高中英语课文 67页

必修一Unit1ANNE’SBESTFRIENDDoyouwantafriendwhomyoucouldtelleverythingto,likeyourdeepestfeelingsandthoughts?Orareyouafraidthatyourfriendwouldlaughatyou,orwouldnotunderstandwhatyouaregoingthrough?AnneFrankwantedthefirstkind,soshemadeherbestfriend.你是不是想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友呢？或者你是不是担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢？安妮•弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，于是她就把日记当成了她最好的朋友。AnnelivedinAmsterdaminNetherlandsduringWouldWarⅡ.HerfamilywasJewishsotheyhadtohideortheywouldbecaughtbytheGermanNazi.Sheandherfamilyhidawayfornearlytwenty-fivemonthsbeforetheywerediscovered.Duringthattimetheonlytruefriendwasherdiary.Shesaid,”Idon’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiaryasmostpeopledo,butIwantthisdiaryitselftobemyfriend,andIshallcallmyfriendKitty.”NowreadhowshefeltafterbeinginthehidingplacesinceJuly1942.安妮在第二次世界大战期间住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则他们就会被德国纳粹抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了两年之后才被发现。在这段时间里，她唯一的忠实朋友就是她的日记了。她说，“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把这本日记当作我的朋友，我要把我这个朋友称作基蒂”。安妮自从1942年7月起就躲藏在那儿了，现在，来看看她的心情吧。thThursday15June1944DearKitty,Iwonderifit’sbecauseIhaven’tbeenabletobeoutdoorsforsolongthatI’vegrownsocrazyabouteverythingtodowithnature.Icanwellrememberthattherewasatimewhenadeepbluesky,thesongofthebirds,moonlightandflowerscouldneverhavekeptmespellbound.That’schangedsinceIwashere.我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神往过。自从我来到这里，这一切都变了。…Forexample,oneeveningwhenitwassowarm,Istayedawakeonpurposeuntilhalfpasteleveninordertohaveagoodlookatthemoonbymyself.Butasthemoongavefartoomuchlight,Ididn’tdareopenawindow.Anothertimefivemonthsago,Ihappenedtobeupstairsatduskwhenthewindowwasopen.Ididn’tgodownstairsuntilthewindowhadtobeshut.Thedark,rainyevening,thewind,thethunderingcloudsheldmeentirelyintheirpower;itwasthefirsttimeinayearandahalfthatI’dseenthenightfacetoface….……比方说，有天晚上天气很暖和，我熬到11点半故意不睡觉，为的是独自好好看看月亮。但是因为月光太亮了，我不敢打开窗户。还有一次，就在五个月以前的一个晚上，我碰巧在楼上，窗户是开着的。我一直等到非关窗不可的时候才下楼去。漆黑的夜晚，风吹雨打，雷电交加，我全然被这种力量镇住了。这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚………Sadly…Iamonlyabletolookatnaturethroughdirtycurtainshangingbeforeverydustywindows.it’snopleasurelookingthroughtheseanylongerbecausenatureisonethingthatreallymustbeexperienced.……令人伤心的是……我只能透过脏兮兮的窗帘观看大自然，窗帘悬挂在沾满灰尘的窗前，但观看这些已经不再是乐趣，因为大自然是你必须亲身体验的。Your,AnneFriday,10July1942WhenwearrivedatPrinsengracht,wewentquicklyupstairsandthehidingplace.Weclosedthedoorbehindusandwewerealone.Margothadcomefasteronherbicycleandalreadywaitingforus.Alltheroomswerefullofboxes.Theylayonthefloorandthebeds.Thelittleroomwasfilledwithbedclothes.Wehadtostartclearingupatonce,ifwewishedtosleepincomfortablebedsthatnight.MummyandMargotwerenotabletohelp.Theyweretiredandlaydownontheirbeds.ButDaddyandI,thetwo“helper”ofthefamily,startedatonce.Thewholedayweunpackedtheboxes,filledthecupboardsandtidied,untilwewereextremelytired.Wedidsleepincleanbedsthatnight.Wehadn’thadanywarmfoodtoeatallday,butwedidn’tcare.MummyandMargotweretootiredandworriedtoeat,andDaddyandIweretoobusy.\nFRIENDSHIPINHAWAIIEveryculturehasitsownwaystoshowfriendship.OntheislandsofHawaii,friendshipispartofthe“alohaspirit”.InthelanguageoftheHawaiianswhofirstsettledtheislandslongago,alohahadaveryspecialmeaning.Thatis“tobewithhappiness”.Hawaiiansbelievethatoncesomebodylovestheland,theyarereadytolovetheirpeopleorcommunity.Thisisthesecondmostimportsignoffriendship.ItiscalledlokahiinHawaiianlanguage,whichmeans“onenesswithallpeople”.Toenjoythelandyoushouldnotbeselfish.Thelandisforeveryonewholivesonit.TodaymanydifferentpeoplecallHawaiitheirhome.Indeed,Hawaiiisaplacewherepeoplemakeonebigcommunityfrommanysmallercommunities.Eachpersongiveskokua(help)tootherpeoplesothatallfellstronger.It’sbelievedthattheislandscanbeaparadisewhenthepeopleliveinpeace.Peoplearetoldthattheiractionsshouldbeasgentleasthewindthatblowsfromthesea.Whenproblemshappen,peopleareaskedtosolvethemwithunderstanding.SowhenpeopleofHawaiitalkaboutohana(family),theyarereallytalkingaboutallthosewholiveontheislands.Livinginpeace,Hawaiianshavedevelopedathirdsignoffriendship.Thispersonalfriendshipisshownbygivingleistooneanother.Thelie,astringofflowers,isputoverafriend’sneck.Thenthefriendisgivenakissoncheek.Visitorstotheislandsarealsogivenlies.Whentheyhearaloha,visitorsbegintofeelathome.Alohaalsomeans“goodbye”,sovisitorswillhearitagainwhentheyleave.Itcanalsomean“ourheartssingingtogether”.Perhapsthisishowmostvisitorswillremembertheirnewfriendship.Unit2THEROADTOMODERNENGLISHthAttheendofthe16century,aboutfivetosevenmillionpeoplespokeEnglish.NearlyallofthemlivedinEngland.Laterinthenextcentury,peoplefromEnglandmadevoyagestoconquerotherpartsoftheworldandbecauseofthat,Englishbegintobespokeninmanyothercountries.Today,morepeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirst,secondoraforeignlanguagethaneverbefore.16世纪末期大约有5百万到7百万人说英语，几乎所有这些人都生活在英国。后来，在17世纪英国人开始航海征服了世界其它地区。于是，许多别的国家开始说英语了。如今说英语的人比以往任何时候都多，他们有的是作为第一语言来说，有的是作为第二语言或外语。NativeEnglishspeakerscanunderstandeachothereveniftheydon'tspeakthesamekindofEnglish.Lookatthiskindofexample:以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以互相交流。请看以下例子：BritishBetty:Wouldyouliketoseemyflat?英国人贝蒂：“请到我的公寓（flat）里来看看，好吗？”AmericanAmy:Yes.I’dliketocomeuptoyourapartment.美国人艾米：“好的。我很乐意到你的公寓（apartment）去。SowhyhasEnglishchangedovertime?Actuallyalllanguageschangeanddevelopwhenculturesmeetandcommunicatewitheachother.AtfirsttheEnglishspokeninEnglandbetweenaboutAD450and1150wasverydifferenttheEnglishspokentoday.ItwasbasedmoreonGermanthantheEnglishwespeakatpresent.ThengraduallybetweenaboutAD800to1150,EnglishbecamelesslikegermenbecausethosewhoruledEnglandspokefirstDanishandlaterFrench.ThesenewsettlersenrichedtheEnglishlanguageandespeciallyitsvocabulary.Sobythe1600’sShakespearewasabletomakeuseofawidervocabularythaneverbefore.In1620someBritishsettlersmovedthtoAmerican.Laterinthe18centurysomeBritishpeopleweretakentoAustraliatoo.Englishbegantobespokeninbothcountries.那么，英语在一段时间里为什么会起变化呢？事实上，当不同文化互相交流渗透时，所有的语言都会有所发展，有所变化。首先，在公元450年到1150年间，人们所说的英语跟今天所说的英语就很不一样。当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础的，而现代英语不是。然后，渐渐地，大约在公元800年到1150年期间，英语不那么像德语了。因为那时的英国的统治者起初讲丹麦语后来讲法语。这些新的定居者大大丰富了英语语言，特别是在词汇方面。所以到17世纪，莎士比亚所用的词汇量比以前任何时期都大。在1620年，一些英国人搬迁到美洲定居。后来，到了19世纪，有些英国人也被送往澳大利亚，两个国家的人都开始说英语了。\nthFinallybythe19centurythelanguagewassettled.AtthattimetwobigchangesinEnglishspellinghappened:firstSamuelJohnsonwrotehisdictionaryandlaterNoahWebsterwroteTheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.ThelattergaveaseparateidentitytoAmericanEnglishspelling.最后，到20世纪，英语才真正定形。那时，英语在拼写上发生了两大变化：首先，塞缪尔•约翰逊编写了词典，后来，诺厄•韦伯斯特编纂了《美国英语词典》，后者体现了美国英语拼写的不同特色。EnglishnowisalsospokenasaforeignorsecondlanguageinSouthAsia.Forexample,IndiahasaverylargenumberoffluentEnglishspeakersbecauseBritainruledIndiafrom1765to1947.duringthattimeEnglishbecamethelanguageforgovernmentandeducation.EnglishisalsospokeninSingaporeandMalaysiaandcountriesinAfricasuchasSouthAfrica.TodaythenumberofpeoplelearningEnglishinChinaisincreasingrapidly.Infact,ChinamayhavethelargestnumberofEnglishlearners.WillChineseEnglishdevelopitsownidentity?Onlytimewilltell.现在，英语在南亚也被当作外语或第二语言来说。比如说，印度拥有众多讲英语很流利的人，这是因为英国于1765年到1947年统治过印度。在那期间，英语成了官方语言和教育用语。在新加坡、马来西亚和非洲其它国家，比如南非，人们也说英语。目前在中国学习英语的人数正在迅速增长。事实上，中国可能拥有世界上最多的英语学习者。中国英语会发展出自己的特色吗？这只能由时间来回答了。STANDARDENGLISHANDDIALECTSWhatisstandardEnglish?IsitspokeninBritain,theUS,Canada,Australia,IndiaandNewZealand?Believeitornot,thereisnosuchthingasstandardEnglish.ManypeoplebelievetheEnglishspokenonTVandtheradioisstandardEnglish.Thisisbecauseintheearlydaysofradio,thosewhoreportedthenewswereexpectedtospeakexcellentEnglish.However,onTVandtheradioyouwillheardifferencesinthewaypeoplespeak.什么是标准英语？是在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度、新西兰所说的英语吗？信不信由你，（世界上）没有什么标准英语。许多人认为，电视和收音机里所说的就是标准英语，这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。然而，在电视和收音机里，你也会听出人们在说话时的差异。Whenpeopleusewordsandexpressionsdifferentfromthe“standardlanguage”,itiscalledadialect.AmericanEnglishhasmanydialects,especiallytheMidwestern,southern,AfricanAmericanandSpanishdialects.EveninsomepartsoftheUSA,twopeoplefromneighbouringtownsspeakalittledifferently.AmericanEnglishhassomanydialectsbecausepeoplehavecomefromallovertheworld.当人们用不同于“标准语言”的词语时，那就叫做方言。美国英语有许多方言，特别是中西部和南部地区的方言，以及黑人和西班牙人的方言。在美国有些地区，即使是相邻城镇的两个人所说的语言都可能稍有不同。美国英语之所以有这么多的方言是因为美国人是来自世界各地的缘故。Geographyalsoplaysapartinmakingdialects.SomepeoplewholiveinthemountainsoftheeasternUSAspeakwithanolderkindofEnglishdialect.WhenAmericansmovedfromoneplacetoanother,theytooktheirdialectswiththem.SopeoplefromthemountainsinthesoutheasternUSAspeakwithalmostthesamedialectsaspeopleinthenorthwesternUSA.TheUSAisalargecountryinwhichmanydifferentdialectsarespoken.AlthoughmanyAmericansmovealot,theystillrecognizeandunderstandeachother’sdialects.地理位置对方言的产生也有影响。住在美国东部山区的一些人说着比较古老的英语方言。当美国人从一个地方搬到另一个地方时，他们也就把他们的方言随着带去了。因此，美国东南部山区的人同美国西北部的人所说的方言就几乎相同。美国是一个使用多种方言的大国。虽然许多美国人经常搬迁，但是他们仍然能够辨别、理解彼此的方言。THEOXFORDENGLISHDICTIONARYYoumaythinkthatEnglishdictionarieshavebeenusedformany,manycenturies.ThespellingofEnglishhasalwaysbeenaproblembutitwasmoreofaprobleminthedaysbeforeadictionary.Thenpeoplecouldspellwordindifferentwayswhichyoumightfinditinteresting.ButitmadereadingEnglishmuchmoredifficult.Sodictionarieswereinventedtoencourageeverybodytospellthesame.Infact,anEnglishdictionarylikethekindyouusetodaywasn’tmadeuntilthetimeofthelateQingDynasty.Theremendidmostoftheimportantearlyworkondictionaries:SamuelJohnson,NoahWebster,andJamesMurray.Thesemenspentnearlyalloftheirlivestryingtocollectwordsfortheirdictionaries.Forthem,itwasn’tonlyajob;itwasawonderfuljourneyofdiscovery.ThelargestdictionaryintheworldistheOxfordEnglishDictionary,orOEDforshort.TheideaforthisdictionarycamefromanimportantmeetinginBritainin1857.Twenty-twoyearslater,OxfordUniversity\naskedJamesMurraytobetheeditorofitsnewdictionary.Murrayhadneverbeentocollege.Attheageoffourteen,helefthisvillageschoolinScotlandandtaughthimselfwhileworkinginabank.Laterhebecameagreatteacher.AfterOxfordgavehimthejob,Murrayhadaplacebuiltinthegardenbehindhishousetodohiswork.Partofitwasonemeterunderground.Inwinteritfeltlikeabarn,hehadtowearaheavycoatandputhisfeetinaboxtokeepwarm.Everymorning,Murraygotoutofbedatfiveo’clockandworkedseveralhoursbeforebreakfast.Oftenhewouldworkbythecandlelightintotheevening.Murrayhopedtofinishthenewdictionaryintenyears.Butafterfiveyears,hewasstilladdingwordsfortheletterA!thenotherswenttoworkwithMurray,includinghistwodaughters.Heworkedonthedictionaryuntilhewasveryold.Forty-fouryearslater,in1928,othereditorsfinishedit.Itincludedmorethan15,000pagesintwelvebooks.Andyouthoughtyourdictionarywasbig!Unit3JOURNEYDOWNTHEMEKONGPART1THEDREAMANDTHEPLANMynameisWangKun.Eversincemiddleschool,mysisterWangWeiandIhavedreamedabouttakingagreatbiketrip.Twoyearsagosheboughtanexpensivemountainbikeandthenshepersuadedmetobuyone.Lastyear,shevisitedourcousins,DaoWeiandYuHangattheircollegeinKunming.TheyareDaiandgrewupinwesternYunnanProvinceneartheLancangRiver,theChinesepartoftheriverthatiscalledtheMekongRiverinothercountries.WangWeisoongottheminterestedincyclingtoo.Aftergraduatingfromcollege.wefinallygotthechancetotakeabiketrip.Iaskedmysister,"Wherearewegoing?"ItwasmysisterwhofirsthadtheideatocyclealongtheentireMekongRiverfromwhereitbeginstowhereitends.Nowsheisplanningourscheduleforthetrip.我的名字叫王坤。从高中起，我姐姐王薇和我就一直梦想作一次伟大的自行车旅行。两年前，她买了一辆昂贵的山地自行车，然后还说服我买了一辆（山地车）。去年她去看望了我们的表兄弟——在昆明读大学的刀卫和宇航。他们是傣族人，在云南省西部靠近澜沧江的地方长大，湄公河在中国境内的这一段叫澜沧江，在其他国家（境内）叫湄公河。很快，王薇使表兄弟也对骑车旅游产生了兴趣。大学毕业以后，我们终于有了机会骑自行车旅行。我问我姐姐：“我们要去哪儿？”首先想到要沿湄公河从源头到终点骑车旅游的是我的姐姐。现在她正在为我们的旅行制定计划。Iamfondofmysisterbutshehasoneseriousshortcoming.Shecanbereallystubborn.Althoughshedidn'tknowthebestwayofgettingtoplaces,sheinsistedthatsheorganizethetripproperly.Now,Iknowthattheproperwayisalwaysherway.Ikeptaskingher,"Whenareweleavingandwhenarewecomingback?"Iaskedherwhethershehadlookedatamapyet.Ofcourse,shehadn't;mysisterdoesn'tcareaboutdetails.SoItoldherthatthesourceoftheMekongisinQinghaiProvince.Shegavemeadeterminedlook—thekindthatsaidshewouldnotchangehermind.WhenItoldherthatourjourneywouldbeginatanaltitudeofmorethan5,000metres,sheseemedtobeexcitedaboutit.WhenItoldhertheairwouldbehardtobreatheanditwouldbeverycold,shesaiditwouldbeaninterestingexperience.Iknowmysisterwell.Onceshehasmadeuphermind,nothingcanchangeit.Finally,Ihadtogivein.我很喜欢我姐姐，但是她有一个很严重的缺点。她有时确实很固执。尽管她对去某些地方的最佳路线并不清楚，她却坚持要自己把这次旅游安排得尽善尽美。于是，我就知道这个尽善尽美的方式总是她的方式。我不停地问她，“我们什么时候出发？什么时候回来？”我还问她是否看过地图。当然她并没有看过——我的姐姐是不会考虑细节的。于是，我告诉她，湄公河的源头在青海省。她给了我一个坚定的眼神——这种眼神表明她是不会改变主意的。我说，我们的旅行将从5,000多米的高地出发，这时她似乎显得很兴奋。当我告诉她那里空气稀薄，呼吸困难，而且天气很冷时，她却说这将是一次有趣的经历。我非常了解我的姐姐，她一旦下了决心，什么也不能使她改变。最后，我只好让步了。Severalmonthsbeforeourtrip,WangWeiandIwenttothelibrary.Wefoundalargeatlaswithgoodmapsthatshoweddetailsofworldgeography.FromtheatlaswecouldseethattheMekongRiverbeginsinaglacieronaTibetanmountain.Atfirsttheriverissmallandthewaterisclearandcold.Thenitbeginstomovequickly.Itbecomesrapidsasitpassesthroughdeepvalleys,travellingacrosswesternYunnanProvince.Sometimestheriverbecomesawaterfallandenterswidevalleys.WewerebothsurprisedtolearnthathalfoftheriverisinChina.AfteritleavesChinaandthehighaltitude,theMekongbecomeswide，brownandwarm.AsitentersSoutheast\nAsia,itspaceslows.Itmakeswidebendsormeandersthroughlowvalleystotheplainswherericegrows.Atlast,theriverdeltaenterstheSouthChinaSea.在我们旅行前的几个月，王薇和我去了图书馆。我们找到一本大型地图册，里面有一些世界地理的明细图。我们从图上可以看到，湄公河发源于西藏一座山上的冰川。起初，江面很小，河水清澈而冷冽，然后它开始快速流动。它穿过深谷时就变成了急流，流经云南西部。有时，这条江形成瀑布，进入宽阔的峡谷。我们俩惊奇地发现这条河有一半是在中国境内。当流出中国，流出高地之后，湄公河就变宽了，变暖了，河水也变成了黄褐色。而当它进入东南亚以后，流速减缓，河水蜿蜒缓慢地穿过低谷，流向生长稻谷的平原。最后，湄公河三角洲的各支流流入中国南海。PART2ANIGHTINTHEMOUNTAINSAlthoughitwasautumn,thesnowwasalreadybeginningtofallinTibet.Ourlegsweresoheavyandcoldthattheyfeltlikeblocksofice.Haveyoueverseensnowmenridebicycles?That’swhatwelookedlike!Alongthewaychildrendressedinlongwoolcoatsstoppedtolookatus.Inthelateafternoonwefounditwassocoldthatourwaterbottlesfroze..However,thelakesshonelikeglassinthesettingsunandlookedwonderful.Wangweirodeinfrontofmeasusual.SheisveryreliableandIknewIdidn’tneedtoencourageher.Toclimbthemountainswashardworkbutaswelookedaroundus,weweresurprisedbytheview.Weseemedtobeabletoseeformiles.Atonepointweweresohighthatwefoundourselvescyclingthroughclouds.Thenwebegangoingdownthehills.Itwasgreatfunespeciallyasitgraduallybecamemuchwarmer.Inthevalleyscolourfulbutterfliesflewaroundusandwesawmanyyaksandsheepeatinggreengrass.Atthispointwehadtochangeourcaps,coats,glovesandtrousersforT-shirtsandshorts.虽然是秋天，但是西藏已经开始下雪了。我们的腿又沉又冷，感觉就像大冰块。你看到过雪人骑自行车吗？我们看上去就像那样。一路上，一些身着羊毛大衣的孩子们停下来看着我们。下午晚些时候，我们发现由于天冷我们的水壶都冻上了。然而，湖水在落日的余晖下闪亮如镜，景色迷人。像往常一样，王薇在我的前面，她很可靠，我知道我用不着给她鼓劲儿。上山很艰难，但是当我们环顾四周，（眼前的）景色让我们感到惊奇，我们似乎能看到几百里以外的地方。在某个时刻，我们发现自己置身高处，彷佛骑车穿越云层。然后我们开始下山，这非常有趣，特别是天气逐渐变得暖和多了。在山谷里，五彩斑斓的蝴蝶翩翩飞舞在我们身旁，我们还看到牦牛和羊群在吃草。这时，我们不得不把帽子、外衣、手套和长裤脱掉，换成T恤衫和短裤。Intheearlyeveningwealwaysstoptomakecamp.Weputupourtentandthenweeat.AftersupperWangWeiputherheaddownonherpillowandwenttosleepbutIstayedawake.Atmidnighttheskybecameclearerandthestarsgrewbrighter.Itwassoquiet.Therewasalmostnowind—onlytheflamesofourfireforcompany.AsIlaybeneaththestarsIthoughtabouthowfarwehadalreadytravelled.一到傍晚，我们通常就停下来宿营，（于是），我们先把帐篷支起来，然后吃饭。晚饭后，王薇把头放在枕头上就睡觉了，而我却醒着。半夜里，天空变得清朗了，星星更亮了。（夜晚）非常安静——几乎没有风，只有篝火的火焰和我们做伴。当我躺在星空下，我想着我们已经走了多远。WewillreachDaliinYunnanProvincesoon,whereourcousinsDaoWeiandYuHangwilljoinus.Wecanhardlywaittoseethem!我们很快就要到达云南的大理。在那里，我们的表兄弟刀卫和宇航将加入我们的行列。我们迫不及待地想要见到他们！PART6THEENDOFOURJOUNEYCambodiawasinmanywayssimilartoLaos,althoughithastwicethepopulation.Atanotherinn,wetalkedwithateacherwhotoldusthathalfofthepeopleinhercountrycouldn’treadorwrite.Hervillagecouldn’tevenaffordtobuildaschool,soshehadtoteachoutsideunderalargetent.Whenwesaidgoodbye,weallfeltveryluckytohavestudiedincollege.Backontheroad,wepassedbetweenmanyhillsandforests.ThenwecametotheplainsandenteredPhnomPenh,thecapitalofCambodia.InmanywaysitlookedlikeVientianeandHoChiMinhCity;italsohadwidestreetswithtreesinrowsandoldFrenchhouses.UnlikeVientiane,shipscouldtraveltheMekongRiverhere.Inthecenterofthecitywevisitedthepalaceandabeautifulwhiteelephant.Itcanonlybeseenoutsidethepalaceonspecialdays.Weateanearlysupperandwenttoseeagreattemplewithfloorsmadeofsliver.Thenextmorningourgroupsleptlate.Wewereverytiredfromthelongbikeridethedaybefore.Cyclinginthehillshadbeendiffcuilt.NowourcouinshadthechancetomakejokesaboutWangweiandme.Perhaps,theysaid,theywerethestrongones!Wehadlunchataniceoutdoorcafe,thenrodeoutofthecity.TwodayslaterwecrossedtheborderintoVietnam.Webegantoseemanymorepeople,butIwasn’tsurprised.I\nreadinanatlasbeforeourtripthatVietnamhasalmostseventimesthepopulationofCambodia.Wemetafarmerwhogaveusdirectionsandtoldusthathegrowsanewricecropfourtimeseveryyearsohecanfeedmorepeople.Healsotoldusthatthenorthernpartofhiscountryhasmanymountainsanditismuchcoolerthanhereinthesouth,whereitisflat.Althoughtheflatdeltamadeiteasierforustocycle.wegotwarmveryquickly.Sowedranklotsofwaterandatelotsofbananas.Soonthedeltaseparatedintoninesmallerrivers.Twodayslater,afterwehadpassedthousandsofricefields,wecametothesea.Weweretiredbutalsoinhighspirits:ourdreamtocyclealongtheMekongRiverhadfinallycometrue.Unit4ANIGHTTHEEARTHDID’TSLEEPStrangethingswerehappeninginthecountrisideofnorthestHeBei.Fortheredaysthewaterinthevillagewellsroseandfell,roseandfell.Farmersnoticedthatthewellwallshaddeepcracksinthem.Asmellygascameoutofthecracks.Inthefarmeryards,thechickensandeventhepigsweretoonervoustoeat.miceranoutofthefieldslookingforplacestohide.fishjumpedoutoftheirbowlsandponds.Atabout3:00amonJuly28,1976,somepeoplesawbrightlightsinthesky.Thesoundoftheplanescouldbeheardoutsidethecity,whothoughtlittleoftheseevents,wereasleepasusualthatnight.河北省东北部的农村不断有些怪事发生：三天来，村子里的井水升升降降，起起伏伏。农夫注意到，水井的井壁上有深深的裂缝，裂缝里冒出臭气。农家大院里的鸡,甚至猪都紧张得不想吃食。老鼠从田地里跑出来找地方藏身。鱼缸和池塘里的鱼会往外跳。在1976年7月28日凌晨3点左右，有些人看到天上一道道明亮的光。即使天空没有飞机，在唐山城外也可以听到飞机声。在市内，有些建筑物里的水管爆裂开来。但是，唐山市的一百万居民几乎都没有把这些情况当一回事，当天晚上照常睡着了。At3:42ameverythingbegantoshake.Itseemedasiftheworldwasatanend!Elevenkilometresdirectlythbelowthecitythegreastearthquakeof20centuryhadbegun.ItwasfeltinBeijing,whichismorethantwohundredkilometresaway.One-thirdofthenationfeltit.Ahugecrackthatwaseightkilometreslongandthirtymetreswidecutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.Steamburstfromholesintheground.Hardhillsofrockbecameriversofdirt.Infifteenterriblesecondsalargelayinruins.Thesufferingofthepeoplewasextreme.Tow-thirdsofthemdiedorwereinjuredduringtheearthquake.Thoundsoffamilieswerekilledandmanychidrenwereleftwithoutparents.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledorinjuredreachedmorethan400,000.在凌晨3点42分，一切都开始摇晃起来。世界似乎到了末日！二十世纪最大的一次地震就在唐山市正下方11公里处发生了。100公里以外的北京市都感到了地震，全国1/3的地方都有震感。一条8公里长30米宽的巨大裂缝横穿房舍、马路和渠道。地上一些洞穴冒出了蒸气。石头山变成了泥沙河，在可怕的15秒钟内，一座大城市就沉沦在一片废墟之中。人们遭受的灾难极为深重。2/3的人在地震中死去或受伤。成千上万个家庭遇难，许多孩子变成了孤儿。死伤的人数达到40多万。Buthowcouldthesurvivorsbelieveitwasnatural?Everywheretheylookednearlyeverythingwasdestroyed.Allofthecity’shospitals,75%ofitsfactoriesandbuildingsand90%ofitshomesweregone.Brickscoveredthegroundlikeredautumnleaves.Nowind,however,couldbelowtheyaway.Twodamsandmostofthebridgesalsofellorwerenotsafefortravelling.Therailwaytrackswerenowuselesspiecesofsteel.Tensofthousandsofcowswouldnevergivemilkagain.Halfamillionpigsandmillionsofchickensweredead.Sandnowfilledthewellsinsteadofwater.Peoplewereshocked.Thenlaterthatafternoon,anotherbigquakewhichwasalmostasstrongasthefirstoneshookTangshan.Someoftherescueworkersanddoctorsweretrappedundertheruins.Morebuildingsfelldown.Water,food,andeletricitywerehardtoget.Peoplebegantowongderhowlongthedisaterwouldlast.幸存的人们又怎么能相信这是自然现象呢？人们无论朝哪里看，哪里的一切都几乎被毁了。所有的市内医院、75%的工厂和建筑物、90%的家园都消失了。残砖就像秋天的红叶覆盖着大地，然而它们是不可能被风刮走的。两座大坝垮了，多数桥梁不是塌了就是无法安全通行了。铁轨如今成了一条条废钢。好几万头牛再也挤不出奶来。50万头猪和几百万只鸡全都死了。井里满是沙子，而不是水。人们惊呆了。接着，在下午晚些时候，又一次和第一次一样的强烈的地震震撼着唐山。有些医生和救援人员被困在废墟下面。更多的房屋倒塌了。水、电和食物都很难弄到。人们开始纳闷，这场灾难还会持续多久。Allhopewasnotlost.Soonafterthequakes,thearmysent150,000soliderstoTangshantohelptherescueworkers.Hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerehelped.Thearmyorganizedteamstodigoutthoseweretrappedandtoburythedead.Tothenorthofthecity,mostofthe10,000minerswererescuedfromthecoalminesthere.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomeshadbeendestroyed.Freshwaterwastakentothecitybytrain,truckandplane.Slowly,thecitybegantobreatheagain.\n不是所有的希望都破灭了。地震后不久，部队派了15万名战士到唐山来协助救援人员，数十万的人得到了救助。部队人员组成小分队，将受困的人们挖出来，将死者掩埋。在唐山市的北边，有一个万名矿工的煤矿，其中多数人得救了。援救人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所，用火车、卡车和飞机向市内运来了水。慢慢地、慢慢地，这座城市又开始出现了生机。ASAFEHOMEItissadbutthatpeopledieinearthquakesfromfallingfurnitureandbricks.Earthquakesafetyisveryimportantandthereismoretoitthanjustkeepingbuildingsfromfallingdown.Soifyourhomeisinanearthquakearea,youshouldpreparecarefullybeforetheearthquakecomes.First,makesureyoubuyahousewhichisearthquakesafe.Allpipesshouldbefixedtothewallandallwallsshouldbeespeciallythickandstrong.Youalsohavetomakesurethatthereareboltsunderneathyourhouse.Theyareoneofthemostimportantwaysofprotectingahouse.Makesurethebuildinghasnobreakenwindowsandiswellrepaired.Second,lookattheobjectsinyourhouse.Thoseinthelivingroom,whicharethemostlikelytohurtus,arecomputers,televisionsandlamps.Theycanbetiedtotablesorthemsotheywon’teasilymovearound.Thekitchen,whichisalsoverydangerous,musthavestrongdoorsonallthecupboards.Thisistheplacewheremanysmallthingsarestoredthatmightfalldown.Thewaterheatershouldhaveacaseroundittoo.Windowsarespecialproblem.Whentheybreak,glasscancausemanyaccidents,.Itisbettertousesafetyglassifyoucan,especiallyforpictures.Alwaysremember:”Itisbettertobesafethansorry.”THESTORYOFANEYEWITNESSByJackLondonNeverbeforeinhistoryhasacitybeensocompletelydestroyed.SanFranciscoisgone.Nothingisleftofitbutmemoriesandsomehousesfarfromthecentreofthecity.Itsbuninessaregone.Thefactories,hotelsandpalaceareallgonetoo.Withinanhouraftertheearthquake,thesmokeofSanFrancio’sfirescouldbeenseen160kilometresaway.Thesunisredinthedarksky.Therewasnostoppingthefires.Therewasnowaytoorganizeorcommunicate.Thesteelrailwaytrackswerenowuseless.Andthegreatpipesforcarryingwaterunderthestreetshadburst.Allofthewaysmanhadmadetokeepthecitysafeweregoneinthethirtysecondtheearthmoved.Outatseaitwascalm.Nowindcameup.Yetfromeverydirection-east,weast,north,andsouth,strongwindsblewupontheunluckycity.Manhimselfhadtomakeruinsofthecity’sbestbuildingssothattheywouldnotbeadangertothoseinthestreets.Alistofbuildingsundesteryedwasnowonlyafewaddresses.Alistofthebravemenandthewomenwouldfillalibrary.Alistofallthosekilledwillneverbemade.Amazingasitmayseem,Wednesdaynightwasaquietnight.Therewerenocrowds.Thepolicemensaidnothing;eventheirhorseswerequit.Therewerenoshoutsorpeopledoingcrazythings.InallthoseterriblehoursIsawnotonewomanwhocried,notonemanwhowasexcited.Beforethefires,throughthenight,thousandsandthousandsofpeoplewhohadlosttheirhomesleftforsafety.Somewerecoveredinblankets.Sometimeswholefamiliesputeverythingtheyownedandcouldsaveintowagons.Theyhelpedoneanotherclimbthehighhillsaroundthecity.NeverinallSanFrsncio’shistroywereherpeoplesokindasonthatterriblenight.Unit5Elias’storyMynameisElias.IamapoorworkerinSouthAfrica.ThetimewhenIfirstmetNelsonMandelawasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.Iwastwelveyearsold.Itwasin1952andMandelawastheblacklawyertowhomIwentforadvice.Heofferedguidancetopoorblackpeopleontheirlegalproblems.Hewasgenerouswithhistime,forwhichIwasgrateful.我的名字叫伊莱亚斯。我是南非的一个穷苦的黑人工人。第一次见到纳尔逊•曼德拉的时候，是我一生中非常艰难的时期。（当时）我才12岁，那是在1952年，曼德拉是我寻求帮助的一位黑人律师。他为那些穷苦黑人提供法律指导。他十分慷慨地给予我时间，我为此非常感激。IneededhishelpbecauseIhadverylittleeducation.Ibeganschoolatsix.TheschoolwhereIstudied\nforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometersaway.Ihadtoleavebecausemyfamilycouldnotcontinuetopaytheschoolfeesandthebusfare.Icouldnotreadorwritewell.Aftertryinghard,Igotajobinagoldmine.However,thiswasatimewhenonehadtogottohaveapassbooktoliveinJohannesburg.SadlyIdidnothaveitbecauseIwasnotbornthere,andIworriedaboutwhetherIwouldbecomeoutofwork.由于我所受的教育很少，所以我需要他的帮助。我六岁开始上学，我仅仅在那里读了两年的学校有三公里远。我不得不辍学，因为我的家庭无法继续支付学费和交通费。我既不太会读，也不怎么会写。几经周折，我才在一家金矿找到一份工作。然而在那个时候，你要想住在约翰内斯堡就非得要有身份证不可。糟糕的是我没有这个证件，因为我不是在那里出生的，我很担心我是不是会失业。ThedaywhenNelsonMandelahelpedmewasoneofmyhappiest.HetoldmehowtogetthecorrectpaperssoIcouldstayinJohannesburg.Ibecamemorehopefulaboutmyfuture.IneverforgothowkindMandelawas.WhenheorganizedtheANCYouthLeague,IjoineditassoonasIcould.Hesaid:纳尔逊•曼德拉给予我帮助的那一天是我一生中最高兴的日子。他告诉我要想在约翰内斯堡立住脚，应当如何获取所需证件。我对自己的未来又充满了希望。我永远也忘记不了他对我的恩情，当他组织了非国大青年联盟时，我马上就参加了这个组织。他说：“过去30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，一直到今天，我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。”“Thelastthirtyyearshaveseenthegreatestnumberoflawsstoppingourrightsandprogress,untiltodaywehavereachedastagewherewehavealmostnorightsatall.”Itwasthetruth.Blackpeoplecouldnotvoteorchoosetheirleaders.Theycouldnotgetthejobstheywanted.Thepartsoftowninwhichtheyhadtoliveweredecidedbywhitepeople.TheplacesoutsidethetownswheretheyweresenttolivewerethepoorestpartsofSouthAfrica.Noonecouldgrowfoodthere,.InfactasNelsonMandelasaid:他说的是真话。当时黑人没有选举权，他们无权选择他们的领导人。他们不能做自己想要做的工作。他们所能住的城区都是由白人决定的。他们被打发去住的城外地区是南非最贫穷的地区。在那儿，没有人能够种庄稼。事实上，就像拉尔逊•曼德拉所说的：“…Wewereputintoapositioninwhichwehadeithertoacceptwewerelessimportant,orfightthegovernment.Wechosetoattackthelaws.Wefirstbrokethelawinawaywhichwaspeaceful;whenthiswasnotallowed…onlythendidwedecidetoanswerviolencewithviolence.”“……我们被置于这样一个境地：要么我们被迫接受低人一等的现实，要么跟政府作斗争。我们选择向法律进攻。首先我们用和平的方式来破坏法律，而当这种方式也得不到允许时，……只有到这个时候，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。”Asamatteroffact,Idonotlikeviolence…butin1963Ihelpedhimblowupsomegovernmentbuildings.ItwasverydangerousbecauseifIwascaughtIcouldbeputinprison.ButIwasveryhappytohelpbecauseIknewitwouldhelpusachieveourdreamofmakingblackandwhitepeopleequal.事实上，我并不喜欢暴力，……但是在1963年的时候，我帮助他炸毁了一些政府大楼。那是很危险的事情，因为如果我被抓住了，可能就会被关进监狱。但是，我乐于帮忙，因为我知道，这是为了实现我们的黑人和白人平等的梦想。