupthe“Listeningtask”onpage52.anddoExercises1,2and3.Readtheinstructionsfirstandthendotheexercises.Checktheanswerswiththestudents.StepⅢHomeworkT:Boysandgirls,todaywehavelistenedtosomematerials.Idohopeyoucanlistentothematerialsagainafterclass.AndfromthisunitwehavelearnedalotabouttheUnitedKingdom,itspasthistory,somepopulartouristsites,theTowerofLondonaswellassomeofthecriteriaoftheBritishcitizens.AfterclasspleasefindsomeinformationaboutLondon.TheThirdPeriodExtensiveReadingTeachinggoals1.TargetLanguage目标语言a.重点词汇和短语sightseeing,available,delight,tower,royal,uniform,splendid,statue,communism,thrillb.重点句式Worriedaboutthetimeavailable,ZhangPingyuhad...P14Butshewasthrilledby...P142.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstoplanatouraroundcertainplaces.3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标HelpthestudentsknowmoreaboutthehistoricalsitesinLondon.Teachingimportant&difficultpoints教学重难点Helpthestudentsidentifydifferentkindsoftourandtalkaboutthemostinterestingplaceforthetour.\nTeachingmethods教学方法Task-basedactivities.Teachingaids教具准备Acomputerandaprojector.Teachingprocedures&ways教学过程与方式StepIRevisionandLead-inTalkaboutLondonwiththestudents.T:Londonhasbeenacapitalcityfornearly1,000years,andmanyofitsancientbuildingsstillstand.HaveyoufoundanyinformationaboutLondon?S1:ThemostfamoussitesinLondonaretheTowerofLondon,WestminsterAbbeyandSt.Paul’sCathedral.ButmostvisitorsalsowanttoseetheHouseofParliament,BuckinghamPalace,whichistheQueen’sLondonhome.S2:Once,LondonwasasmallRomantownonthenorthbankoftheThames,butslowlyitgrewintooneoftheworld’smajorcitieswithmorethan7millionpeople.DifferentareasofLondonseemtobelikedifferentcities.Anditalsohasmanybigparks,fulloftrees,flowersandgrass.SittingonthegrassinthemiddleofHydeParkorKensingtonGardens,youareinthecountry,milesaway.S3:ManypeoplethinkthatLondonisallgray,butinfactredisLondon’sfavoritecolor.Londonisatitsbestwhenpeoplearecelebrating.Thentheflags,thecheeringcrowdsandthecarriagesandhorsesallsparkleinthesunshine—ifit’snotraining,ofcourse!However,itisoftenfoggy.That’swhyit’scalled“fogcity”.Askthestudentstoreadthepassageanddotheexercisesafterthepassage.T:“SightseeinginLondon”isaboutaChinesegirl’sfirstvisittoLondon.IttellsushowitwouldfeeltovisitLondonforthefirsttime.Nowreadandfindtheanswerstothequestionsafterthetext.StepⅡReadingTask1:Askthestudentstoreadthetexttogetthemainidea.T:Nowpleasereadthetextandfindtheanswerstothefollowingquestions.Showthequestionsonthescreen.\n1.HowdidZhangPingyuplanhertour?2.Whatwerethebuildingsmentionedinthetext?Whatweretheyfamousfor?Whobuiltthem?Whathappenedtothem?Sampleanswers:1.First,shemadealistofthesitesshewantedtosee.Thensheplanedherfour-daytrip.2.Thebuildingsmentionedinthetextwere:Tower,builtbyNormaninvadersofAD1066,itisasolid,stone,squaretowerwhichremainedstandingforonethousandyears;StPaul’sCathedral,builtaftertheterriblefireofLondonin1666,lookedsplendid;WestminsterAbbey,containsstatuesinmemoryofdeadpoetsandwriters;Greenwich,thelongitudeline;BigBen;HighgateCemetery;WindsorCastle.Task2:Askthestudentstostudythestructureofthetext“SightseeinginLondon”.Showthefollowing.Thefirstday1.TheTowerofLondon2.StPaul’sCathedral3.WestminsterAbbey4.BigBen5.BuckinghamPalaceTheseconddayThethirdday1.HighgateCemetery2.TheLibraryoftheBritishMuseum3.WindsorCastleGreenwichTask3:Dealwithreadingtask:AparticularBritishcelebrationAskthestudentstoreadthepassagequicklyforthefirsttimetofindoutthemainideaofthetext.Thenaskthemtoreadthetextagaincarefullytoobtainsomedetailsanddotheexercisesafterthetext.T:GuyFawkesNightiscelebratedinBritainannuallyonNovember5th.Theeventisaccompaniedbyfireworkdisplays,thelightingofbonfiresandtheceremonial\neffigy-burningofoneGuyFawkes.Theoriginofthiscelebrationcomesfromtheeventwhichtookplacein1605andwasaconspiracyknownas“TheGunpowderPlot”,intendedtotakeplaceonNovember5thofthatyear(thedaysetfortheopeningofParliament).Nowreadthetextandthenfindtheanswerstotheexercises.SampleanswerstoExercise1:Oct.10:oneofFawkes’Catholicfriends,namedCatesby,askedhimifhewouldsupportaplantochangethegovernmentandreplaceitwithanother.Oct.27:FawkesandCatesbyarrangedtobuyahouseclosetotheHousesofParliament.Oct.28-31:CatesbyandFawkesboughtlargecontainersofgunpowderandstoredtheminthecellar.Nov.6:thekingandallhisadviserswouldbeintheparliamentforthemeeting.SampleanswerstoExercise2:S1:IwouldnotliketobeKingJames,becausehekeptchanginghismind.Hewouldsay,“Icouldnotbetolerantoftheirreligion.”AndhetookactionstostoppeoplebelievinginCatholic.S2:IwouldliketobeRobertCatesby.Hewouldsaylikethis:ThekingisneversotolerantoftheCatholics.SoIdecidedthataviolentactionistheonlyanswer.ThethingtodowastoblowuptheHousesofParliament.Indoingso,wewouldkilltheKing,maybeeventhePrinceofWales,andtheMembersofParliamentwhoweremakinglifedifficultfortheCatholics.Andtocarryouttheplan,Catesbyandhismengotholdof36barrelsofgunpowder—andstoredtheminacellar,justundertheHouseofLords.S3:Iwouldbeaneyewitness:Asthegroupworkedontheplot,itbecameclearthatinnocentpeoplewouldbehurtorkilledintheattack,includingsomepeoplewhoevenfoughtformorerightsforCatholics.Someoftheplottersstartedhavingsecondthoughts.Oneofthegroupmembersevensentananonymousletterwarninghisfriend,LordMonteagle,tostayawayfromtheParliamentonNovember5th.S4:IwouldnotliketobeGuyFawkes.Becausehewouldsay,“someofushavebetrayed,soweshouldstarttheplaninadvance.”Sohetriedtostartthefire.ButthesoldiersfoundhimbeforehecoulddoanythingandhewastakentotheTowerofLondon\ntobekilled.S5:IfKingJameshadkepthispromise,nothingwouldhavehappened.StepⅢHomeworkAskthestudentstoreviewthewordslearntinthisunit.TheFourthPeriodLanguageStudyTeachinggoals教学目标1.Targetlanguage目标语言重点词汇和短语unite,consist,divide,puzzle,clarify,relation,legal,convenience,attraction,collection,construct,influence,project,arrange,fold,available,delight,royal,splendid,statue,thrill,unfair,smart,suggestion,consistent,consistof,divide...into,breakaway(from),leaveout,taketheplaceof,breakdown2.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstousethepastparticipleastheobjectcomplement.3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Learnhowtousethepastparticipleastheobjectcomplement.Teachingimportant&difficultpoints教学重难点Learntousethepastparticipleastheobjectcomplement.Teachingmethods教学方法Task-basedactivities.Teachingaids教具准备Aprojectorandacomputer.Teachingprocedures&ways教学过程与方式StepⅠRevisionandLead-inCheckthestudents’homework.T:Inthepreviousperiod,we’velearnedsomenewwordsandexpressions.Nowlet’sreviewthem.Lookatthescreen,please.Trytothinkoftheirmeaningsandtheirusages,andthencompletethesentencesonthescreentocheckifyoucanusethemcorrectly.Showthefollowingonthescreen.\n1.Waterc__________ofhydrogenandoxygen.2.Thequestionp__________me.Ittookmealongtimetoworkitout.3.Mymindsuddenlyc__________.Itworkedveryfastandefficiently.4.Abigcityoffersmanyandvarieda___________.Theyareworthvisiting.5.Thesewheelsarec___________smaller.6.Inadictionary,allthewordsarea____________inalphabeticalorder.7.Moviesgived____________tomillionsofpeople.Sopeopleenjoygoingtothecinema.8.Thetourguidet___________uswithhisstories.Theywerereallyfulloffun.Sampleanswers:1.consists2.puzzled3.clarified4.attractions5.constructed6.arranged7.delight8.thrilledStepⅡUsingaboutlanguageDoing“Learningaboutlanguage”onpage12.StepⅢHomeworkAskthestudentsto:1.DoExx.1and2of“USINGWORDSANDEX-PRESSIONS”onpages49and50.2.Do“USINGSTRUCTURES”onpages50and51.TheFifthPeriodSpeakingTeachinggoals教学目标1.Targetlanguage目标语言重点词汇和短语attraction,collection,influence,project,arrange,available,delight,splendid,statue,thrill,unfair,smart,suggestion,consistent2.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstodescribethedirectionsandlocationsusingthefunctionalsentences.3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Helpthestudentslearnhowthedisagreementscanberesolved.Teachingimportant&difficultpoints教学重难点\nLetthestudentslearnhowtoresolvethedisagreements.Teachingmethods教学方法Discussing,debatingandtask-basedlearning.Teachingaids教具准备Aprojectorandacomputer.Teachingprocedures&ways教学过程与方式StepⅠRevisionandLead-inAskthestudentstotalkabouttheUK.Asampletalk:TheUK,thedominantindustrialandmaritimepowerofthe19thcentury,playedaleadingroleindevelopingparliamentarydemocracyandinadvancingliteratureandscience.Atitszenith,theBritishEmpirestretchedoverone-fourthoftheearth’ssurface.Thefirsthalfofthe20thcenturysawtheUK’sstrengthseriouslydepletedinthetwoWorldWars.ThesecondhalfwitnessedthedismantlingoftheEmpireandtheUKrebuildingitselfintoamodernandprosperousEuropeannation.AsoneoffivepermanentmembersoftheUNSecurityCouncil,afoundingmemberofNATO,andoftheCommonwealth,theUKpursuesaglobalapproachtoforeignpolicy;itcurrentlyisweighingthedegreeofitsintegrationwithcontinentalEurope.AmemberoftheEU,itchosetoremainoutsidetheEconomicandMonetaryUnionforthetimebeing.ConstitutionalreformisalsoasignificantissueintheUK.TheScottishParliament,theNationalAssemblyforWales,andtheNorthernIrelandAssemblywereestablishedin1999,butthelatterissuspendedduetobickeringoverthepeaceprocess.StepⅡSpeakingTask1:Askthestudentstoworkinpairstomakedialoguesaboutlanguagedifficulties.T:Supposeoneofyouwillbethetouristandtheotherthetourguide.Youmayhaveafewproblemsinunderstandingeachother.Nowpleasemakeupdialogues.Thesephrasesmayhelpyou.Showthefollowingtothestudents.