TherestofElias’storyYoucannotimaginehowthenameofRobbenIslandmadeusafraid.Itwasaprisonfromwhichnooneescaped.ThereIspentthehardesttimeofmylife.ButwhenIgotthereNelsonMandelawasalsothereandhehelpedme.MrMandelabeganaschoolforthoseofuswhohadlittlelearning.Wereadbooksunderourblanketsandusedanythingwecouldfindtomakecandlestoseethewords.Ibecameagoodstudent.IwantedtostudyfordegreebutIwasnotallowedtodothat.Later,MrMandelaallowedtheprisonguardstojoinus.Hesaidtheyshouldnotbestoppedfromstudyingfortheirdegrees.Theywerenotclevererthanme,buttheydidpasstheirexams.SoIknewIcouldgetadegreetoo.Thatmademefeelgoodaboutmyself.WhenIfinishedthefouryearsinprison,Iwenttofindajob.SinceIwasbettereducated,Igotajobworkinginanoffice.However,thepolicefoundoutandtoldmybossthatIhadbeeninprisonforblowingupgovernmentbuildings.SoIlostmyjob.IdidnotworkagainfortwentyyearsuntilMrMandelaandtheANCcametopowerin1994.Allthattimemywifeandchildrenhadtobegforfoodandhelpfromrelativesorfriends.LuckilyMrMandelarememberedmeandgavemeajobtakingtouristsaroundmyoldprisononRobbenIsland.IfeltbadthefirsttimeItalkedtoagroup.Alltheterrorandfearofthattimecamebacktome.Irememberedthebeatingsandthecrueltyoftheguardsandmyfriendswhohaddied.IfeltIwouldnotbeabletodoit,but\nmyfamilyencouragedme.TheysaidthatthejobandthepayfromthenewSouthAfricagovernmentweremyrewardafterworkingallmylifeforequalrightsfortheBlacks.Sonowat51Iamproudtoshowvisitorsovertheprison,forIhelpedtomakeourpeoplefreeintheirownland.AfollowerofBillGatesIhavebeenafriendofBillGatesforalongtime.IknewhimwhenhewasastudentatHarvardUniversity.WeweresurprisedwhenheleftUniversitytosetuphisowncompany”Microsoft”andmakehisownsoftware.Buthewasthecleverone!HeisverygoodatwritingcomputerlanguagesandalmostallcomputersnowuseMicrosoftsoftware.Theprogram“Word”isusedfromBritaintoChina!Ofcoursehehasmadealotofmoneyandthatmakespeopleveryjealous.Theywanttostophissuccess.Eventhegovernmentisagainsthimandhastriedtobreakhiscompanyintotwoparts.Theysaythatheisunfairtootherpeoplewhowanttosellsimilarsoftware.Becausehefitshisnewsoftwarefreeineverynewcomputer,thegovernmentsaysheisstoppingothercompaniesfromsellingtheirprograms.Thisisnotfair.Everyoneshouldbeabletodowhattheycantomaketheircompanybigger.BillGateshasnotonlydonewhathecantostopothercompetitors.Heisveryrich,butheisgenerous.Hehasgivenmillionsofdollarstohelptheeducationandthehealthofmanychildrenaroundtheworld.YoucouldnotmeetabettermanthanBillGates.AcompetitorsofBillGatesBillGateshasbeenverysuccessfulandbecomeveryrich.Heisverygenerousbuthowhashegothismoney?Hehasdownthisbymakingsurethatnooneelsewillbeabletocompetewithhissoftware.Hissoftwareisnotthebestbutitisusedmostwidelyintheworld.Whenheseeswhatisneeded,hemakesaprogramandproducesitquickerthananybodyelse.Thatwayhegetsalargepartofthesoftwaremarket.Thenheworksonimprovingthesoftwarelater.Hetrieshardtostopothersmakingbettersoftware.In1995thegovernmenttriedtomakethingsfairerforpeoplelikeme.ThegovernmentwantedtomakeMicrosoftintotwocompaniessothatneitherofthemwassostrongnorsorich.Thismeantthattheycouldnotstopsomebodyelsemakingnewsoftware.Ialwayswonderhowhecouldgetsorichsoquickly.Hashedoneitbyfairmeans?Orhashedoneitbybeingacomputerbully?\n必修二Unit1InsearchoftheamberroomFrederickWilliamI,thekingofPrussia,couldneverhaveimaginedthathisgreatestgifttotheRussianpeoplewouldhavesuchanamazinghistory.ThisgiftwastheAmberRoom,whichwasgiventhisnamebecauseseveraltonsofamberwereusedtomakeit.Theamberwhichwasselectedhadabeautifulyellow-browncolourlikehoney.Thedesignoftheroomwasinthefancystylepopularinthosedays.Itwasalsoatreasuredecoratedwithgoldandjewels,whichtookthecountry’sbestartistsabouttenyearstomake.普鲁士国王腓特烈·威廉一世绝不可能想到他送给俄罗斯人民的厚礼会有一段令人惊讶的历史。这件礼物就是琥珀屋,它之所以有这个名字,是因为造这间房子用了近几吨琥珀,被选择的琥珀色彩艳丽,呈黄褐色,像蜜一样。屋子的设计当时流行的极富艺术表现力的建筑风格。琥珀屋这件珍品还镶嵌著黄金和珠宝,全国最优秀的艺术家用了是年的时间才完成它。Infact,theroomwasnotmadetobeagift.ItwasdesignedforthepalaceofFredrickI.However,thenextKingofPrussia,FredrickWilliamI,towhomtheamberroombelonged,decidednottokeepit.In1716hegaveittoPetertheGreat.Inreturn,theCzarsenthimatroopofhisbestsoldiers.SotheAmberRoombecamepartoftheCzar’swinterpalaceinStPetersburg.Aboutfourmetreslong,theroomservedasasmallreceptionhallforimportantvistors.事实上,琥珀屋并不是作为礼物而建造的。它是作为腓烈特一世的宫殿而建造的。然而,下一位普鲁士国王,腓烈特·威廉一世,这个琥珀屋的主人却决定不再要它了。1716年,他把它送给了彼得大帝。作为回馈,沙皇则送给他一队自己最好的士兵。所以,琥珀屋就成了沙皇在圣彼得堡东宫的一部分。琥珀屋长约4米,被用作接待重要来宾的小型会客室。Later,CatherineⅡhadtheAmberRoommovedtoapalaceoutsideStPetersburgwhereshespenthersummers.Shetoldherartiststoaddmoredetailstoit.In1770theroomwascompletedthewayshewanted.Almostsixhundredcandleslittheroom,anditsmirrorsandpicturesshonelikegold.Sadly,althoughtheAmberRoomwascnsideredoneofthewondersoftheworld,itisnowmissing.后来、叶卡捷琳娜二世派人把琥珀屋搬到了圣彼得堡郊外避暑的宫殿中。她让艺术家们给它增添了更多的装饰。1770年,这间琥珀屋按她要求的方式完工了。将近600支蜡烛照亮了这个房间,里面的镜子和图画就像金子一样闪闪发光。不幸的是,虽然琥珀屋被认为是世界奇迹之一,可是现在它却下落不明。InSeptember1941,theNaziarmywasnearStPetersburg.Thiswasatimewhenthetwocountrieswereatwar.BeforetheNaziscouldgettothesummerpalace,theRussianswereabletoremovesomefurnituresandsmallartobjectsfromtheAmberRoom.However,someoftheNazissecretlystoletheroomitself.Inlessthantwodays100000pieceswereputinsidetwenty-sevenwoodenboxes.ThereisnodoubtthattheboxeswerethenputonatrainforKonigsberg,whichwasatatimeaGermancityontheBalticSea.Afterthat,whathappenedtotheAmberRoomremainsamystery.1941年9月,纳粹德国的军队逼近了圣彼得堡。这是两国交战的时期。在纳粹分子能够到达夏宫之前,俄国人只来得及把琥珀屋里的一些家具和小型艺术饰品搬走。可是琥珀屋本身却被一些纳粹分子秘密地头运走了。在不到两天的时间里,琥珀屋被拆成10万块装进了27个木箱里。毫无疑问,这些箱子后来被装上火车运往哥尼斯堡,当时它是波罗的海的海边的一个城市。Recently,theRussiansandGermanshavebuiltanewAmberRoomatthesummerpalace.BystudyingoldphotosoftheformerAmberroom,theyhavemadethenewonelookeliketheoldone.In2003itwasreadyforthepeoplethofStPetersburgwhentheycelebratedthe300bithdayoftheircity.从那以后,琥珀屋的最终归宿就成了一个谜。最近俄国人和德国人已经在夏宫建立起了一个新的琥珀屋,通过研究前琥珀屋的照片,他们使得新的琥珀屋的样子与原来的非常相像。2003年,在圣彼得堡人民庆祝他们的城市建立300周年的时候,它已经完工了.AfactofanopinionWhatisafact?Isitsomethingthatpeoplebelieve?No.Afactisanythingthatcanbeproved.Forexample,itcanbeprovedthatChinahasmorepeoplethananyothercountryintheworld.Thisisafact.什么是事实？是一些人们相信的东西吗？不！事实是可以被证明的任何事。例如，可以证明中国人口比世界上任何其他国家的人口都要多。这是一个事实。Thenwhatisanopinion?Anopinioniswhatsomeonebelievesistruebuthasnotbeenproved.Soanopinoionisnotgoodevidenceinatrail.Forexample,itisanopinionifyousay“Catsarebetterpetsthandogs”.Itmaybetrue,butitisdifficulttoprove.Somepeoplemaynotagreewiththisopinionbuttheyalsocannot\nprovethattheyareright.那么什么是一个观点？一个观点是人们相信那是真的但还没有被证明的。所以一个观点在一个审判中不是一个好的证据。例如，如果你说“猫是比狗好的宠物”这会是一个观点。这可能是真的，不过很难去证明。一些人可能不同意这个观点不过他们也不能去证明他们是对的。Inatrail,ajudgemustdecidewhicheyewitnessestobelieveandwhichnottobelieve.Thejudgedoesnotconsiderwhateacheyewitnesslookslikeorwherethatpersonlivesorworks.He/Sheonlycaresaboutwhethertheeyewitnesshasgiventrueinformation,whichmustbefactsratherthanopinions.Thiskindofinformationiscalledevidence.在一场审批中，一个审判官一定要去决定相信哪个目击者哪个目击者不应该相信。这个审判官不会去考虑每个目击者的长相或人们在哪里居住或工作。他/她只关心目击者是否会提供真是的信息，信息一定是事实而不是观点。这类的信息被称为证据。BigFengtotherescueHisfriendsandfamilycallhim“BigFeng”becauseheisberytallandplayedbasketballasayoungman.Butheisalsobiginadifferentway—hefightshardtoprotectChina’spast.HisrealnameisFengJicaiandhehaswrittenmanynovelsaboutlifeinChina.Severalyearsago,however,heputdownhispenforawhileandbegantoprotecttheclturalrelicsinTianjin,wherehelives.Oncesomeonaskedhimwhyhenolongerwrote.Herepliedthatatthemomenthefeltprotectingculturalrelicswasmoreimportant.Fengloveshishometown.Hebelievesthatoldthingsmustbegivenaplavenexttonewthins,orpeoplewillsoonforgetthergreatpast.Hedoesnotmakespeechestogetotherstohelphiminhisprojects.Insteadhegoesoutanddoeswhathecanhimeself.Ifothersfollowhim,somuchthebetter.OneofhisbiggestprojectswastoprotecttheoldeststreetinTianjin.Alongthatstreetsomeshopshaddonebusinessforsevenhundredyears.Althoughtthecitygovernmentrebuiltthisstreet,theydidsaveitsoldestbuilding.Anotherprojectwasmoresuccessful:hepersuadedthecitygovernmenttobuysomelandinthecentreofthecitysoitcouldnotbesoldforbusinesses.ThisareaisveryimprotantforthehistoryofTianjin.ItwasherethatthecitywasfirstbuiltduringtheSongDynasty.Latermanytreasureswerefoundhere.ToFeng,diggingdownintotheearthislikereadingpageafterpageofabook.Eachdynastyfoundintheearthislikeaninterestingstory.NotlongagoheandotherwritersandartiststookphotosoftheoldpartsofTianjin.Thephotoswereputintoabookwhichwasverypopular.Themoneyfromthebookhelpshisprjects.Once,andoldmanaskedFengtosignabookforhim,sayinghewouldgiveittohisgrandsonwhowasnotyetborn.Fengwasgladtodoit-heknowsthathepastisnotonlyforustoenjoybutalsoforthechildrenofthefuture.Unit2AninterviewthPausanias,whowasaGreekwriterabout2000yearago,hascomeonamagicaljourneyonMarch18,2007tofindoutaboutthepresent-dayOlympicGames.HeisnowinterviewingLiYan,avolunteerforthe2008OlympicsGames.大约2000年前的一个希腊作者帕萨尼亚斯(P)，在2007年3月18日踏上了一段魔幻的旅程去查明关于现代的奥林匹克运动会。他正在采访一个2008年奥林匹克运动会志愿者李岩(L)。P:MynameisPausanias.Ilivedinwhatyoucall“AncientGreece”andIusedtowriteabouttheOlympicGamesalongtimeago.I’vecometoyourtimetofindoutaboutthepresent-dayOlympicGamesbecauseIknowthatin2004theywereheldinmyhomeland.MayIaskyousomequestionsaboutthemodernOlympics?P:我是帕萨尼亚斯。我住在你们所说的“古希腊”而且在很久之前我常常写以一些关于奥林匹克运动会的事情。我来到你的时代是为了解关于现代奥林匹克运动会因为我知道2004年奥林匹克运动会会在我家乡举办。我可以问你一些关于现代奥林匹克运动会的问题么？L:Goodheavens!Havereallycomefromsolongago?Butofcourseyoucanaskanyquestionsyoulike.Whatwouldyouliketoknow?L:真是极为愉快的事!你真的来自那么久远的时代么？不过当然你可以问你想问的问题。你想知道什么？P:HowoftendoyouholdyourGames?P:你们多久会举办一次运动会？L:Everyfouryears.TherearetwomainsetsofGames—theWinterandtheSummerOlympics,andbothareheldeveryfouryearsonaregularbasis.TheWinterOlympicsareusuallyheldtwoyearsbeforetheSummerGames.\nOnlyathleteswhohavereachedtheagreedstandardfortheireventwillbeadmittedascompetitors.Theymaycomefromanywhereintheworld.L:四年一次。有两种主要的运动会形式--冬季和夏季奥运会，并且在一个有规律的基础上他们都是四年举办一次的。冬季奥运会一般会在夏季奥运会前两年举办。只有达到该项目既定的标准的运动员才会被容许成为竞争者。他们可以来自世界各地。P:WinterGames?Howcantherunnersenjoycompetinginwinter?Andwhataboutthehorses?P:冬季奥运会？田径运动员如何在冬季享受比赛？还有马术又怎样？L:Ohno!Therearenorunningracesorhorseridingevents.Insteadtherearecompetitionslikeskiingandiceskatingwhichneedsnowandice.That’swhythey’recalledtheWinterOlympics.It’sintheSummerOlympicsthatyouhavetherunningraces,togetherwithswimming,sailingandalltheteamsports.L:哦不!冬季奥运会没有赛跑和骑马的项目。反而会有一些像滑雪和溜冰这些需要雪和冰的项目。这就是为什么他成为冬季奥运会。只有在夏季奥运会会有你说赛跑，同时还有游泳，帆船运动和所有团队运动。P:Isee.Earlieryousaidthatathletesareinvitedfromallovertheworld.DoyoumeantheGreekworld?OurGreekcitiesusedtocompeteagainsteachotherjustforthehonourofwinning.Noothercountriescouldjoinin,norcouldslavesorwomen!P:我懂了。之前你说那些运动员都被邀请来自世界各地。你了解希腊世界么？我们希腊城过去互相竞赛只为胜利的荣誉。没有其他的地区可以参加，奴隶和妇女也不可以。L:Nowadaysanycountrycantakepartiftheirathletesaregoodenough.Thereareover250sportsandeachonehasitsownstandard.Womenarenotonlyallowed,butplayaveryimportantroleingymnastics,athletics,teamsportsand…L:现在只要他们的运动员够好的话任何国家都可以参加。有超过250种项目并且每一种都有它自己的标准。妇女不仅允许参加比赛，并且她们在体操比赛，竞技比赛，团队比赛和其他各种比赛中都扮演着重要的角色。P:Pleasewaitaminute!Allthoseevents,allthosecountriesandevenwomentakingpart!Wherearealltheathleteshoused?P:麻烦稍等一下！所有的这些项目，所有的国民甚至妇女都可以参加！那么这些运动员们居住在哪里？L:ForeachOlympics,aspecialvillageisbuiltforthemtolivein,amainreceptionbuilding,severalstadiumsforcompetitions,andagymnasiumaswell.L:在每一场奥运会前，一座特别的村庄会被建来给他们居住，还有一座主要的接待建筑，几个用来比赛的体育场和一座体育馆等P:That’ssoundsveryexpansive.DoesanyonewanttohosttheOlympicGames?P:那听起来很贵。有哪个国家会想要举办奥运会么？L:Asamatteroffact,everycountrywantstheopportunity.It’sagreatresponsibilitybutalsoagreathonourtobechosen.There’sasmuchcompetitionsamongcountriestohosttheOlympicsastowinOlympicmedals.The2008OlympicswillbeheldinBeijing.L:事实上，每个国家都想要这个机会。这是一个很大的责任同样是一个很大的荣誉如果被挑选到。在国家之间有很多竞争去为举办奥运会就像去赢得奥林匹克奖牌一样。2008年的奥运会将会在北京举行。这你知道么？P:Ohyes!Youmustbeveryproud.P:哦是的！你一定非常自豪。L:Certainly.Andafterthatthe2012OlympicswillbeheldinLondon.Theyhavealreadystartedplanningforit.AnewvillagefortheathletesandallthestadiumswillbebuilttotheeastofLondon.Newmedalswillbedesignedofcourseand…L:当然。之后的2012年奥运会将在伦敦举行。他们早就开始为这个做准备了。一座让运动员居住的村庄和所有的运动场将会被建在东伦敦。当然新的奖牌会被设计......P:Didyousaymedals?Soeventheolivewreathhasbeenreplaced!Ohdear!Doyoucompeteforprizemoneytoo?P:你是说奖牌么？所以甚至是橄榄花圈也已经被取代了！哦亲爱的！你们比赛也为了奖金么？L:No,wedon’t.It’sstillallaboutbeingabletorunfaster,jumperhigherandthrowfurther.That’sthemottooftheOlympics,youknow—“Swifter,HigherandStronger.”L:不我们不。现在仍然想要跑得更快跳的更高扔得更远。正如你知道的奥运会的格言-“更快更高更强”。P:Well,that’sagoodnews.Howinteresting!Thankyousomuchforyourtime.P:好吧，那是个好消息。多么有趣啊！耽搁你的时间，谢谢了。ThestoryofAtlantaAtlantawasaGreekprincess.ShewasverybeautifulandcouldrunfasterthananymaninGreece.ButshewasnotallowedtorunandwingloryforherselfintheOlympicGames.Shewassoangrythatshesaidtoher\nfartherthatshewouldnotmarryanyonewhocouldnotrunfasterthanher.Herfathersaidthatshemustmarry,soAtlantamadeabargainwithhim.Shesaidtohim,“Thesearemyrules.Whenamansayshewantstomarryme,Iwillrunagainsthim.Ifhecannotrunasfastasme,hewillbekilled.Noonewillbepardoned.”亚特兰大是一个希腊公主。她很漂亮并且可以跑得比希腊的任何一个男人都快。不过她不被允许在奥运会上跑步去为她自己赢得荣誉。她很生气因此她跟她父亲说她不会嫁任何跑不过她的男人。她父亲说她必须要嫁，所以亚特兰大与她父亲定下一个条件。她对她父亲说，“这是我的原则。如果有男人说想要嫁我，我会跟她赛跑。如果他跑不赢我，他会被杀。没有人能被例外。”ManykingsandprinceswantedtomarryAtlanta,butwhentheyheardofherrulestheyknewitwashopeless.Somanyofthemsadlywenthome,butothersstayedtoruntherace.TherewasamancalledHippomeneswhowasamazedwhenheheardofAtlanta’srules,“Whyarethesemensofoolish?”hethought.“Whywilltheyletthemselvesbekilledbecausetheycannotrunasfastasthisprincess?”However,whenhesawAtlantacomeoutofherhousetorun,Hippomeneschangedhismind.“IwillmarryAtlanta—ordie!“hesaid.很多国王和王子想要娶亚特兰大，不过当他们听到这个规定的时候他们就知道自己没希望了。所以他们当中的很多人都伤心地回家了，不过其他的人都留着去赛跑。一个叫做希波墨涅斯的男人听到亚特兰大的消息后感到非常惊奇，他想“为什么这些男的都这么愚蠢呢？”“为什么他们会因为跑不过这个公主而让自己被杀呢？”然而，当他看到亚特兰大从她的房子出来跑步的时候，希波墨涅斯改变了他的心意。他说，“我会娶亚特兰大或者死！”Theracestartedandalthoughthemanranveryfast,Atlantaranfaster.AsHippomeneswatchedhethought,“HowcanIrunasfastasAtlanta?”HewenttoasktheGreekGoddessofLoveforhelp.Shepromisedtohelphimandgavehimthreegoldenapples.Shesaid,“ThrowanappleinfrontofAtlantawhensheisrunningpast.Whenshestopstopickitup,youwillbeabletorunpastherandwin.”HippomenestooktheapplesandwenttotheKing.Hesaid,“IwanttomarryAtlanta.”TheKingwassadtoseeanothermandie,butHippomenessaid,“Iwillmarryher–ordie!”Sotheracebegan.赛跑开始的时候虽然男人们都跑得很快，但是亚特兰大总是会更快。希波墨涅斯边看边想，“我要怎样才能赢过亚特兰大呢？”他去向希腊的爱神求助。爱神答应帮他并给了他三个金苹果。她说，“在亚特兰大跑过你的时候扔一个在亚特兰大面前。当亚特兰大停下来去捡苹果的时候，你就可以跑过她并赢得比赛。”希波墨涅斯拿着苹果并跑去找国王。他说，“我想娶亚特兰大。”国王伤心地看着又一个男人要死，不过希波墨涅斯说，“我会娶她或者死！”然后赛跑开始了。ThreeinspiringstoriesabouttheOlympicGames1.ThekindNorwegianThereisacross-countryskiingracewhichispartoftheWinterOlympics.In2006aCanadianskier,SaraRenner,wastakingpartinthecross-countryfinalwhenherleftpolebroke.Thiswasaseriousproblemassheneededthepoletohelphertravelquicklythroughthedeepsnow.ImmediatelyBjornarHakensmoen,thecoachoftheNorwegianteam,gaveheranotherpole.SoRennerwasabletogetasilvermedal.Hakensmoensaidthathehadonlybehavedasanygoodsportsmanshould,butSarasaidthatHakensmoenhadshowneverybodythetruemeaningofsport.2.TheSpecialOlympicathleteForathleteEricWilliamsgoldmedalsarenice,butgoodsportsmanshipismoreimportant.ErichasalowmentalabilitybutthisdoesnotstophimfromtakingapartintheOlympics.In2005Ericcompetedinrunningracesandthelongjump.Hesaid,“I’vebeencompetingintheSpecialOlympicseversinceIwasathighschool.It’sreallyagoodexperience.Yougettomeetdifferentathletesandvolunteersandmakeallkindsoffriends.“JohnCorbett,anorganizeroftheSpecialOlympicssaid,“Healwaysdoeshisbestandhasawonderfultimeintheprogress.Hetrulyappreciatesallthepeoplearoundhimwhoaretryingtohelp,andhemakesthatappreciationknown.“Let’shopeEricwinsmoremedalsinthenextSpecialOlympics!3.ThestubbornAfricanIn1968aKenyanathleteKipKeinocompetedinthe1500metresrunningrace.Atthattimehewasveryillandingreatpain.Althoughhehadreachedthestandardforthefinaloftheracehedecidedatfirstnottotakepart.However,justbeforetheracewasgoingtostarthechangedhismind.Heranfromhisroomandarrivedattheracetrackafewminutesbeforetheracewasabouttobegin.Surprisingly,hewontherace,finishingwellaheadofeveryoneelseandshowingwhattruecourageandperseverancecanachieve.ItwasnowonderthatKipKeinobecametheonlyKenyansportsmanevertoappearonthecoveroftheworldfamoussportsmagazineSportsillustrated.Unit3\nWHOAMI?OvertimeIhavechangedquitealot.IbeganasacalculatingmachineinFrancein1642.AlthoughIwasyoungIcouldsimplifydifficultsums.IdevelopedveryslowlyandittooknearlytwohundredyearsbeforeIwasbuiltasananalyticalmachinebyCharlesBaggage.AfterIwasprogrammedbyanoperatorwhousedcardswithholes,Icould“thing”logicallyandproduceananswerquickerthananyperson.Atthattimeitwasconsideredatechnologicalrevolutionandthestartofmy“artificalintelligence”.In1936myrealfather,AlanTuring,wroteabookabouthowIcouldbemadetoworkasa“universalmachine”tosolveanydifficultmathematicalproblem.Fromthenon,Igrewrapidlybothinsizeandinbrainpower.Bythe1940sIhdgrownaslargeasaroom,andIwonderesifIwouldgrowanylonger.However,thisrealityalsoworriedmydesigners.Astimewentby,Iwasmadesmaller.FirstasaPC(personalcomputer)andthenasalaptop,Ihavebeenusedinofficesandhomessincethe1970s.随着时间的推移我被改变了很多。在1642年的法国，我是作为一个计算机器而开始的。虽然我很年轻我可以简化一些计算题。在我被CharlesBabbage改造成分析机器之前我很慢的发展了接近两百年。之后我被一个操作员用带洞的卡调制成了可以合逻辑地思考并且比任何人都快地得出一些问题的答案。那是一个被成为技术改革的时候并且开始了我的人造智能。在1936年我真正的父亲AlanTuring写了一本关于我如何像普遍的机器一样去解决任何困难的数学问题的书。从那起，我在体积和智能方面快速的发展。在1940年我变得像一个房间一样大，并且我想知道我是否还能变得更大。然而，事实也在困扰着我的设计者。随着时间的推移，我被制的更小。首先是个人电脑再到后来的手提电脑，在1970年我已经开始被用在办公室和家里。Thesechangesonlybecamepossibleasmymemoryimproved.Firstitwasstoredintubes,thenontransistorsandlateronverysmallchips.AsaresultItotallychangedmyshape.AsIhavegrownolderIhavealsogrownsmaller.Overtimemymemoryhasdevelopedsomuchthat,likeanelephant,IneverforgrtanythingIhavebeentold!AndmymemorybecamesolargethatevenIcouldn’tbelieveit!ButIwasalwayssolonelystandingtherebymyself,untilinthe1960stheygavemeafamilyconnectedbyanetwork.IwasabletosharemyknowledgewithothersthroughtheWorldWideWeb.这些变化只因为我记忆力的增强。开始记忆被存放于电子管里，然后是晶体管和后来更小的晶片。因此我改变了我的整个外型。随着我慢慢变老我也慢慢的变小。随着时间推移我的记忆力发展的那么快，像头大象，我不会忘记任何我曾被告知的东西！而且我的记忆力变得如此的大以至于我都不敢相信!不过我总是自己那么孤单的站在那里，直到1960年他们通过网络给了我一个家庭关系。我能够通过万维网和其他的电脑分享我的知识。Sincethe1970smanynewapplicationshavebeenfoundforme.Ihavebecomeveryimportantincommunication,financeandtradeIhavealsobeenputintorobotsandusedtomakemobilephonesaswellashelpwithmedicaloperations.IhaveevenbeenputintospacerocketsandsenttoexploretheMoonandMars.Anyhow,mygoalistoprovidehumanswithalifeofhighquality.IamnowtrulyfilledwithhappinessthatIamadevotedfriendandhelperofthehumanrace!从1970年起很多新的应用为我而被发明。我在交流，金融和贸易方面变得重要。我同样被放进遥控装置中被用来制造移动电话也帮助医学手术。我已经被放进太空火箭并被送去探测月亮和火星。即使如此，我的目的是为人们提供高质量的生活。我现在充满快乐应为我成为了人类种族中的一个忠心的朋友和帮助者。ANDY—THEANDROIDI’mpartofananandroidfootballteam.Aboutonceayearweareallowedtogettogethertoplayagameoffootball.I’masbigasahuman.Infact,Ilooklikeonetoo.OnthefootballteamI’mastrikersoIhavetobeabletorunveryfast.Mycomputerchipshelpmetomovaandthinklikeahuman.Forexample,IhavelearnedtosignaltomyteammatesincomputerlanguagestogivemetheballwhenIamopenandhaveagoodshotforagoal.我是一个机器人球队的一份子。我们被允许在一齐踢足球大约一年了。我像一个人类一样高大。事实上，我长得也像人类。在球队里我是前锋因此我要跑得非常快。我的电脑芯片帮助我移动并且像人类一样思考。例如，我已经学会了当我要开动去射一个好球的时候用电脑语言向我的队友发信号让他们把球传给我。MyfiratfootballcompetitionwasinNagoya,Japanseveralyearsago.LastyearourteamwenttoSeattle,WashingtonintheUSA.Wewontsecongplace.Personally,Ithinktheteamthatwonfirsyplacecheated.Theyhaddevelopedanewtypeofprogramjustbeforethecompetition.Soweneedtoencourageourprogramertoimproveourintelligencetoo.Wearedeterminedtocreateanevenbettersystem.Inawayourprogrammetislikeourcoach.Sheprogramsuswithmovestouseifanewsitationarises.InthiswayIcanmakeupnewmovesusingmy“artificalintelligence“.Iwouldreallyliketoplayagainstahumanteam,forIhavebeenprogrammedtoactjustlikethem.Afterall,withthehelpofmyelectronicbrainwhichneverforgetsanything,usingmyintelligenceiswhatI’mallabout!\n我的第一场足球比赛是在几年前在日本的名古屋。去年我们球队去了美国华盛顿和西雅图。我们胜利的第二个地方。就我个人观点，我认为我们球队第一次赢的地方是作弊的。他们已经在比赛之前一种新的程序类型。所以我们也要促进我们的程序去提高我们的智能。我们决心要去一种甚至更好的标志。一定程度上说我们的程序就像我们的教练。她训练我们所有在人类比赛中她能看到的所有可能的动作。如果一种新情况出现她会准备可靠的动作去运用。用这种方式我可以用我的“人造只能”去制造新的动作。我能够被编程成像人类一样的表现我就可以真的与一队人类球队去比赛。毕竟，在我不会忘掉任何东西的电子脑袋的帮助下，我的所有就是用我的智能！THESPORTINGROBOTrdMynameisHuaFeiandIamasportingrobotofthe23century.Iamanexpertathighflyingexercises.IjumpfromspaceshipandasIfallIturn,dive,circleanddanceuntilIsoftlylandascloseasIcantothefinishingrdline.Robotcompetitionsinthe23centuryaretrulyapopularsport.FansfromalloverChinawatchtheirhandheldTVswhenacompetitioncomeson.LasttimeIlookpartinthe78thOlympiconaflyingislandaboveBrusselsinthesky.Iwonthesivermedalformyperformance.ThisyearIhadthehonourtobechosenagain.Iwantedtommetrobotsfromothercountyiesandexploreidesaboutoursport.Hower,myprogrammerfellilltheweekbeforeweweregoingtoleave.ItwasverypainfulforherandIfeltveryfrightened.InolongerfeltsoconfidentthatIwouldwin.Thedayofthecompetitionwasrathercouldformylegsandmyspecialoilbegantofteeze.IpausedbeforeIjumpedfromthestartingplaceonalittlespaceshipbutthenIbeganmyperformance.AtthecorrectmomentItriedtoopenmyparachutebuttherewasaproblem.Itonlyopenedalittle.InsteadofflyingsoftlytoearthIbegantofallfasterandfastersothatIcouldnotturn,dive,circleordance.MyheartstoppedbeatingasIlandedheavilyonamountaincoveredwithsnow.ThisiswhyIamwritingtoyoufrommyhospitalbedwithtwobrokenlegsandafragilehead.IdidnotwinanythingattheOlympicafterall.Ineedthefactorytobuildmetwonewlegsandanevenbiggerhead.ThenIwillbeabletocompeteoncemore.Let’shopefoegreatersuccessinthenextOlympics!Unit4(1)HowDaisylearnedtohelpwildlifeDaisyhadalwayslongedtohelpendangeredspeciesofwildlife.Onedayshewokeupandfoundaflyingcarpetbyherbed.“Wheredoyouwanttogo?”itasked.Daiasyrespondedimmediately.“I’dliketoseesomeendangeredwildlife,”shesaid.“pleasetakemetoadistantlandwhereIcanfindtheanimalthatgavefurtomakethissweater.”AtoncethecarpetflewawayandtookhertoTibet.ThereDaisysawanantelopelookingsad.Itsaid,“Wearebeingkilledforthewoolbeneathourstomachs.Ourfurisbeingusedtomakesweatersforpeoplelikeyou.Asareasult,wearenowanendangeredspecies.”AtthatDaisycried,“I’msorryIdidn’tknowthat.Iwonderwhatisbeingdonetohelpyou.Flyingcarpet,pleaseshowmeaplacewherethere’ssomewildlifeprotection.”Daisy常常渴望去帮助濒临灭绝的种类的野生动物。一天她醒来发现一个正在飞行的飞毯在她包里。“你想去哪里？”它问。Daisy立刻回答它。“我想去看那些濒临灭绝的动物，”她说。“请带我去那个我可以找到供给皮毛去制造这件毛衣的动物的一个遥远的地方。”飞毯立刻带她飞去了西藏。在那里Daisy看到了一支看起来很伤心的羚羊。它说，“我们被杀是为了我们肚子下的毛。我们的皮毛被人类用来制造像你这样的毛衣。因此，现在我们是一种濒临灭绝的种类。”然后Daisy哭喊着，“我很抱歉我不知道那些。我想知道什么可以被做来帮助你们。飞毯，请带我去一个有一些野生动物保护区的地方。TheflyingcarpettravelledsofastthatnextminutetheywereinZimbabwe.Daisyturnedaroundandfoundthatshewasbeingwatchedbyanelephant.“Haveyoucometotakemyphoto?”itasked.InreliefDaisyburstintolaughter.“Don’tlaugh,”saidtheelephant,“Weusedtobeanendangeredspecies.Farmershunteduswithoutmercy.Theysaidwedestroyedtheirfarms,andmoneyfromtouristsonlywenttothelargetourcompanies.Sothegovernmentdecidedtohelp.Theyallowedtouriststohuntonlyacertainnumberofanimalsiftheypaidthefarmers.Nowthefarmersarehappyandournumbersareincreasing.Sogoodthingsarebeingdoneheretosavelocalwildlife.”飞毯飞得如此的快以至于他们下一分钟就在Zimbabwe。Daisy转来转去然后发现她被一头大象盯着。“你过来跟我照相了么？”它问。Daisy松了口气突然笑起来。“不要笑，”大象说，“我们曾经是濒临灭绝的品种。农民好不仁慈地猎杀我们。他们说我们破坏了他们的天地，和来自那些只游览大工厂的游客的钱。所以政府决定去帮助。他们允许游客给钱农民然后可以去猎杀确定数量的动物。现在农民很高兴而且我们的数量在增加。所以好事情正被做于营救当地的野生动物。”\nDaisysmiled.“That’sgoodnews.Itshowstheimportanceofwildlifeprotection,butI’dliketohelpastheWWFsuggests.”ThecarpetDaisy微笑了。“那是个好消息。它展示了野生动物保护的重要性，不过我喜欢去帮助像WWF这样的建议。”Roseagainstandalmostatoncetheywereinathickrainforest.AmonkeyWatchedthemasitrubbeditself.“Whatareyoudoing?”askedDaisy.“I’mprotectingmyselffrommosquitoes,”itreplied.“WhenIfindamilipedeinsect,Irubitovermybody.Itcontainsapowerfuldrugwhichaffectmosquitoes.YoushouldpaymoreattentiontotherainforestwhereIliveandappreciatehowtheanimalslivetogether.Norainforest,noanimals,nodrugs.”飞毯再次升起然后几乎同一时间他们在一个阴霾的热带雨林。一支猴子看着他们就像它摩擦它自己。“你在干什么？”Daisy问。“我在保护自己不受蚊子的伤害，”它回答。“当我找到一只千足虫昆虫，我会在我身上摩擦它。它包涵了一种强大的可以影响蚊子的药物。你应该更加注意那些我居住的热带雨林并好好鉴赏动物们如何居住在一齐。没有雨林，没有动物，没有药物。”Daisywasamazed.“Flyingcarpet,pleasetakemehomesoIcantellWWFandwecanbeginproducingthisnewdrug.Monkey,pleasecomeandhelp,”Themonkeyagreed.Thecarpetflewhome.Astheylanded,thingsbegintodisappear.Twominuteslatereverythinghadgone--themonkey,too.Daisy很惊讶。“飞毯，请带我回家这样我可以联系WWF并开始保护这种新的药物。猴子，请过来帮忙。”那猴子同意了。飞毯飞回家了。当他们降落时，事物开始消失了。两分钟后所有东西都消失了-那只猴子也是。SoDaisywasnotabletomakehernewdrug.Butwhatanexperience!Shehadlearnedsomuch!AndtherewasalwaysWWF……所以Daisy不能去制造她的新药物。不过如此的一段经历！她已经学习了那么多！还有那里的WWF......(2)AnimalextinctionManyanimalshavedisappearedduringthelonghistoryoftheearth.Themostfamousoftheseanimalsaredinosaurs.Theylivedontheearthtensmillionofyearsago,longbeforehumanscameintobeingandtheirfutureseemedsecureatthattime.Thereweremanydifferentkindsofdinosaurandanumberofthemusedtoliveinchina.Theeggsoftwenty-fivespecieshavebeenfoundinXixiaCounty,Nanyang,Henanprovince.Notlongagoararenewspeciesofbird-likedinosaurwasdiscoveredinCountry,liaoningProvince.Whenscientistsinspectedthebones,theyweresurprisedtofindthatthesedinosaurscouldnotonlyrunliketheothersbutalsoclimbtrees.Theylearnedthisfromthewaytheboneswerejoinedtogether.在地球漫长的历史中许多动物都消失了。其中最有名的动物是恐龙。他们几千万年前生活在地球上，远远早于人类的出现，在当时他们的未来似乎是安全的。有许多不同种类的恐龙，并且大量的恐龙以前生活在中国。已经有25种恐龙蛋在河南省南阳市西峡县被发现了。不久前一种稀有的像鸟类的恐龙在辽宁省朝阳县被发现。当科学家们考察了骨头，他们惊讶地发现，这些恐龙不仅可以像其它类恐龙那样跑，而且也能爬树。他们是从骨头的连接方式了解到一点的。Dinosaursdiedoutsuddenlyabout65millionyearsago.Somescientiststhinkitcameafteranunexpectedincidentwhenahugerockfromspacehittheearthandputtoomuchdustintotheair.Othersthinktheearthgottoohotforthedinosaurstoliveonanymore.Nobodyknowsforsurewhyandhowdinosaurdisappearedfromtheearthinsuchashorttime.约65万年前恐龙突然灭绝了。一些科学家认为它是突然到来的，当时一块太空巨石撞击了地球并扬起了太多灰尘遮蔽了天空。也有人认为地球变得太热以至于不再适于恐龙生活。没有人确切知道为什么和怎样恐龙在这么短的时间从地球上突然消失。Weknowmanyotherwildplants,animals,insectsandbirdshavediedoutmorerecently.AccordingtoaUNreport,some844animalsandplantshavedisappearedinthelast500years.Thedodoisoneofthem.ItlivedontheIslandofMauritiusandwasaveryfriendlyanimal.Pleaselistentoastoryofthedodoandhowitdisappearedfromtheearth.我们知道很多其他野生植物，动物，昆虫和鸟类最近已经灭绝。据联合国报告，在过去的500年大约844种动植物消失了。渡渡鸟是其中之一。它生活在毛里求斯岛，是一个非常友好的动物。请听一个渡渡鸟故事，以及它是如何从地球上消失的。(3)ThereturnofthemiludeerMynameisLinhui.Iliketotellstoriesaboutpeoplewhoworktogether.Whatisevenbetteriswhencountrieshelpeachotherandbuildagoodfriendship.AnexcellentexampleofthishappenedwhenBritainandChinaworkedtogethertobringtheMiludeerbacktoChina.我的名字叫林回。我喜欢讲一些关于和我一起工作的人故事。更好的情况是国家互相帮助,营造一个良好的友谊。比如，英国和中国一起把麋鹿运回中国，就是一个很好的例子。TheMiludeer,aspecieswithlargehorns,usedtobecommoninChinalongago.Likeotherdeertheylivetogether\nandeatgrassandthesoftpartsoftreessuchassmallbranches.Miludeerwereoftenhuntedforfoodorsportinthepast.The,MingandQingdynastiesdidnotprotectthemandmanywerekilled.ThatishowtheMiludeerdisappearedfromChina.麋鹿，作为一种有角的物种，很久以前就在中国了，这是很平常的事。像其他鹿类一样，他们都住在一起,吃草和果树的柔嫩部分，比如小树枝。在过去，麋鹿经常为寻找食物而活动。明清时期没有保护他们,因此很多都死了。那就是麋鹿消失在中国的原因。