\nExcuseme...I’mafraidIcan’tfollowyou.Ibegyourpardon?/Pardon?Ididn’tunderstand...Please,canyouspeakmoreslowly?Whatdidyoumeanby...?I’msorrybutcouldyourepeatthat?Whereis...?Howdoesonegoon...?Inwhatdirectionis...?Itiswithin...kilometersof...Itliesonthewest/east.Theplaceisontheborder.Asampledialogue:(T=tourist;G=guide)T:Excuseme.Couldyoupleasetellmesomeplacesofinterestinyourprovince?G:Well.MountWutai;AncientCityinPingyao;YungangGrottoes;HukouWaterfall;MountLingkong,etc.T:Thanks.CouldyoupleasetellmehowIcangettoMt.Wutai?G:Well.YoucantakeNo.365,No.543orNo.263busthere.T:I’msorry,butIcan’tfollowyou.G:TakeNo.365,543or263busattheJiannanBusStop.T:Good.No.365,543or263bus,thanks.AndinwhatdirectioncanIfindthestation?G:Hmmm.Youcantakeataxianditwilltakeyourightthere.T:Thanks.Howlongwillittakemetogettothestation?G:Aboutfortyminutesifthetrafficisnotbusyaswhatweseenow.T:Excuseme.Couldyouspeakmoreslowly?Youknow,Ionlycameherethreedaysago.G:Well.About...forty...minutes.\nT:Fiftyminutes.Thanks.G:Sorry,forty.T:Forty.Sorry.Thanks.Bye!Task2:Askthestudentstodescribethelandscapetheyarefamiliarwith.Showthefollowingtothestudents.Position:Typeofland:Geographicalfeatures:Placesofinterest:Season:Asampledescription:Mt.EmeiMt.EmeiliesinthesouthernareaofSichuanbasininChina.Mt.EmeiisoneofthefoursacredBuddhistMountainsinChina.ItissaidthatMt.Emeideriveditsnamefromtwopeakswhichfaceeachotherandlooklikeeyebrows.Thewholemountainrangeextendsover200kilometersinlengthandbreadth.EversincetheintroductionofBuddhismintoChinainthe1stcenturyAD,Buddhistbuildingshavebeenbuiltonthemountain.Nowtherearemorethanonehundredtemplesandmonasteries.ItisknownastheplaceofBuddhistRitesofPuxian.Mt.Emeiisrichinnaturalandculturalheritageandcarriesseveralmonikers:“KingdomofPlants”,“ParadiseofAnimals”,“GeologicalMuseum”,“BuddhistCelestialMountain”andisparticularlyfamousforthetitle,“EleganceofMt.EmeiUnderTheSun”.TheFourWondersofMt.EmeiaretheGoldenSummitSunrise,seaofclouds,Buddha’sHaloandtheHolyLamp.ThemainattractionsincludetheBaoguoTemple,FuhuTemple,LeiyinTempleandmanyotherspots.In1996,Mt.EmeiandtheGrandBuddhainLeshanwereincludedintheListoftheWorldFamousCulturalRelics.Onepassesthroughfourseasonsinadayinthe5kilometersfromthebasetothesummit.Thehiketakesmostpeopleafulldayupandafulldaybackdown;themonasteriesalongthewayandatthetopofferovernightaccommodationsfortravelers\natreasonableprices.Asyoumakeyourwayup,youmaybeexpectedtoencounterplentyofpilgrimstrudgingtheirwaysteadilyupward.Thestaminaofsomeoftheolderpilgrimsissuretosurpriseyou.Themonkeysaren’treallydangerous,butit’sprobablybettertoappeasethem.Mt.Emeiisoneofthemostattractivetouristattractions.Itlies150kilometersawayfromChengdu,130kilometersfromtheShuangliuInternationalAirportandonly28kilometersfromLeshancity.StepⅢHomeworkAskthestudentstowriteaposterusingpersuasivewritingwiththetitle:Whynotvisit...TheSixPeriodWritingTeachinggoals教学目标1.TargetLanguage目标语言重点词汇sightseeing,available,delight,tower,royal,uniform,splendid,statue,communism,thrill,pot,unfair,smart,suggestion,tense,consistent,error2.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstowriteashortpassageaboutaplaceofinteresttheyhavevisited.3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Helpthestudentslearnhowtodescribeoneoftheplacesofinteresttheyhavevisited.Teachingimportant&difficultpoints教学重难点Howtodescribeafamousbuildingoraplaceofinterest.Teachingmethods教学方法Task-basedapproach.Teachingaids教具准备Acomputerandaprojector.Teachingprocedures&ways教学过程与方式StepⅠRevisionandLead-in\nAsksomestudentstoreadtheirworktotheclass.T:Asweknow,advertisingisveryimportantinthebusinessworld.Andnowadays,moreandmoreadsfortourismappearontelevisions,inthestreets,onthebuses,etc.Also,anappealingposterforascenicspotisveryimportanttodrawvisitors.Soitshouldbewritteninanexcitingway.Inthelastperiod,youwereaskedtowriteapostertoencouragepeopletovisit.Nowwho’dliketoshareyourwork?Asampleversion:Whynotvisit“theOrientalHawaii”?HainanIslandisthesecondlargestislandinChina,coveringanareaof33,920squarekilometerswithahistoryofover6,000years.ItliesinthesouthofChina.TheQiongzhouStraitseparatestheHainanIslandfromthemainland.ItsneighboringcountriesarePhilippinestowardstheeast,MalaysiaandBruneitowardsthesouth,Indonesiatowardsthesouthwest,andVietnamtowardsthewest.HainanIslandhasapopulationof7.11million,whichconsistsof10nationalities.Thepeopletheremakealivingbygrowingrice,fishing,andsoon.Theclimateismildallyearround.Hainaniscalled“theOrientalHawaii”.Everyyearthousandsoftravelersvisittheisland.AmongthefamousplacesofinterestareYalongBay(No.1intheworld),Tianya-Haijiao(CorneroftheEarth),DadongSea,Luhuitou(Turn-roundDeer),SanyaBay,XiaoTongtian,FolkVillage,etc.StepⅡWritingTask1:Askthestudentstowriteatourplan.T:Supposeagroupofforeignstudentsarevisitingourcountry.Theywillstayherefortwoweeks.AtpresenttheyareinShanghai.Theirplanistoseeatleastthreecitiesandthreemajorscenicspots.Nowpleasemakeatwo-weekplanfortheirtour.Youmustmakesurethattheycanmakefulluseoftheirtime.Tellthemwhatplacestheywillseeandwherethevariousplacesare.Asampletourplan:Day1:YouwillarriveinShanghai,thecityofChinaof21stcentury.ShanghaiisontheHuangpuRiverandalsoontheeastcoast,andhasapopulationofmorethan16million.ItisChina’smostmodernizedcity.YouwillhavethreedaysinShanghai,\nduringwhichtimeyouwillvisitmanyfamousscenicspots.Thebundisascenicwalkalongtheriver,andtherearesometemplesinandaroundthecity.Day4:Youwilltravelafewkilometersbybussouth-westtoHangzhou.Thereisabeautifullakeonthewestofthecity,andwithinafewkilometersofthecityisafamousBuddhistTemple.YouwillhavetwodaysandtwonightsinHangzhou.Day6:YouwillleaveHangzhouearlyinthemorningforGuilin,justashortflightwestofHangzhou.YouwillseetheElephantRock,inthecenterofthecity,andthengoonaboatonthebeautifulLijiangRivertoseethefamoushillsandcliffs.Youwillspendtwodaysthere.Day8:FromLijiangweflytoXi’an,whichisafewhundredkilometersawayfromthecoast.Notfarfromthecityyouwillseetheworld-famousTerraCottaWarriors,andjustbeyondthesouthgatetothecityistheWildGoosePagoda.TherearesomeotherhistoricalattractionsinXi’anaswell.You’llhavethreedaysthere.Day11:Weleaveearlyforthecapital,Beijing,whichisnortheastofXi’an.InthenorthofthecityistheGreatWall.ThePalaceMuseumandTianAnMenSquareareinthecenterofthecity,andtheSummerPalaceisashortdrivetothenorthwest.We’llspendtwodaysinBeijing.Day14:WeleaveatnoonforourflightsouthtoShanghai,thenmakeourwayhome.Task2:Askthestudentstowriteacomplaintletter.T:Whenyouhavesomeproblemsorarenotsatisfiedwithsomething,youcanwriteacomplaintlettertothepeoplewhoareresponsibleforit.Nextpleasewriteacomplaintlettertocomplaintheproblemsoranythingunsatisfactoryatschoolorathome.Beforeyourwriting,pleasereadthefollowingtipscarefully.Showthefollowing.HowtoWriteAComplaintLetter·Includeyourname,address,homeandworkphonenumbers.·Typeyourletterifpossible.Ifitishandwritten,makesureitisneatandeasytoread.·Makeyourletterbriefandtothepoint.Includeallimportantfactsandanyinformationyoucangive.\n·Stateexactlywhatyouwantdoneabouttheproblemandhowlongyouarewillingtowaittogetitresolved.Bereasonable.·Includealldocumentsregardingyourproblem.BesuretosendCOPIES,notoriginals.·Avoidwritinganangry,sarcastic,orthreateningletter.Thepersonreadingyourletterprobablywasnotresponsibleforyourproblembutmaybeveryhelpfulinresolvingit.·Keepacopyoftheletterforyourrecords.Thenaskthestudentstomakealistofthingsthattheyfeelareimportant.T:Thinkofanythingatschoolorathomethatyoufeelverystrongabout.Makealistandchoosetheoneyouthinkisthemostseriousandwritealettertodrawattention.Asamplelistofthings:1.Ihavetowaittoolongatimebeingservedinthecanteen.2.Severalofourteachersspeakinatoolowvoiceandthestudentswhositbehindcan’thearclearly.3.Myparentsoftenreadmydiarywithoutmypermission.4.Theschooldemandsustoweartheuglyschooluniform.Themostseriousoneisthefirstoneinthelist.Asampleletter:DearMr.Sam,Ihaveenjoyedeatingatyourrestaurantthelastseveralyears.Inmyopinion,yourhamburgersarethebestinourtown.Itellmyfriends.However,lastFridayevening,Iwaitedinalinetenpeopledeepwhilewewatchedalonewaitressgoingbackandforthwithlightrunningstepstryingtoservetoomanytables.After15minutesandnotgettingseated,Idecidedtoleaveandwenttoanotherrestaurant.Whynothireasecondwaiterorwaitress?Andwhynotenlargeyourrestaurant?Youhaveavailablespacetotheeast.Iwishyouthebestwithyourrestaurant,andIhopeyouresolvetheproblemswemet.Sincerely,Harlan\nStepⅢHomeworkAskthestudentstodothetaskinPROJECTonpage54.附件1.ThehistoryofthenationalflagoftheUKEnglishflagwascreatedbyKingJamesⅥofScotland.In1603,hebecametheKingofEngland.HewasthefirstkingtouniteEnglandandScotland.HecombinedEngland’sRedCrossofSt.GeorgewithScotland’sWhiteCrossofSt.Andrew.TheWhiteCrossofSt.Andrewstoodforpatronsaint（保护神）ofScotland,whiletheRedCrossofSt.GeorgestoodforpatronsaintofEngland.ThiswastheflagthatflewabovealltheearlyEnglishsettlementsinthenewworld.ItwasthemostcommonlyusedflagintheEnglishcolonies.In1801KingGeorgeⅢaddedtotheflagtheCrossofSt.Patrick,patronsaintofIreland.Englishflagwasgenerallyreferredtoasthe“UnionJack”.Theflaghasremainedthesame.2.ThecustomandtraditionoftheUK“LadiesFirst”isaBritishcustom,thoughitislessobservedtodaythanitusedtobe.Thereasonseemstobethefactthatwomenaretheequalsofmeninhavingthevotes,takingpaidjobsandreceivinghighereducation,butthereisstillthefeelingthattheyneedprotecting.Itisstillconsiderednecessarytoobservethistradition.InBritain,amanshouldletawomangofirst,andprotectherfromtraffic.Onabus,menshouldbeinitiativetogivetheirseatstowomen,helpwomengetonandoffthebus.Inalift,amanshouldtakeoffhiscapwhenthereisawoman.Whengoingintooroutofaroom,menshouldbeinitiativetohelpwomentakeofforputontheirouterwear.Whendiningwithalady,amanshouldofferherabetterseatsothatshecaneasilyoverlooktheouterdoorsceneorviewofthewholerestaurant.Attheveryfirstmeeting,menshouldbeintroducedtoladiesfirst.3.ThecharacteroftheBritishThebest-knownqualityoftheBritishpeopleand,inparticular,oftheEnglishpeopleistheirexclusiveness.Thismeans,“IamEnglish.Youstayawayfromme.Iamexclusive.Iamquitehappytobemyself.Idonotneedyou.Leavemealone.”Itisverydifficulttoknowsuchamanwhodoesnottalkmuch,neversaysanything\nabouthimself,doesnotshowmuchemotionandhardlyevergetsexcited.TheEnglishpeoplearegenerallyregardedasconservative.TheAmericanssaythattheEnglishpeoplealwaysneed20or40yearstodothingsthattheydotodaybecausetheEnglishpeoplearesoconservativethattheyhavetowaitforalongtimebeforetheyarepreparedtotrysomethingnew.Englishmenthinktheirwayofdoingthingsisalwaysthebest,andalwaysthemostnormal.TherighttoprivacyandpersonalfreedomisunquestionedbytheBritish.Perhapsitisthelackofspacethathasfosteredandmaintainedtheirfierceindividualism.ThereisacommonsayingamongtheBritishpeople,“Myhomeismycastle.Thewindcancomein,buttheKingsandQueensandhumanbeingscannevercomeinwithoutmypermission.”4.TheclimateintheUKItiswell-knownthattheEnglishalwaysgooutwithanumbrellaoraraincoat.Why?ItisbecausetheweatherinBritainoftenchangesquickly.Itisnotverycommonforthesamekindofweathertostaylong.Springcanberainyorwindy,buttheweatherisgettingwarmerandyoucanexpectmoresunnydays.Infacttherecanbeasmuchsunshineinspringasinsummer.MayisveryoftenalovelywarmmonthinmanypartsofBritain.Parks,gardensandthecountrysidearegreenandfullofflowers,sopeoplecanhavealotofthingstodoandenjoythemselvesoutdoorsatthistimeofayear.Summeristhemostpopulartimeforvisitorstogototheseasideandotherscenicspots.Theweathercanbesunnyandpleasant.Peopleusuallyhaveoutdooractivitiessuchasswimmingandouting.Autumnisabeautifulseason,withtreeleavesinthewoodsandparkschangingtobrownandred.Itisabumpercropseasonofagriculturalplants.Itispleasanttobeoutsidethoughtheweatherisconstantlychanging.It’scoldinwinter.Itmightsnow,especiallyonhighlandinthenorth.Sometimestherearealsostormsandstrongwindsintheseason.JanuaryandFebruaryarethecoldestmonthsoftheyear,whilethewarmestareoftenJulyandAugust.Thedifferenceintemperaturebetweenwinterandsummeris\nnotsogreat.Theaveragetemperatureforwinterisabout4.5℃andforsummerabout15.5℃.Howinterestingitis!5.BuckinghamPalaceThroughoutthecenturies,Britain’skingsandqueenshavebuiltorboughtpalacestoserveasfamilyhomes,workplacesandcentresofgovernment.BuckinghamPalacehasservedastheofficialLondonresidenceofBritain’ssovereigns(君主统治)since1837.ItevolvedfromatownhousethatwasownedfromthebeginningoftheeighteenthcenturybytheDukesofBuckingham.TodayitisTheQueen’sofficialresidence.AlthoughinuseforthemanyofficialeventsandreceptionsheldbyTheQueen,areasofBuckinghamPalaceareopenedtovisitorsonaregularbasis.TheStateRoomsofthePalaceareopentovisitorsduringtheAnnualSummerOpeninginAugustandSeptember.Theresidencesassociatedwithtoday’sRoyalFamilyaredividedintotheOccupiedRoyalResidences,whichareheldintrustforfuturegenerations,andthePrivateEstateswhichhavebeenhandeddowntoTheQueenbyearliergenerationsoftheRoyalFamily.6.ScotlandScotlandliestothenorthEngland.Thecountryhaslotsofmountainsinthenorth,buttheeastcoastisratherflat.Thereislittleagricultureinthenorthandwest.Althoughthefarmerscankeepsheeponthehillsinsummer,theyalsoshootwilddeerforfood.Thereareagoodmanylakesandrivers.VisitorsgotoScotlandfortheirholidaystocatchfish;therearealsoalotoffishfarms.Scotlandisfamousforitsengineers.Inthepast,peoplefromScotlandtraveledabroadtobuildbridges,railwaysandroads.Shipswerebuiltonthecoast,too.Now,however,theworkhaschanged.ManyforeigncompanieshavebuiltfactoriesinsouthScotlandwheretheymakecomputers.MostScotsspeak“ScottishEnglish”.Theyusemanydifferentwords.Edinburghhasbeencalled“theAthensoftheNorth”.LikeRome,itwasbuiltonsevenhills.ItisoneoftheculturalcentersofEurope.ItmaynothavethesummersunshineofaMediterraneancity,butScotland’scapitalstilldrawslots\nofvisitorsfromallovertheworld.ThebestplaceforatouristtobegintouringthecityisprobablyEdinburghCastle,whichlooksoutoverthecityfromthehighCastleRock.TheRockprovideswonderfulviewsofthecityandthelandaroundit.ItisnotdifficulttoseewhythisistheplacewhereEdinburgh’shistorybegan.TheRoyalMileinEdinburghisarowofhistoricstreetsthathavesomeofthemostbeautifuloldbuildingsinEurope.ItrunsfromtheCastletooneofEdinburgh’sothermainbuildings.Throughtheyears,thecitygovernmenthashelpedthisareakeepitstraditionalcharacter.Today,EdinburghisfamousforbiggestartsfestivalonEarth.TheEdinburghFestival,whichbeginsinAugusteveryyear,bringsmusicians,singersanddancersandtheatergroupsfromallovertheworld.Besidestheformalperformances,thereistheFestivalFringe.Forthreeweeks,Edinburgh’sstreetsarealivewithfire-eatersandallkindsofstrangeandwonderfulacts.7.AshorthistoryofIrelandTheislandofIrelandislocatedoffmainlandEuropetothewestandispartofagroupofislands,whichusedtobeknownastheBritishIsles.ButsincetheIrishRepublicgaineditsindependencein1922,thetermBritishandIrelandhascomeintouseandismoreasCoclesintheRepublic.TheEnglishinvadedIrelandin1171andruledthecountryforcenturies.IrelandbecamepartoftheUnitedKingdomin1801,butitsoongrewdiscontented,andforfortyyearsthe“IrishQuestion”wasthegreatheadacheoftheBritishParliament.In1845,adiseaseinfectedmostofIreland’spotatoesandcausedafamine(饥荒)thatlastedfouryears.MorethanonemillionIrishpeoplediedfromstarvationanddisease.AnothermillionorsoleftIrelandforcountriesliketheUSandAustralia.Theislandisdividedintotwoseparatepoliticalentities,originallycreatedinthe1920s.Coveringthree-quartersoftheisland,andcontainingtwenty-sixcounties,thesouthernstateofficiallybecameRepublicofIrelandin1949sometimeafteritbecameindependentfromtheUKin1922(firstcalledEire).Theremainingsix-countystatecoveringthenortheastcorneroftheislandiscalled\nNorthernIrelandandispartoftheUK.