Luckilybeforeallofthemwerekilled,someweretakentoBritaintoimprovetheenvironmentofthebeautifulparkwhichbelongedtotheDukeofBedford.HelikedthemsomuchthathetookthemallthewayfromChinatoBritain.TheMiludeerlikedthecool,wetweatherinEnglandandtheirnumberincreasedyearbyyear.Asaresult,whenin1985thegovernmentofChinawantedtoreintroducetheMiludeer,theDukeofBedfordwashappytohelp.ThefirstdeercamebacktoChinatotheNanhaiziMiluPark20kilometerssouthofBeijingandthecentreinDafeng,JingsuProvince.幸运的是,在所有麋鹿都被杀了的情况下,其中一些被送往英国,以改善贝德福德公爵的公园的环境。他喜欢他们,以至于他把他们从中国领到英国来。麋鹿喜欢英格兰凉爽潮湿的天气，并且它们的数量在逐年增长。结果,当1985年中国政府想让麋鹿回来时,贝德福德公爵也非常愿意帮忙。第一个鹿回到中国20公里的天然公园Nanhaizi中心，它位于北京南部,江苏省大丰。ThedeercentainlyseemhappytobebackinChinabecausetheirnumbershavegrownrapidly.TherearenowsomanyofthemthatanewparkhasbeenopenedfortheminHebeiProvince.AtthemomenttheMiludeerliveincentreswheretheyarebeingwellprotectedandcarefor.Itishopedthatonedaytherewillbeenoughanimalstoletthemliveinthewildagain.SoBritainhelpedChinabybringingbackananimalthathaddisappearedfromitshomeland.Thisisagoodexampleoffriendshipandunderstandingbetweenthesetwocountries.那只鹿好像很开心能回到中国,因为他们的数量也在迅速增加。现在有很多的麋鹿,一个在湖北的新公园已经为他们而开启。此刻的麋鹿住在公园中心,在那里他们得到很好的保护和照顾。希望有一天将会有足够多的动物,重新生活在野外。所以，英国通过带回消失在我国故土上的一种动物来帮助了中国。这是一个在这两个国家之间，友谊和理解的很好的例子。Unit5Thebandthatwasn’tHaveyoueverwantedtobepartofabandasafamoussingerormusicians?Haveyoueverdreamedofplayinginfrontofthousandsofpeopleataconcert,atwhicheveryoneisclappingandappreciatingyourmusic?DoyousingKaraokeandpretendyouareafamoussingerlikeSongZuyingorLiuHuan?Tobehonest,alotofpeopleattachgreatimportancetobecomingrichandfamous.Butjustnowdopeopleformaband?你曾经想过要成为一个乐队里有名的歌手或音乐家吗？你是否曾梦想过在音乐会上面对成千上万的观众演唱，观众欣赏你的歌唱为你鼓掌吗？你唱卡拉OK时是否假装自己就是像宋祖英或刘欢一样著名的歌星吗？说实在的，很多人把名和利看得很重。那么，人们又是怎样一起组成乐队的呢？Manymusiciansmeetandformabandbecausetheyliketowriteandplaytheirownmusic.Theymaystartasagroupofhigh-schoolstudents,forwhompractisingtheirmusicinsomeone’shouseisthefirststeptofame.Sometimestheymayplaytopassers-byinthestreetorsubwaysothattheycanearnsomeextramoneyforthemselvesortopayfortheirinstruments.Latertheymaygiveperformancesinpubsorclubs,forwhichtheyarepaidincash.Ofcoursetheyhopetomakerecordsinastudioandsellmillionsofcopiestobecomemillionaires!许多音乐家聚在一起组成乐队，是因为他们喜欢自己作曲，演奏自己的音乐。他们开始可能是一组中学生，在某个人家里排练音乐是成名的第一步。有时他们可能在街上或地铁里为过路人演奏，这样他们可以为自己或自己要买的乐器多挣一些钱。后来，他们可能在酒吧或者俱乐部里演出，这样他们可以得到现金。当然，他们希望在录音棚里录音，然后卖掉上百万张碟，从而成为百万富翁。However,therewasonebandthatstartedinadifferentway.ItwascalledtheMonkeesandbeganasaTVshow.Themusiciansweretoplayjokesoneachotheraswellasplaymusic,mostofwhichwasbasedlooselyontheBeatles.TheTVorganizerhadplannedtofindfourmusicianswhocouldactaswellassing.Theyputanadvertisementinanewspaperlookingforrockmusicians,buttheycouldonlyfindonewhowasgoodenough.Theyhadtouseactorsfortheotherthreemembersoftheband.然而，也有一个用不同方式组建起来的乐队。这支乐队叫“门基乐队”，它开始时是以电视节目表演的形式出现的。组成乐队的音乐人演奏音乐，还彼此打趣都笑。这些玩笑和音乐大多都在模仿“甲壳虫”乐队。电视制作人原计划想寻找四位会唱又会表演的乐手。他们在报纸上登了一则广告，想招摇滚乐手，但他们只招到一个满意的。乐队的其他三人只能用演员来代替。Assomeoftheseactorscouldnotsingwellenough,theyhadtorelyonothermusicianstohelpthem.Soduringthebroadcaststheyjustpretendedtosing.Anyhowtheirperformanceswerehumorousenoughtobecopied\nbyothergroups.Theyweresopopularthattheirfansformedclubsinordertogetmorefamiliarwiththem.EachweekonTV,theMonkeeswouldplayandsingsongswrittenbyothermusicians.However,afterayearorsoinwhichtheybecamemoreseriousabouttheirwork,theMonkeesstartedtoplayandsingtheirownsongslikearealband.Thentheyproducedtheirownrecordsandstartedtouringandplayingtheirownmusic.IntheUSAtheybecameevenmorepopularthantheBeatlesandsoldevenmorerecords.Thebandbrokeupabout1970,buthappilytheyreunitedinthemid-1980s.Theyproducedanewrecordin1996,withwhichtheycelebratedtheirformertimeasarealband.因为这些演员中有些人唱得不是很好，他们不得不依靠队里的其他人帮助。所以在演出的时候他们只是假唱。不管怎样，他们的表演非常幽默以至于其他的乐队也开始模仿。他们非常走红使得歌迷们为了更加熟悉他们而成立了俱乐部。门基乐队每个星期都要在电视上演唱由别的音乐家创作的歌曲。然而，经过大约一年以后，门基乐队逐渐对自己的工作认真起来，他们开始像一支真正的乐队那样演唱自己创作的歌曲。然后他们录制自己的唱片，并且开始巡回表演他们自己的音乐。在美国，他们甚至比“甲壳虫”乐队还要受欢迎，出售的录音专辑还要多。“门基乐队”大约在1970年左右解散，但是令人高兴的是，到80年代中期他们再次聚首。在1996年，他们推出了一张新的专辑，像真正的乐队一样以此来庆祝他们以往的时光。Freddythefrog（Ⅱ）NotlongafterFreddyandthebandbecamefamous,theyvisitedBritainonabrieftour.Fansshowedtheirdevotionbywaitingforhourstogetticketsfortheirconcerts.Freddywasnowquiteconfidentwhenhewentintoaconcerthall.Heenjoyedsingingandallthecongratulationsafterwards!HismostexcitinginvitationwastoperformonaTVprogrammecalled“Topofpops“.HehadtogotoLondon,wearanexpensivesuitandgiveaperformancetoaTVcamera.Itfeltverystrange.Butassoonastheprogrammewasover,thetelephoneswhichwereinthesameroomstartedringing.EverybodywasaskingwhentheycouldseeFreddyandhisbandagain.Theyweretrulystars.在弗雷迪和乐队成名不久后,他们去英国旅游,年轻人都跑来看他们.歌迷们为了买到他们演唱会的票等了几小时.现在当弗雷迪一走进礼堂时就觉得很自信,他爱好唱歌及接下来的喝彩！他最冲动的一次邀请是在一个叫“风行之颠”的节目里唱歌.那时他要去伦敦,穿贵西服在摄影机前表演.那让人感到很奇怪,但节目一完,房里电话响了,人人都问何时再与弗雷迪和乐队见面,他们真成明星了。henthingswentwrong.Freddyandhisbandcouldnotgooutanywherewithoutbeingfollowed.Evenwhentheyworesunglassesorbeardspeoplerecognizedthem.Fansfoundthemevenwhentheywentintotoilet.Theytriedtohideinthereadingroomsoflibraries,butitwasuseless.Someonewasalwaysthere!Theirpersonallifewasregularlydiscussedbypeoplewhodidnotknowthembuttalkedasiftheyclosefriends.Atlastfeelingveryupsetandsensitive,Freddyandhisbandrealizedthattheymustleavethecountrybeforeitbecametoopainfulforthem.SotheyleftBritain,towhichtheywerenevertoreturn,andwentbacktothelake.然而事情不是这样.若无人处处跟随,弗雷迪与乐队也不会离开.即使他们戴太阳镜或胡须别人也能认出他们他们就是去厕所也会被歌迷发明.他们想藏在图书馆阅览室也没用,那里总有人！他们的隐私常被陌生人谈论,但谈论起来好像他们是好朋友一样.弗雷迪和他的乐队终于明白,他们应在还未觉得太痛苦之前就离开英国.所以他们离开英国再也不想回来他们又回到湖里\n必修三Unit1FestivalsandcelebrationsFestivalsandcelebrationsofallkindshavebeenheldeverywheresinceancienttimes.Mostancientfestivalswouldcelebratetheendofcoldweather,plantinginspringandharvestinautumn.Sometimescelebrationswouldbeheldafterhuntershadcaughtanimals.Atthattimepeoplewouldstarveiffoodwasdifficulttofind,especiallyduringthecoldwintermonths.Today’sfestivalshavemanyorigins,somereligious,someseasonal,andsomeforspecialpeopleorevents.自古以来，世界各地就有各种各样的节目和庆典。大多数古老的节日总是庆祝严寒的结束，春季的种植和秋天的收割。有时，在猎人捕获猎物后，也举行庆祝活动。在那个时代，如果食物难以找到，特别是在寒冷的冬月，人们就会挨饿，现在的节日有很多由来，一些是宗教上的，一些是季节性的，一些是纪念特殊的人和事件的。FestivalsoftheDeadSomefestivalsareheldtohonourthedeadorsatisfytheancestors,whomightreturneithertohelportodoharm.FortheJapanesefestivalObon,peopleshouldgotocleangravesandlightincenseinmemoryoftheirancestors.Theyalsolightlampsandplaymusicbecausetheythinkthatthiswillleadtheancestorsbacktoearth.InMexico,peoplecelebratetheDayoftheDeadinearlyNovemver.Onthisimportantfeastday,peopleeatfoodintheshapeofskullsandcakeswith“bones”onthem.Theyofferfood,flowersandgiftstothedead.TheWesternholidayHalloweenalsohaditsorigininoldbeliefsaboutthereturnofthespiritsofdeadpeople.Itisnowachildren’sfestival,whentheycandressupangototheirneighbours’homestoaskforsweets.Iftheneighboursdonotgiveanysweers,thechildrenmightplayatrickonthem.有些节目是为了纪念死者，或使祖先得到满足，因为祖先们有可能回到世上（给人们）提供帮助，也有可能带来危害。在日本盂兰盆节，人们要扫墓、烧香，以缅怀祖先。人们还点起灯笼，奏响乐曲，因为他们一位这样做可以把祖先引到世上。在墨西哥，亡灵节是在月初。在这个重要的节日里，人们会吃制成颅骨形状的食物，和装点有“骨头”的蛋糕。他们向亡者祭献食物、鲜花和礼品。西方的万圣节也源自人们古老的信念，以为亡者的灵魂会返回人间。万圣节如今成了孩子们的节目，这天他们可以乔装打扮上邻居家要糖吃。如果邻居什么糖也不给，那么孩子们就可以捉弄他们了。FetivalstoHonourPeopleFestivalscanalsobeheldtohonourfamouspeople.TheDragonBoatFestivalinChinahonoursthefamousancientpoet,QuYuan.IntheUSA,ColumbusDayisinmemoryofthearrivalofChristopherColumbusintheNewWorld.IndiahasanationalfestivalonOctober2tohonourMohandasGandhi,theleaderwhohelpedgainIndia’sindependecefromBritain.也有纪念名人的节目。中国的端午节（龙舟节），是纪念古代著名诗人屈原的。美国的哥伦布日是纪念克里托斯．哥伦布发现“新大陆”的日子。印度在10月2日有个全国性的节目，纪念莫汉达斯．甘地，他是帮助印度脱离英国而独立的领袖。HarvestFestivalsHarvestandThanksgivingfestivalcanbeveryhappyevents.Peoplearegratefulbecausetheirfoodisgatheredforthewinterandtheagriculturalworkisover.InEuropeancountries,peoplewillusuallydecoratechurchesandtownhallswithflowersandfruit,andwillgettogethertohavemeals.Somepeoplemightwinawardsfortheirfarmproduce,likethebiggestwatermelonorthemosthandsomerooster.ChinaandJapanhavemid-autumnfestivals,whenpeopleadmirethemoonandinChina,enjoymooncakes.收获与感恩节是非常喜庆的节目。越冬的粮食收集起来了，农活结束了，人们都心怀感激。在欧洲国家，人们通常用花果来装饰教堂和市政厅，在一起聚餐。有些人还可能因为他们的农产品（参加各种评选）而获奖，比如最大的西瓜或最帅的公鸡。中国和日本都有中秋节，这时，人们会赏月。在中国，人们还品尝月饼。SpringFestivalsThemostenergeticandimportantfestivalsareteonesthatlookforwardtotheendofwinterandtothecomingofspring.AttheSpringFestivalinChina,peopleeatdumpingsifshandmeatandmaygivechildrenluckymoneyinredpaper.Therearedragondancesandcarnivals,andfamiliescelebratetheLunarNewYeartogether.SomeWesterncountrieshaveveryexcitingcarnicals,whichtakeplacefortydaysbeforeEaster,usuallyinFebruary.Thesecarnivalsmightincludeparades,dancinginthestreetsdayandnight,loudmusicandcolourfulclothingofallkinds.EasterisanimportantreligiousandsocialfestivalforChiristiansaroundtheworld.ItcelebratesthereturnofJesusfromthedeadandthecomingofspringandnewlife.Japan’sCherryBlossomFesticalhappens\nalittlelater.Thecountry,coveredwithcherrytreeflowers,looksasthoughitiscoveredwithpinksnow.最富生气的而又最重要的节日，就是告别冬天，迎来春天的日子。中国人过春节要吃饺子、鱼和肉，还要给孩子们送红纸包着的压岁钱。（他们）舞龙灯、狂欢，全家人聚在一起欢庆阴历年。在一些西方国家有激动人心的狂欢节，通常在二月，复活节前的四十天。狂欢节期间，人们身着各种艳丽的节日盛装，伴随着鼓噪的音乐，在街头游行，昼夜跳舞。复活节是全世界基督教徒的一个重要的宗教和公众节日。它庆祝耶稣复活，也庆祝春天和新生命的到来。在晚些时候，日本就迎来了樱花节，（节日里）整个国度到处是盛开的樱花，看上去就像是覆盖了一层粉红色的雪。Peoplelovetogettogethertoeat,drinkandhavefunwitheachother.Festivalsletusenjoylife,beproudofourcustomsandforgetouworkforalittlewhile.人们喜欢聚在一起吃、喝、玩耍。节日让我们享受生活，让我们为自己的习俗而自豪，还可以暂时忘掉工作中的烦恼。ASadLoveStoryLiFangwasheart-broken.ItwasValetine’sDayandHuJinhadsaidshewouldmeethimatthecoffeeshopafterwork.Butshedidn’tturnup.Shecouldbewithherfriendsrightnowlaughingathim.Shesaidshewouldbethereatseveno’clock,andhethoughtshewouldkeepherword.Hehadlookedforwardtomeetingherallday,andnowhewasalonwithhisrosesandchocolates,likeafool.Well,hewsnotgoingtoholdhisbreathforhertoapologize.Hewoulddrownhissadnessincoffee.李方的心都碎了。这天是情人节，胡瑾说她下班后会在咖啡馆和他见面的。可现在她却不见人影。也许她这会儿跟朋友在一起，正在取笑他呢。她说她会7点到达，他（李方）认为她会守信用的。他一整天都期盼着见到她，而现在他拿着玫瑰花和巧克力独自一人守候着，像个傻瓜一样。他不想屏息等她来道歉，他要用咖啡来解愁。ItwasobviousthatthemanagerofthecoffeeshopwaswaitingforLiFangtoleave–hewipedthetables,thensatdownandturnedontheTV–justwhatLiFangneeded!AsadChinesestoryaboutlostlove.很明显，咖啡馆里的经理在等李方离开——他擦好桌子，然后坐下来，打开电视机。这正合了李方的意！正在播出的是流传在中国的一个悲伤的爱情故事。TheranddaughteroftheGoddessofHeavenvisitedtheearth.HernamewasZhinu,theweavingfirl.WhileshewasonearthshemettheherdboyNiulangandtheyfellinlove.(“JustlikemeandHuJin,”thoughtLiFang.)Theygotmarriedsecretly,andtheywereveryhappy.(“Wecouldbelikethat,“thoughtLiFang.)WhentheGoddessofHeavenknewthathergranddaughterwasmarriedtoahuman,shebecameveryangryandmadetheweavinggirlreturntoHeaven.Niulangtriedtofollowher,buttheriverofstars,theMilkyWay,stoppedhim.FindingthatZhinuwasheart-broken,hergrandmotherfinallydecidedtoletthecouplecrosstheMilkyWaytomeetonceayear.Magipiesmakeabridgeoftheirwingssothecouplecancrosstherivertomeetontheseventhdayofthesenvethlunarmonth.PeopleinChianhopethattheweatherwillbefineonthatday,becauseifitisraining,itmeansthatzhinuisweepingandthecouplewon’tbeabletomeet.王母娘娘的外孙女下凡来到人间。她的名字叫织女，做纺织活的女孩。她在人间遇到了牛郎，两人相爱了。（李方想：“这正像我和胡瑾。”）于是他们秘密结了婚，并且生活得非常幸福。（李方想：“我们也可以像他们那样幸福的。”）当王母娘娘知道自己的外孙女跟一个世上的凡人结了婚，她勃然大怒，强行把织女带回到天宫。牛郎试图追随上去，却被银河阻挡住了。看到织女伤心的欲绝，最后王母娘娘决定让这对夫妻每年跨过银河相会一次。阴历七月七日，喜鹊们会展翅搭桥，让这对恋人过河相会。中国人都希望这天天气晴朗，因为如果碰到下雨，这就意味着织女在哭泣，两个恋人不能见面。Theannouncersaid,“ThisisthestoryofQiqiaoFestival.WhenforeignershearaboutthestorytheycallitaChineseValentine’sstory.It’safinedaytoday,soIhopeyoucanallmeettheoneyoulove.”主持人说道：“这就是乞巧节的故事。外国朋友听到这个故事就将它称作中国的情人节故事。今天天气晴朗，我希望你们都能见到所爱的人。”AsLiFangsetoffforhome,hethought,“IguessHuJindoesn’tloveme.I’justthrowtheseflowersandchocolatesaway.Idon’twantthemtoremindmeofher.”Sohedid.李方动身往家走，心里想：“我想胡瑾是不爱我了，就把这些鲜花和巧克力都扔了吧。我不想因它们想起她来。”于是他把花和巧克力都扔了。Ashesadlypassedtheteashoponthecorneronhiswasyhome,heheardavoicecallinghim.TherewasHujinwavingathimandcalling,“Whyareyousolate?I’vebeenwaitingforyouforalongtime!AnIhaveagiftforyou!”在回家的路上，他神情失落地走过拐角处的一家茶馆，听到有人叫他的名字。那是胡瑾在向他招手，她喊道：“你为什么这么晚才来呢？我在这等你好久了！我有礼物送给你！”Whatwouldhedo?HehadthrownawayherValentinefiges!Shewouldneverforgivehim.ThiswouldnotbeahappyBalentine’sDay!他怎么办呢？他把情人节的礼物都扔了！她恐怕永远也不会原谅他了。这个情人节快乐不起来啦！\nWinterCarnivalinQuebecAgroupofverycoldtouristsaresittinginacafeinoldQuevec,drinkinghorcoffeetotrytowarmup.Thetemperatureis32degreesbelowfreezing.Thewindowsarecoberedwithsteamfromtheheatinside.Outside,snowcoversthestreetsandispiledupalongthesidewalks.ThemusicandlightsoftheCarnivalcontinue,butafterawholedayofwatchingparades,ridinginhorsecarriagesandlisteningtothemusic,theirfeetarefreezingandtheirnosesarered.Everyyear,hundredsofthousandsofpeoplecometoQuebectotakepartintheweel-longwinterfestival,thebiggestintheworld.Everyonewhocomesmustbepreparedtokeepmoving.Asitistoocoldtostandandwatchforlong.Earlyinthemorning,youcanwatchthesnowboardingcompetitionsonthehilloverlookingtheriver.Competitorsspeeddownthetrackandthroughtheairasthoughtheycouldfly.Themorebraveofheartmaytrythecanoeraces.Fiveorsixmenpaddleeachcanoeacrossthepartly-frozenStLawrenceRiver.Theriverisfullofbigpiecesofice,andifyouweretofallin,youwouldfreezeinlessthantwominutes.Onofthefavouriteeventsisthedog-sledrace,inwhichteamsofaboutsixhuskydogsplllongsledsatgreatspeedsalongasnowytrack.Onepersonrunsbehindthesled,shoutingtothedogstoencoutagethem.Thesoundofthedogsbarking,thecallsofthedriversandtheshoutsofcrowdmakeanexcitingNothernexperience.Thedogsarebeautifulstronganimals,withlong,thickfurandmanywithblueeyes.Whileadmiringtheicesculpturesecerywhereinthecity,muchlikethoseinHarbininChina,youcanstopwithothertouristsinaniglooforhotteaorcoffee.Itisamazinghowwarmtheseicehowsescanbe!Lateintheevening,youcangotothesnowpalace,whereBonhommethesnowmanisking,andjointhecrowd.Youcandanceoutsidetothemusicofaband,whoarealldressedinheavyclothes–evensometheirinstrumentsaredressedupforwinter.Finally,youwillprobablywanttositdowninacafewowarmupantoplantomorrow.Youmightjointhesnowmobileraces–ormaybeyoushouldjustsleepin!Unit2COMEANDEATHERE(1)WangPengsatinhisemptyrestaurantfeelingveryfrustrated.Ithadbeenaverystrangemorning.Usuallyhegotupearlyandpreparedhismenuofbarbecuedmuttonkebabs,roastpork,stir-friedvegetablesandfriedrice.Thenbylunchtimetheywouldallbesold.Bynowhisrestaurantoughttobefullofpeople.Butnottoday!Whywasthat?Whatcouldhavehappened?Hethoughtofhismutton,beefandbaconcookedinthehottest,finestoil.Hiscolawassugaryandcold,andhisicecreamwasmadeofmilk,creamanddeliciousfruit.“Nothingcouldbebetter,”hethought.SuddenlyhesawhisfriendLiChanghurryingby.“Hello,LaoLi,”hecalled,“Yourusual?”ButLiChangseemednottohear.Whatwasthematter?SomethingterriblemusthavehappenedifLiChangwasnotcomingtoeatinhisrestaurantashealwaysdid.王鹏坐在他那空荡荡的餐馆里，感到十分沮丧。这个上午真是怪得很。通常他很早就起床了，准备他的菜肴——烤羊肉串、烤猪肉、炒菜和炒饭。然后到午饭时分，这些菜都会买完。这个钟点他的餐厅本来是宾客盈门的。但是今天却不是！为什么会这样？发生了什么事？他想起来他用滚烫的精制油烹制的羊肉串、牛排和腊肉。他的可乐又甜又冷，冰激凌是用牛奶、奶油和水果制成的。他想，“再没有比这更好吃的了”。突然间，他看到他的朋友李昌匆匆地走过。他喊道：“喂，老李！你是吃老一套的吧？”可是李昌似乎没有听到。怎么回事呢？要是李昌不像往常那样不到他的饭店里吃饭，那问题一定严重了。WangPengfollowedLiChangintoanewsmallrestaurant.Hesawasigninthewindow.Tiredofallthatfat?Wanttoloseweight?ComeinsideYongHui’sslimmingrestaurant.Onlyslimmingfoodsservedhere.Makeyourselfthinagain.王鹏跟着李昌来到一家新开张的小餐馆。窗子上的标牌写着这样的一些字：“肥腻的东西吃厌了吧！想变瘦吗？请到永慧减肥餐馆来吧。此\n地只供应减肥食品，让你恢复苗条！”CuriositydroveWangPenginside.Itwasfullofpeople.Thehostess,averythinladycameforward.“Welcome,”shesaid.“MynameisYongHui.I’llhelpyouloseweightandbefitintwoweeksifyoueathereeveryday.”ThenshegaveamenutoWangPeng.Therewerefewchoicesoffoodanddrinkonit:justrice,rawvegetablesservedinvinegar,fruitandwater.WangPengwasamazedatthisandespeciallyattheprices.Itcostmorethanagoodmealinhisrestaurant!Hecouldnotbelievehiseyes.Hethrewdownthemenuandhurriedoutside.Onhiswayhomehethoughtabouthisownmenu.Diditmakepeoplefat?Perhapsheshouldgotothelibraryandfindout.HecouldnothaveYongHuigettingawaywithtellingpeoplelies!Hehadbetterdosomeresearch!王鹏受好奇心的驱使，走了进去。里面坐满了人。店老板，一个清瘦的女人走上前去来说道：“欢迎光临！我叫永慧。您要是天天来这里用餐。我可以保证在两周内去掉您的全部油脂。”然后，他递给王鹏一张菜谱。菜谱上有很少几样食物和饮料：只有米饭、醮醋吃的生蔬菜、水果和水。王鹏对此感到吃惊，特别是对它们的价格。这价格比他在餐馆吃一顿好饭还贵。他几乎不能相信自己的眼睛！他甩了菜谱就急忙往外走。在回家的路上，他想起了自己的菜谱。那些菜让人发胖了吗？也许他该去图书馆查查看。他可不能让永慧哄骗人们却不受惩罚！他最好做一番调查！AtthelibraryWangPengwassurprisedtofindthathisrestaurantservedfartoomuchfatandYongHui’sfartoolittle.EventhoughhercustomersmightgetthinaftereatingYongHui’sfood,theywerenoteatingenoughenergy-givingfoodtokeepthemfit.Theywouldbecometiredveryquickly.WangPengfeltmorehopefulashedrovebackhome.Perhapswithadiscountandanewsignhecouldwinhiscustomersback!Sohewrote:Wanttofeelfitandenergetic?Comeandeathere!Discountstoday!Ourfoodgivesyouenergyallday!Thecompetitionbetweenthetworestaurantswason!在图书馆，王鹏很惊讶地发现，他餐馆的食物脂肪含量太高，而永慧餐馆的食物脂肪含量又太少。尽管顾客吃她的餐馆里的饭会变得苗条，但是他们摄取不到足够的热量来保持健康，很快就会感到疲乏。开车回家时，王鹏觉得又有了希望。也许写个新的标牌、打点折，能够帮他赢回顾客！于是他写下了他的标牌：“想保持苗条健康而又精力旺盛吗？到这儿来用餐吧！今天打折！我们的食物能够给您提供一整天所需的热量！”这两家餐馆之间的竞争开始了。Unit2COMEANDEATHERE(2)Aweeklater,WangPeng’srestaurantwasnearlyfullandhefelthappier.Perhapshewouldbeabletoearnhislivingafterallandnothavetoclosehisrestaurant.Hedidnotlookforwardtobeingindebtbecausehisrestaurantwasnolongerpopular.HesmiledashewelcomedsomecustomerswarmlyatthedoorbutthesmilelefthisfacewhenhesawYongHuiwalkingin.Shedidnotlookhappybutglaredathim.“MayIaskwhatyouweredoinginmyrestauranttheotherday?IthoughtyouwereanewcustomerandnowIknowthatyouonlycameonlytospyonmeandmymenu,”sheshouted.“Pleaseexcuseme,”hecalmlyexplained,“Iwantedtoknowwhereallmycustomershadgonelastweek.Ifollowedoneofthemandfoundtheminyourrestaurant.Idon’twanttoupsetyou,butIfoundyourmenusolimitedthatIstoppedworryingandstartedadvertisingthebenefitsofmyfood.Whydon’tyousitdownandtryameal?”一周后，王鹏的餐馆几乎坐满了人，他感到高兴些了。也许他仍然能够谋生，而不至于关张了。他不希望由于餐馆不受欢迎而负债。他微笑着坐在门口热情地迎接他的客人。但他一见到永慧走进来，脸上的笑容马上消失了。永慧瞪着他，看上去不高兴。“请问你那天到我餐馆里来干什么？”她大声地问道，“我本来一位你是一位新顾客，现在我才发现你只是过来打探我和我的菜谱的。”王鹏心平气和地解释说：“很对不起，上周我想知道我的顾客是上哪儿吃饭去了。我跟着一位顾客走，发现他们在你的餐馆里。我并不想让你心烦，不过我发现你菜谱上的才太少了，所以我也就不着急了，我也开始宣传我餐馆的食物的好处。你为什么不坐下来吃顿饭呢？”YongHuiagreedtostayandsoontheywerebothenjoyingthedumplingsandbreastofchickencookedwithgarlic.Whentheywereservedtheicecream,YongHuibegantolookill.“Ifeelsickwithallthisfatandheavyfood,”shesaid,“Imissmyvegetablesandfruit.”WangPengwasenjoyingasecondplateofdumplingssohesighed.“Yes,”headded,“andIwouldmissmydumplingsandfattypork.Don’tyougettiredquickly?”“Well,Idohavetorestalot,”admittedYongHui.“Butdon’tyouthinkitwouldbebetterifyouwereabitthinner?I’msureyouwouldfeelmuchhealthier.”永慧同意留下来。没过一会儿，他们两人就津津有味地吃起饺子和蒜蓉鸡胸。当到吃冰激凌时，水慧开始感到不舒服了。她说：“吃了这么多油腻的、难消化的食物，我都觉得恶心了。我想吃我的蔬菜和水果。”这时候，王鹏正在吃第二盘饺子，他叹了一口气。说道：“同样地，（如\n果在你的餐馆）我还想吃我的饺子和肥肉呢。你不觉得自己很容易疲乏么？”“是的，我的确经常需要休息。”永慧承认了。“不过，难道你不认为瘦一点更好么？我相信，那样你会觉得更健康写。”Theybegantotalkaboutmenusandbalanceddiets.“Accordingtomyresearch,neitheryourrestaurantnormineoffersabalanceddiet,”explainedWangPeng.“Idon’tofferenoughfibreandyoudon’tofferenoughbody–buildingandenergy–givingfoods.Perhapsweoughttocombineourideasandprovideabalancedmenuwithfoodsfullofenergyandfibre.”Sothatiswhattheydid.Theyservedrawvegetableswiththehamburgersandboiledthepotatoesratherthanfryingthem.Theyservedfreshfruitwiththeicecream.Inthiswaytheycutdownthefatandincreasedthefibreinthemeal.TheirbalanceddietsbecamesuchasuccessthatbeforelongWangPengbecameslimmerandYongHuiputonmoreweight.Aftersometimethetwofoundthattheirbusinesscooperationhadturnedintoapersonalone.Finallytheygotmarriedandlivedhappilyeverafter.他们开始谈论菜谱和平衡膳食的问题。王鹏解释道：“我的研究表明，你我两家所提供的都不是平衡膳食。我没有提供足够的纤维食物，而你提供的食物没有足够的营养和热量。也许我们两家所提供的食谱应该综合起来，做出一份富有热量和纤维的平衡膳食。”于是，他们就照此做了。他们用生蔬菜配汉堡包，煮土豆而不是油炸土豆。还拿新鲜水果配上冰激凌。这样，他们减少了饭菜中的脂肪含量，增加了纤维素。他们的平衡膳食非常有效，王鹏很快就瘦了，而永慧却胖了。过了不久，这两个人发现，他们生意上的合作变成了私人的合作了。最后，他们结了婚，过上幸福美满的生活！FORBUILDINGAMCDONALD’SIwasexcitedwhenIheardthatourcommunitywastohaveitsownMcDonald’srestaurant.Ithoughtaboutallthoseyoungpeoplewhowouldnothavetogotothenexttowntobuytheirfavouriteburgersandchips.McDonald’scaresabouthealthyeatingtooandworkswithscientiststoprovidefoodthatisofhighquality,safeandhealthy.Itisalsocheap.Theyoftenprovidesaladsaswellasburgersandchips.Youcanalsochoosebetweencolaandmilkshakes(奶昔).Ofcourseitalsomeansmoreworkforourareathatneedsjobsbadly.McDonald’ssaytheyareinterestedindoingwhatisrightforthecommunityandbeingagoodneighbour.SoIthinktheywillbeconcernedaboutprovidingparkingforthecarsinourmainstreet.Manyofouryoungpeoplewillbeonlytoohappytoworkforthecompany.McDonald’smakesapromisetothepeoplethatworkforthem.Theysay,“Wevalueyou,yourgrowingskillsandyourhelptothecompany.”Icanseenothingbutgoodifthiscompanycomestobuilditsrestaurantinourtown.AGAINSTBUILDINGAMCDONALD’SIamveryworriedaboutMcDonald’sbuildingarestaurantinourhometown.Weareasmallcommunityandweenjoyourlocaldishes.IamnotsureifMcDonald’sfoodisashealthyastheysayintheiradvertisements.Whenscientistslookatitcarefully,theyfindhighlevelsoffat,sugarandsalt.Thisisveryworrying.Toomanyyoungpeoplearegettingfatthrougheatingtoomuchfattyfood.McDonald’sisnotgivingyoungpeopleagoodideaofwhatahealthydietshouldbe.LocalChinesefood,ontheotherhand,isfulloffreshvegetablesandfreshmeatandfish.ThefoodataMcDonald’srestaurantisalwaysthesame,soIwonderifitismadeorbroughtinfromelsewhere.Althoughitisfreshlycooked,itmustbelesshealthythanourownlocallygrownandcookedChinesefood.IalsoworryaboutallthosecarsbringingpeopletobuyfoodatMcDonald’s.First,therewouldbepetrolfumes(气体),whichwillmakeourcleanairdirty.Second,there’stheproblemofallthosecarsthattrytoparkandpreventothercarsfrommovingquicklythroughourtown.I’msuremanyyoungpeoplewouldbehappytoworkforMcDonald’sbutwilltheybetreatedfairly？InAmerican,McDonald’sdoesnotallowworkers’unionstooperateinitsrestaurantsandthesearepeoplewhospeakupfortheworkers.If,astheysay,theworkersarehappywiththem,whyshouldtheyfearsomeworkersjoiningaunion?SowhenIconsiderthefood,thecarsandthejobs,IthinkweshouldnotallowMcDonald’stobuildtheirrestaurantinourtown.\nUnit3themillionpoundbanknoteActI,Scene3Narrator:Itisthesummerof1903.Twooldandwealthybrothers,RoderickandOliver,havemadeabet.OliverbelievesthatwithamillionpoundbanknoteamancouldsurviveamonthinLondon.HisbrotherRoderickdoubtsit.Atthismoment,theyseeapennilessyoungmanwanderingonthepavementoutsidetheirhouse.ItisHenryAdams,anAmericanbusinessman,whoislostinLondonanddoesnotknowwhatheshoulddo.第一幕，第3场旁白：1903年的夏天。一对年老又富有的兄弟，罗德里克和奥利弗，打了一个赌。奥利弗认为，一个人靠一张百万英镑的钞票在伦敦能活一个月。他的兄弟罗德里克对此表示怀疑。这时，他们看见一个身无分文的年轻人在房子外面的人行道上游荡。他叫亨利．亚当斯，一个美国商人，在伦敦迷了路，不知道该怎么办。Roderick:Youngman,wouldyoustepinsideamoment,please?Henry:Who?Me,sir?Roderick:Yes,you.Oliver:Throughthefrontdooronyourleft.Henry:(Aservantopensadoor)Thanks.Servant:Goodmorning,sir.Wouldyoupleasecomein?Permitmetoleadtheway,sir.Oliver:（Henryenters）Thankyou,James.Thatwillbeall.Roderick:Howdoyoudo,Mr…er…?Henry:Adams.HenryAdams.Oliver:Comeandsitdown,MrAdams.Henry:Thankyou.Roderick:YouareanAmerican?Henry:That’sright,fromSanFrancisco.Roderick:HowwelldoyouknowLondon?Henry:Notatall,it’smyfirsttriphere.Roderick:Iwonder,MrAdams,ifyou’dmindUSaskingafewquestions.Henry:Notatall.Gorightahead.Roderick:Mayweaskwhatyou’redoinginthiscountryandwhatyourplansare?Henry:Well,Ican’tsaythatIhaveanyplans.I’mhopingtofindwork.Asamatteroffact,IlandedinBritainbyaccident.Oliver:Howisthatpossible?Henry:Well,yousee,backhomeIhadmyownboat.Aboutamonthago,Iwassailingoutofthebay…(hiseyesstareatwhatisleftofthebrother’sdinnerontable.)Oliver:Well,goon.Henry:Oh,yes.Well,towardsnightfallIfoundmyselfcarriedouttoseabyastrongwind.Itwasallmyfault.Itdidn'tknowwhetherIcouldsurviveuntilmorning.ThenextmorningI’djustaboutgivenmyselfupforlsotwhenIwasspottedbyaship.Oliver:AnditwastheshipthatbroughtyoutoEngland.Henry:Yes.ThefactisthatIearnedmypassagebyworkingasanunpaidhand,whichaccountsformyappearance.IwenttotheAmericanembassytoseekhelp,but…(Thebrotherssmileateachother.)Roderick:Well,youmustn’tworryaboutthat.It’sanadvantage.Henry:I’mafraidIdon’tquitefollowyou,sir.Roderick:Tellus,MrAdams,whatsortofworkdidyoudoinAmerica.Henry:Iworkedforaminingcomapany.Couldyouoffermesomekineofworkhere?Roderick:Patience,MrAdams.Ifyoudon'tmind,mayIaskyouhowmuchmoneyyouhave?Henry:Well,tobehonest,Ihavenone.Oliver:(happily)Whatluck!Brother,whatluck!(clapshishandstogether)Henry:Well,itmayseemluckytoyoubutnottome!Onthecontrary,infact.Ifthisisyouideaofsomekndofjoke,Idon’tthinkit’sveryfunny.(Henrystandsuptoleave)Nowifyou’llexcuseme,IthinkI’ll\nbeonmyway.Roderick:Pleasedon’tgo,MrAdams.Youmustn’tthinkwedon’tcareaboutyou.Oliver,givehimtheletter.Oliver:Yes,theletter.(getsitfromadeskandgivesittoHenrylikeagift)Theletter.Henry:(takingitcarefully)Forme?Roderick:Foryou.(Henrystartstoopenit)Oh,no,youmustn’topenit.Notyet.Youcan’topenituntiltwoo’clock.Henry:Oh,thisissilly.Roderick::Notsilly.There’smoneyinit(callstotheservant)James?Henry:Oh,no.Idon’twantyourcharity.Ijustwantanhonestjob.Roderick:Weknowyou’rehard-working.That'swhywe’vegivenyoutheletter.James,showMrAdamsout.Henry:Well,whydon’tyouexplainwhatthisisallabout?Roderick:You’llsoonknow.(looksattheclock)Inexactlyanhourandahalf.Servant:Thisway,sir.Roderick:MrAdams,notuntil2o’clock.Promise?Henry:Promise.Goodbye.罗德里克：年轻人，请进来一会儿，好吗？亨利：先生，你叫谁来呀？是叫我吗？罗德里克：是的，就是你。奥利弗：从你左侧的前门进来。亨利：（仆人给他打开门）谢谢。仆人：早上好，先生，请进。先生，请让我来带路吧。奥利弗：（亨利走进来）谢谢你，詹姆斯，没你的事了。罗德里克：你好，先生，你贵姓？亨利：亚当斯，亨利．亚当斯。奥利弗：来，请坐，亚当斯先生。亨利：谢谢。罗德里克：你是美国人？亨利：是的，从旧金山来。罗德里克：你对伦敦熟悉吗？亨利：一点儿也不熟，这是我第一次来伦敦。罗德里克：亚当斯先生，不知你是否介意我们问几个问题？亨利：不介意，请问吧。罗德里克：可不可以问问，你在这个国家干点儿什么？你的计划又是什么呢？亨利：嗯，谈不上有什么计划，我希望能找到工作。事实上，我在英国上岸是偶然的。奥利弗：这怎么可能呢？亨利：嗯，你看，在美国的时候，我有我自己的船。大约一个月前，我开船驶出海湾……（他的眼睛盯着兄弟俩留在餐桌上的残羹剩菜上）。罗德里克：往下说呀。亨利：哦，好的。嗯，傍晚时分我发现我被一阵大风刮到海上去了。这都是我的错。我不知道是否能活到早晨。第二天早上，我正感到绝望的时候，一艘海船发现了我。罗德里克：正是那艘船把你带到了英国。亨利：是的。事实上我靠做义工来顶替船费。这就是我为什么衣冠不整的原因了。我上美国大使馆求助，但是……（兄弟俩相顾而笑）。罗德里克：嗯，这一点你倒不必担心，这还是优点呢。亨利：对不起，先生，你的话我没有听懂。奥利弗：亚当斯先生，请你告诉我们，你在美国干哪个行当？亨利：我在一家矿业公司工作。你们能不能给我提供一份工作呢？罗德里克：耐心点儿，亚当斯先生，如果你不介意，我能不能问问，你手头儿有多少钱？亨利：嗯，老实说，我一分钱都没有了。奥利弗：（高兴地）老兄，真走运！真有运气！（鼓起掌来）亨利：嗯，这对你们来说可能是运气，但对我来说可不是。事实上，正好相反。如果你们认为这是一个笑话，我可不觉得很好笑。（亨利起身准备走）好了，请原谅，我想我该上路了。\n罗德里克：亚当斯先生，请别走。你千万不要以为我们不在意你的感受。奥利弗，把信给他。奥利弗：是，那封信。（从桌上把信拿起来，像送礼品一样递给亨利）给你信。亨利：（小心翼翼地接过信）是给我吗？罗德里克：是给你的。（亨利要拆信）啊，别拆，你不要拆，现在不是时候，到两点钟你才能打开。亨利：噢，这真可笑。罗德里克：这不可笑，这里边有钱呢。（叫仆人）詹姆斯？亨利：噢，不，我不需要你们的施舍，我只要一份老老实实的工作。罗德里克：我们知道你工作是很卖力的，这正是我们给你这封信的原因。詹姆斯，请送亚当斯先生出去。奥利弗：祝你好运，亚当斯先生。亨利：嗯，怎么不给我讲讲，这究竟是什么回事呢？罗德里克：你很快就会明白的，（看看钟）一个半小时以后。仆人：请这边走，先生。罗德里克：亚当斯先生，两点钟以前不要拆信，答应吗？亨利：答应，谢谢。再见！ActI,Scene4(OutsidearestaurantHenrylooksattheenvelopewithoutopeningitanddecidestogoin.Hesitsdownatatablenexttothefrontwindow.)第一幕，第4场（在餐馆外边，亨利看了看那封信的信封，没有打开，然后决定走进餐馆。他在靠近前边窗户的一张桌子旁坐了下来）Owner:(seeingHenry’spoorappearance)Thatone’sreserved.Thisway,please.(tothewaiter)Takethisgentleman’sorder,Horace.Henry:(aftersittingdownandputtingtheletteronthetable)I’dlikesomehamandeggsandanicebigsteak.Makeitextrathick.Waiter:Right,sir.I’mafraidit’llcostalargeamountofmoney.Henry:Iunderstand.AndI’llhavealargeglassofbeer.Waiter:OK.(Thewaiterleavesandsoonreturnswithallthefood.)Hostess:Mygoodness!Why,lookathim.Heeatslikeawolf.Owner:We’llseeifhe’scelverasawolf,eh?Henry:(havingjustfinishedeverybitoffood)Ah,waiter.(waiterreturns)Samethingagain,please.Oh,andanotherbeer.Waiter:Again?Everything?Henry:Yes,that'sright.(seesthelookonthewaiter’sface)Anythingwrong?Waiter:No,notatall.(totheowner)He’saskedformoreofthesame.Owner:It’swell-knownthatamericansliketoeatalot.Well,we’llhavetotakeachance.Goaheadandlethimhaveit.Waiter:(readingthebillafterthemeal)Allright.That'stwoordersofhamandeggs,twoextrathicksteaks,twolargegalssesofbeer,twocupsofcoffeeandtwodesserts.Henry:(lookingattheclockonthewall)Wouldyoumindwaitingjustafewminutes?Waiter:(inarudemanner)What’stheretowaitfor?Owner:Allright,Horace.I’lltakecareofthis.Henry:(toowner)Thatwasawonderfulmeal.It’samazinghowmuchpleasureyougetoutofthesimplethinsinlife,especiallyyoucan’thavethemforawhile.Owner:Yes,veryinteresing.Nowperhaps,sir,ifyoupayyoubillIcanhelptheothercustomers.Henry:(lookingattheclockonthewallagain)Well,Iseeit’stwoo’clock.(heopenstheenvelopeandholdsamillionpoundbankNorelcoinhishandsHenryisverysurprisedbuttheownerandwaiterareshocked)I’msorry.But…I…Idon’thaveanythingsmaller.Owner:(stillshockedandnervous)Well…er…justonmoment.Maggie,look!(thehostessscreams,theothercustomerslookatherandsheputsahandtohermouth)Doyouthinit’sgenuine?Hostess:Oh,dear,Idon’tknow.Isimplydon’tknow.\nOwner:Well,IdidhearthattheBankofEnglandhadissuedtwonotesinthisamount…Anyway,Idon’tthinkitcanbeafake.Peoplewouldpaytoonuchattentiontoabanknoteofthisamount.Nothiefwouldwantthattohappen.Hostess:Buthe’sinrags!Owner:Perhapshe’saverystrange,richman.(asifhehasdiscoveredsomethingforthefirsttime)Why,yes!Thatmustbeit!Hostess:(hitsherhusband’sarm)Andyouputhiminthebackoftherestaurant!Goanseehimatone.Owner:(toHenry)I’msorry,sir,sosorry,butIcannotchangethisbanknote.Henry:Butit’sallIhaveonme.Owner:Oh,please,don’tworry,sir.Doesn'tmatteratall.We’resoverygladthatyouevenenteredourlittleeatingplace.Indeed,sir,Ihopeyou’llcomeherewheneveryoulike.Henry:Well,that'sverykndofyou.Owner:Kind,sir?No,it’skindofyou.Youmustcomewheneveryouwantandhavewhateveryoulike.Justhavingyousithereisagreathonour!Asforthebill,sir,pleaseforgetit.Henry:Forgetit?Well…thankyouverymuch.That'sveryniceofyou.Owner:Oh,it’sforUStothankyou,sirandIdo,sir,fromthebottomofmyheart.(theowner,hostessandwaiterallbowasHenryleaves)店主：（看看亨利的那幅穷酸相）那张桌子有人订了。请到这边来。（对服务员）霍勒斯，来等先生点菜。亨利：（坐定之后，把信放在桌上）我要火腿加鸡蛋，还来一块大牛排，要特厚的。我还要一杯咖啡，一份菠萝甜点。服务员：好的，先生。恐怕这得花费一大笔钱。亨利：我明白。我还要一大杯啤酒。服务员：行。（服务员离开了，很快把所有的食物端上来）女老板：天哪！你看他，吃起东西来就像头狼。店主：瞧着吧，看他是不是像狼一样机灵？亨利：（刚吃完了所有的东西）喂，服务员。（服务员过来了）同样的东西请再来一份，呃，再来一大杯啤酒。服务员：每样东西都再来一份吗？亨利：是，没错。（看着服务员脸上的神色）有什么不对吗？服务员：不，没什么不对。（对店主）他再要一份同样的食物。店主：嗯，许多美国人喜欢吃得多，这是大家都知道的。哦，我们得冒点儿风险。去吧，让他吃吧。服务员：（饭后念账单）好了。两份火腿家鸡蛋，两份特厚的牛排，两大杯啤酒，两杯咖啡和两份甜点。亨利：（望着墙上的挂钟）请等几分钟号码？服务员：（很不耐烦地）还等什么？店主：霍勒斯，行啦，这儿由我来照应。亨利：（对店主）这餐饭吃得真棒。从生活中如此简单的东西之中竟能得到这么大的乐趣，真是令人吃惊，特别是当你暂时吃不到这些东西的时候。店主：是的，很有意思。如果你现在能付账的话，我就可以去照顾别的顾客了。亨利：（又望着墙上的挂钟）好了，我看两点钟到了。（他把信封拆开，那车一张百万英镑的钞票。亨利感到吃惊，店主和服务员惊呆了）很抱歉，我……我……我没有小一点儿的钞票。店主：（还在发呆，而且有点儿紧张）好……嗯……，等一会儿。玛吉，来瞧瞧！（女老板尖叫起来，其他顾客都望着她，于是，她用手捂住了嘴巴）你看这张钞票是真的吗？女老板：天哪，我不知道。我真不知道。店主：嗯，我确实听说过英格兰银行发行了两张这样面值的钞票……不管怎样，我觉得这不可能是假钞。这么大面值的钞票会特别引人注意的。小偷可不想引起别人的注意。女老板：但是他穿得破破烂烂的！店主：也许他十一哥非常怪异而富有的人。（如梦初醒似的）啊，对了，一定是这样的。女老板：（在她丈夫的手臂上打了一下）是你把他带到餐厅后面去的，还不马上去看看他。店主：（对亨利）先生，对不起，非常对不起，这张钞票我们找不开。亨利：而我身上就只带了这张钞票。店主：哎呀，先生，请别着急，一点儿也没关系。我们非常高兴你能走进我们这家小吃店。先生，真的，我希望您随时光临。亨利：这，你太好了。\n店主：我太好了？不，先生，是您太好了。您什么时候想来就来，想吃什么就吃什么。您就是在这儿坐一下也是我们莫大的荣幸！至于说账单嘛，先生，请把它忘了吧。亨利：忘了它？喔……，那就太谢谢了。你太好了。店主：啊，先生，该是我们谢谢您呢。先生，我从心底里感谢您。（当亨利离开的时候，店主、女老板和服务员都一齐向他鞠躬）ActⅡ,Scene4Narrator:attheendofthemonth,Henrywasveryrichanddidn'tfearjail.Dressedinthefinestclothes,hedrovebythebrothers’houseinPortlandPlaceand,seeingtheywereback,wenttogetPortiaatherfriennd’shome.Henry:Mydear,thewayyoulooktoday,itwouldbeacrimenottoaskforagoodsalaryforthejobthey’llgivetome.Portia:Oh,pleaserememberthatifweaskfortoomuchwemaygetnosalaryatall;andthenwhat’llhappentous,withnowayintheworldtoearnaliving?(Atthebrothers’home,theservantletsthemin.thetwobrothersareseated,waiting.)Henry:Goodmorning,gentlemen.(RodrickseemsverysurprisedtoseePortia)Portia,thesearethemenwhohelpedme.Portia:Sovarynicetomeetyou,kindsirs.(ShegivesOliverawinkwithoneeye.)Roderick:Er…Portia,I…Oliver:We’rebothgladtohearit,fornowwecandecidethebetwhichRoderickandImade.Ifyou’vewonforme,youshallhaveanyjobasmygift.Haveyougotthemillionpoundbanknote?Henry:Hereitis,sir.Oliver:I’vewon!Nowwhatdoyousay,Roderick?Roderick:IsaythatI’velosttwentythousandpounds.Ineverwouldhavebelievedit.Why,thatisamazing,man!Henry:Come,let’sbegoingnow,Portia.Oliver:Butwait,wait!Thejob,youknow.Imustgiveyouajob,asIpromised.Henry:Well,thankyouverymuch,butIreallydon’twantonenow.Portia:Henry,I’mdisappointedinyou.Youdidn'tthankthegentlemenproperly.MayIdoitforyou?Henry:Letmeseeyoutry.(PortiawalksovertoRoderickandgiveshimahug.ThenshesitsinOliver’slap,putsherarmsaroundhisnevkandkisseshimonthecheek.Oliverbeginslaughing.)Portia:Papa,hesayshedoesn'twantanythingelsefromyou.Henry:(shocked)Mydear,isthatyourpapa?Portia:He’smystepfather,andthedearestonethateverwas.Henry:Oh,mydearestdearsir,IregretwhatIsaid.YouhavegotajobopenthatIwant.Oliver:Nameit.Henry:Son-in-law.Oliver:Well,well,well!Butyou’veneverhadsuchajobbefore.Howcanitbesureyoucandoitsuccessfully?Henry:Tryme…oh,do,Ibegofyou!Giveme30or40years,and…Oliver:Oh,well,allright.Narrator:ArePortiaandHenryhappy?Therearenotenoughwordinthebiggestdictionarytodescribeit.DidthepeopleofLondonhaveagoodtimewiththisbitofnews?Yes.Portia’sstepfathertookthatbanknotebacktotheBankofEnglandandcashedit.Thebanknotewasthenuselessformoneybutwashisweddinggifttotheyoungcouple.Yes,thebanknotewasworthmillionsofdollars,butnotworthontentheasmuchashowHenryfeltaboutPortia.\nUnit4HowlifebeganontheearthNooneknowsexactlyhowtheearthbegan,asithappenedsolongago.However,accordingtoawidelyacceptedtheory,theuniversebeganwitha“BigBang“thatthrewmatterinalldirections.Afterthat,atomsbegantoformandcombingtocreatestarsandotherbodies.没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始形成的，因为在很早很早以前它就形成了。然而，一种普通为人们所接受的理论是：宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。然后，原子开始形成并结合成恒星和其他天体。Forseveralbillionyearsafterthe“BigBang“,theearthwasstilljustacloudofdust.Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsagowhenthedustsettledintoasolidglobe.Theearthenwarebecamesoviolentthatitwasnotclearwhethertheshapewouldlastornot.Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock.Theywereintimetoproducecarbon,nitrogen,watervapourandothergases,whichweretomaketheearth’satmosphere.Whatisevenmoreimprtantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.大爆炸后好几十亿年过去了，但地球还只是一团尘埃。随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到38-45亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。它（地球）猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石。最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。更为重要的是，地球冷却了下来，地球的表面就开始出现了水。WaterhadalsoappearedonotherplanetslikeMarsbut,unliketheearth,ithaddisappearedlater.Itwasnotimmediatelyobviousthatwaterwastobefundamentaltothedevelopmentoflife.Whatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpersenceofwaterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas.Thisproducedachainreaction,whichmadeitpossibleforlifetodevelop.在火星这些其他行星上都出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。水会对生命的发展起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。很多科学家相信，由于地球表面上长期有水存在，它使得地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。Manymillionsofyearslater,thefirstextremelysmallplantsbegantoappearonthesurfaceofthewater.Theymultipliedandfilledtheoceansandseaswithoxygen,whichencouragedthelaterdevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.Next,greenplantsbegantogrowonland.Theywerefollowedintimebylandanimals.Somewereinsects.Others,calledamphibians,wereabletoliveonlandaswellasinthewater.Laterwhentheplantsgrewintoforests,reptilesappearedforthefirsttime.Theyproducedyounggenerallybylayingeggs.Afterthat,somehugeanimals,calleddinosaurs,developed.Theylaideggstooandexistedontheearthformorethan140millionyears.However,65millionyearsagotheageofthedinosaursended.Whytheysuddenlydisappearedstillremainsamystery.Thisdisappearancemadepossiblethiefriseofmammalsontheearth.Theseanimalsweredifferentfromalllifeformsinthepast,becausetheyGavinbirthtoyoungbabyanimalsandprodecedmilktofeedthem.好几百万年以后，水的表面开始出现了极小的植物。它们繁殖起来就使得早期的海洋充满了氧气，这为早期的贝类及其他各种鱼类的发育进一步创造了条件。接着，绿色是植物开始出现在陆地上。随后，陆地上出现了动物，其中有一些是昆虫，另外一些叫两栖动物，它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的。再后来一些叫做恐龙的巨型动物出现了。它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多年。然而，六千五百万年前，恐龙时代结束了。它们为什么会突然灭绝至今仍是个谜。恐龙的灭绝使地球上哺乳动物的产生有了可能。哺乳动物不同于以往所有的生物形式，因为它们能从体内生产出幼仔并给幼仔哺乳。Finnallyabout2.6millionyearsagosomesmallcelveranimals,nowwithhandsandfeet,appearedandspreadallovertheearth.Thustheyhave,intheirturn,becomethemostimportantanimalsontheplanet.Buttheynotheylookingaftertheearthverywell.Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,whichprevenrsheatfromescapingfromtheearthintospace.Asaresultofthis,manyscientistsbelievetheearthmaybcometoohottoliveon.Sowhetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.最后，大约260万年前，一些小巧聪明、长着手脚的动物出现了，它们散布在地球的各个地方。于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。然而，他们对地球却并不怎么在意。它们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。因此很多可科学家相信地球可能会因此变得太热而不适合生物的生存。所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。\nAvisittothemoonLastmonthIwasluckyengoughtohaveachancetomakeatripintospacewithmyfriendLiYanping,anastronomer.Wevisitedthemooninourspaceship!我的朋友李彦平是一位宇航员。上个月我有幸得到一个机会同他一起去太空旅行。我们乘宇宙飞船参观了月球。Beforeweleave,LiYanpingexplainedtomethattheforeceofthegravitywouldchangethreetimesonourjourneyandthatthefirstchangewouldbethemostpowerful.Thenwewereoff.Astherocketroseintotheair,wewerepushedbackintoourseatsbecauseweweretryingtoescapethepulloftheearth’sgravity.Itwassohardthatwecouldnotsayanythingtoeachother.GraduallytheweightlessenedandIwasabletotalktohim.“Whyisthespaceshipnotfallingbacktotheearth?OntheearthifIfallfromatreeIwillfalltoground.”Iasked.“Wearetoofarfromtheearthnowtofeelitspull,“heexplained,“sowefeelasifthereisnogravityatall.Whenwegetclosertothemoon,weshallfeelitsgravitypullingus,butitwillnotbeasstrongapullastheearth’s.“Icheeredupimmediatelyandfloatedweightlesslyaroundinourspaceshipcabinwatchingtheearthbecomesmallerandthemoonlarger.在启程以前，李彦平向我解释说，在我们的航行中会有三次引力的改变，而第一次的改变将是最强的。随后我们就起航了。随着火箭徐徐升空，我们慢慢逃离地球的引力。但这种引力太强了，把我们重重地向后推在座位上，以至于我们彼此间都不能说话了。随后，这个力量慢慢减小，我才能够同他讲话。我问道：“为什么太空船不会向后朝地球的方向落下去呢？在地球上的时候，如果我从书上掉下来，总会朝地上落下去的。”李彦平解释说：“现在我们离地球太远了，感觉不到地球的拉力，所以我们好像一点儿也感觉不到地球引力了。当我们更接近月球时，就会感到月球的引力在拉我们。但是，月球的引力不像地球的引力那么大。”我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着（身后的）地球越来越小，而（前方的）月球越来越大。Whenwegotthere,Iwantedtoexploreimmediately.“Comeon,”Isaid.“Ifyouareright,mymasswillbelessthanontheearthbecausethemoonissmallerandIwillbeabletomovemorefreely.ImightevengrowtallerifIstayherelongenough.Ishallcertainlyweighless!”Ilaughedandclimbeddownthestepsfromthespaceship.ButwhenItriedtostepforward,IfoundIwascarriedtwiceasfarasontheearthandfellover.“Ohdear,”Icried,“walkingdoesneedabitofpracticenowthatgravityhaschanged.”AfterawhileIgotthehangofitandwebegantoenjoyourselves.我们到达月球时，我就想立即进行探测。“来吧，”我说，“要是你讲得对，我的重量就会比地球小，而我就能够更自由地活动了。如果我在月球上呆的时间足够长的话，我甚至可能长得更高，我的体重肯定也会变得更轻！”我笑着从火箭的阶梯上爬下来。而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟然是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”过了一会儿，我才掌握了走路的诀窍，这才开始感到自如了。Leavingthemoon’sgravitywasnotaspainfulasleavingtheearth’s.Butreturningtotheearthwasveryfrightening.Wewatched,amazedasfirebrokeoutontheoutsideofthespaceshipastheearth’sgravityincreased.Againwewerepushedbackhardintoourseatsaswecamebacktoland.“Thatwasveryexhaustingbutveryexcitingtoo,”Isaid.“NowIknowmuchmoreaboutgravity!Doyouthinkwecouldbisitsomestarsnexttime?”“Ofcourse,”hesmiled,“whichstarwouldyouliketogoto?”摆脱月球引力不想摆脱地球引力那样痛苦。但是返回到地球的经历却是非常吓人的。我们惊奇地看着，随着丢引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。当我们回到地面时，我们又感到被重重地推到在座位上。我说道：“真是精疲力竭了，但也很激动人心。关于引力，我现在就懂得更多了。你认为下次我们可以上星球上去参观吗？”“当然可以，”他笑着说，“你想到那颗星球上去呢？”CaughtbyablackholeThespaceshipwarnedLiYanpingandmetobereadyaswewereapproachingthe“blackhole”.Wecouldseesomefaintlightsaroundwhatlookedlikeanemptyspace.LiYanpingsaid,“Thatemptyholeislikeamouthalwaysneedingtobefed.Thoselightsarethinsthatarebeingpulledintotimebythegravityofthehole.”Wewatchedwithinterestandamazementatthelightswhichseemedtobegoingfainterandfainterroundtheedgeoftheblackhole.Justthenthelightsonourspaceshipwentourtheandthecomputerstoppedworking.Whatwashappening?Itriedtoturnthespaceshipawayfromtheholebutitwouldnotmove.Woulditeatustoo?Suddenlythespaceshipjumpedandbegantomoveroundtheedgeoftrheholetoo.Thegravityofthe“blackhole”waspullingusintoits“mouth”.Asthespaceshipmovedroundtheblackhole,Ifeltrathersick.MymouthwentdryandIclosedmyeyes.Allthestoriesaboutwhathappenedwhenyouwerecaughtbythegravityofa“blackhole”seemtobetrue.\nButthenthespaceshipjumpedagain.Thistimeitmovedsidewaysandawayfromthisedgeofthe“blackhole”.Someonewatchingmewouldhaveseenthespaceshipflyinglikeabirdawayfromthe“blackhole”.Butwefeltnothing.Atlastwewereabletolookaroundus.Luckilythecomputerhadstartedworkingagain.Werealizedthatwehaddiscoveredsomethingnewabout“blackhole”.Ifyougoinsidetheedgeofa“blackhole”,itwill“eat”youandthereisnoescape;butifyoudonot,youmayhaveanopportunitytoescape.Howexciting!Unit5Atripon“TheTrueNorth”LiDaiyuandhercousinLiuQianwereonatriptoCanadatobisittheircousinsinMontrealontheAtlanticcoast.Ratherthantaketheaeroplanealltheway,theydecidedtoflytoVancouverandthentakethetrainwesttoeastacrossCanada.Thethoughthattheycouldcrossthewholecontinentwasexciting.李黛予和她表妹刘倩要去加拿大大西洋海岸的蒙特利尔市看望她们的表兄妹们。她们不想一路乘飞机，她们决定飞到温哥华，再从西海岸乘火车横穿加拿大到达东海岸。要横贯整个大陆的想法很是令人兴奋。Theirfriend,DannyLin,waswaitingattheairport.Hewasgoingtotakethemandtheirbaggagetocatch“TheTrueNorth”,thecrossCanadatrain.Onthewaytothestatiion,hechattedabouttheirtrip.“You’regoingtoseesomegreatscenery.Goingeastward,you’llpassmountainsandthousandsoflakesandforests,aswellaswideriversandlargecities.SomepeoplehavetheideathatyoucancrossCandainlessthanficedays,buttheyforgetthefactthatCanadais5500kilometersfromcoasttocoast.HereinVancouver,you’reinCanada’swarmestpart.PeoplesayitisCanada’smostbeautifulcity,surroundedbymountainsandthePacificOcean.SkiingintheRockyMountainsandsailingintheharbourmakeVancouveroneofCanada’smostpopularcitiestolivein.Itspopulationisincreasingrapidly.ThecoastnorthofVancouverhassomeoftheoldestandmostbeautifulforestsintheworld.Itissowettherethatthetreesareextremelytall,somemeasuringover90metres.”她们的朋友林丹尼在机场等候她们。他要带着她们和行李到火车站乘坐横穿加拿大的“真北方”号列车。在去火车站的路上，林丹尼聊起了她们的旅程：“你们沿途将会看到美丽壮阔的风景。向东一直走，你们会经过一座座山脉，上千个湖泊、森林，还有宽阔的河流和许多大城市。有人想在不到五天的时间里横穿加拿大，他们忘了加拿大从东海岸到西海岸共有5，500公里。这儿，温哥华，是加拿大最温暖的地方。人们说温哥华是加拿大最美丽的城市，被大山和太平洋环抱。落基山可以滑雪，海港供你扬帆，这些使得温哥华成为加拿大最受欢迎的居住城市之一。这个城市的人口增长很快。在温哥华北面的海岸上保存了最古老、最美丽的森林。那儿的湿度很大，所以树都长得特别高，一些高达90多米。”Thatafternoonaboardthetrain,thecousinssettleddownintheirseats.Earlierthatday,whentheycrossedtheRockyMountains,theymanagedtocatchsightofsomemountaingoatsandevenagrizzlybearandaneagle.TheirnextstopwasCalgary,whichisfamousfortheCalgaryStampede.CowboysfromallovertheworldcometocompeteintheStampede.Manyofthemhaveagiftforridingwildhorsesandcanwinthousandsofdollarsinprizes.那天下午表姐俩才登上了火车落了座。火车先是穿越落基山脉，她们设法看到了野山羊，甚至还看到了一只大灰熊和一只鹰。她们的下一站就是卡尔加里，这个城市因“大西部赛马会”而闻名。来自世界各地的牛仔们来参加赛马会比赛。他们中许多人都有骑野马的本领，他们能赢得几千美元的奖金。Aftertwodays’travel,thegirlsbegantorealizethatCanadaisquiteempty.Atschool,theyhadlearnedthatmostCanadianslivewithinafewhundredkilometresoftheUSAborder,andCanada’spopulationisonlyslightlyoverthirtymillion,butnowtheywereamazedtoseesuchanemptycountry.Theywentthroughawheat-growingprovinceandsawfarmsthatcoveredthousandsofacres.Afrerdinner,theywerebackinanurbanarea,thebusyportcityofThunderBayatthetopoftheGreatLakes.BecauseoftheGreatLakes,theylearned,Canadahasmorefreshwaterthananyothercountryintheworld.Infact,ithasone-thirdoftheworld’stotalfreshwater,andmuchofitisintheGreatLakes.两天以后，她们开始意识到加拿大人烟稀少。他们在学校学过，大多数加拿大人定居在靠近美国几百英里的边境地带，加拿大的人口也就是三千万多一点儿。但是现在看到这么空旷的国家，她们很惊讶。火车穿过一个种植小麦的省份，她们看到了面积有数千英亩的农场。晚饭后她们又回到城市，位于五大湖区顶端的繁忙的港口城市桑得贝。巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。她们知道，因为有五大湖，加拿大的淡水比世界上任何其他国家都多。事实上，加拿大拥有全世界三分之一的淡水量，其中大部分都蓄在五大湖泊里。Thatnightastheyslept,thetrainrushedacrossthetopofLakeSuperior,throughthegreatforestsandsouthwardtowadsToronto.那天夜里她们睡着了，火车越过苏必利尔湖，穿过大森林，朝南向多伦多飞驰着。\n“TheTrueNorth”fromTorontotoMontrealThenextmorningthebushesandmapletreesoutsidetheirwindowwerered,goldandorange,andtherewasfrostontheground,confirmingthatfallhadarrivedinCanada.第二天早上，在她们的车窗外到处是灌木丛和枫树，挂满朱红、赤金和橘黄色的叶子，地面覆盖上一层薄霜，表明秋天已经来到了加拿大。AroundnoontheyarrivedinToronto,thebiggestandmostwealthycityinCanada.TheywerenotleavingforMontrealuntillater,sotheywentonatourofthecity.TheywentupthetallCNTowerandlookedacrossthelake.Inthedistance,theycouldseetheMistycloudthatrosefromthegreatNiagaraFalls,whichisonthesouthsideofthelake.ThewaterflowsintotheNiagaraRiverandoverthefallsonitswaytothesea.中午时分，她们来到多伦多—加拿大最大、最富有的城市。她们要晚些时候才动身去蒙特利尔，因此就在多伦多市内游览了一番。她们登上了高高的加拿大国家电视塔，俯瞰着下面的湖水。远处，她们可以看到湖的南边尼亚加拉大瀑布上方升腾着的雾霭。湖水流入尼亚加拉河，再经过大瀑布，流向大海。Theysawthecoveredstadium,homeofseveralfamousbasketballteams.Astheywalkednorthfromtheharbourarea,LiDaiyusaid,“LinFang,oneofmymother’soldschoolmates,liveshere.Ishouldphoneherfromatelephonebooth.”她们看到了加顶的大型运动场，那是几支著名的篮球队的驻地。当她们从港口区向北走的时候，李黛予说：“我妈妈的老同学林菲住在这里，我该到电话亭去给她打个电话。”TheymetLinFeiaroundduskindowntownChinatown,oneofthethreeinToronto.OverdinneratarestaurantcalledThePinkPearl,thecousinschattedwithLinFei,whohadmovedtoCanadamanyyearsearlier.“WecangetgoodCantonesefoodhere,”LinFeitoldthem,“becausemostoftheChinesepeopleherecomefromSouthChina,especiallyHongKong.It’stoobadyoucan’tgoasfarasOttawa,Canada’scapital.It’sapproximatelyfourhundredkilometersnortheastofToronto,soitwouldtaketoolong.”大约黄昏时分，她们在市区的中国城遇到了林菲，这时多伦多三个中国城中的一个。在一个名叫“海珠酒楼”的餐馆里用餐时，表姐妹和许多年前就移居加拿大的林菲闲聊了起来。林菲告诉她们：“我们在这里可以吃到很好的广东菜，因为这里的大多数中国人来自中国南方，尤其是香港。很可惜你们不能一只走到建安大的首都渥太华。它在多伦多东北方约400公里，要去那儿花时间就太多了。”ThetrainleftlatethatnightandarrivedinMontrealatdawnthenextmorning.Atthestation,peopleeverywherewerespeakingFrench.ThereweresighsandadsinFrench,butsomeofthemhadEnglishwordsinsmallerletters.“Wedon'tleaveuntilthisevening,”saidLiuQian.“Let’sgodowntown.OldMontrealisclosetothewater.”Theyspenttheafternooninlovelyshopsandvisitingartistsintheirworkplacesbesidethewater.AstheysatinaBuffetrestaurantlookingoverthebroadStLawrenceRiver,ayoungmansatdownwiththem.火车在那夜晚些时候起程了，第二天黎明到达了蒙特利尔。火车站里，人们到处说的是法语。指示牌和广告也都是法文的，但有些标注了小字体的英文。刘倩说：“我们要到傍晚才动身，不如到市区去走走。”整个下午她们穿梭于布局可爱的商店，还摆放了水边工作坊里的艺术家。当她们坐在咖啡馆里眺望广阔的圣劳伦斯河时，一个年轻人坐在了她们的身边。“Hello,mynameisHenri.I’mastudentattheuniversitynearby,”hesaid,”andIwaswonderingwhereyouarefrom.”ThegirlstoldhimtheywereonatrpacrossCanadaandthattheyhadonlyondayinMontreal.“That'stoobad,”hesaid.“Montrealisacitywithwonderfulrestaurantsandclubs.MostofusspeakbothEnglishandFrench,butthecityhasFrenchcultureandtraditions.Welovegoodcoffee,goodbreadandgoodmusic.”“你们好，我叫亨利，是这里的大学生。”他说：“请问你们从哪里来？”姑娘们告诉他，她们是坐火车来旅游的，要横穿加拿大，在蒙特利尔只待一天。他说：“这太糟糕了，蒙特利尔这个城市有极好的餐馆和俱乐部。我们大多数人既说英语也说法语，但是这座城市具有法国文化和传统。我们喜欢好咖啡，好面包和好音乐。”ThatnightasthetransferwasspeedingalongtheStLawrenceRivertowardtheGulfofStLawrenceanddowntothedistanteastcoast,thecousinsdreamedofFrenchrestaurantsandredmapleleaves.那天晚上，火车沿着圣劳伦斯河疾驰，朝圣劳伦斯湾驶去，一直开到远方的东海岸，姐妹两个做梦都在想着法国餐馆和红色枫叶。Iqaluit–thefrozentownThereporter,BethAllen,arrivedinanortherncommunitycalledIqaluitinNunavut.Nunavutwascreatedin1999asaspecialareaforInuitpeople.Itsnamemeans“OurLand”intheirlanguage.ItisinthefarthestnortheasternareaofCanada,northortheArcticCircle,andisverycold–theaveragewitertemperatureinNunavutis35degreesbelowzero.Bethsaid,“IknewitwouldbecouldinJanuary,butnotthiscold!Maybethereisadogsledthatcantakemeintotown.”\nThequietmanwhohadbeenontheplanewithhersaid,“I’lltakeyouintotown,butIdon’thaceadogsled.Mostpeopleonlyusethedogsforcompetitions,whyareyouvisitingIqaluit?”Bethanswered,“I’mwritingastoryformynewspaperaboutIqaluit–we’dliketoadvertiseitasaholidayplace,butIthinkit’stoocold.”Themanlaughed.“MynameisSimonandIamInuit,”hesaid.“Ithinkit’stoofarnorthhereforholidaysbutmoreandmoretouristsarecoming.Theylikeicefishingandphotographingpolarbears.Istarasfarawayfrompolarbearsaspossible.Ilikemywarmofficeandmywarmhouse.”“I’mbusinessman.Mygrandfatherwouldliveinicehouseswhenhehuntedinwinter,butnotsomanypeopledothatnow.theoldmenusedtomakeoneinafewhours.Theyusedtoliveinskintentsinsummer–thetentswereeasytomovesothepeoplecouldfollowtheanimals.”AfewminuteslatertheyarrivedinIqaluit,atownwithapopulationof6000,onSimon’ssnowmobile.Itwastwoo’clockintheafternoon,butitwasalreadydark,andallthehousesshonewithbrightlights.Bethsaid,“Whyisitsodark?It’sthemiddleoftheday!”Simonreplied,“It’sdarkinthedaybecausewearesofarnorth.YoushouldcomeinJune.Thesunshinesallnightinthenorththen.That'swhyit’scalled‘TheLandoftheMidnightSun’.”Therewerepeopleonthestreetsandsnowmobileseverywhere.Therewereevenafewdogteams.\n必修四Unit1ASTUDENTOFAFRICANWILDLIFEItis5:45amandthesunisjustrisingoverGombeNationalparkineastAfrica.FollowingJane’swayofstudyingchimps,ourgroupareallgoingtovisitthemintheforest.Janehasstudiedthesefamiliesofchimpsformanyyearsandhelpedpeopleunderstandhowmuchtheybehavelikehumans.Watchingafamilyofchimpswakingupisourfirstactivityoftheday.Thismeansgoingbacktotheplacewhereweleftthefamilysleepinginatreethenightbefore.Everybodysitsandwaitsintheshadeofthetreeswhilethefamilybeginstowakeupandmoveoff.Thenwefollowastheywonderintotheforest.Mostofthetime,chimpseitherfeedorcleaneachotherasawayofshowingloveintheirfamily.Janewornsusthatourgrouisgoingtobeverytiredanddirtybytheafternoonandsheisright.However,theeveningmakesitallworthwhile.Wewatchthemotherchimpandherbabiesplayinthetree.Thenweseethemgotosleeptogetherintheirnestforthenight.Werealizethatthebondbetweenmembersofachimpfamilyisasstrongasinahumanfamily.这是45是,太阳初升带来超过贡贝国家公园东非。证明简的研究途径黑猩猩,我们小组都去拜访他们在森林里。简研究这些家庭野生黑猩猩很多年了,帮助人们了解多少它们像人类。看一个家庭的黑猩猩醒来是我们的第一项活动的时间。这意味着回到的地方,让我们离开了家睡在树是昨天。每个人会和等待在树荫下树,而家庭开始醒来,驶去了。然后我们坚持他们在进了森林。大多数时候,黑猩猩要么饲料或清洁彼此示爱的一种方式,在他们的家庭。简警告我们,我们的团队将会非常累又脏的下午,她是对的。然而,晚上,什麽都值得。我们能看到母亲黑猩猩和她的孩子们玩的那棵树。然后我们再来看看他们去睡在一起在他们的巢过夜。我们意识到债券成员之间的家庭是一只母黑猩猩一样强大在一个人类的家庭。NobodybeforeJanefullyunderstoodchimpbehaviour.Shespentyearsobservingandrecordingtheirdailyactivities.Sinceherchildhoodshehadwantedtoworkwithanimalsintheirownenvironment.However,thiswasnoteasy.WhenshefirstarrivedinGombein1960,itwasunusualforawomantoliveinaforest.Onlyafterhermothercametohelpherforthefirstfewmonthswassheallowedtobeginherproject.Herworkchangedthewaypeoplethinkofchimps.Forexample,oneimportantthingshediscoveredwasthatchimpshuntandeatmeat.Untiltheneverythoughtchimpsonlyeatfruitandnuts.Shealsodiscoveredhowchimpscommunicatewitheachother,andherstudyoftheirbodylanguagehelpedherworkouttheirsocialsystem.没有人在简完全理解黑猩猩的行为。她花了几年的观察和记录他们的日常活动。因为她的童年她原先想对动物的研究工作在自己的环境。然而,这不是一件容易的事。当她第一次到达贡贝在1960年,是不同寻常的女人生活在森林里。只有在她母亲来帮助她在最初的几个月里使她得以开始自己的计划。她的工作改变方式人们想黑猩猩。举例来说,最重要的一点是,她发现黑猩猩打猎和吃肉。在那之前,每个人都认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。她实际观察的黑猩猩,作为一个群体,准备捕捉一只猴子,然后吃它。她也发现黑猩猩彼此沟通,她的研究他们的肢体语言帮助她制定好社会制度。ForfortyyearsJaneGoodallhasbeenoutspokenaboutmakingtherestoftheworldunderstandandrespectthelifeoftheseanimals.Shehasarguedthatanimalsshouldbeleftinthewildandnotusedforentertainmentoradvertisements.Shehashelpedtosetupspecialplaceswherethecanlivesafely.Sheisleadingabusylifebutshesays:四十年学者珍?古德已直言不讳的关于使世界上的其他国家了解和尊重这些动物的生命。她声称,野生动物应离开了野生地和不使用娱乐或广告。她已经帮助建立特别的地方,在那里他们可以安全地生活。她正领导忙碌的生活,但她说:“OnceIstop,itallcomescrowdinginandIrememberthechimpsinlaboratories.It’sterrible.ItaffactsmewhenIwatchthewildchimps.Isaytomyself,’Aren’ttheylucky?’AndthenIthinkaboutsmallchimpsincagesthoughtheyhavedonenothingwrong.Onceyouhaveseenthatyoucanneverforget…““当我停,这都是,我记得的拥挤黑猩猩在实验室进行的。这真是糟透了。它影响着我,当我看野生黑猩猩。我对我自己说,“不是幸运吗?然后我想小黑猩猩在笼中虽然他们没有做错任何事。一旦你已经看到你永远也不会忘记…”Shehasachievedeverythingshewantedtodo:workingwithanimalsintheirownenvironment,gainingadoctor’sdegreeandshowingthatwomencanliveintheforestasmencan.Sheinspiresthosewhowanttocheertheachievementsofwomen.她已经达到她想做的一切工作与动物在自己的环境,获得了博士学位,并显示,女性可以生活在森林中男性。她激发了那些想要带给女性的贡献。WHYNOTCARRYONHERWORK?IenjyedEnglish,biology,andchemistryatschool,butwhichoneshouldIchoosetostudyatuniversity?ididnotknowtheansweruntiloneeveningwhenIsatdownatthecomputertodosomeresearchongreatwomenofChina.我很喜欢英语,生物学与化学在学校里,但要哪一种,我应该选择在大学里学什么?我不知道答案直到有一天晚上,当我坐在电脑做些调查大女人中国。\nBychanceIcameacrossanarticleaboutadoctorcalledLinQiaozhi,aspecalistinwomen’sdiseases.Shelivedfrom1901to1983.Itseemedthatshehadbeenverybusyinherchosencareer,travlingaboredtostudyaswellaswritingbooksandarticles.Oneofthemcaughtmyeye.Itwasasmallbookexplaininghowtokeepingbabiesclean,healthyandfreefromsickness.Whydidshewritethat?WhowerethewomenthatLinQiaozhithoughtneededthisadvice?Ilookedcarefullyatthetextandrealizethatitwasintendedforwomeninthecountryside.Perhapsiftheyhadanemergencytheycouldnotreachadoctor.我偶然碰到一篇关于医生叫林巧稚那样到医学院,一家专业从事妇女疾病。她住从1901年推到1983年。她似乎一直很忙着她在国外旅行的所选择的职业来学习和写作书和文章。其中之一引起了我的注意。那是一本很小的书，本书解释如何将有死亡率以及照顾婴儿。她给了一些简单的规则可循,让宝宝身上不干净、健康、不受疾病。为什么她写的吗?谁是妇女思想林巧稚那样到医学院需要这个建议吗?我仔细地看了看文本意识到那是专为女性在乡下。也许,如果他们有紧急事情他们不能达到一个医生。Suddenlyithitmehowdifficultitwasforawomantogetmedicaltrainingatathattime.Thatwasagenerationwhengirls’educationwasalwaysplacreddecondtoboys’.Wasshesomuchclevererthananyoneelse?Furtherreadingmademerealizethatitwashardworkanddeterminationaswellashergentlenaturethatgotherintomedicalschool.Whatmadehersucceedlateronwasthekindnessandconsiderationsheshowedtoallherpatiens.TherewasstoryafterstoryofhowLinQiaozhi,tiredafteraday’swork,wentlateatnighttodeliverababyforapoolfamilywhocouldnotpayher.突然间,我有多么的困难,女人得到医疗培训。那是一个时产生的女童的教育总是位居第二,男孩则为。她是那么的聪明程度比其他人吗?进一步阅读使我了解到,它是很艰苦的工作和决心和性质温和,让她进入医学院。究竟是什么让她成功后来是爱心,和考虑她把她所有的病人。有一个接着一个的故事怎样林巧稚那样到医学院,累了工作了一天后,就晚了传递给孩子一个贫穷的家庭。请不起她。BynowIcouldnotwaittofindoutmoreabouther.IdiscoveredthatLinQiaozhihaddevotedherwholelifetoherpatiensandhadchosennottohaveafamilyofherown.Insteadshemadesurethatabout50,000babiesweresafelydelivered.BythistimeIwasveryexcited.WhynotstudyatmedicalcollegelikeLinQiaozhiandcarryonhergoodwork?Itwasstillnottoolateformetoimprovemystudies,preparefortheuniversityentranceexaminations,and…到现在为止,我都等不及来更多地了解她。我发现林巧稚那样到医学院投入了她的一生出诊,选择不再拥有一个属于她自己的家庭。相反,她确信,大约有5万名婴儿安全送达。这时候我非常兴奋。为什么不学习,像林巧稚那样到医学院医学院校继续她的伟大事业?它还了,也不妨碍我提高我的研究,准备大学入学考试,和…。ELIZABETHFRYWhentheQuakerElizabethmarriedJosephFry,itseemedasifherlifewouldbecomfortableandpeaceful.However,Elizabethwasnotcontentwithhereasylifeandhergrowingfamily.Shesawmanypoorpeoplelivingnearherandshewantedtohelpthem.Onedayshewasaskedtovisitaprison.Atfirsttheprisonofficersdidnotwanttolethervisitthewomenprisonersbecausetheyfearedtheprisonerswouldattackher,butElizabethwasnotafraid.Sherealizedthattheprisonersbehavebadllybecausetheyweretreatedlikeanimals.Theyhadnobeds,cleanclothes,foodorheating.Anychildborninprisonhadtostaythereandhadnochanceofaneducation.Thismeanttheywouldprobablyhavetobegorstealwhentheygrewupandthenwouldreturntoprison.SothefirstthingElizabethdidwastoprovidefood,cleanclothesandstrawforbeds.Latershebeganaprisonschoolforthechilldrenandtaughtthewomentosew,knitandmakegoodstosell.Inthiswaytheyabletomakealittlemoneyforthemselvesandgainsomeself-respect.Herlindnesshelpedhergainthefriendshipofprisonersandtheybegantotrytoimprovetheirconditionsforthemselves.LaterElizabethwasaskedtogototheleadersofBritaintodiscusshowtoimprovetheconditionsforprisoners。Ofcourseshedidnotdoalltheworkonherown.OtherQuakerwomenhelpedherandwentaroundthecountryraisingmoneyforherwprk.Somepeopledidnotlikeherideasandquarrelledwithher.Theysaidthatsheshouldspendmoretimewithherfamily.Otherpeoplesaidsheenjoyedbeingfamoustoomuch.However,herhusband,Joseph,supportedandencouragedher,soshecontinuedworkingtohelpimprovethelivesofpoorprisonerstillshedied.Herideasdidnotdisappearafterherdeathandherworkwasrememberedin1947whentheQuakersweregiventheNoblePeacePrize.\nUnit2ApioneerforallpeopleAlthoughheisoneofChina’smostfamousscientists,YuanLongpingconsidershimselfafarmer,forheworksthelandtodohisresearch.Indeed,hissunburntfaceandarmsandhisslim,strongbodyarejustlikethoseofmillionsofChinesefarmers,forwhomhehasstruggledforthepastficedecades.DrYuanLongpinggrowswhatiscalledsuperhybridrice.In1974,hebecamethefirstagriculturalpioneerintheworldtogrowRickthathasahighoutput.ThisspecialstrainofRickmakesitpossibletoproduceone-thirdmoreofthecropinthesamefields.Nowmorethan60%ofthericeproducedinChinaeachyearisfromthishybridstrain.虽然他是中国最著名的科学家袁隆平觉得自己是一位农民,因为他工作地做他的研究。事实上,他被太阳晒黑的脸和武器和他的苗条,强壮的身体就像那些数以百万计的中国农民,是因为他难以在过去的五十年。留学解答资讯网:袁隆平博士生长所谓的超级杂交水稻。1974年,农业先驱成为第一个世界上,种植水稻高产。这种特殊的紧张的大米使得它有可能得到三分之一的人更多的作物在同一领域。现在更多的超过60%的大米在中国生产的每一年都从这个混合的压力。Bornintoapoorfarmer’sfamilyin1930,DrYuangraduatedfromSouthwestAgriculturalCollegein1953.Sincethen,findingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.Asayoungman,hesawthegreatneedforincresingthericeoutput.Atthattime,hungerwasadisturbingprobleminmanypartsofthecountryside.DrYuansearchedforawaytoincreasericeharvestswithoutexpandingtheareaofthefields.In1950,Chinesefarmerscouldproduceonlyfiftymilliontonsofrice.Inarecentharvest,however,nearlytwohundredmilliontonsofricewasproduced.Theseincreasedharvestsmeanthat22%ofthwartworld’speoplearefedfromjust7%ofthefarmlandinChina.DrYuanisnowcirculatinghisknowledgeinIndia,Vietnamandmanyotherlessdevelopedcountriestoincreasetheirriceharvests.Thankstohisresearch,farmersareproducingharveststwiceaslargeasbefore.出生于一个贫穷的农夫一家人在1930年,人民币博士毕业于西南农业大学在1953年。从那时起,寻找一种方法来种植更多的稻米已成为他的生活目标。作为一个年轻人,他见到了那个伟大的需要增加稻米产量。在那个时候,饥饿是一个令人不安的问题的许多地区的农村。元寻找一个博士的办法来增加水稻收成没有区域扩大及各个领域。在1950年,中国的农民能产生只有50万吨大米。在最近的收获,然而,差不多二百百万吨米被生产出来。这些增加的收成意味着22%的世界上的人们是美联储仅仅从7%的耕地在中国。现在元博士循环他的知识在印度、越南和许多其他的不发达的国家增加了他们农作物的收成。由于他的研究,联合国已经在战斗中更多的工具为消除世界上的饥饿。用他的杂交水稻生产丰收,农民们之前的两倍。DrYuanisquitesatisfiedwithhislife.However,hedoesn'tcareaboutbeingfamous.Hefeelsitgiveshimlessfreedomtodohisresearch.Hewouldratherkeeptimeforhishobbies.Heenjoyslisteningtovolinmusic,playingmah-jong,swimmingandreading.Spendingmoneyonhimselforleadingacomfortablelifealsomeansverylittletohim.Indeed,hebelievesthatapersonwithtomuchmoneyhasmoreratherthanfewertroubls.HethereforegivesmillionsofYuantoequipothersfortheirresearchinagriculture.人民币博士十分满意他的生命。然而,他不在乎出名。他觉得这给他不自由做他的研究。他宁可保持跛的时候。他喜欢听小提琴音乐,打麻将、游泳和阅读。把钱花在自己,或引导舒适的生活也意味着很少给他。事实上,他相信一个人太多的钱更多的事情,而不是更少的烦恼。因此他给数百万元装备他人的研究在农业生产上。Justdreamingforthings,however,costsnothing.LongagoDrYuanhadadreamaboutriceplantsastallassorghum.Eachearofricewasasbigasanearofcornandeachgrainofricewasashugeasapeanut.DrYuanawokefromhisdreamwiththehopeofproducingakindofricethatcouldfeedmorepeople.Now,manyyearslater,DrYuanhasanotherdream:toexporthisricesothatitcanbegrownaroundtheglboe.Onedreamisnotalwaysenough,especiallyforapersonwholovesandcaresforhispeople.只是做梦的东西,然而,什么代价。很久以前做过一个梦,在梦里元博士对水稻植物高粱那么高。每个水稻穗大是为耳朵玉米和每一粒大米作为一个巨大的花生。他的梦想醒来元博士希望生产一种大米可以养活更多的人。现在,许多年以后,人民币博士出口一个梦,他的稻米可以生长到全球。同一个梦想永远不够,特别是对于一个人爱我和关心他的百姓。Chemicalororganicfarming?Overthepasthalfcentury,usingchemicalfertilizershasvecomeverycommoninfarming.Manyfarmerswelcomedthemasgreatwaytostopcropdiseaseandincreaseproduction.Recently,however,scientistshavebeenfindingthatlong-termuseofthesefertilizerscancausedamagetothelandand,evenmoredangerous,topeople’shealth.在过去的半个世纪里,使用化学肥料已经变得非常常见的耕作。很多农民欢迎他们作为一个伟大的方法阻止农作物病害,增加生产。然而最近,科学家们一直在寻找,长期使用这些肥料能引起对土地造成损害,更危险的,人的身体健康。\nWhataresomeoftheproblemscausedbychemicalfertilizers?First,theydamagethelandbykillingthehelpfulbacteriaandpestsaswellastheharmfulones.Chemicalsalsostayinthegroundandundergroundwaterforalonogtime.Thisaffectscropsand,therefore,animalsandhumans,sincechemicalsgetinsidethecropsandcannotjustbewashedoff.Thesechemicalsinthefoodsupplybuildupinpeople’sbodiesovertime.Manyofthesechemicalscanleadtocancerorotherillnesses.Inaddition,fruit,vegetablesandotherfoodgrownwithchemicalfertilizersusuallygrowtoofasttobefullofmuchnutrition.Theymaylookbeautiful,butinsidethereisusuallymorewaterthanvitaminsandminerals.什么是有些化肥所引起的问题吗?首先,它们会危害土地害虫杀死有益细菌的有害影响。化学物质还停留在地面和地下水了很长时间。这影响的农作物,因此,动物和人类,因为化学物质进入的庄稼和不能有点褪色了。这些化学物质在食物供应堆积在人身上。许多这些化学物质会导致癌症或其他疾病。此外,多吃水果、蔬菜和其他食物化学肥料种植通常成长太快布满多的营养。他们看起来很漂亮,但里面,通常会有过多的水比维生素和矿物质。Withthesediscoveries,somefarmersandmanycustomersarebeginningtoturntoorganicfarming.Organicfarmingissimplyfarmingwithoutusinganychemicals.Theyfocusonkeepingtheirsoilrichandfreeofdisease.Ahealthysoilreducesdiseaseandhelpscropsgrowstrongandhealthy.Organicfarmers,therefore,oftenpreferusingnaturalwastefromanimalsasfertilizer.Theyfeelthatthismakesthesoilintheirfieldsricherinmineralsandsomorefertile.Thisalsokeepstheair,soil,waterandcropsfreefromchemicals.这些发现,一些农民并与众多的客户建立开始转向有机耕种。有机耕种就是农业不用化学药品。它们集中保持土壤富裕而自由疾病。一个健康的土壤减少疾病和帮助农作物生长健壮的体魄。有机耕种的农夫,因此,使用天然往往更喜欢动物排泄物化肥。他们觉得这使土壤更丰富的矿物质在他们自己的专业领域,所以更丰满。这也使空气、土壤、水和庄稼脱离的化学物质。Organicfarmersalsousemanyothermethodstokeepthesoilfertile.Theyoftenchangethekndofcropineachfieldeveryfewyears,forexample,growingcornorwheatandthenthenextyearpeasorsoybeans.Cropssuchaspeasorsoybeansputimportantmineralsbackintothesoil,makingitreadyforcropssuchaswheatorcornthatneedrichandfertilesoil.Organicfarmersalsoplantcropstousedifferentlevelsofsoil,forexample,plantingpeanutsthatusetheground’ssurfacefollowedbyvegetablesthatputdowndeeproots.Someorganicfarmerspreferplantinggrassbetweencropstopreventwindorwaterfromcarryingawaythesoil,andthenleavingitinthegroundtobecomeanaturalfertilizerforthenextyear’scrop.Thesemanydifferentorganicfarmingmethodshavethesamegoal:togrowgoodfoodandavoiddamagingtheenvironmentorpeople’shealth.有机耕种的农夫也用其他方法来保持土壤肥沃。他们经常改变种作物在各领域,每隔几年,例如,种植玉米和小麦,然后明年豌豆或大豆。作物,如豌豆或大豆把重要的矿产资源放回土地,使它准备作物,如小麦或玉米,需要丰富和肥沃的土壤。有机耕种的农夫也种植粮食作物,使用不同的层次的土壤,例如,种植花生使用的地表的蔬菜紧随其后放下很深的根源。一些有机耕种的农夫喜欢之间湿地种草作物以预防风或水土壤带走,然后让它成为在地面上的自然的肥料,次年的收获。这些许多不同的有机方法种植有相同的目标:长得好食物和避免对环境的破坏或人的身体健康。AnearlyfarmerpioneerSomepeoplethoughtJiaSixiewasaluckyman.Hehadworkedfortheemperorandwhenhegotold,hewasabletogohishometowntorelax.JiaSixie,however,hadotherplans.HehadalwaysbeeninterestedinagricultureandintendedtodosomethingtomakeChinesefarmingevenbetter.JiaSixielivedinthesixcenturyAD.HewasborninYiduinShandongprovinceandworkedinGaoyang,whichisalsoinShangdong.Asherodethroughthecountrysideonhisjourneysforhisworkhelookedoutatthefields.Someofthemweregreenerandhadmorecropsthanothers.Somecowsandsheeplookedhealthierthanotherstoo.Hewaslostinthough.Whatcouldafarmerdotogetgoodcropsfromhisfields?Surelytheremustberulesthatwouldhelpthem.Hethoughthecouldusehisknowledgetofindoutthebestwaysforfarmerstogrowcropsandthenwriteabooktohelpthem.Indoingsohecollectedinformationfromfarmerswhodidwell,studieditanddidexperimentstofindthebestway.Forexample,hestudiedwaysofkeepingseedsandadvisedfarmerstochooseseed-headswhichhadthebestcolor.Thenhetoldthemtohangthemtodryallwinter.Thenextspringtheseedsshouldbeknockedoutoftheirseed-headsandplanted.Hestudiedhowtoimprovethesoil.Headvisedfarmerstoclearweedsfromthegroundbeforeplantingcrops.Theycouldeitherlettheanimalseattheweedsorturnthesoiloversothattheweedswerecoveredandwouldrot.ThenhegaveadviceonTuringoverthesoil.Thefirsttimeeachyear,farmersshoulddigdeeply,butthesecondtimeshouldbelessdeep.Thereforetheautumnploughingofthesoilshouldbedeeper\nthantthespringploughing.Hesuggestedchangingcropsinthefieldeveryyear:riveoneyearandwheatthenextsothattheywouldalwaysgetgoodharvests.Theyshouldalsogrowdifferentplantsnexttoeachotherinthefield.Healsogaveadiveonhowtofish,keepagardenandevenmakewine.HewrotedownhisinabookcalledQiMinYaoShu,whichwasconsideredanimportantsummaryoftheknowledgeoffarming.ForcenturiesafterJiaSixiedied,itwasstudiedbyChinesefarmersandstudentsofagriculture.Unit3AMASTEROFNONVERBALHUMOURAsVictorHugooncesaid,“Laughteristhesunthatdriveswinterfromthehumanface”,anduptonownobodyhasbeenabletodothisbetterthanCharlieChaplin.HebrightenedthelivesofAmericansandBritishthroughtwoworldwarsandthehardyearsinbetween.Hemadepeoplelaughatatimewhentheyfeltdepressed,sotheycouldfeelmorecontentwiththeirlives.作为维克多?雨果曾经说过,“笑是太阳,它从人们脸上赶走冬天”,到目前为止没有人能做得比查理?卓别林也是。他让美国和英国人的生活在两次世界大战和硬年之间。他让人们笑了,而感到沮丧的时候,所以他们能够有更多的内容与他们的生命。NotthatCharlie’sownlifewaseasy!Hewasborninapoorfamilyin1889.Hisparentswerebothpoormusichallperformers.YoumayfinditastonishingthatCharliewastaughttosingassoonashecouldspeakanddanceassoonashecouldwalk.Suchtrainingwascommoninactingfamiliesatthattime,especiallywhenthefamilyincomewasoftenuncertain.Unfortunatelyhisfatherdied,leavingthefamilyevenworseoff,soCharliespenthischildhoodlookingafterhissickmotherandhisbrother.Byhisteens,Charliehad,throughhishumour,becomeoneofthemostpopularchildactorsinEngland.Hecouldmimeandactthefooldoingordinaryeverydaytasks.Noonewaseverboredwatchinghim-hissubtleactingmadeeverythingentertaining.不查理自己的生活是容易的!他出生在一个贫穷的家庭1889。他的父母都是可怜的音乐厅演员的表演。你可能会觉得很惊讶查理被教导要唱,只要他能说话,又跳舞,只要他能走路。这样的训练是很普遍的,在代理的家庭在这段时间,特别是当家庭收入经常是不确定的。不幸的是他的父亲去世后,离开家庭甚至更糟的是,所以查理度过了他的童年照顾生病的母亲和他的兄弟。他的十几岁的孩子们看来,查理已经有,通过他的幽默,成为最受欢迎的儿童演员在英国。他能哑剧演员和行为的傻子在干什么普通的日常工作。没有人曾经是无聊看他造万物,关注的微妙的表演娱乐。Astimewentby,hebeganmakingfilms.Hegrewmoreandmorepopularashischarmingcharacter,thelittletramp,becameknownthroughouttheworld.Thetramp,apoor,homelessmanwithamoustache,worelargetrousers,worn-outshoesandasmallroundblackhat.Hewalkedaroundstifflycarryingawalkingstick.Thischaracterwasasocialfailurebutwaslovedforhisoptimismanddeterminationtoovercomealldifficulties.Hewastheunderdogwhowaskindevenwhenotherswereunkindtohim.随着时间的推移,他开始制作电影。他变得越来越受欢迎,作为他的人格魅力,小流浪汉,成为闻名世界。这个流浪汉,一个可怜的,无家可归的人穿了一件大的裤子胡子,用旧的鞋子和小圆黑色的帽子。一动不动地走过携带一根手杖。这个字是一个社会衰败的爱我的人,但他的乐观情绪和决心克服所有的困难。自己处于劣势的人是哪怕别人是一种对他不好。Howdidthelittletrampmakeasadsituationentertaining?Hereisanexamplefromoneofhismostfamousfilms,TheGoldRush.Itisthemid-nineteenthcenturyandgoldhasjustbeendiscoveredinCalifornia.Likesomanyothers,thelittletrampandhisfriendhaverushedthereinsearchofgold,butwithoutsuccess.Insteadtheyarehidinginasmallhutontheedgeofamountainduringasnowstormwithnothingtoeat.Theyaresohungrythattheytryboilingapairofleathershoesfortheirdinner.Charliefirstpicksoutthelacesandeatsthemasiftheywerespaghetti.Thenhecutsofftheleathertopoftheshoesasifitwerethefineststeak.Finallyhetriescuttingandchewingthebottomoftheshoe.Heeatseachmouthfulwithgreatenjoyment.Theactingissoconvincingthatitmakesyoubelievethatitisoneofthebestmealshehasevertasted!片中的小流浪汉是如何做一个悲哀的情况有观赏性?这是一个例子,从他最著名的电影之一,的淘金热。这是十九世纪中期和黄金刚刚在加州发现了。和很多人一样,小流浪汉和他的朋友有急急忙忙地跑到那里找金子,但没有成功。相反,他们正躲在一间小棚屋在山边的暴风雪期间东西吃了。他们太饿了,他们努力沸腾的一双皮鞋吃饭。查理第一次选出的蕾丝花边和吃他们,如果他们意大利面条。然后他割断的鞋子上端的皮子,就好象它是最好的牛排。最后,他试切割和嚼底部的鞋。他吃津津有味地品尝以极大的乐趣。代理是非常令人信服,让你相信这也是最好的食物时,他总是有味道!CharlieChaplinwrote,directedandproducedthefilmsthestarredin.In1972hewasgivenaspecialOscarforhisoutstandingworkinfilms.HelivedinEnglandandtheUSAbutspendhislastyearsinSwitzerland,wherehewasburiedin1977.Heislovedandrememberedasagreatactorwhocouldinspirepeoplewithgreatconfidence.查理?卓别林的编剧、导演和生产,他主演的电影。1972年他被赋予了一种特殊的奥斯卡他每场比赛都工作在电影。他住在英国和美国,但是晚年在瑞士,1977年逝世后安葬在那里。他的爱戴和怀念是位伟大的演员谁能激励人们很有信心。\nANAPRILFOOL’SJOKE:THENOODLEHARVESTstAprilFool’sday,orApril1,isknowninmanycountriesasadayforplayingjokesonothers.Itisusuallyatimewhenchildrenmakefunofeachother,butsometimesotherpeoplecangetcaughtinthefuntoo.OneofthemostfamousjokesinEnglandtookplaceonBritishtelevisionin1957.ItwasaMondaynightwhentherewerealwaysmanyseriousprogrammesonthetelevision.OneofthemwascalledPanorama,thisshowexploredproblemsandprogressallovertheworld,sonobodywassurprisedwhenitbeganwithareportontheexcellentnoodleharvestinthesouthSwitzerland.Theprogrammementionedtworeasonsforthegoodcrop:anunusuallywarmwinterandthedisappearanceoftheinsectthatattackedthenoodlecropeveryyear.Thereportershowedmanynoodletreeswiththefarmerspullingnoodlesoffthemandputtingthemintobaskets.Thepeoplewatchingweretoldthattheymaynothaveheardofnoodlesfromthispartoftheworldbecausenoodlesweregrownaspartofsmallfamilybusinesses.Theprogrammemakersmakersrealizedthatpeoplemightwonderwhynoodleswerealwaysthesamesizesothattheyexplainedthat“itwastheresultofmanyyears’patientresearchwiththetreetoproducenoodlesofexactlythesamelength.”Butevensotheyexplained,thelifeofanoodlefarmerwasnoteasy.“ThelasttwoweeksofMarchareananxioustimefornoodlefarmers.Thereisalwaysachanceofverycoldweatherspoilingtheircrop.Thenitisdifficultforthemtogettoppricesonthemarkets.”ManypeopleinEnglandbelievedthisstory.TheyrangtheBBCtofindouthoetogrowtheirownnoodletree.Theyweretoldto“placeapieceofnoodleinatinoftomatosauceandhopeforthebest.”Thismayseemverysilly,butinthe1950sveryfewBritishpeopletravelledaboardfortheirholidaysandevenfewerofthematenoodles.Soitseemedpossibletoimaginethatnoodlesgrewontreelikeapples,pearsandnuts.PeoplealsotrustedthePanoramaprogrammeforitscarefulresearchandseriousinformation.SotheywereshockedtofindthenextdaythattheyhadallbelievedanAprilFool’sjoke.EventodaythereportofthenoodleharvestisrememberedasoneofthebestAprilFool’sjokesever!Unit4Communication:NoProblem?Yesterday,anotherstudentandI,representingouruniversity’sstudentassociation,wenttotheCapitalInternationalAirporttomeetthisyear’sinternationalstudents.TheywerecomingtostudyatBeijingUniversity.Weshouldtakethemfirsttotheirdormitoriesandthentothestudentcantee.Afteranhourofwaitingfortheirflighttoarrive,Isawseveralyoungpeopleenterthewaitingarealookingaroundcuriously.Istoodforaminutewatchingthemandthenwenttogreetthem.昨天,另一个学生和代表我们大学学生会,去了首都国际机场迎接今年的国际学生。他们要来学习在北京大学任教。我们要先他们的宿舍,然后到学生餐厅。半小时后,等待他们的飞行到的,我看见几个年轻的人们进入等候区好奇地环顾四周。我站在一会儿看他们,然后就去迎接他们。ThefirstpersontoarrivewasTonyGarciafromColumbia,closelyfollowedbyJuliaSmithfromBritain.AfterImetthemandthenintroducedthemtoeachother,Iwasverysurprised.TonyapproachedJulia,touchedhershoulderandkissedheronthecheek!Shesteppedbackappearingsurprisedandputupherhands,asifindefence.Iguessedthattherewasprobablyamajormisunderstanding.ThenAkiraNagatafromJapancameinsmiling,togetherwithGeorgeCookfromCanada.Astheywereintroduced,GeorgereachedhishandouttotheJapanesestudent.Justatthatmoment,however,AkirabowedsohisnosetouchedGeorge’smovinghand.Theybothapologized---anotherculturalmistake!第一个到的人是托尼?加西亚从哥伦比亚,其次是朱丽亚史密斯来自英国。在我遇见了他们,然后介绍彼此,我很惊讶。托尼接近茱莉亚,碰着她的肩膀并亲吻她的脸颊。她退后一步出现对此感到惊讶,并举起她手,就像在后防线上。”我猜想有可能就留下了一个很大的误解。然后晶来自日本的Nagata笑着走进来,连同乔治厨师来自加拿大。当他们进行了介绍,乔治把手伸到日本的学生。就在那时,然而,仙道他的鼻子低下了乔治的移动的手。他们互相道歉——另一种文化的错误!AhmedAziz,anotherinternationalstudent,wasfromJordan.Whenwemetyesterday,hemovedveryclosetomeasIintroducedmyself.Imovedbackabit,buthecameclosertoaskaquestionandthenshookmyhand.WhenDarleneCoulonfromFrancecamedashingthroughthedoor,sherecognizedTonyGarcia'ssmilingface.Theyshook\nhandandthenkissedeachothertwiceoneachcheek,sincethatistheFrancecustomwhenadultsmeetpeopletheyknow.AhmedAziz,onthecontrary,simplynoddedatthegirls.MenfromMiddleEasternandotherMuslimcountrieswilloftenstandquiteclosetoothermentotalkbutwillusuallynottouchwomen.阿齐兹艾哈迈德,另外一个国际学生,从约但河。昨天我们见面时,他转会非常接近我,就像我作了自我介绍。我搬回了一点,但他走得更近了,问一个问题,然后跟我握了握手。当达琳Coulon从法国来冲通过大门时,她承认托尼?加西亚的笑容。他们握了握手,然后在每两次互相亲吻脸颊,因为这是成年人,在法国习俗遇到很多人,他们知道。艾哈迈德Aziz.,恰恰相反,简单的点了点头在女孩子。男人从中东和其他穆斯林国家往往会站得很近,给别人说话,但通常不碰女性。AsIgettoknowmoreinternationalfriends,Ilearnmoreaboutthiscultural“bodylanguage”.Notallculturesgreeteachotherthesameway,noraretheycomfortableinthesamewaywithtouchingordistancebetweenpeople.Inthesamewaythatpeoplecommunicatewithspokenlanguage,theyalsoexpresstheirfeelingsusingunspoken“language”throughphysicaldistance,actionsorposture.Englishpeople,forexample,donotusuallystandveryclosetoothersortouchstrangersassoonastheymeet.However,peoplefromplaceslikeSpain,ItalyorSouthAmericancountriesapproachotherscloselyandaremorelikelytotouchthem.Mostpeoplearoundtheworldnowgreeteachotherbyshakinghands,butsomeculturesuseothergreetingsaswell,suchastheJapanese,whoprefertobow.当我了解更多的国际朋友,我了解更多的关于这一文化“身体语言”。互相问候,并非所有文化都同样,他们也以同样的方式舒适用触摸或距离人民之间的友谊。同时,非语言交际与口语,他们也表达自己的感情使用潜“语言”通过物理距离,动作或的姿势。英国人,例如,通常不站得很近别人或触摸陌生人只要他们见面。然而,人们从的地方,如西班牙,意大利和南美国家密切接触那些更容易接触他们。大多数人现在,全世界的握手,互相问候,但是一些文化使用其他的问候,如日本,喜欢鞠躬。Theseactionsarenotgoodorbad,butaresimplywaysinwhichcultureshavedeveloped.Ihaveseen,however,thatculturalcustomsforbodylanguageareverygeneral---notallmembersofaculturebehaveinthesameway.Ingeneral,though,studyinginternationalcustomscancertainlyhelpavoiddifficultiesintoday’sworldculturalcrossroads!这些行为没有好与坏,而仅仅是文化的方法开发的产品。我所见,然而,身体语言文化习俗非常普遍,而不是一种文化真正的所有成员行为是相同的。一般来说,学习国际海关一定可以帮助避免困难在当今世界的文化的十字路口。ShowingourfeelingsBodylanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulsofcommunication,oftenevenmorepowerfulthanspokenlanguage.Peoplearoundtheworldshowallkndsoffeelings,wishesandattitudesthattheymightneverspeakaloud.Itispossibleto“read”othersaroundus,eveniftheydonotintendforustocatchtheirunspokencommunication.Ofcourse,bodylanguagecanbemisread,butmanygesturesandactionsareuniversal.肢体语言是一种非常强大有力的沟通方式,甚至更强大的比口语。世界各地的人们都在显示所有种类的感情、愿望和态度,他们可能永远不会大声说话。这是可能的“读”我们周围的人,即使他们不打算让我们搭乘他们没有沟通。当然,肢体语言可能误读,但许多手势和行动是全球通用的。Themostuniversalfacialexpressionis,ofcourse,thesmile–it’sfunctionistoshowhappinessandtopeopleatease.Itdoesnotalwaysmeansthatwearetrulyhappy,however.Smilesaroundtheworldcanbefalse,hidingotherfeelingslikeanger,fearorworry.Thereareunhappysmiles,suchaswhensomeone“losesface”andsmilestohideit.However,thegeneralpurposeofsmilingistoshowgoodfeelings.最普遍的面部表情,当然,微笑,它的功能是把结婚的喜悦和使人感到自在。这并不一定意味着,我们是真正的幸福,但。微笑是假的世界各地其他的情绪,隐藏诸如愤怒、恐惧或担忧。有不愉快的微笑,比如一个人“丢了面子”和微笑掩藏起来。然而,通用的笑容是指感觉良好。Fromthetimewearebabie,weshowunhappinessorangerbyfrowning.Inmostplacesaroundtheworld,frowningandturningone’sbacktosomeoneshowanger.Makingafistandshakingitalomostmeansthatsomeoneisangryandthreateninganotherperson.自从我们是孩子,我们表现出不幸和生气的眉头皱了起来。世界大多数地方,眉头皱了起来,把你的回有些患者的愤怒。做一个拳头,摇了它几乎总是是说,有人生气,威胁到另一个人。Therearemanywaysaroundtheworldtoshowagreement,butnoddingtheheadupanddownsforagreementalmostworldwide.Mostpeoplealsounderstandthatshakingtheheadfromsidetosidemeansdisagreementorrefusal.有很多方法展示世界各地的合同,但点头头部上下用于协议,几乎世界各地。大多数人也知道动摇头部,摇头意味着不同意或拒绝。HowaboutshowingthatIambored?Lookingawayfrompeopleoryawningwill,inmostcases,makemeappeartobeuninterested.However,ifIturntowardandlookatsomeoneorsomething,peoplefromalmosteveryculturewillthinkthatIaminterested.IfIrollmyeyesandturnmyheadaway,ImostlikelydonotbelievewhatI\namhearingordonotlikeit.可以给我厌烦?要远离人或打哈欠,在大多数情况下,让我似乎不感兴趣。然而,如果我转向看看某人或某事,人们从几乎每一种文化都将会认为我有兴趣。如果我卷我的眼睛,把我的头走吧,我最可能不相信我所听到或不喜欢它。Beingrespectfultopeopleissubjective,besedoneachculture,butingeneralitisprobablynotagoodideatogiveahugtoabossorteacher.Inalmosteveryculture,itisnotusuallygoodtostandtooclosetosomeoneofahigherrank.StandingatalittledistancewithopenhandswillshowthatIamwillingtolisten.被尊重人们主观的,基于不同文化,但总体上可能并不是一个好主意给地拥抱你的老板或老师。几乎在每一个不同的文化中,它不是通常最好站得太靠近别人级。站在一段距离张开双手将表明,我愿意听。Withsomanyculturaldifferencesbetweenpeople,itisgreattohavesomesimilaritiesinbodylanguage.Wecanofenbewrongabouteachother,soitisanamazingthingthatweunderstandeachothersaswellaswedo!有这么多的文化人与人之间的差异,是伟大的有一些相似之处的身体语言。我们经常可以对彼此的是错的,所以它是一件令人惊异的事物让我们彼此了解像我们一样!THEOPENHAND-AUNICERSALSIGNWhenmeetingpeopleattheairport,mostpeoplesmileandshakehandswithpeopletheymeet.Weknowthatsmileisusuallyasignthatpeoplefeelfriendlyandhappy,butwhatifwedon’tknowwhothenewpersonis?Whatifwearenotintroducedbyafriend?Whatifwearemeetingastrangerinaunfamiliarplace?Sometimespeoplearedangerousandhumanshavetofindwaystoprotectthemselves.Wehavetomakesurewecantrustpeoplewedon’tknow,andwehavetoshowthatwearenotdangerous.Showingourhandsmeansthatwearenotarmed.Inmanyculturestoday,theWesterncustomofshakinghandsisused.Weuseourrighthand,whichisusuallystrongthantheleftone.Ifweareusingourhandthisway,incannotbeholdingaknifeoragun.Itshowsthatwetrusttheotherperson,andthattheotherpersoncantrustus.Notallculturesusethehandshake,andpeopleinmanyAsianculturesdonotalwaystouchanotherperson.ThetraditionalgreetinginChinawastocoverthelefthandwiththerightandbow.Japanesepeoplemightcoveronehandwithotherand,dependingonwhomtheyaregreeting,bowslightlyorquitelow.InIndia,Hindupeoplejointheirhandsinfrontoftheirfacesandbowtheirheads.AMuslimwilltouchhisheart,mouthandforeheadtoshowrespect.EvenyoungpeopleintheWestnowgiveeachotherthe“highfive”,whentheyslapeachother’shandshighintheair.Theyareallkeepingtheirhandsbusy.Inalmostallcultures,tosmileandshowanopenrighthandmeans,“Welcome,youaresafewithme.”Unit5Themeparks–funandmorthafunWhichthemeparkwouldyouliketovisit?Therearevariouskindsofthemeparks,withadifferentparkforalmosteverything:food,culture,science,cartoons,moviesorhistory.Someparksarefamousforhavingthebiggestorlongestrollercoasters,othersforshowingthefamoussightsandsoundsofaculture.Whicheverandwhateveryoulike,thereisthemeparkforyou!主题公园,你想去吗吗?有各种各样的主题公园,有不同的公园在几乎所有:食品、文化、科学、漫画、电影和历史。一些公园以还是最长的一次极大的过山车,别人,展现着著名的景象和声音的文化。任何一个你喜欢的任何东西,有一个主题公园,为您服务!ThethemeparkyouareprobablymostfamiliarwithisDisneyland.Itcanbefoundinseveralpartsoftheworld.Itwillbringyouintoamagicalworldandmakeyourdreamscometrue,whethertravellingthroughspace,visitingapirateshipormeetingyourfavoritefairytaleorDisneycartooncharacter.Asyouwanderaroundthafantasyamusementpark,youmayseeSnowWhiteorMickeyMouseinaparadeoronthestreet.OfcourseDisneylandalsohasmanyexcitingrides,fromgiantswingingshipstoterrifyingfree-falldrops.Withalltheseattractions,nowondertouriseisincreasingwhereverthereisaDisneyland.Ifyouwanttohavefunandmorethanfun,cometoDisneyland!主题公园你也许是最熟悉是迪斯尼乐园。它能被发现在世界的一些地方。它将带你进入一个神奇的世界,使梦想成真,无论在太空中,参观一艘海盗船或会议你最喜欢的童话迪士尼卡通人物。当你流连周围幻想游乐园里,你可以看到白雪公主或米老鼠的游行队伍中有或者在街上。当然迪斯尼乐园也有许多刺激的游乐设施,从大摆船只可怕的自由降落式下降。所有这些景点,难怪旅游是增加哪儿有迪斯尼乐园。如果你想从中得到乐趣,超过\n有趣,来到迪斯尼乐园!Dollywood,inthebeautifulSmokyMountainsinthesoutheasternUSA,isoneofthemostuniquethemeparksintheworld.DollywoodshowsandcelebratesAmerica’straditionalsoutheasternculture.AlthoughDollywoodhasrides,thepark’smainattractionisitsculture.Famouscountrymusicgroupsperformthereallyearinindoorandoutdoortheatres.PeoplecomefromalloverAmericatoseecarpentersandothercraftsmenmakewood,glassandironobjectsintheold-fashionedway.BisitthecandyshoptotrythesamekindofcandythatAmericansouthernersmade150yearsago,ortakearideontheonlysteamenginetrainstillworkinginthesoutheastUSA.Youcanevenseebeautifulbaldeaglesintheworld’slargestbaldeaglepreserve.Andforthosewholikerides,Dollywoodhasoneofthebestoldwoodentollercoasters,Thunderhead.Itisworld-famousforhavingthemostlengthinthesmallestspace.CometoDollywodtohavefunlearningallaboutAmerica’shistoricalsoutheasternculture!Dollywood,在美丽的冒烟的山在中国东南部,是美国的最独特的主题公园,在世界上。Dollywood节目和庆祝美国的传统东南文化。虽然Dollywood有奔波,公园的主要景点是它的文化。著名的乡村音乐小组表现那里所有年室内和室外的剧院。来自美国各地的人看到木匠和其他工匠使木、玻璃和鉄器在传统的方式。访问糖果铺试做同样的种糖,美国南方150年前了,或乘坐火车的唯一蒸汽——发动机仍工作在东南美国。你甚至可以看到美丽的秃鹰在全球最大的秃鹰保存。而对于那些喜欢车,Dollywood有最出名的旧木头的过山车,确定。这是世界闻名,但遇到的最大长度,最小的空间。来Dollywood玩学习所有对美国的历史东南文化!IfyouwanttoexperiencetheancientdaysandgreaddeessofEnglishknightsandladies,princesandqueens,thenEngland’sCamelotParkistheplaceforyou.EveryareoftheparkismodelledafterlifeinthedaysofKingArthurandtheKnightsoftheRoundTable.Inoneplace,youcanwatchmagicshowswithMeilintheWizard.Ifyouwanttoseefightingwithswordsoronhorseback,thenthejoustingareisagoodplacetovisit.Ifyoudowellthere,KingArthurmaychooseyoutofightinthebigjoustingtournament.Doyoulikeanimals?Thenvisitthefarmare,andlearnhowpeopleinancientEnglandrantheirfarmsandtookcareoftheiranimals.ToenteraworldoffantasyaboutancientEngland,cometoCamelotPark!如果你想体验有日子以来的英语而伟大的事迹骑士和女士们,首领和王后的,那么英格兰到公园是地方给你。每个位置的公园是今后的人生模仿的亚瑟王和圆桌骑士圆桌旁。在一个地方,你可以看魔术表演和梅林向导。如果你想要见战斗用剑或骑马,然后jousting区是一个好地方,来访问。7你若行得好,亚瑟王可以选择你们以我的名义战斗在大jousting比赛。你喜欢动物吗?然后去参观这个农场面积、学习人们如何在古代的英国跑他们的农场和照顾他们的动物。进入一个幻想世界里,关于古代的英国,来到公园。Futuroscope–excitementandlearningLastweekItookajourneydeepintospace,totheendofthesolarsystem,andwaspulledintoablackhole.ThenItookatrptoBrazilandexperincedsurvivinganairplanecrashinthejungle.Afterthat,Ijoinedsomediversandwenttothebottomoftheoceantoseestrangeblindcreaturesthathaceseensunlight.Forabreak,Itookpartinsomecarracingandthenskieddownsomeofthemostdifficultmountainsintheworld.Iendedmytravelsbymeetingfacetofacewithadinosaur,theterribleT-Rex,andsurvivedtheexperience!上周我带一段旅程深入空间,对太阳系的结束,把车开到黑洞。21我把去巴西和经验丰富的幸存的飞机事故在丛林中。在那之后,我加入了一些潜水,到大海的底部看到奇怪的盲目的生物,从未见过的阳光。休息,我参加了一些赛车,然后滑雪板下一些最难的山脉,在世界上。最后我我搭乘面对面会面,可怕的恐龙,并且在养的经验!IdidallthisinonegreatdayatFuturoscope.Openedin1987,Futuroscopeisoneofthelargestspace-ageparksintheworld.Thisscienceandtechnology-basedthemeparkinFranceusesthemostadvancedtechnology.Its3-Dcinemasandgiantmoviescreensprovidebrandnewexperiencesoftheearthandthebeyond.Visitorscangetclosttopartsoftheworldtheyhaveneverexperienced,goingtothebottomoftheocean,flyingthroughthejungleorvisitingtheedgesofthesolarsystem.Theamazing,up-to-dateinformationtogetherwithmanyopportunitiesforhands-onlearningmakestheworldcometolifeinacompletelynewwayforvisitors.Learningcentresthroughouttheparkletvisitorstrytheirownscientificexperiments,aswellaslearnmoreaboutspacetravel,theunderseaworldandmuchmore.我这一切都是在一个伟大的日子在Futuroscope。打开1987年,是世界上最大的Futuroscope太空时代的公园,在世界上。这门学科,并在法国科技型主题公园采用国内最先进的技术。它的三维电影院和巨大的电影屏幕替换为品牌新经验的地球和超越。游客可以接近世界上的部分地区他们从来没有体验过,去大海的底部,飞行穿过丛林的边缘,或亲临太阳系以外的行星。令人惊奇的,不断更新的信息加之更多的机会学习方式使世界出现在现实生活中,以一种全新的方式接待客人。整个园区教育中心让访客试着自身的科学实验,以及了解更多的关于太空旅行、海底世界,尘粒多。Iboughttimeticketsformyselfandmyfriendsatthepark’sentrance,butticketsarealsoavailableonline.\nFuturoscopeisnotonlyforindividuals,butisalsotheperfectmixoffunandlearningforcalssoutings.ClassesorotherlargegroupsthatletFuturoscopeknowtheirplansinadvancecangetthegroupadmission.Foranyonecomingfromoutoftown,Futuroscopehasmanyexcellenthotelsnearby,mostofwhichprovideashuttleservicetothepark.Ifdriving,Futuroscopeiswithineasyreachoffreeway.Planyourtripwellbeforestarting,sinceFuturoscopeihassomanyshows,activitiesandgreatsouvenirshopsthatitisdifficulttoseethemall.Comereadytowalkalot–besuretowearsomecomfortablesneakersorotherwalkingshoes.我买了票为自己和我的朋友们在公园的入口,但门票亦可以在网上搜索到。Futuroscope不仅对个人,但也是完美混合的乐趣和学习上课的外面。类或其他大型团体,让Futuroscope了解他们的计画能预先得到集团招生率。任何来自出城去,Futuroscope具有许多优异的酒店附近,其中大多数提供免费穿梭巴士去公园。如果正在开车,Futuroscope是触手可及的高速公路。你的旅行计划开始之前,因为Futuroscope有如此多的显示,活动和伟大的纪念品商店,很难欣赏。随时多走路,一定要穿一些舒适的运动鞋或其他走路的鞋!ThePolynesianCulturalCenterSomethemeparksarenotonlyamusingbutalsoeducational.TakethePolynesianCulturalCenter(PCC)inHawaiiforexample.ItnotonlyshowsvisitorsthePolynesianwayoflifebutalsoprotectstheirskillsandcultureforthefuture.PolynesiaisthenamegiventomanygroupsofsmallislandsthatarespreadaboutthePacificOcean.ThePCCissetin42acresofbeautifulcountrysidewherevisitorscanseesevendifferenttraditionalPolynesianislandvillages.Villagersfrommanyislandcommunitiescometoshowvisitorstheirstylesofdressanddifferentcustoms.Forexample,youcanseedifferentskillsofthevillagers.Youcanlearnhowtheymakeclothesfrombarkandhowtheyclimbverytalltreeswiththeirbarefeetorseewhatkindofweddingceremoniestheyhave.Theyalsotellyouabouttheirsocialcustomsandshowyoutheircookingmethodsandtheirdances.Theirmostimportantskillisboat-building,whichallowedtheislanderstoexplorealltheislandsinthePolynesianTriangle.Weknowthatintheirhistorytheywereseatravellersmovingfromislandtoisland.Theywereabletofindtheirwayusingthesmellofthewin,themovementsofthefishandseaweed,andtheheightanddirectionofthewaves.Theywereverycleversailors.Nowtheyusethoseboat-buildingskillstomakelongboatsandshowtheracesandthebattlesthattheytookpartinlongago.Allthishelpskeeptheskillsandthetechnologyoftheislandpeoplealive.\n必修五Unit1JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERAJohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon—soexpert,indeed,thatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.Thiswasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday.Neitheritscausenoritscurewasunderstood.Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallengeandsolvethisproblem.Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.约翰·斯洛是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。每次霍乱暴发时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。约翰·斯洛想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。Hebecameinterestedintwotheoriesthatpossiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheair.Acloudofdangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims.Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodyandsoontheaffectedpersondied.斯洛对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着，像一股危险的气体到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。JohnSnowsuspectedthatthesecondtheorywascorrectbutheneededevidence.SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1845,hewasreadytobeginhisenquiry.Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughpoorneighborhoods,hebegantogatherinformation.Intwoparticularstreets,thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.斯洛推测第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候，约翰·斯洛着手准备对此进行调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰·斯洛就开始收集资料。他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。他决心要查明原因。Firsthemarkedonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallynumbers16,37,38and40).Healsonoticedthatsomehouses(suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Hehadnotforeseenthis,sohemadefurtherinvestigations.Hediscoveredthatthesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblame.首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街上16、37、38、40号）。他发现有些住宅（如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥街上的8号和9号）却无人死亡。他以前没预料到这种情况，所有他决定深入调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工，而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。Next,JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.HefoundthatitcamefromtheriverpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.HeimmediatelytoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthepumpsothatitcouldnotbeused.Soonafterwardsthediseasesloweddown.Hehadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.接下来，约翰·斯洛调查了这两条街的水源情况。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了，他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的。InanotherpartofLondon,hefoundsupportingevidencefromtwootherdeathsthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.Awoman,whohadmovedawayfromBroadStreet,likedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Bothsheandherdaughterdiedofcholeraafterdrinkingthewater.WiththisextraevidenceJohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthevirus.在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢那里的水，每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来。她和她的女儿喝了这种水，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个特别的证据，约翰·斯洛就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。Topreventthisfromhappeningagain,JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallthewatersuppliesbeexamined.Thewatercompanieswereinstructednottoexposepeopletopollutedwateranymore.Finally“KingCholera”wasdefeated.为了防止这种情况的再度发生，约翰·斯洛建议所有水源都要经过检测。自来水公司也接到指令，不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。最终，“霍乱王”被击败了。\nCOPERNICUS’REVOLUTIONARYTHEORYNicolausCopernicuswasfrightenedandhismindwasconfused.Althoughhehadtriedtoignorethem,allhismathematicalcalculationsledtothesameconclusion:thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.YethecouldnottellanyoneabouthistheoryasthepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.TheybelievedGodhadmadetheworldandforthatreasontheearthwasspecialandmustbethecentreofthesolarsystem.尼古拉·哥白尼被吓得心烦意乱的。虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数字，然而他所有的数学计算都得出了一个相同的结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。他的这个理论可不能告诉任何人，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教会势力的惩罚。教会认为世界是上帝创造的，正因为如此，地球就具有特殊的意义，它必定要成为太阳系的中心。Theproblemarosebecauseastronomershadnoticedthatsomeplanetsintheskyseemedtostop,movebackwardandthengoforwardintheloop.Othersappearedbrighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.Thiswasverystrangeiftheearthwasthecentreofthesolarsystemandallplanetswentroundit.这样，问题就来了，因为天文学家以前发现过，天上有些行星停顿下来，往后移动，然后再成环状向前移动，而其他行星看上去有时亮些，有时又不怎么亮。如果地球是太阳系的中心，而所有行星环绕着地球转的话，那么这种现象就很奇怪了。Copernicushadthoughtlongandhardabouttheseproblemsandtriedtofindananswer.Hehadcollectedobservationsofthestarsandusedallhismathematicalknowledgetoexplainthem.Butonlyhisnewtheorycoulddothat.Sobetween1510and1514heworkedonit,graduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.哥白尼对这些问题曾经苦苦思索过很久，试图找出问题的答案。他曾经收集过观察星球的数据，并且利用他的全部数学知识来解释这些数据。但是只有他的新理论才能作出解释。于是，他在1510至1514年期间从事这项研究，逐步修改他的理论，直到他感到完善时为止。In1514heshoweditprivatelytohisfriends.Thechangeshemadetotheoldtheorywererevolutionary.Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingroundtheearth.Healsosuggestedthattheearthwasspinningasitwentroundthesunandthisexplainedchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars.Hisfriendswereenthusiasticandencouragedhimtopublishhisideas,butCopernicuswascautious.HedidnotwanttobeattackedbytheChristianChurch,soheonlypublisheditashelaydyingin1543.1514年，他把他的新理论私下里给他的朋友们看。他对旧理论的修改是具有革命性的。他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转。他还提出地球在围绕太阳转的同时，它本身还自转，这样就说明了行星运动的变化情况以及星球亮度问题。他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而他却小心谨慎，他不想遭到基督教会的攻击，所以他直到1543年临终之前才公布了这一观点。Certainlyhewasrighttobecareful.TheChristianChurchrejectedhistheory,sayingitwasagainstGod’sideaandpeoplewhosupporteditwouldbeattacked.YetCopernicus’theoryisnowthebasisonwhichallourideasoftheuniversearebuilt.HistheoryreplacedtheChristianideaofgravity,whichsaidthingstelltoearthbecauseGodcreatedtheearthasthecentreoftheuniverse.Copernicusshowedthiswasobviouslywrong.NowpeoplecanseethatthereisadirectlinkbetweenhistheoryandtheworkofIsaacNewton,AlbertEinsteinandStephenHawking.当然，他小心谨慎是对的。基督教会拒绝接受他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，而支持这种理论的人都会受到打击。然而哥白尼的理论却是我们宇宙观赖以建立的基础。他的理论还改变了基督教对地心引力的看法，他们认为物体往地球上掉落是因为上帝创造了地球，而地球正是宇宙的中心。哥白尼表明这是明显错误的。如今人们可以看到，他的这些想法与艾萨克·牛顿、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦以及斯蒂芬霍金等人的研究都有着直接的联系。Unit2PUZZLESINGEOGRAPHYPeoplemanywonderwhydifferentwordsareusedtodescribethesefourcountries:England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.YoucanclarifythisquestionifyoustudyBritishhistory.人们也许觉得奇怪，为什么用来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家的词语不太一样。但如果你学过英国历史，就能弄清楚这个问题。FirsttherewasEngland.Waleswaslinkedtoitinthethirteenthcentury.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.NextEnglandandWaleswerejoinedtoScotlandintheseventeenthcenturyand\nthenamewaschangedto“GreatBritain”.HappilythiswasaccomplishedwithoutconflictwhenKingJamesofScotlandbecameKingofEnglandandWalesaswell.FinallytheEnglishgovernmenttriedintheearlytwentiethcenturytoformtheUnitedKingdombygettingIrelandconnectedinthesamepeacefulway.However,thesouthernpartofIrelandwasunwillingandbrokeawaytoformitsowngovernment.SoonlyNorthernIrelandjoinedwithEngland,WalesandScotlandtobecometheUnitedKingdomandthiswasshowntotheworldinanewflagcalledtheUnionJack.首先是英格兰。威尔士于13世纪同英格兰联合了起来。如今只要有人提起英格兰，你就会发现威尔士总是包括在内的。接着，英格兰、威尔士同苏格兰于17世纪联合了起来，名字就改成了“大不列颠”。令人庆幸的是，当苏格兰的詹姆斯国王成为英格兰和威尔士的国王时，这三个国家和平地实现了联合。最后，英国政府打算于20世纪初把爱尔兰也同另外三个国家和平联合起来以形成联合王国。然而，爱尔兰的南部却不愿组建联合王国，它分离出去，并建立了自己的政府。因此只有北爱尔兰同英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰联合起来，而组成了联合王国，这一点从新的联合王国国旗上就可以看得出来。Totheircreditthefourcountriesdoworktogetherinsomeareas(eg,thecurrencyandinternationalrelations),buttheystillhaveverydifferentinstitutions.Forexample,NorthernIreland,EnglandandScotlandhavedifferenteducationalandlegalsystemsaswellasdifferentfootballteamsforcompetitionsliketheWorldCup!值得赞扬的是，这四个国家的确在一些方面共同合作，例如在货币和国际关系方面；但是有些制度仍然区别很大。例如，北爱尔兰、英格兰和苏格兰在教育体制和立法体制上都存在着差异。在参加像世界杯之类的比赛时，它们有着各自的足球队。Englandisthelargestofthefourcountries,andforconvenienceitisdividedroughlyintothreezones.ThezonenearestFranceiscalledtheSouthofEngland,themiddlezoneiscalledtheMidlandsandtheonenearesttoScotlandisknownastheNorth.Youfindmostofthepopulationsettledinthesouth,butmostoftheindustrialcitiesintheMidlandsandtheNorthofEngland.Although,nationwide,thesecitiesarenotaslargeasthoseinChina,theyhaveworld-famousfootballteamsandsomeofthemevenhavetwo!Itisapitythattheindustrialcitiesbuiltinthenineteenthcenturydonotattractvisitors.ForhistoricalarchitectureyouhavetogotoolderbutsmallertownsbuiltbytheRomans.ThereyouwillfindoutmoreaboutBritishhistoryandculture.在这四个国家中，英格兰是最大的。为了方便起见，它大致可以划分为三个地区。最靠近法国的那个地区叫做英格兰南部，中部地区叫做英格兰中部，最靠近苏格兰的那个地区叫做英格兰北部。你可以看到英国的大部分人口聚居在南部，而多数大工业城市都位于中部和北部。尽管，英国任何一个城市都不像中国的城市那样大，但是他们都有着自己的享有威名的足球队，有的城市甚至还有两个队。很遗憾，这些建于19世纪的工业城市对游客并没有吸引力。要找历史性建筑你得去更古老的、比较小些的由古罗马人建造的城镇。在那儿你才可能找到更多的有关英国历史和文化的东西。ThegreatesthistoricaltreasureofallisLondonwithitsmuseums,artcollections,theatres,parksandbuildings.Itisthecentreofnationalgovernmentanditsadministration.IthastheoldestportbuiltbytheRomansinthefirstcenturyAD,theoldestbuildingbegunbytheAnglo-Saxonsinthe106osandtheoldestcastleconstructedbylaterNormanrulersin1066.TherehavebeenfoursetsofinvadersofEngland.Thefirstinvaders,theRomans,lefttheirtownsandroads.Thesecond,theAnglo-Saxon,lefttheirlanguageandtheirgovernment.Thethird,theVikings,influencedthevocabularyandplace-namesoftheNorthofEngland,andthefourth,theNormans,leftcastlesandintroducednewwordsforfood.最具历史意义的宝地是伦敦。那儿有博物馆，有艺术珍品、剧院、公园和各种建筑物。它是全国的政治中心。它有公元一世纪由罗马人建造的最古老的港口，有由盎格鲁——撒克逊人始建于11世纪60年代的最古老的建筑，还有公元1066年由后来的诺曼人统治者建造的最古老的城堡。曾经有四批侵略者到过英国。第一批入侵者是古罗马人，留下了他们的城镇和道路。接着是盎格鲁——撒克逊人，留下了他们的语言和政体。第三是斯堪的纳维亚人，他们对词汇和北部的地名造成了一定影响；第四是诺曼人，他们留下了城堡和食物名称的新词语。IfyoulookaroundtheBritishcountrysideyouwillfindevidenceofalltheseinvaders.YoumustkeepyoureyesopenifyouaregoingtomakeyourtriptotheUnitedKingdomenjoyableandworthwhile.如果你到英国乡间去看看，你就会找到所有这些入侵者的痕迹。如果想使你的英国之旅不虚此行又有意义，你就必须留心观察。SIGHTSEEINGINLONDONWorriedaboutthetimeavailable,ZhangPingyuhadmadealistofthesitesshewantedtoseeinLondon.HerfirstdelightwasgoingtotheTower.ItwasbuiltlongagobytheNormaninvadersofAD1066.Fancy!Thissolidstone,squaretowerhadremainedstandingforonethousandyears.Althoughthebuildingshadexpandedaroundit,itremainedpartofaroyalpalaceandprisoncombined.Tohergreatsurprise,ZhangPingyufoundtheQueen’sjewelsguardedbyspecialroyalsoldierswho,onspecialoccasions,stillworethefour-hundred-year-olduniform\nofthetimeofQueenElizabethI.由于担心时间不够，张萍玉早就把她想要在伦敦参观的地点列了一张单子。她最先想参观的地方是伦敦塔，它是很久以前由入侵的诺曼人在公元1066年修建的。真是太棒了！这个坚实的用石头砌的方形塔已经在那屹立一千年了。尽管在塔的四周扩建了一些建筑，但它仍然是皇宫和监狱联合体的一个组成部分。让张萍玉很惊讶的是，她发现女王的珠宝由皇家特别卫士守护着，而这些卫士在一些特殊的日子仍然穿着400年前伊丽莎白一世女王时代的制服。TherefollowedStPaul’sCathedralbuiltaftertheterriblefireofLondonin1666.Itlookedsplendidwhenfirstbuilt!WestminsterAbbey,too,wasveryinteresting.Itcontainedstatuesinmemoryofdeadpoetsandwriters,suchasShakespeare.Thenjustasshecameoutoftheabbey,Pingyuheardthefamoussoundoftheclock,BigBen,ringingoutthehour.ShefinishedthedaybylookingattheoutsideofBuckinghamPalace,theQueen’shouseinLondon.Oh,shehadsomushtotellherfriends!接着参观的是圣保罗大教堂，它是公元1666年伦敦大火以后建造的，刚建成的时候，它看起来真是金碧辉煌。威斯敏斯特大教堂也是很有意思的地方，里面珍藏着一些已故诗人和作家的雕像，例如莎士比亚的雕像。正当萍玉走出大教堂的时候，她听到了著名的大本钟整点敲响的钟声。她参观了女王伦敦住所白金汉宫的外景，以此结束了一天的观光。啊，她要同朋友们讲的实在太多了！TheseconddaythegirlvisitedGreenwichandsawitsoldshipsandfamousclockthatsetstheworldtime.Whatinterestedhermostwasthelongitudeline.Itisanimaginarylinedividingtheeasternandwesternhalvesoftheworldandisveryusefulfornavigation.ItpassesthroughGreenwich,soPingyuhadaphototakenstandingoneithersideoftheline.第二天，萍玉姑娘参观了格林尼治天文台，看到了古老的轮船和那座著名的为时间定时的时钟。她最感兴趣的是那条通过天文台的经线。这是一条假想的线，它把世界分成东西两半球，从而有利于航海。这条线穿过格林尼治，萍玉就跨着这条线拍了一张照片。ThelastdayshevisitedkarlMarx’sstatueinHighgateCemetery.ItseemedstrangethatthemanwhohaddevelopedcommunismshouldhavelivedanddiedinLondon.Notonlythat,buthehadworkedinthefamousreadingroomoftheLibraryoftheBritishMuseum.Sadlythelibraryhadmovedfromitsoriginalplaceintoanotherbuildingandtheoldreadingroomwasgone.Butshewasthrilledbysomanywonderfultreasuresfromdifferentculturesdisplayedinthemuseum.WhenshesawmanyvisitorsenjoyinglookingatthebeautifuloldChinesepotsandotherobjectsonshow,shefeltveryproudofhercountry.最后一天，她参观了伦敦海洛特公墓里的卡尔马克思的雕像。这似乎是一件怪事：这位发展了共产主义的人竟然在伦敦生活过，并且在伦敦去世。不仅如此，他还在大英博物馆著名的图书阅览室工作过。遗憾的是，这个图书馆已经从原来的地方搬到另一座大楼里去了，而原来的阅览室也没有了。但是她感到最为震惊的却是博物馆里展出的那么多来自不同文化的奇妙宝物。当萍玉看到那么多参观者用欣赏的目光注视着古老漂亮的中国陶瓷和其他展品时，心里充满了对祖国的自豪感。ThenextdayPingyuwasleavingLondonforWindsorCastle.“PerhapsIwillseetheQueen?”shewonderedasshefellasleep.再过一天，萍玉就要离开伦敦去温莎城堡了。她边睡觉边想：“也许我能见到女王呢？”Unit3FIRSTIMPRESSIONSSpacemail:liqiang299A@GreatAdventureSpaceStation.com15/11/3008(Earthtime)DearMumandDad,IstillcannotbelievethatIamtakingupthisprizethatIwonlastyear.IhavetoremindmyselfconstantlythatIamreallyinAD3008.Worriedaboutthejourney,Iwasunsettledforthefirstfewdays.Asaresult,Isufferedfrom“timelag”.Thisissimilartothe“jetlag”yougetfromflying,butitseemsyoukeepgettingflashbacksfromyourprevioustimeperiod.SoIwasverynervousanduncertainatfirst.However,myfriendandguide,WangPing,wasveryunderstandingandgavemesomegreentabletswhichhelpedalot.Well-knownfortheirexpertise,hisparents’company,called“FutureTours”,transportedmesafelyintothefutureinatimecapsule.我现在仍然无法相信我是在接受去年获得的这个奖励。我得不断提醒自己，我真的已经进入到公元3008年了。因为担心这次旅行，头几天我心里总是不踏实，结果我得了时间滞后症。这就与你乘坐飞机会产生时差反应相似，所不同的是，在你的脑子里似乎会不断闪现以前的时光。因此，我一开始就感到神经过敏和心神不定。但是我的朋友兼导游王平很细心体贴，给了我几粒绿色药片，倒是挺起作用的。他父母的公司叫做“未来之旅”，以其技术高超而闻名。他们把我装在一个时间舱里，平安地把我送入了未来。Icanstillrememberthemomentwhenthespacestewardesscalledusalltothecapsuleandweclimbedinthroughasmallopening.Theseatswerecomfortableandafteracalmingdrink,wefeltsleepyandclosedoureyes.Thecapsulebeganswinginggentlysidewaysaswelayrelaxedanddreaming.Afewminuteslater,thejourneywas\ncompletedandwehadarrived.Iwasstillontheearthbutonethousandyearsinthefuture.WhatwouldIfind?我仍旧记得我们被太空服务员一起叫到时间舱，爬上去进入一个小门。座位是很舒适的，喝了点镇静剂后，我们的眼睛就闭上了，感到昏昏欲睡似的。时间舱在轻轻左右摇晃，我们放松地躺在那里做梦。几分钟以后，旅程结束，我们就到了。我仍然在地球上，但是进入到了未来的一千年。我们会看到什么呢？Atfirstmynewsurroundingsweredifficulttotolerate.Theairseemedthin,asthoughitscombinationofgaseshadlittleoxygenleft.Hitbyalackoffreshair,myheadached.JustasItriedtomakethenecessaryadjustmenttothisnewsituation,WangPingappeared.“Putonthismask,”headvised.“It’llmakeyoufeelmuchbetter.”Hehandedittomeandimmediatelyhurriedmethroughtoasmallroomnearbyforarest.Ifeltbetterinnotime.SoonIwasbackonmyfeetagainandflowinghimtocollectahoveringcarriagedrivenbycomputer.Thesecarriagesfloatabovethegroundandbybendingorpressingdowninyourseat,youcanmoveswiftly.WangPingfastenedmysafetybeltandshowedmehowtouseit.SoonIcouldflyasfastashim.However,IlostsightofWangPingwhenwereachedwhatlookedlikealargemarketbecauseoftoomanycarriagesflyingbyinalldirections.Hewassweptupintothecentreofthem.JustatthatmomentIhada“timelag”flashbackandsawtheareaagainasithadbeenintheyearAD2008.IrealizedthatIhadbeentransportedintothefutureofwhatwasstillmyhometown!ThenIcaughtsightofWangPingagainandflewafterhim.一开始新的环境让我很难忍受。空气似乎很稀薄，好像在混合的气体中剩下的氧气很少。由于缺乏新鲜空气，我感到头痛。正当我想努力调整适应新环境时，王平出现了。他告诉我，“把这个面罩戴上。它会使你感觉好得多。”他把面罩递给我，敦促我马上走进附近的一个小房间，叫我休息。我立刻就感到舒服些了。没过多久，我就再次站立起来，跟着他去领取了一台由电脑驱动的气垫车。这些气垫车是在地面上方漂浮着的，只要在座位上把操纵杆打弯或压下，你就可以迅速地移动。王平系紧了我的安全带，教我怎样使用它。不久，我就可以飞得跟王平一样快了。可是，当我们到达一个看上去像大市场的地方时，由于太多车子朝四面八方飞奔，我看不见王平了。他被卷入到这群车队里去了。就在这个时候我得到一次“时间滞后”的闪回，这样我就再次看到了似乎是公元2008年的那个地区。我这才懂得我被送到了未来，但却仍然在自己的家乡。就在这个时候，我又见到了王平，于是又跟在他后面飞去。Arrivingatastrange-lookinghouse,heshowedmeintoalarge,brightcleanroom.Ithadagreenwall,abrownfloorandsoftlighting.Suddenlythewallmoved–itwasmadeoftrees!Ifoundlaterthattheirleavesprovidedtheroomwithmuch-neededoxygen.ThenWangPingflashedaswitchonacomputerscreen,andatableandsomechairsrosefromunderthefloorasifbymagic.“Whynotsitdownandeatalittle?”hesaid.“Youmayfindthisdifficultasitisyourfirsttimetraveltrip.Justrelax,sincethereisnothingplannedonthetimetabletoday.Tomorrowyou’llbereadyforsomevisits.”Havingsaidthis,hespreadsomefoodonthetable,andproducedabedfromthefloor.Afterheleft,Ihadabriefmealandahotbath.Exhausted,Islidintobedandfellfastasleep.到了一幢看上去很奇怪的房子里，他把我带到一个明亮而洁净的大房间。墙是绿色的，地板是棕色的，灯光很柔和。突然墙壁移动了——原来是树形成的！后来我才发现，就是这些树的叶子为这栋房屋提供了最急需的氧气。然后王平在电脑屏幕上的开关上闪了一下，于是一张桌子和几把椅子就像变魔术那样从地板下面升了起来。“怎么不坐下来吃些东西呢？”他说道，“你第一次作这样的时间旅行，可能会感到有些困难。你可以好好休息一下。今天没有任何出行计划。明天你还要准备参观几个地方。”说完这些，他把食物摆在桌子上，又从地板下取出一张床来。他离开后，我简单吃了饭，洗了个热水澡。实在累坏了，我溜上床很快就睡着了。Morenewslaterfromyourlovingson,LiQingIHAVESEENAMAZINGTHINGSMyfirstvisitwastoaspacestationconsideredthemostmoderninspace.Describedasanenormousroundplate,itspinsslowlyinspacetoimitatethepulloftheearth’sgravity.Insidewasanexhibitionofthemostup-to-datestinventionsofthe31century.Aguide(G)showedusaroundalongamoveablepath.我首先参观的是一个太空站，这个站被认为是太空中最现代化的地方。太空站像一个巨大的圆盘，在太空中缓缓的旋转，以仿照出地球重心的引力。太空站里展出了31世纪一些最前沿的发明。有个导游带领我们站在一条移动的运送带上，到各处参观。G:Goodmorningtoallourvisitorsfrom2008.Firstwe’regoingtoexamineoneofthelatestformsofcommunicationamongourspacecitizens.Nomoretypistsworkingonatypewriterorcomputer!Nomorepostageorpostcodes!Messagescannowbesentusinga“thoughtpad”.Youplacethemetalbandoveryourhead,clearyourmind,pressthesendingbutton,thinkyourmessageandthenextinstantit’ssent.It’sstoredonthe“thoughtpad”ofthereceiver.It’squick,efficientandenvironmentallyfriendly.Theonlylimitationisiftheuserdoesnotthinkhisorhermessageclearly,anunclearmessagemaybesent.Butwecannotblamethetoolsforthe\nfaultsoftheuser,canwe?DuringtheexplanationIlookedatthepairofsmallobjectscalled“thoughjtpads”onatable.Theyjustlookedlikemetalribbons.Soordinarybutsopowerful!WhileIwasobservingthem,thepathmoveduson.导游：从2008年来访的朋友们，早上好！首先，我们要查看一种我们太空居民使用的最新的通讯方式。再也不需要打字员在打字机或电脑上工作了！再也不需要邮费和邮政编码了！现在用一种“思想仪”就可以传递信息。你把金属带放在头上，整理思路，按下发送键，集中精神想着你要发送的信息，片刻功夫信息就发送出去了。这个信息会储存在接受者的“思想仪”里。它快捷有效，而且环保。唯一的缺点是，如果使用者不能想清楚要传递的信息，发送出去的信息可能是模糊不清的。但我们不能因为使用者的使用不当而责备仪器，是不是？在导游解说的时候，我观看着桌上这副被称为“思想仪”的小东西。它们看上去像金属带子。那么普通，但却那么神通广大！正当我还在观察时，运送带向前移动了。G:Andnowladiesandgentlemen,weareinthe“environmentarea”.Peopleusedtocollectwasteindustbins.Thentherubbishwassenttobeburiedorburned,amIright?(Wenodded.)Well,nowthere’sasystemwherethewasteisdisposedofusingtheprinciplesofecology.Agiantmachine,alwaysgreedyformore,swallowsallthewasteavailable.Therubbishisturnedintoseveralgradesofusefulmaterial,suchas“fertilizer”forthefieldsand“soul”fordeserts.Nothingiswasted,andeverything,evenplasticbags,isrecycled.Agreatidea,isn’tit?导游：女士们先生们，现在我们到了“环保地带”。以前人们习惯用垃圾箱收集废弃物，然后这些垃圾被送走埋掉或烧掉，我说的对吧？（我们都点头。）可现在我们有一种装置，能利用生态学原理来处理掉废弃物。一架巨大的机器，能把所有能获得的废弃物都吞进去，而且总是贪得无厌。然后垃圾被分解成了几种有用的物质，如庄稼地的“肥料”和沙漠中的“土壤”。什么都不浪费，所有的东西，哪怕是塑料袋也被回收利用了。伟大的创意，对不对？Istaredatthemovingmodelofthewastemachine,absorbedbyitsefficiency.Butagainwemovedon.我注视着缓缓移动的垃圾分解机器模型，为它的成效所吸引。但是，我们又开始向前移动了。G:Ourthirdstopshowsthechangesthathavehappenedtoworkpractices.Manufacturingnolongertakesplaceontheearthbutonspacestationslikethisone.Agroupofengineersprogrammerrobotstoperformtasksinspace.Therobotsproducegoodssuchasdrugs,clothes,furniture,hoveringcarriages,etc.Thereisnowaste,nopollutionandnoenvironmentaldamage!However,thecompanieshavetotraintheirrepresentativestoliveandworkinspacesettlements.Theyhavetomonitortherobotsandtheproduction.Whenthegoodsarereadythey’retransportedbyindustrialspaceshipbacktoearth.导游：第三站要展示给我们的是工作实践方面的一些变化。批量生产不再在地球上进行，而是转移到了像这样的太空站里。在太空里，一组工程师给机器人设计了程序让它们完成工作。机器人生产像药品、衣服、家具和气垫车等东西。没有废弃物、没有污染，也没有环境破坏。但是，这些公司必须培训他们的代表能在太空中生活和工作。他们必须在此监控机器人和生产过程。一旦货物齐备，就用工用太空船运送到地球。Mymindbegantowander.WhatjobwouldIdo?MymotivationincreasedasIthoughtofthewonderfulworldofthefuture我的思绪开始漫游。我能从事什么工作呢？当我想到这个奇妙的未来世界时，我兴趣倍增、干劲十足.Unit4MYFIRSTWORKASSIGNMENT“unforgettable”,saysnewjournalistNeverwillZhouYang(ZY)forgethisfirstassignmentattheofficeofapopularEnglishnewspaper.Hisdiscussionwithhisnewboss,HuXin(HX),wastostronglyinfluencehislifeasajournalist.HX:Welcome.We’redelightedyou’recomingtoworkwithus.Yourfirstjobherewillbeanassistantjournalist.Doyouhaveanyquestions?ZY:CanIgooutonastoryimmediately?HX:(laughing)That’sadmirable,butI’mafraiditwouldbeunusual!Waittillyou’remoreexperienced.Firstwe’llputyouasanassistanttoanexperiencedjournalist.Lateryoucancoverastoryandsubmitthearticleyourself.ZY:Wonderful.WhatdoIneedtotakewithme?Ialreadyhaveanotebookandcamera.HX:Noneedforacamera.You’llhaveaprofessionalphotographerwithyoutotakephotographs.You’llfindyourcolleaguesveryeagertoassistyou,soyoumaybeabletoconcentrateonphotographylaterifyou‘re\ninterested.ZY:Thankyou.NotonlyamIinterestedinphotography,butItookanamateurcourseatuniversitytoupdatemyskills.HX:Good.ZY:WhatdoIneedtorememberwhenIgoouttocoverastory?HX:Youneedtobecurious.Onlyifyouaskmanydifferentquestionswillyouacquirealltheinformationyouneedtoknow.Wesayagoodjournalistmusthaveagood“nose”forastory.Thatmeansyoumustbeabletoassesswhenpeoplearenottellingthewholetruthandthentrytodiscoverit.Theymustuseresearchtoinformthemselvesofthemissingpartsofthestory.ZY:WhatshouldIkeepinmind?HX:Herecomesmylistofdosanddon’ts:don’tmissyourdeadline,don’tberude,don’ttalktoomuch,butmakesureyoulistentotheintervieweecarefully.ZY:Whyislisteningsoimportant?HX:Well,youhavetolistenfordetailedfacts.Meanwhileyouhavetopreparethenextquestiondependingonwhatthepersonsays.ZY:ButhowcanIlistencarefullywhiletakingnotes?HX:Thisisatrickofthetrade.Iftheintervieweeagrees,youcanusearecordertogetthefactsstraight.It’salsousefulifapersonwantstochallengeyou.Youhavetheevidencetosupportyourstory.ZY:Isee!Haveyoueverhadacasewheresomeoneaccusedyourjournalistsofgettingthewrongendofthestick?HX:Yes,butitwasalongtimeago.Thisishowthestorygoes.Afootballerwasaccusedoftakingmoneyfordeliberatelynotscoringgoalssoastolettheotherteamwin.Wewenttointerviewhim.Hedeniedtakingmoneybutwewereskeptical.Sowearrangedaninterviewbetweenthefootballerandthemansupposedtobribehim.Whenwesawthemtogetherweguessedfromthefootballer’sbodylanguagethathewasnottellingthetruth.Sowewroteanarticlesuggestinghewasguilty.Itwasadilemmabecausethefootballercouldhavedemandeddamagesifwewerewrong.Hetriedtostopuspublishingitbutlaterwewereprovedright.ZY:Wow!Thatwasareal“scoop”.I’mlookingforwardtomyfirstassignmentnow.PerhapsI’llgetascooptoo!HX:Perhapsyouwill.Youneverknow.GETTINGTHE“SCOOP”“quick,”saidtheeditor.“Getthatstoryready.Weneeditinthiseditiontobeaheadoftheothernewspapers.Thisisascoop.”ZouYanghadjustcomebackintotheofficeafteraninterviewwithafamousfilmstar.“Didhereallydothat?”askedsomeonefromtheInternationalNewsDepartment.“Yes,I’mafraidhedid,”ZhouYanganswered.Hesettowork.Hisfirsttaskwastowritehisstory,buthehadtodoitcarefully.Althoughherealizedthemanhadbeenlying,ZhouYangknewhemustnotaccusehimdirectly.Hewouldhavetobeaccurate,Concisetoo!Heknewhowtodothat.Monthsoftraininghadtaughthimtowritewithnowastedwordsorphrases.Hesatdownathiscomputerandbegantowork.Thefirstpersonwhosawhisarticlewasasenioreditorfromhisdepartment,.Hecheckedtheevidence,readthearticleandpasseditontothecopy-editor.Shebegantoeditthepieceanddesignthemainheadlineandsmallerheading.“Thiswilllookverygoodonthepage,”shesaid.“Whereisagoodpictureofthisman?”ThenasthearticlewasgoingtobewritteninEnglishZhouYangalsotookacopytothenativespeakeremployedbythenewspapertopolishthestyle.ShewasalsoveryhappywithZhouYang’sstory.“Youarereallyabletowriteagoodfrontpagearticle,”shesaid.ZhouYangsmiledwithhappiness.Lastofall,thechiefeditorreaditandapprovedit.“Welldone,”hesaidtoZhouYang.“Butpleaseshowmeyourevidencesowe’resurewe’vegotourfactsstraight.”“I’llbringittoyouimmediately,”saidZhouYangexcitedly.Thenewsdeskeditortookthestoryandbegantoworkonallthestoriesandphotosuntilallthepageswereset.Alltheinformationwasthenreadytobeprocessedintofilmnegatives.Thiswasthefirststageoftheprintingprocess.Theyneededfournegatives,asseveralcolorsweregoingtobeusedonthestory.Eachofthemaincolorshadonenegativesheetandwhentheywerecombinedtheymadeacoloredpageforthenewspaper.After\nonelastcheckthepagewasreadytobeprinted.ZhouYangwaitedexcitedlyforthefirstcopiestobeready.“Waittilltonight,”hisfriendwhispered.“Iexpecttherewillbesomethingaboutthisonthetelevisionnews.Arealscoop!”Unit5FIRSTAIDFORBURNSTheskinisanessentialpartofyourbodyanditslargestorgan.Youhavethreelayersofskinwhichactasabarrieragainstdisease,poisonsandthesun’sharmfulrays.Thefunctionsofyourskinarealsoverycomplex:itkeepsyouwarmorcool;itpreventsyourbodyfromlosingtoomuchwater;itiswhereyoufeelcold,heatorpainanditgivesyouyoursenseoftouch.Soasyoucanimagine,ifyourskingetsburneditcanbeveryserious.Firstaidisaveryimportantfirststepinthetreatmentofburns.CausesofburnsYoucangetburnedbyavarietyofthings:hotliquids,steam,fire,radiation(bybeingclosetohighheatorfire,etc),thesun,electricityorchemicals.TypesofburnsTherearethreetypesofburns.Burnsarecalledfirst,second,orthirddegreeburns,dependingonwhichlayersoftheskinareburned.●FirstdegreeburnsTheseaffectonlythetoplayeroftheskin.Theseburnsarenotseriousandshouldfeelbetterwithinadayortwo.Examplesincludemildsunburnandburnscausedbytouchingahotpan,stoveorironforamoment.●SeconddegreeburnsTheseaffectboththetopandthesecondlayeroftheskin.Theseburnsareseriousandtakeafewweekstoheal.Examplesincludeseveresunburnandburnscausedbyhotliquids.●ThirddegreeburnsTheseaffectallthreelayersoftheskinandanytissueandorgansundertheskin.Examplesincludeburnscausedbyelectricshocks,burningclothes,orseverepetrolfires.Theseburnscauseverysevereinjuriesandthevictimmustgotohospitalatonce.CharacteristicsofburnsFirstdegreeburns●dry,redandmildlyswollen●mildlypainful●turnwhitewhenpressedSeconddegreeburns●rough,redandswollen●blisters●waterysurface●extremelypainfulThirddegreeburns●blackandwhiteandcharred●swollen;oftentissueunderthemcanbeseen●littleornopainifnervesaredamaged;maybepainaroundedgeofinjuredare.Firstaidtreatment1.Removeclothingusingscissorsifnecessaryunlessitisstucktotheburn.Takeoffotherclothingandjewelryneartheburn.2.Coolburnsimmediatelywithcoolbutnoticywater.Itisbesttoplaceburnsundergentlyrunningwaterforabout10minutes.(Thecoolwaterstopstheburningprocess,preventsthepainbecomingunbearableandreducesswelling.)Donotputcoldwateronthirddegreeburns.3.Forfirstdegreeburns,placecool,clean,wetclothsonthemuntilthepainisnotsobad.Forseconddegreeburns,keepclothscoolbyputtingthembackinabasinofcoldwater,squeezingthemoutandplacingthemontheburnedareaoverandoveragainforaboutanhouruntilthepainisnotsobad.4.Drytheburnedareagently.Donotrub,asthismaybreakanyblistersandthewoundmaygetinfected.5.Covertheburnedareawithadry,cleanbandagethatwillnotsticktotheskin.Holdthebandageinplacewithtape.Neverputbutter,oilorointmentonburnsastheykeeptheheatinthewoundsandmaycauseinfection.\n6.Ifburnsareonarmsorlegs,keepthemhigherthantheheart,ifpossible.Ifburnsareontheface,thevictimshouldsitup.7.Iftheinjuriesaresecondorthirddegreeburns,itisvitaltogetthevictimtothedoctororhospitalatonce.HEROICTEENAGERRECEIVESAWARDSeventeen-year-oldteenager,JohnJanson,washonoredattheLifesaverAwardslastnightinRivertownforgivinglifesavingfirstaidonhisneighborafterashockingknifeattack.Johnwaspresentedwithhisawardataceremonywhichrecognizedthebraveryoftenpeoplewhohadsavedthelifeofanother.Johnwasstudyinginhisroomwhenheheardscreaming.Whenheandhisfatherrushedoutside,amanranfromthescene.TheydiscoveredthatAnneSlade,motherofthree,hadbeenstabbedrepeatedlywithaknife.Shewaslyinginherfrontgardenbleedingveryheavily.Herhandshadalmostbeencutoff.ItwasJohn’squickactionandknowledgeoffirstaidthatsavedMsSlade’slife.Heimmediatelyaskedanumberofnearbypeopleforbandages,butwhennobodycouldputtheirhandsonany,hisfathergotsometeatowelsandtapefromtheirhouse.JohnusedthesetotreatthemostsevereinjuriestoMsSlade’shands.Heslowedthebleedingbyapplyingpressuretothewoundsuntilthepoliceandambulancearrived.“I’mproudofwhatIdidbutIwasjustdoingwhatI’dbeentaught,”Johnsaid.JohnhadtakenpartingintheYoungLifesaverSchemeathishighschool.WhencongratulatingJohn,MrAlanSoutherton,DirectoroftheYoungLifesaverSchemesaid,“ThereisnodoubtthatJohn’squickthinkingandthefirstaidskillshelearnedatschoolsavedMsSlade’slife.Itshowsthataknowledgeoffirstaidcanmakearealdifference.”Beforereceivingtheirawardslastnight,JohnandthenineotherLifeSaversattendedaspecialreceptionyesterdayhostedbythePrimeMinister.\n选修六Unit1ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTINGArtisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.StylesinWesternarthavechangedmanytimes.AstherearesomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuchashorttext.Consequently,thistextwilldescribeonlythemostimportantones,startingfromthesixthcenturyAD.ththTheMiddleAges(5tothe15centuryAD)DuringtheMiddleAges,themainaimofpainterswastorepresentreligiousthemes.Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterestedinshowingnatureandpeopleastheyreallywere.Atypicalpictureatthistimewasfullofreligioussymbols,whichcreatedafeelingofrespectandloveforGod.Butitwasevidentthatideasthwerechanginginthe13centurywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligiousscenesinamorerealisticway.ththTheRenaissance(15to16century)DuringtheRenaissance,newideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedthoseheldintheMiddleAges.Peoplebegantoconcentratelessonreligiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AtthesametimepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.Theytriedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.Richpeoplewantedtopossesstheirownpaintings.sotheycoulddecoratetheirsuperbpalacesandgreathouses.Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesofthemselves,theirhousesandpossessionsaswellastheiractivitiesandachievements.Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashowtodrawthingsinperspective.ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccioin1428.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywereconvincedthattheywerelookingthroughaholeinawallatarealscene.Iftherulesofperspectivehadnotbeendiscovered,ononewouldhavebeenabletopaintsuchrealisticpictures.Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecolorsusedinpaintingslookricheranddeeper.Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechnique,wewouldnotbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodisfamous.ththImpressionism(late19toearly20century)thInthelate19century,Europechangedagreatdeal,fromamostlyagriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.Manypeoplemovedfromthecountrysidetothenewcities.Thereweremanynewinventionsandsocialchanges.Naturally,thesechangesalsoledtonewpaintingstyles.AmongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkedinParis.TheImpressionistswerethefirstpainterstoworkoutdoors.Theywereeagertoshowhowlightandshadowfellonobjectsatdifferenttimesofday.However,becausenaturallightchangessoquickly,theImpressionistshadtopaintquickly.Theirpaintingswerenotasdetailedasthoseofearlierpainters.Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecameveryangryaboutit.Theysaidthatthepainterswerecarelessandtheirpaintingswereridiculous.thModernArt(20centurytotoday)Atthetimetheywerecreated,theImpressionistpaintingswerecontroversial,buttodaytheyareacceptedasthebeginningofwhatwecall“modernart”.ThisisbecausetheImpressionistsencouragedartiststolookattheirenvironmentinnewways.Therearescoresofmodernartstyles,butwithouttheImpressionists,manyofthesepaintingstylesmightnotexist.Ontheonehand,somemodernartisabstract;thatis,thepainterdoesnotattempttopaintobjectsasweseethemwithoureyes,butinsteadconcentratesoncertainqualitiesoftheobject,usingcolor,lineandshapetorepresentthem.Ontheotherhand,somepaintingsofmodernartaresorealisticthattheylooklikephotographs.Thesestylesaresodifferent.Whocanpredictwhatpaintingstylestherewillbeinthefuture?THEBESTOFMANHATTAN’SARTGALLERIESththTheFrickCollection(5AvenueandE.70Street)ManyartloverswouldrathervisitthissmallartgallerythananyotherinNewYork.HenryClayFrick,arichNewYorker,diedin1919,leavinghishouse,furnitureandartcollectiontotheAmericanpeople.Frickhadapreferenceforper-twentiethcenturyWesternpaintings,andthesearewell-representedinthisexcellent\ncollection.YoucanalsoexploreFrick’sbeautifulhomeandgardenwhicharewellworthavisit.ththGuggenheimMuseum(5Avenueand88Street)Thismuseumowns5,000superbmodernpaintings,sculpturesanddrawings.Theseartworksarenotalldisplayedatthesametime.Theexhibitionisalwayschanging.ItwillappealtothosewholoveImpressionistandPost-Impressionistpaintings.TheGuggenheimMuseumbuildingisalsoworld-famous.Whenyouwalkintothegallery,youfeelasifyouwereinsideafragile,whiteseashell.Thebestwaytoseethepaintingsistostartfromthetopfloorandwalkdowntothebottom.Therearenostairs,justacircularpath.Themuseumalsohasanexcellentrestaurant.thndMetropolitanMuseumofArt(5Avenueand82Street)Thereputationofthismuseumliesinthevarietyofitsartcollection.Thiscoversmorethan5,000yearsofcivilizationfrommanypartsoftheworld,includingAmerica,Europe,China,Egypt,otherAfricancountriesandSouthAmerica.Themuseumdisplaysmorethanjustthevisualdelightsofart.Itintroducesyoutoancientwaysthofliving.YoucanvisitanEgyptiantemple,afragrantMinggarden,atypicalroominan18centuryFrenchhouseandmanyotherspecialexhibitions.rdththMuseumofModernArt(53Street.Between5and6Avenues)thstItisamazingthatsomanygreatworksofartfromthelate19centurytothe21centuryarehousedinthesamemuseum.ThecollectionofWesternartincludespaintingsbysuchfamousartistsasMonet,VanGogh,PicassoandMatisse.Afewwordsofwarning:theadmissionpriceisnotcheapandthemuseumisoftenverycrowded.thWhitneyMuseumofAmericanArt(945MadisonAvenue,near75Street)TheWhitneyholdsanexcellentcollectionofcontemporaryAmericanpaintingandsculpture.Therearenopermanentdisplaysinthismuseumandexhibitionschangeallthetime.Everytwoyears,theWhitneyholdsaspecialexhibitionofnewartbylivingartists.Themuseumalsoshowsvideosandfilmsbycontemporaryvideoartists.Unit2AFEWSIMPLEFORMSOFENGLISHPOEMSTherearevariousreasonswhypeoplewritepoetry.Somepoemstellastoryordescribesomethinginawaythatwillgivethereaderastrongimpression.Otherstrytoconveycertainemotions.Poetsusemanydifferentformsofpoetrytoexpressthemselves.Inthistext,however,wewilllookatafewofthesimplerforms.SomeofthefirstpoetryayoungchildlearnsinEnglishisnurseryrhymes.Theserhymesliketheoneontheright(A)arestillacommontypeofchildren’spoetry.Thelanguageisconcretebutimaginative,andtheydelightsmallchildrenbecausetheyrhyme,havestrongrhythmandalotofrepetition.Thepoemsmaynotmakesenseandevenseemcontradictory,buttheyareeasytolearnandrecite.Byplayingwiththewordsinnurseryrhymes,childrenlearnaboutlanguage.(A)Hush,littlebaby,don’tsayaword,Papa’sgoingtobuyyouamockingbird.Ifthatmockingbirdwon’tsing,Papa’sgoingtobuyyouadiamondring.Ifthatdiamondringturnstobrass,Papa’sgoingtobuyyoualooking-glass.Ifthatlooking-glassgetsbroke,Papa’sgoingtobuyyouabilly-goat.Ifthatbilly-goatrunsaway,Papa’sgoingtobuyyouanothertoday.OneofthesimplestkindsofpoemsarethoselikeBandCthatlistthings.Listpoemshaveaflexiblelinelengthandrepeatedphraseswhichgivebothapatternandarhythmtothepoem.Somerhyme(likeB)whileothersdonot(likeC).(B)Isawafish-pondallonfireIsawafish-pondallonfire,Isawahousebowtoasquire,Isawapersontwelve-feethigh,Isawacottageinthesky,Isawaballoonmadeoflead,Isawacoffindropdowndead,Isawtwosparrowsrunarace,\nIsawtwohorsesmakinglace,Isawagirljustlikeacat,Isawakittenwearahat,Isawamanwhosawthesetoo,Andsaidthoughstrangetheyallweretrue.(C)OurfirstfootballmatchWewouldhavewon…ifJackhadscoredthatgoal,ifwe’dhadjustafewmoreminutes,ifwehadtrainedharder,ifBenhadpassedtheballtoJoe,ifwe’dhadthousandsoffansscreaming,ifIhadn’ttakenmyeyeofftheball,ifwehadn’tstayedupsolatethenightbefore,ifwehadn’ttakeniteasy,ifwehadn’trunoutofenergy.Wewouldhavewon…ifwe’dbeenbetter!Anothersimpleformofpoemthatstudentscaneasilywriteisthecinquain,apoemmadeupoffivelines.Withthese,studentscanconveyastrongpictureinjustafewwords.Lookattheexamples(DandE)onthetopofthenextpage.(D)Brother(E)SummerBeautiful,athleticSleepy,saltyTeasing,shouting,laughingDrying,drooping,dreadingFriendandenemytooWeekin,weekoutMineEndless(F)Afallenblossom(G)SnowhavingmeltedIscomingbacktothebranch.ThewholevillageisbrimfulLook,abutterfly!Ofhappychildren.(byMoritake)(byIssa)HaikuisaJapaneseformofpoetrythatismadeupof17syllables.ItisnotatraditionalformofEnglishpoetry,butisverypopularwithEnglishwriters.Itiseasytowriteand,likethecinquain,cangiveaclearpictureandcreateaspecialfeelingusingtheminimumofwords.Thetwohaikupoems(FandG)abovearetranslationsfromtheJapanese.DidyouknowthatEnglishspeakersalsoenjoyotherformsofAsianpoetry–TangpoemsfromChinainparticular?AlotofTangpoetryhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish.ThisTangpoem(H)isatranslationfromtheChinese.Withsomanydifferentformsofpoetrytochoosefrom,studentsmayeventuallywanttowritepoemsoftheirown.Itiseasierthanyoumightthinkandcertainlyworthatry.(H)WheresheawaitsherhusbandOnandontheriverflows.Neverlookingback,Transformedintostone.Daybydayuponthemountaintop,windandrainrevolve.Shouldthetravelerreturn,thisStonewouldutterspeech.(byWangJian)I’VESAVEDTHESUMMER\nI’vesavedthesummerAndIgiveitalltoyouToholdonwintermorningsWhenthesnowisnew.I’vesavedsomesunlightIfyoushouldeverneedAplaceawayfromdarknessWhereyourmindcanfeed.AndformyselfI’vekeptyoursmileWhenyouwerebutnineteen,Tillyou’reolderyou’llnotknowWhatbraveyoungsmilescanmean.IknownoanswersTohelpyouonyourwayTheanswersliesomewhereAtthebottomoftheday.Butifyou’veaneedforloveI’llgiveyouallIownItmighthelpyoudowntheroadTillyou’vefoundyourown.(byRodMcKuen)Unit3ADVICEFROMGRANDADDearJames,ItisabeautifuldayhereandIamsittingunderthebigtreeattheendofthegarden.Ihavejustreturnedfromalongbikeridetoanoldcastle.ItseemsamazingthatatmyageIamstillfitenoughtocycle20kilometresinanafternoon.It’smybirthdayintwoweekstimeandI’llbe82yearsold!IthinkmylongandactivelifemustbeduetothehealthylifeIlive.Thisbringsmetotherealreasonformyletter,mydeargrandson.Yourmothertellsmethatyoustartedsmokingsometimeagoandnowyouarefindingitdifficulttogiveitup.Believeme,Iknowhoweasyitistobeginsmokingandhowtoughitistostop.Yousee,duringadolescenceIalsosmokedandbecameaddictedtocigarettes.Bytheway,didyouknowthatthisisbecauseyoubecomeaddictedinthreedifferentways?First,youcanbecomephysicallyaddictedtonicotine,whichisoneofthehundredsofchemicalsincigarettes.Thismeansthatafterawhileyourbodybecomesaccustomedtohavingnicotineinit.Sowhenthedrugleavesyourbody,yougetwithdrawalsymptoms.Irememberfeelingbed-temperedandsometimeseveninpain.Secondly,youbecomeaddictedthroughhabit.Asyouknow,ifyoudothesamethingoverandoveragain.Youbegintodoitautomatically.Lastly,youcanbecomementallyaddicted.IbelievedIwashappierandmorerelaxedafterhavingacigarette,soIbegantothinkthatIcouldonlyfeelgoodwhenIsmoked.Iwasaddictedinallthreeways,soitwasverydifficulttoquit.ButIdidfinallymanage.WhenIwasyoung,Ididn’tknowmuchabouttheharmfuleffectsofsmoking.Ididn’tknow,forexample,thatitcoulddoterribledamagetoyourheartandlungsorthatitwasmoredifficultforsmokingcouplestobecomepregnant.Icertainlydidn’tknowtheirbabiesmayhaveasmallerbirthweightorevenbeabnormalinsomeway.NeitherdidIknowthatmycigarettesmokecouldaffectthehealthofknown-smokers.However,whatIdidknowwasthatmygirlfriendthoughtIsmeltterrible.Shesaidmybreathandclothessmelt,andthattheendsofmy\nfingerswereturningyellow.Shetoldmethatshewouldn’tgooutwithmeagainunlessIstopped!IalsonoticedthatIbecamebreathlessquickly,andthatIwasn’tenjoyingsportasmuch.WhenIwastakenofftheschoolfootballteambecauseIwasunfit,Iknewitwastimetoquitsmoking.IamsendingyousomeadviceIfoundontheInternet.Itmighthelpyoutostopandstrengthenyourresolve.IdohopesobecauseIwantyoutoliveaslongandhealthyalifeasIhave.LovefromGrandadHowcanyoustopsmoking?Itisnoteasytostopsmoking,butmillionshavemanagedtoquitandsocanyou.Hereareafewsuggestions.Prepareyourself.Decideonadaytoquit.Don’tchooseadaythatyouknowisgoingtobestressful,suchasthedayofanexam.Makealistofallthebenefitsyouwillgetfromstoppingsmoking.Thenthrowawayyourlastpacketofcigarettes.Bedetermined.Everytimeyoufeellikesmokingacigarette,remindyourselfthatyouareanon-smoker.Rereadthelistofbenefitsyouwroteearlier.Breakthehabit.Insteadofsmokingacigarette,dosomethingelse.Goforawalk,cleanyourteeth,drinksomewater,cleanthehouse;infact,doanythingtokeepyourmindandespeciallyyourhandsbusy.Relax.Ifyoustarttofeelnervousorstressed,donotreachforacigarette.Trysomedeepbreathinginstead.Dosomerelaxationexerciseseverytimeyoufeelstressed.Gethelpifyouneedit.Arrangetostopsmokingwithafriendsoyoucantalkaboutyourproblems,orjoinastop-smokinggroup.Ifyoufeeldesperate,youmightlietotalktoadoctororchemistaboutsomethingtohelpyou,likenicotinechewinggum.Keeptrying.Donotbedisappointedifyouhavetotryseveraltimesbeforeyoufinallystopsmoking.Ifyouweakenandhaveacigarette,donotfeelashamed.Justtryagain.Youwillsucceedeventually.HIV/AIDS;AREYOUATRISK?HIVisavirus.Avirusisaverysmalllivingthingthatcausesdisease.Therearemanydifferentviruses,forexample,thefluvirusortheSARSvirus.HIVweakensaperson’simmunesystem;thatis,thepartofthebodythatfightsdisease.YoucanhaveHIVinyourbloodforalongtime,buteventuallyHIVwilldamageyourimmunesystemsomuchthatyourbodycannolongerfightdisease.ThisstageoftheillnessiscalledAIDS.IfyoudevelopAIDS,yourchancesofsurvivalareverysmall.HIVisspreadthroughbloodorthefluidthatthebodymakesduringsex.Forapersontobecomeinfected,bloodorsexualfluidthatcarriesthevirus,hastogetinsidethebodythroughbrokenskinorbyinjection.OnedayscientistswillfindacureforHIV/AIDS.Untilthathappens,youneedtoprotectyourself.Herearesomethingsyoucandotomakesureyoustaysafe.Ifyouinjectdrugs:donotshareyourneedlewithanyoneelse.Bloodfromanotherpersoncanstayonorintheneedle.IfapersonhasHIVandyouusethesameneedle,youcouldinjectthevirusintoyourownblood.donotshareanythingelsethatapersonhasusedwhileinjectingdrugs.Bloodcouldhavespiltonit.Ifyouhavesexwithamaleorafemale:useacondom.Thiswillpreventsexualfluidpassingfromonepersontoanother.ThefollowingstatementsareNOTtrue.ApersoncannotgetHIVthefirsttimetheyhavesex.WRONG.IfonesexualpartnerhasHIV,theotherpartnercouldbecomeinfected.YoucantellbylookingatsomeonewhetherornottheyhaveHIV.WRONG.ManypeoplecarryingHIVlookperfectlyhealthy.ItisonlywhenthediseasehasprogressedtoAIDSthatapersonbeginstolooksick.OnlyhomosexualsgetAIDS.WRONG.AnyonewhohassexwithapersoninfectedwithHIV/AIDSrisksgettingthevirus.Womenareslightlymorelikelytobecomeinfectedthanmen.Ifyouhug,touchorkisssomeonewithAIDSorvisitthemintheirhome,youwillgetHIV/AIDS.WRONG.You\ncanonlygetthediseasefrombloodorsexualfluid.Unfortunately,peoplewithHIVsometimeslosetheirfriendsbecauseofprejudice.ManypeopleareafraidthattheywillgetHIV/AIDSfromthoseinfectedwithHIV/AIDS.Forthesamereason,someAIDSpatientscannotfindanyonetolookafterthemwhentheyaresick.YoucangetHIV/AIDSfrommosquitoes.WRONG.Thereisnoevidenceofthis.Unit4THEEARTHISBECOMINGWARMER-BUTDOESITMATTER?thDuringthe20centurythetemperatureoftheearthroseaboutonedegreeFahrenheit.Thatprobablydoesnotseemmuchtoyouorme,butitisarapidincreasewhencomparedtoothernaturalchanges.Sohowhasthiscomeaboutanddoesitmatter?EarthCare’sSophieArmstrongexploresthesequestions.Thereisnodoubtthattheearthisbecomingwarmer(seeGraph1)andthatisithumanactivitythathascausedthisglobalwarmingratherthanarandombutnaturalphenomenon.Allscientistssubscribetotheviewthattheincreaseintheearth’stemperatureisduetotheburningoffossilfuelslikecoal,naturalgasandoiltoproduceenergy.Somebyproductsofthisprocessarecalled“greenhouse”gases,themostimportantoneofwhichiscarbondioxide.DrJaniceFosterexplains:“Thereisanaturalphenomenonthatscientistscallthe‘greenhouseeffect’.Thisiswhensmallamountsofgasesintheatmosphere,likecarbondioxide,methaneandwatervapor,trapheatfromthesunandthereforewarmtheearth.Withoutthe‘greenhouseeffect’,theearthwouldbeaboutthirty-threedegreesCelsiuscoolerthanitis.So,weneedthosegases.Theproblembeginswhenweaddhugequantitiesofextracarbondioxideintotheatmosphere.Itmeansthatmoreheatenergytendstobetrappedintheatmospherecausingtheglobaltemperaturetogoup.”Weknowthatthelevelsofcarbondioxidehaveincreasedgreatlyoverthelast100to150years.ItwasascientistcalledCharlesKeeling,whomadeaccuratemeasurementsoftheamountofcarbondioxideintheatmospherefrom1957to1997.Hefoundthatbetweentheseyearsthecarbondioxideintheatmospherewentupfromaround315partstoaround370partspermillion(seeGraph2).Allscientistsacceptthisdata.Theyalsoagreethatitistheburningofmoreandmorefossilfuelsthathasresultedinthisincreaseincarbondioxide.Sohowhighwillthetemperatureincreasego?DrJaniceFostersaysthatoverthenext100yearstheamountofwarmingcouldbeaslowas1to1.5degreesCelsius,butitcouldbeashighas5degrees.However,theattitudesofscientiststowardsthisrisearecompletelydifferent.Ontheonehand,DrFosterthinksthatthetrendwhichincreasesthetemperatureby5degreeswouldbeacatastrophe.Shesays,“Wecan’tpredicttheclimatewellenoughtoknowwhattoexpect,butitcouldbeveryserious.”Otherswhoagreewithherthinktheremaybeariseofseveralmetresinthesealevel,orpredictseverestorms,floods,droughts,famines,thespreadofdiseasesandthedisappearanceofspecies.Ontheotherhand,therearethose,likeGeorgeHambley,whoareopposedtothisviewandbelievethatweshouldnotworryabouthighlevelsofcarbondioxideintheair.Theypredictthatanywarmingwillbemildwithfewbadenvironmentalconsequences.Infact,Hambleystates,”Morecarbondioxideisactuallyapositivething.Itwillmakeplantsgrowquicker;cropswillproducemore;itwillencourageagreaterrangeofanimals–allofwhichwillmakelifeforhumanbeingsbetter.”Greenhousegasescontinuetobuildupintheatmosphere.Evenifwestartreducingtheamountofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases,theclimateisgoingtokeeponwarmingfordecadesorcenturies.Nooneknowstheeffectsofglobalwarming.Doesthatmeanweshoulddonothing?Or,aretheriskstoogreat?WHATCANWEDOABOUTGLOBALWARMING?DearEarthCare,Iamdoingaprojectonbehalfofmyschoolaboutglobalwarming.SometimesIfeelthatindividualscanhavelittleeffectonsuchhugeenvironmentalproblems.However,Istillthinkpeopleshouldadvocateimprovementsinthewayweuseenergytoday.AsI’mnotsurewheretostartwithmyproject,Iwouldappreciateanysuggestionsyoumayhave.Thankyou\nOuyangGuangDearOuyangGuang,Therearemanypeoplewhohaveacommitmentlikeyours,buttheydonotbelievetheyhavethepowertodoanythingtoimproveourenvironment.Thatisnottrue.Together,individualscanmakeadifference.Wedonothavetoputupwithpollution.Thegrowthofthegreenhousegas,carbondioxideintheairactuallycomesasaresultofmanythingswedoeveryday.Hereareafewsuggestionsonhowtoreduceit.Theyshouldgetyoustartedwithyourproject.1Weusealotofenergyinourhouses.ItisOKtoleaveanelectricalapplianceonsolongasyouareusingit—ifnot,turnitoff!Donotbecasualaboutthis.Soifyouarenotusingthelights,theTV,thecomputer,andsoon,turnthemoff.Ifyouarecold,putonmoreclothesinsteadofturninguptheheat.2Motorvehiclesusealotofenergy–sowalkorrideabikeifyoucan.3Recyclecans,bottles,plasticbagsandnewspapersifcircumstancesallowyouto.Ittakesalotofenergytomakethingsfromnewmaterials,so,ifyoucan,buythingsmadefromrecycledmaterials.4Getyourparentstobuythingsthatareeconomicalwithenergy—thisincludescarsaswellassmallerthingslikefridgesandmicrowaves.5Planttreesinyourgardenoryourschoolyard,astheyabsorbcarbondioxidefromtheairandrefreshyourspiritwhenyoulookatthem.6Finallyandmostimportantly,beaneducator.Talkwithyourfamilyandfriendsaboutglobalwarmingandtellthemwhatyouhavelearned.Remember—yourcontributioncounts!EarthCareUnit5ANEXCITINGJOBIhavethegreatestjobintheworld.Itraveltounusualplacesandworkalongsidepeoplefromallovertheworld.Sometimesworkingoutdoors,sometimesinanoffice,sometimesusingscientificequipmentandsometimesmeetinglocalpeopleandtourists,Iamneverbored.Althoughmyjobisoccasionallydangerous,Idon’tmindbecausedangerexcitesmeandmakesmefeelalive.However,themostimportantthingaboutmyjobisthatIhelpprotectordinarypeoplefromoneofthemostpowerfulforcesonearth—thevolcano.IwasappointedasavolcanologistworkingfortheHawaiianVolcanoObservatory(HVO)twentyyearsago.MyjobiscollectinginformationforadatabaseaboutMountKilauea,whichisoneofthemostactivevolcanoesinHawaii.Havingcollectedandevaluatedtheinformation,Ihelpotherscientiststopredictwherelavafromthevolcanowillflownextandhowfast.Ourworkhassavedmanylivesbecausepeopleinthepathofthelavacanbewarnedtoleavetheirhouses.Unfortunately,wecannotmovetheirhomesoutoftheway,andmanyhouseshavebeencoveredwithlavaorburnedtotheground.Whenboilingrockeruptsfromavolcanoandcrashesbacktoearth,itcauseslessdamagethanyoumightimagine.ThisisbecausenoonelivesnearthetopofMountKilauea,wheretherocksfall.Thelavathatflowsslowlylikeawavedownthemountaincausesfarmoredamagebecauseitburieseverythinginitspathunderthemoltenrock.However,theeruptionitselfisreallyexcitingtowatchandIshallneverforgetmyfirstsightonone.ItwasinthesecondweekafterIarrivedinHawaii.Havingworkedhardallday,Iwenttobedearly.IwasfastasleepwhensuddenlymybedbeganshakingandIheardastrangesound,likearailwaytrainpassingmywindow.HavingexperiencedquiteafewearthquakesinHawaiialready,Ididn’ttakemuchnotice.Iwasabouttogobacktosleepwhensuddenlymybedroombecameasbrightasday.IranoutofthehouseintothebackgardenwhereIcouldseeMountKilaueainthedistance.Therehadbeenaneruptionfromthesideofthemountainandredhotlavawasfountaininghundredsofmetresintotheair.Itwasanabsolutelyfantasticsight.ThedayafterthiseruptionIwasluckyenoughtohaveamuchcloserlookatit.TwootherscientistsandIweredrivenupthemountainanddroppedascloseaspossibletothecraterthathadbeenformedduringtheeruption.Havingearliercollectedspecialclothesfromtheobservatory,weputthemonbeforewewentanycloser.Allthreeofuslookedlikespacemen.Wehadwhiteprotectivesuitsthatcoveredourwholebody,helmets,bigbootsandspecialgloves.Itwasnoteasytowalkinthesesuits,butweslowlymadeourwaytotheedgeofthecraterandlookeddownintothered,boilingcentre.Theothertwoclimbeddownintothecratertocollectsomelava\nforlaterstudy,butthisbeingmyfirstexperience,Istayedatthetopandwatchedthem.Today,IamjustasenthusiasticaboutmyjobasthedayIfirststarted.Havingstudiedvolcanoesnowformanyyears,Iamstillamazedattheirbeautyaswellastheirpotentialtocausegreatdamage.THELAKEOFHEAVENChangbaishanisinJilinProvince,NortheastChina.Muchofthisbeautiful,mountainousareaisthickforest.ChangbaishanisChina’slargestnaturereserveanditiskeptinitsnaturalstateforthepeopleofChinaandvisitorsfromallovertheworldtoenjoy.Theheightofthelandvariesfrom700metresabovesealeveltoover2,000metresandishometoagreatdiversityofrareplantsandanimals.Amongtherareanimalsarecranes,blackbears,leopardsandtigers.ManypeoplecometoChangbaishantostudyitsuniqueplantsandanimals.Otherscometowalkinthemountains,toseethespectacularwaterfallsortobatheinthehotwaterpools.However,theattractionthatarousesthegreatestappreciationinthereserveisTianchiortheLakeofHeaven.Tianchiisadeeplakethathasformedinthecraterofadeadvolcanoontopofthemountain.Thelakeis2,194metresabovesealevel,andmorethan200metresdeep.Inwinterthesurfacefreezesover.Ittakesaboutanhourtoclimbfromtheendoftheroadtothetopofthemountain.Whenyouarriveyouarerewardednotonlywiththesightofitsclearwaters,butalsobytheviewoftheothersixteenmountainpeaksthatsurroundTianchi.TherearemanystoriestoldaboutTianchi.Themostwell-knownconcernsthreeyoungwomenfromheaven.TheywerebathinginTianchiwhenabirdflewabovethemanddroppedasmallfruitontothedressoftheyoungestgirl.Whenshepickedupthefruittosmellit,itflewintohermouth.Havingswallowedthefruit,thegirlbecamepregnantandlatergavebirthtoahandsomeboy.Itissaidthatthisboy,whohadagreatgiftforlanguagesandpersuasion,isthefatheroftheManchupeople.IfyouareluckyenoughtovisittheLakeofHeavenwithyourlovedone,don’tforgettodropacoinintotheclearbluewatertoguaranteeyourlovewillbeasdeepandlastingasthelakeitself.选修七Unit1MARTY’SSTORYHi,mynameisMartyFieldingandIguessyoucouldsaythatIam“oneinamillion”.Inotherwords,therearenotmanypeoplelikeme.Yousee,Ihaveamusclediseasewhichmakesmeveryweak,soIcan’trunorclimbstairsasquicklyasotherpeople.Inaddition,sometimesIamveryclumsyanddropthingsorbumpintofurniture.Unfortunately,thedoctorsdon’tknowhowtomakemebetter,butIamveryoutgoingandhavelearnedtoadapttomydisability.Mymottois:liveonedayatatime.UntilIwastenyearsoldIwasthesameaseveryoneelse.Iusedtoclimbtrees,swimandplayfootball.Infact,IusedtodreamaboutplayingprofessionalfootballandpossiblyrepresentingmycountryintheWorldCup.ThenIstartedtogetweakerandweaker,untilIcouldonlyenjoyfootballfromabenchatthestadium.Inthe\nendIwentintohospitalformedicaltests.Istayedtherefornearlythreemonths.IthinkIhadatleastabilliontests,includingoneinwhichtheycutoutapieceofmusclefrommylegandlookedatitunderamicroscope.Evenafterallthat,noonecouldgivemydiseaseanameanditisdifficulttoknowwhatthefutureholds.OneproblemisthatIdon’tlookanydifferentfromotherpeople.Sosometimessomechildreninmyprimaryschoolwouldlaugh,whenIgotoutofbreathafterrunningashortwayorhadtostopandresthalfwayupthestairs.Sometimes,too,Iwastooweaktogotoschoolsomyeducationsuffered.EverytimeIreturnedafteranabsence,IfeltstupidbecauseIwasbehindtheothers.Mylifeisaloteasierathighschoolbecausemyfellowstudentshaveacceptedme.Thefewwhocannotseetherealpersoninsidemybodydonotmakemeannoyed,andIjustignorethem.AllinallIhaveagoodlife.IamhappytohavefoundmanythingsIcando,likewritingandcomputerprogramming,MyambitionistoworkforafirmthatdevelopscomputersoftwarewhenIgrowup.LastyearIinventedacomputerfootballgameandabigcompanyhasdecidedtobuyitfromme.Ihaveaverybusylifewithnotimetositaroundfeelingsorryformyself.Aswellasgoingtothemoviesandfootballmatcheswithmyfriends,Ispendalotoftimewithmypets.Ihavetworabbits,aparrot,atankfulloffishandatortoise.TolookaftermypetsproperlytakesalotoftimebutIfinditworthwhile.Ialsohavetodoalotofwork,especiallyifIhavebeenawayforawhile.Inmanywaysmydisabilityhashelpedmegrowstrongerpsychologicallyandbecomemoreindependent.Ihavetoworkhardtoliveanormallifebutithasbeenworthit.IfIhadachancetosayonethingstohealthychildren,itwouldbethis:havingadisabilitydoesnotmeanyourlifeisnotsatisfying.Sodon’tfeelsorryforthedisabledormakefunofthem,anddon’tignorethemeither.Justacceptthemforwhotheyare,andgivethemencouragementtoliveasrichandfullalifeasyoudo.Thankyouforreadingmystory.ALETTERTOANARCHITECTMsLSandersAliceMajorChiefarchitect64CambridgeStreetCinemaDesignsBankstown44HillStreetBankstown24September,200—DearMsSanders,IreadinthenewspapertodaythatyouaretobethearchitectforthenewBankstowncinema.Ihopeyouwillnotmindmewritingtoaskifyouhavethoughtabouttheneedsofdisabledcustomers.InparticularIwonderifyouhaveconsideredthefollowingthings:1Adequateaccessforwheelchairs.Itwouldbehandytohaveliftstoallpartsofthecinema.Thebuttonsintheliftsshouldbeeasyforapersoninawheelchairtoreach,andthedoorsbewideenoughtoenter.Insomecinemas,theliftsareatthebackofthecinemaincold,unattractiveplaces.Asdisabledpeoplehavetousethelifts,thismakesthemfeeltheyarenotasimportantasothercustomers.2Earphonesforpeoplewhohavetroublehearing.Itwouldhelptofitsetsofearphonestoallseats,notjusttosomeofthem.Thiswouldallowhearing-impairedcustomerstoenjoythecompanyoftheirhearingfriendsratherthanhavingtositinaspecialarea.3Raisedseating.Peoplewhoareshortcannotalwaysseethescreen.SoI’dliketosuggestthattheseatsatthebackbeplacedhigherthanthoseatthefrontsothateveryonecanseethescreeneasily.Perhapstherecouldbeaspaceattheendofeachrowforpeopleinwheelchairstositnexttotheirfriends.4Toilets.Fordisabledcustomersitwouldbemoreconvenienttoplacethetoiletsneartheentrancetothecinema.Itcanbedifficultiftheonlydisabledtoiletisinthebasementalongwayfromwherethefilmisshowing.Andifthedoorscouldbeopenedoutwards,disabledcustomerswouldbeveryhappy.5Carparking.Ofcourse,thereareusuallyspacesspeciallyreservedfordisabledandelderlydrivers.Iftheyareclosetothecinemaentranceand/orexit,itiseasierfordisabledpeopletogettothefilmincomfort.Thankyouforreadingmyletter.Ihopemysuggestionswillmeetwithyourapproval.Disabledpeopleshouldhavethesameopportunitiesasable-bodiedpeopletoenjoythecinemaandtodosowithdignity.Iamsuremanypeople\nwillpraiseyourcinemaifyoudesignitwithgoodaccessfordisabledpeople.Itwillalsomakethecinemaownershappyifmorepeoplegoastheywillmakehigherprofits!Yourssincerely,AliceMajorUnit2SATISFACTIONGUARANTEEDLarryBelmontworkedforacompanythatmaderobots.Recentlyithadbegunexperimentingwithahouseholdrobot.ItwasgoingtobetestedoutbyLarry’swife,Claire.Clairedidn’twanttherobotinherhouse,especiallyasherhusbandwouldbeabsentforthreeweeks,butLarrypersuadedherthattherobotwouldn’tharmherorallowhertobeharmed.Itwouldbeabonus.However,whenshefirstsawtherobot,shefeltalarmed.HisnamewasTonyandheseemedmorelikeahumanthanamachine.Hewastallandhandsomewithsmoothhairandadeepvoicealthoughhisfacialexpressionneverchanged.OnthesecondmorningTony,wearinganapron,broughtherbreakfastandthenaskedherwhethersheneededhelpdressing.Shefeltembarrassedandquicklytoldhimtogo.Itwasdisturbingandfrighteningthathelookedsohuman.Oneday,Clairementionedthatshedidn’tthinkshewasclever.Tonysaidthatshemustfeelveryunhappytosaythat.Clairethoughtitwasridiculoustobeofferedsympathybyarobot.Butshebegantotrusthim.Shetoldhimhowshewasoverweightandthismadeherfeelunhappy.Alsoshefeltherhomewasn’telegantenoughforsomeonelikeLarrywhowantedtoimprovehissocialposition.Shewasn’tlikeGladysClaffern,oneoftherichestandmostpowerfulwomenaround.AsafavorTonypromisedtohelpClairemakeherselfsmarterandherhomemoreelegant.SoClaireborrowedapileofbooksfromthelibraryforhimtoread,orrather,scan.Shelookedathisfingerswithwonderastheyturnedeachpageandsuddenlyreachedforhishand.Shewasamazedbyhisfingernailsandthesoftnessandwarmthofhisskin.Howabsurd,shethought.Hewasjustamachine.TonygaveClaireanewhaircutandchangedthemakeupshewore.Ashewasnotallowedtoaccompanyhertotheshops,hewroteoutalistofitemsforher.Clairewentintothecityandboughtcurtains,cushions,acarpetandbedding.Thenshewentintoajewelryshoptobuyanecklace.Whentheclerkatthecounterwasrudetoher,sherangTonyupandtoldtheclerktospeaktohim.Theclerkimmediatelychangedhisattitude.ClairethankedTony,tellinghimthathewasa“dear”.Assheturnedaround,therestoodGladysClaffern.Howawfultobediscoveredbyher,Clairethought.Bytheamusedandsurprisedlookonherface,ClaireknewthatGladysthoughtshewashavinganaffair.Afterall,sheknewClaire’shusband’snamewasLarry,notTony.WhenClairegothome,sheweptwithangerinherarmchair.GladyswaseverythingClairewantedtobe.“Youcanbelikeher,”TonytoldherandsuggestedthatsheinviteGladysandherfriendstothehousethenightbeforehewastoleaveandLarrywastoreturn.Bythattime,Tonyexpectedthehousetobecompletelytransformed.Tonyworkedsteadilyontheimprovements.Clairetriedtohelponcebutwastooclumsy.ShefelloffaladderandeventhoughTonywasinthenextroom,hemanagedtocatchherintime.Heheldherfirmlyinhisarmsandshefeltthewarmthofhisbody.Shescreamed,pushedhimawayandrantoherroomfortherestfortheday.Thenightofthepartyarrived.Theclockstruckeight.TheguestswouldbearrivingsoonandClairetoldTonytogointoanotherroom.Atthatmoment,Tonyfoldedhisarmsaroundher,bendinghisfaceclosetohers.Shecriedout“Tony”andthenheardhimdeclarethathedidn’twanttoleaveherthenextdayandthathefeltmorethanjustthedesiretopleaseher.Thenthefrontdoorbellrang.Tonyfreedheranddisappearedfromsight.ItwasthenthatClairerealizedthatTonyhadopenedthecurtainsofthefrontwindow.Herguestshadseeneverything!ThewomenwereimpressedbyClaire,thehouseandthedeliciouscuisine.Justbeforetheyleft,ClaireheardGladyswhisperingtoanotherwomanthatshehadneverseenanyonesohandsomeasTony.Whatasweetvictorytobeenviedbythosewomen!Shemightnotbeasbeautifulasthem,butnoneofthemhadsuchahandsomelover.Thensheremembered—Tonywasjustamachine.Sheshouted“Leavemealone”andrantoherbed.Shecriedallnight.ThenextmorningacardroveupandtookTonyaway.\nThecompanywasverypleasedwithTony’sreportonhisthreeweekswithClaire.Tonyhadprotectedahumanbeingfromharm.HehadpreventedClairefromharmingherselfthroughherownsenseoffailure.HehadopenedthecurtainsthatnightsothattheotherwomenwouldseehimandClaire,knowingthattherewasnorisktoClaire’smarriage.ButeventhoughTobyhadbeensoclever,hewouldhavetoberebuilt—youcannothavewomenfallinginlovewithmachines.ABIOGRAPHYOFISAACASIMOVIsaacAsimovwasanAmericanscientistandwriterwhowrotearound480booksthatincludedmysterystories,scienceandhistorybooks,andevenbooksabouttheHollyBibleandShakespeare.Butheisbestknownforhissciencefictionstories.Asimovhadbothanextraordinaryimaginationthatgavehimtheabilitytoexplorefutureworldsandanamazingmindwithwhichhesearchedforexplanationsofeverything,inthepresentandthepast.Asimov’slifebeganinRussia,wherehewasbornon2January,1920.ItendedinNewYorkon6April,1992,whenhediedasaresultofanHIVinfectionthathehadgotfromabloodtransfusionnineyearsearlier.WhenAsimovwasthree,hemovedwithhisparentsandhisone-year-oldsistertoNewYorkCity.Therehisparentsboughtacandystorewhichtheyranforthenext40orsoyears.Attheageofnine,whenhismotherwaspregnantwithherthirdchild,Asimovstartedworkingpart-timeinthestore.Hehelpedoutthroughhisschoolanduniversityyearsuntil1942,ayearafterhehadgainedamaster’sdegreeinchemistry.In1942hejoinedthestaffofthePhiladelphiaNavyYardasajuniorchemistandworkedthereforthreeyears.In1948hegothisPhDinchemistry.ThenextyearhebecameabiochemistryteacheraBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.In1958hegaveupteachingtobecomeafull-timewriter.ItwaswhenAsimovwaselevenyearsoldthathistalentforwritingbecameobvious.Hehadtoldafriendtwochaptersofastoryhehadwritten.Thefriendthoughthewasretellingastoryfromabook.ThisreallysurprisedAsimovandfromthatmoment,hestartedtotakehimselfseriouslyasawriter.Asimovbeganhavingstoriespublishedinsciencefictionmagazinesin1939.In1950hepublishedhisfirstnovelandin1953hisfirstsciencebook.Throughouthislife,Asimovreceivedmanyawards,bothforhissciencefictionbooksandhissciencebooks.Amonghismostfamousworksofsciencefiction,oneforwhichhewonanawardwastheFoundationtrilogy(1951-1953),threenovelsaboutthedeathandrebirthofagreatempireinagalaxyofthefuture.ItwaslooselybasedonthefalloftheRomanEmpirebutwasaboutthefuture.ThesebooksarefamousbecauseAsimovinventedatheoreticalframeworkwhichwasdesignedtoshowhowideasandthinkingmaydevelopinthefuture.Heisalsowellknownforhiscollectionofshortstories,I,Robot(1950),inwhichhedevelopedasetofthree“laws”forrobots.Forexample,thefirstlawstatesthatarobotmustnotinjurehumanbeingsorallowthemtobeinjured.Someofhisideasaboutrobotslaterinfluencedotherwritersandevenscientistsresearchingintoartificialintelligence..Asimovwasmarriedtwice.Hemarriedhisfirstwifein1942andhadasonandadaughter.Theirmarriagelasted31years.Soonafterhisdivorcein1973,Asimovmarriedagainbuthehadnochildrenwithhissecondwife.Unit3OLDTOMTHEKILLERWHALEIwas16whenIbeganworkinJune1902atthewhalingstation.Ihadheardofthekillersthateveryyearhelpedwhalerscatchhugewhales.Ithought,atthetime,thatthiswasjustastorybutthenIwitnesseditwithmywoneyesmanytimes.OntheafternoonIarrivedatthestation,asIwassortingoutmyaccommodation,Iheardaloudnoisecomingfromthebay.Werandowntotheshoreintimetoseeanenormousanimaloppositeusthrowingitselfoutofthewaterandthencrashingdownagain.Itwasblackandwhiteandfish-shaped.ButIknewitwasn’tafish.“That’sOldTom,thekiller,”oneofthewhalers.George,calledouttome.“He’stellingusthere’sawhaleoutthereforus.”Anotherwhaleryelledout,“Rush-oo…rush-oo.”Thiswasthecallthatannouncedtherewasabouttobeawhalehunt.\n“Comeon,Clancy.Totheboat,”Georgesaidasheranaheadofme.IhadalreadyheardthatGeorgedidn’tlikebeingkeptwaiting,soeventhoughIdidn’thavetherightclotheson,Iracedafterhim.Withoutpausingwejumpedintotheboatwiththeotherwhalersandheadedoutintothebay.IlookeddownintothewaterandcouldseeOldTomswimmingbytheboat,showingustheway.Afewminuteslater,therewasnoTom,soGeorgestartedbeatingthewaterwithhisoarandtherewasTom,circlingbacktotheboat,leadingustothehuntagain.Usingatelescopewecouldseethatsomethingwashappening.Aswedrewcloser,Icouldseeawhalebeingattackedbyapackofaboutsixotherkillers.“What’retheydoing?”IaskedGeorge.“Well,it’steamwork-thekillersovertherearethrowingthemselvesontopofthewhale’sblow-holetostopitbreathing.Andthoseothersarestoppingitdivingorfleeingouttosea,”Georgetoldme,pointingtowardsthehunt.Andjustatthatmoment,themostextraordinarythinghappened.Thekillersstartedracingbetweenourboatandtheshalejustlikeapackofexciteddogs.Thentheharpoonwasreadyandthemaninthebowoftheboataimeditatthewhale.Heletitgoandtheharpoonhitthespot.Beingbadlywounded,thewhalesoondied.Withinamomentortwo,itsbodywasdraggedswiftlybythekillersdownintothedepthsofthesea.Themenstartedturningtheboataroundtogohome.“What’shappened?”Iasked.“Havewelostthewhale?”“Ohno,”Jackreplied.“We’llreturntomorrowtobringinthebody.Itwon’tfloatuptothesurfaceforaround24hours.”“Inthemeantime,OldTom,andtheothersarehavingagoodfeedonitslipsandtongue,”addedRed,laughing.●●●AlthoughOldTomandtheotherkillerswerefiercehunters,theyneverharmedorattackedpeople.Infact,theyprotectedthem.TherewasonedaywhenwewereoutinthebayduringahuntandJameswaswashedofftheboat.“Manoverboard!Turntheboataround!”urgedGeorge,shoutingloudly.Theseawasroughthatdayanditwasdifficulttohandletheboat.ThewaveswerecarryingJamesfurtherandfurtherawayfromus.FromJames’sface,Icouldseehewasterrifiedofbeingabandonedbyus.ThensuddenlyIsawashark.“Look,there’sasharkoutthere,”Iscreamed.“Don’tworry,OldTomwon’tletitnear,“Redreplied.IttookoverhalfanhourtogettheboatbacktoJames,andwhenweapproachedhim,IsawJamesbeingfirmlyheldupinthewaterbyOldTom.Icouldn’tbelievemyeyes.Therewereshoutsof“Welldone,OldTom”and“ThankGod”aswepulledJamesbackintotheboat.AndthenOldTomwasoffandbacktothehuntwheretheotherkillerswerestillattackingthewhale.ANEWDIMENSIONOFLIFEth19JanuaryI’msittinginthewarmnightairwithacolddrinkinmyhandandreflectingontheday-adayofpuremagic!IwentsnorkelingonthereefoffshorethismorninganditwasthemostfantasticthingIhaveeverdone.Seeingsuchextraordinarybeauty,Ithinkeverycellinmybodywokeup.Itwaslikediscoveringawholenewdimensionoflife.ThefirstthingIbecomeawareofwasallthevividcolorssurroundingme-purples,reds,oranges,yellows,bluesandgreens.Thecoralswerefantastic-theywereshapedlikefans,plates,brains.Lace,mushrooms,thebranchesoftreesandthehornsofdeer.Andallkindsofsmall,neatandelegantfishwereswimminginandaroundthecorals.Thefishdidn’tseemtomindmeswimmingamongthem.Iespeciallylovedthelittleorangeandwhitefishthathidinthewavinglongthinseaweed.AndIalsolovedthesmallfishthatcleanthebodiesoflargerfish-Ievensawthemgetinsidetheirmouthsandcleantheirteeth!ItseemedtherewasasurprisewaitingformearoundeverycornerasIexploredsmallcaves,shelvesandnarrowpassageswithmyunderwaterflashlight:theyellowandgreenparrotfishwashangingupsidedown,andsuckingtinyplantsoffthecoralwithitshardbird-likemouth;ayellow-spottedredsea-slugwasslidingbyabluesea-star:alargewise-lookingturtlewaspassingsoclose\ntomethatIcouldhavetouchedit.TherewereothercreaturesthatIdidn’twanttogettoocloseto-aneelwithitsstrongsharpteeth,withonlyitsheadshowingfromahole,watchingforatastyfish(ormytastytoe!);andthegiantclamhalfburiedinsomecoralwaitingforsomethingtoswiminbetweenitsthickgreenlips.Thenthereweretwogreyreefsharks,eachaboutoneandahalfmetreslong,whichsuddenlyappearedfrombehindsomecoral.Itoldmyselftheyweren’tdangerousbutthatdidn’tstopmefromfeelingscaredtodeathforamoment!Thewaterwasquiteshallowbutwherethereefended,therewasasteepdroptothesandyoceanfloor.ItmarkedaboundaryandIthoughtIwasverybravewhenIswamovertheedgeofthereefandhungtherelookingdownintothedepthsoftheocean.Myheartwasbeatingwildly-Ifeltveryexposedinsuchdeepclearwater.Whatawonderful,limitlessworlditwasdownthere!AndwhatatinyspotIwasinthisenormousworld!Unit4ALETTERHOMEDearRosemary,Thanksforyourletter,whichtookafortnighttoarrive.Itwaswonderfultohearfromyou.Iknowyou’redyingtohearallaboutmylifehere,soI’veincludedsomephotoswhichwillhelpyoupicturetheplacesItalkabout.Youaskedaboutmyhighschool.Well,it’sabushschool-theclassroomsaremadeofbambooandtheroofsofgrass.Ittakesmeonlyafewminutestowalktoschooldownamuddytrack.WhenIreachtheschoolgroundstherearelotsof“goodmornings”formefromtheboys.Manyofthemhavewalkedalongway,sometimesuptotwohours,togettoschool.There’snoelectricityorwaterandevennotextbookseither!I’mstilltryingtoadapttotheseconditions.However,onethingisforsure,I’vebecomemoreimaginativeinmyteaching.Scienceismymostchallengingsubjectasmystudentshavenoconceptofdoingexperiments.Infactthereisnoequipment,andifIneedwaterIhavetocarryitfrommyhouseinabucket!TheotherdayIwasshowingtheboystheweeklychemistryexperimentwhen,beforeIknewit,themixturewasbubblingovereverywhere!Theboyswhohadnevercomeacrossanythinglikethisbeforestartedjumpingoutofthewindows.SometimesIwonderhowrelevantchemistryistothesestudents,mostofwhomwillbegoingbacktotheirvillagesafterYear8anyway.Tobehonest,IdoubtwhetherI’mmakinganydifferencetotheseboys’livesatall.YouaskedwhetherI’mgettingtoknowanylocalpeople.Well,that’sactuallyquitedifficultasIdon’tspeakmuchofthelocalEnglishdialectyet.Butlastweekendanotherteacher,Jenny,andIdidvisitavillagewhichisthehomeofoneoftheboys,Tombe.Itwasmyfirstvisittoaremotevillage.Wewalkedfortwoandahalfhourstogetthere-firstupamountaintoaridgefromwherewehadfantasticviewsandthendownasteeppathtothevalleybelow.Whenwearrivedatthevillage,Tombe’smother,Kiak,whohadbeenpullingweedsinhergarden,startedcrying”ieeeieee”.Weshookhandswithallthevillagers.EveryoneseemedtobearelativeofTombe’s.Tombe’sfather,Mukap,ledustohishouse,alowbamboobutwithgrassstickingoutoftheroof-thisshowsitisaman’shouse.Thehutswereround,notrectangularliketheschoolbuildings.Therewerenowindowsandthedoorwaywasjustbigenoughtogetthrough.Thehutwasdarkinsidesoittooktimeforoureyestoadjust.FreshgrasshadbeenlaidonthefloorandtherewasanewlymadeplatformforJennyandmetosleepon.UsuallyKiakwouldsleepinherownhut,butthatnightshewasgoingtosharetheplatformwithus.MukapandTombeweretosleeponsmallbedsinanotherpartofthehut,.Therewasafireplaceinthecentreofthehutnearthedoorway.TheonlypossessionsIcouldseewereonebroom,afewtinplatesandcupsandacoupleofjars.OutsideMukapwasbuildingafire.Oncethefirewasgoing,helaidstonesonit.Whenhot,heplacedtheminanemptyoildrumwithkaukau(sweetpotato)cornandgreens.Hethencoveredthevegetableswithbananaleavesandleftthemtosteam.Isniffedthefood;itsmelleddelicious.Weateinsidethehutsittingroundthefire.Ilovedlisteningtothefamilysoftlytalkingtoeachotherintheirlanguage,eventhoughIcouldnotparticipateintheconversation.Luckily,Tombecouldbeourinterpreter.Later,Inoticedatincanstandingupsidedownonthegrilloverthefire.AfterashorttimeTombethrewitoutofthedoorway.Iwaspuzzled.Tombetoldmethatthecanwasheatedtodryouttheleftoverfood.Theybelieve\nthatanyleftoversattractevilspiritsinthenight,sothefoodisdriedupinthecanandthecanisthenthrownoutofthehut.Otherwisetheydon’twasteanything.Weleftthevillagethenextmorningaftermanygoodbyesandfirmhandshakes.Mymuscleswereachingandmykneesshakingasweclimbeddownthemountaintowardshome.ThateveningIfellhappilyintobed.ItwassuchaprivilegetohavespentadaywithTombe’sfamily.It’sgettinglateandIhavetopreparetomorrow’slessonsanddosomepaperwork.Pleasewritesoon.Love,JoTHEWORLD’SMOSTUSEFULGIFTCATALOGUEWouldyouliketodonateanunusualgift?Thenthisisthecatalogueforyou.Thegiftyougiveisnotsomethingyourlovedonekeepsbutavoluntarycontributiontowardsthelivesofpeoplewhoreallyneedit.Choosefromthiscatalogueareallyusefulgiftforsomeoftheworld’spoorestandbringhopeforabetterfuturetoacommunityinneed.Whenyoupurchaseanitem,wewillsendyouanattractivecardforyoutosendtoyourspecialperson.Youcanusethecardsforanyspecialoccasion-weddings,births,birthdays,Christmasoranniversaries,etc.Unit5KEEPITUP,XIELEIChinesestudentfittinginwellSixmonthsagoXieLeisaidgoodbyetoherfamilyandfriendsinChinaandboardedaplaneforLondon.Itwasthefirsttimeshehadeverlefthermotherland.“AftergettingmyvisaIwasveryexcitedbecauseIhaddreamedofthisdayforsolong.ButIwasalsoverynervousasIdidn’tknowwhattoexpect,”XieLeitoldmewhenIsawherwaitinginaqueueatthestudentcafeteriabetweenlectures.XieLei,whois21yearsold,hascometoouruniversitytostudyforabusinessqualification.Sheishalfwaythroughthepreparationyear,whichmostforeignstudentscompletebeforeapplyingforadegreecourse.XieLeihighlyrecommendsit.“Thepreparationcourseismostbeneficial,”shesaid.“StudyinghereisquitedifferentfromstudyinginChina,soyouneedsomepreparationfirst.”“It’snotjuststudythat’sdifficult.Youhavetogetusedtoawholenewwayoflife,whichcantakeupallyourconcentrationinthebeginning,”explainedXieLei,whohadlivedallherlifeinthesamecityinChina.Shetoldmethatshehadhadtolearnalmosteverythingagain.“SometimesIfeltlikeachild,”shesaid.“Ihadtolearnhowtousethephone,howtopaybusfare,andhowtoaskashopkeeperforthingsIdidn’tknowtheEnglishfor.WhenIgotlostandhadtoaskapasser-byfordirections,Ididn’talwaysunderstand.Theydon’ttalkliketheydoonourlisteningtapes,”shesaid,laughing.XieLeiliveswithahostfamilywhogiveherlotsofgoodadvice.Althoughsomeforeignstudentsliveinstudentaccommodationorapartments,somechoosetoboardwithEnglishfamilies.Livingwithhostfamily,inwhichtheremanybeothercollegestudents,givesherthechancetolearnmoreaboutthenewculture.“WhenIhearanidiomthatIdon’tunderstand,Icanaskmyhostfamilyforhelp,”explainsXieLei.“Also,whenImissmyfamily,it’sagreatcomforttohaveasubstitutefamilytobewith.”XieLei’spreparationcourseishelpinghertogetusedtotheacademicrequirementsofaWesternuniversity.“IrememberthefirstessayIdidformytutor,”Shetoldme.“IfoundanarticleontheInternetthatseemedtohaveexactlytheinformationIneeded.SoImadeasummaryofthearticle,revisedmydraftandhandedtheessayin.IthoughtIwouldgetareallygoodmarkbutIgotanE.Iwasnumbwithshock!SoIwenttomytutortoaskthereasonforhisrevision.Firstofall,hetoldme,Icouldn’twritewhatotherpeoplehadsaidwithoutacknowledgingthem.Besides,asfarashewasconcerned,whatotherpeoplethoughtwasnotthemostimportantthing.HewantedtoknowwhatIthought,whichconfusedmebecauseIthoughtthattheauthorofthearticleknewfarmorethanIdid.MytutorexplainedthatIshouldreadlotsofdifferenttextsthatcontaindifferentopinionsandanalyzewhatIread.Then,inmyessay,Ishouldgivemyownopinionandexplainitbyreferringtootherauthors.FinallyheevenencouragedmetocontradicttheauthorsI’dread!AtfirstIlackedconfidence,but\nnowI’mbeginningtogettheideaandmymarkshaveimproved.Moreimportantly,Iamnowamoreautonomouslearner.”XieLeitoldmethatshefeelsmuchmoreathomeinEnglandnow,andwhathadseemedverystrangebeforenowappearsquitenormal.“I’vejustgotonemorethingtoachieve.IhavebeensooccupiedwithworkthatIhaven’thadtimeforsocialactivities.Ithinkit’simportanttohaveabalancebetweenstudyandasociallife,soI’mgoingtojoinafewclubs.HopefullyI’llmakesomenewfriends.”WewillfollowXieLei’sprogressinlatereditionsofthisnewspaperbutfornow,wewishXieLeiallthebestinhernewenterprise.Shedeservestosucceed.PeruPeruisacountryonthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica.Ithasthreemaingeographicalareas:anarrowcoastalbelt;theAndesMountainsrunningparalleltothecoast;andhigh,flatplainsinthesoutheast.InthehighplansareaisLakeTiticaca,thehighestlakeintheworld,onwhichboatscantravel.Peruhasabundantplantsfromdesertgrassestovastareasofjungle.OncethecentreofthepowerfulandextremelywealthyIncaEmpire,muchofSouthAmericawasgovernedbySpainfromthesixteenthcenturyonwards.PerufinallygaineditsindependencefromSpainin1821.ThecapitalofPeruisLima,whichisinthenorthonthecoast.TheancientIncacapital,Cuzco,isfoundhighintheAndes.ItisapopulartouristdestinationasitisclosetothefamousIncaruinsofthecityofMachuPicchu.Cuzcoisalivelycitywithmanyhotelsandinns,wherebothIndianandSpanishcultureandartcanbeseen.PeruPeruoffersavarietyofexperiencesfromancientruinsandcenturies-oldSpanishvillagestothickforests,highmountainsanddesertcoastline.TRAVELPERUofferstoursforallagesandtastes.ThefollowingtoursarebasedatCuzco,thesiteoftheancientcapitaloftheIncacivilization.Tour1Experiencethejungleanditsdiversewildlifecloseup.Duringthisfour-daywalkingtour,youwillbeamazedbymountainsceneryandtheancientruinswepassonourhike.Onthelastday,wearriveattheruinsofMachuPicchuintimetoseethesunriseovertheAndes.SpendthedayvisitingtheruinsofthisancientIncacitybeforecatchingthetrainbacktoCuzco.Tour2Afull-daytripbyroadfromCuzcotoPunowithfantasticviewsofthehighlandcountryside.FromPuno,wetravelbyboatacrossLakeTiticava,stoppingonthewayatthefloatingislandsoftheUrospeople.ThesefloatingislandsandtheUrosIndian’shousesaremadeofthewaterplantsthatgrowinthelake.Afull-daystaywithalocalfamilygivesyouanopportunitytolearnmoreabouttheirlife.ReturntoPunoonthefourthdayforyourflightbacktoLima.Tour3SpendfourdayshighintheAndesatCuzco.Learnaboutitshistoryandvisitthemuseums.AdmiretheSpanisharchitecture,enjoysomeexcellentSpanishcuisineandtakesometimetobargainforsomesouvenirsatthecolorfulmarkets.TakethetrainuptoMachuPicchuforaguidedtouroftheruinsandtheroyaltomboftheIncaking.Tour4AshortflightfromCuzcotakesyoufromtheAndesintothelowlandsoftheAmazonJungle.Fromhereyou’lltravelbyboattoyouraccommodationinaforestreserve,whichholdstherecordforthemostbirdsightingsinonearea.Fromtheguesthouseyoucanexplorethejungleinthecompanyofalocalguide.