【高中英语】定语从句 13页

知识梳理知识点1:定语从句重要考点I.关系代词只能用that,而不能用which的情况：1＞当先行词被为不定代词。如：Thereisnothing（that）Icansayaboutit.2）先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰吋。如：ThisisthebestbasketballmatchthatIhaveeverseen.3）先行词被theonly或thevery修饰时。如：Theonlythingthatwecandoistoaskourteachers’help.Isthistheverymuseumthatyouvisitedtheotherday?4）先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰吋。如：ThefirstEnglishfilmthatIsawwas"OliverTwist〃.ChinaWhenforeignerstalkabout,thefirstthatcomestomindistheGreatWall.5）被修饰的先行词被any,aII,much,no,little,few等修饰时。如:Iaminterestedinallthatyouhavetoldme.Thereisn'tmuchthatIcando.Heisoneofthefewthatcanworkitoutinfiveminutes.6）先行词既包含人又包含物时。例如：TheytaIkedaboutthefactoriesandworkersthattheyhadvisited.7）先行词是疑问代词时。如：Whichisthebookthatheboughtyesterday?Whothatyouhaveeverseencanbeathiminthegame?8）先行词在逻辑上充当定语从句的表语时。如：ThisisnoIongertheplacethatitusedtobe.Heisnotthemanthathewas.II.关系代词只能用which不用that的情况：1.引导非限制性定语从句时，例如：Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherhearttohermouth.2.当关系代词做介词宾语时，例如：Hewroteabookinwhichhecouldlearnabouthislife.在上一例句中，引导词"which〃作了介词"in〃的宾语，所以不可以用"that〃代替。III.非限制性定语从句：1.非限制性定语从句只对主句屮先行词作附加说明，关系不密切，如果省去从句，主句所表达的概念依然明确、完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句分开，不能用that连接。如：Water,whichisaclearliquid,hasmanyuses.IdecidedtowriteaboutChaplin,oneofwhosefilmsIhadseenseveralyearsbefore.2.必须使用非限制性定语从句的情况：1）当先行词为专有名词或球类、疾病、学科等独一无二的事物时。如.•HecaughtSARS,whichthreatenedpeopiealot.\nBasketball,whichisnowplayedinover100countries,isthemostpopulargameintheworld.2）当定语从句由"代词/数词/名词/形容词比较级、最高级等+of+which/whom〃引导时。如:ChinaTaiwanhashundredsofislandsoffitssoutheastcoast,thelargestofwhichis.3）当定语从句修饰整个主句时。如：Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.Theymovedthefallentree,whichtookthemalongtime.IV.其他情况：1.定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词，which，as可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。Theyhaveinvitedmetodinner,whichisverykindofthem.Hedislikedthegirl,aswasexpected.2.偶尔也用but引导定语从句，这种情况已经比较少见了。Thereisnotoneofusbutwishes(=whodoesnotwish)toimproveourEnglish.我们没有一个人不想提高英语水平。3.关系代词在从句中主语时，从句中的谓语动词形式由先行词决定。ThestudentswhoareinGrade3aregoingtoclimbthehill.4.分隔定语从句，定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间有其他的成分隔开如定语，状语或谓语。ThereisanexpressioninhiseyesthatIcan'tunderstand.他的眼中有一种我不能理解的祌情。ThisisthearticlewrittenbyhimthatIspoketoyouabout.Hewastheonlypersoninthiscountrywhowasinvited.5.定语从句吋态的简化。如果主句动词是将來时，从句动词表示的动作与主句动作发生在同一时间，从句要用一般现在时表示一般将來时，用一般过去时表示过去将來时。但是如果从句动作是指不同于主句动作的将来时间，则两部分都要用将来时。Therewillbeaspecialpriceforanybodywhoordersasuitinthenexttwoweeks.任何人在下两周内定做衣服都将亨受优待价格。Thosewhowillgototomorrow'sshowwillhavetocomethisafternoontogettheirtickets.明天去看演出的人今天下午来取票。6.引导定语从句的关系副词可以用"介词+which〃来代替。Thisistheroominwhich(=where)LuXunoneelived.7.以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导，也可以省略。Thewayinwhich/that//heansweredthequestionwassurprising.8.具体的地点名词后可以接where从句，但其他如case,point,situation,condition,job等表示"情况，方面〃的名词也同样加where从句，这种用法源于"inthiscase,atthispoint,inthissituation,underthecondition"等短语，例：Therearemanycaseswherethisruledoesnotholdgood.在很多情况下，这条规则都不适用。Hehadtofacetheconditionswherepressurewasheavy.Iwillshowyouthepointwhereyoufail.\nThisisajobwhereyoucanlearnsomething.Helefthishometownin2002sincewhenhehasnevercomeback.\nV.保持主句的完整性在定语从句中，不管山现任何情况，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须有主语和谓语，缺一不可，否则，整个主从复合句就无法成立。eg：Isthisthebookyouboughtyesterday?Isthisbooktheoneyouboughtyesterday?注意：这点可以利用句子成分进行讲解，因为定语不是一句话的基本成分，那么定语从句也就不是基本成分，所以主句肯定是完整的，同样原理，状语从句和同位语从句的主句也是完整的。知识点2:定语从句中易犯的错误由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用吋往往存易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种：1）、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。如：1.误Someoftheboys1invitedthemdidn'tcome.正SomeoftheboyS1inviteddidn’tcome.译我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来O析应删去them,因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom，who或that。2.误Thebookthatyouneeditisinthelibrary正Thebookthatyouneedisinhelibrary析应删去因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。幻|、把定语从句谓语动词的单1|、复数弄错。|如：1.M1妖AnyonewhobreakthelawWillbepunished.正Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.译任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。析2.应改误breThoseak为breaks,whohas因为finwhoished指anyone，是maygo单数。home.正Thosewhohavefinishedmaygohome.译做完了的人现在可以回家o\n析应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。1.误HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.正HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsFrenchinourschool.他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人析应改know为knows,因为one前有theonly之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是theonlyone，是单数，而不是复数名词theteacherso4.误ThisisoneoftheroomSthatisfreenow.正Thisisoneoftheroomsthatarefreenow.译这是目前空着的房间之o析应改is为are，因为one前没有theonly之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数therooms，而不是单数one<>3）、误省略了定语从句屮作主语的关系代词o如••1.误Childreneatalotofsugaroftenlave1Dadteeth.正Childrenwho/thateatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.译吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好o析应加上关系代词who或that,因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。2.误Thekeyopensthebikeismissing正Thekeythat/whichopensthebikeismissing.译开这辆白行车的钥匙不见了。析应加上关系代词that或which,因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。4>、定语从句屮加了多余的关系副词或介词。如••1.误Thehousewherehe1ivesinneedsrepairing.正Thehousewherehe1ivesneedsrepairing.或Thehousehelivesinneedsrepairing•译他住的房子需要修理。\n析应保留where,删去从句中的in,因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在这里的意思是inwhich,否则介词in就重复了2.误IstillrememberthedayonwhenIfirstcametoBeijing.正IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.或IstilIrememberthedayonwhichIfirstcametoBeijing.5＞、在作先行词的吋间名词或地点名词沿错用了关系代词或关系副词。析应删去on,因为when在这里的意思是onwhich,否则介词on就重复了，或把when改为which。5）、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词沿错用了关系代词或关系副词。如:1.误1stillrememberthedaywhenwespenttogether.正1Stillrememberthedaythat/whichwespenttogether.译我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。析应改when为that或which,因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后应跟宾语而不2.误是Thisisthe时house间wherewe状lived语。inlastyear.正Thisisthehousewhich/thatwelivedinlastyear.译这是我们去年住过的那个房子。析应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。6＞、在先行词reason后错用災系副词why。1•误Haveyouaskedherforthereasonwhymayexplainherabsence?正Haveyouaskedherforthereasonthat/whichmayexplainherabsence?译你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因？析应改why为that或which,因为定语从句缺少主语，而不是少原因状语。2.误Idon'tbelievethereasonwhyhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.正Idon'tbelievethereasonthat/whichhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.译我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。析应改why为that或which,因为从句谓语动词hasgiven后缺少宾语，而不是少原因状\n语。7＞、误将强调句型当定语从句。如：1.误Itwasinthekitehenwherethefirebrokeout.正Itwasinthekitchenthatthefirebrokeout•译大火发生在厨扁ro析应将where改that，因为原句还原为Thefirebrokeoutinthekitchen后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。2.误Wasitbecauseitsnowedlastnightwhenyoudidn'tcome?正Wasitbeeauseitsnowedlastnightthatyoudidn'tcome?译你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来？析应将when改为that,因为，原句还原为Becauseitsnowedlastnight，youdidn’tcome后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型而非定语从句。例题讲解1.Hehadalotoffriends，onlyafewofinvitedtohiswedding.A.whomB.themC.whichD.who【陷阱】容易误选A,认为这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】最佳答案是B,这不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词invited并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个过去分词。当然，假若在invited前加上助动词were，则是一个非限制性定语从句，答案便应选A。比较：(1)TheyputforwardalotofpIansatthemeeting,noneofcarriedoutintheirwork.A.whichB.themC.whatD.that答案选B，noneofthemcarriedoutintheirwork是独立主格结构，其中的carriedout为过去分词。(2)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,noneofwerecarriedoutintheirwork.A.whichB.themC.whatD.that\n答案选A，noneofthemwerecarriedoutintheirwork是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较句中多了一个助动词were。(1)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,butnoneofwerecarriedoutintheirwork.A.whichB.themC.whatD.that答案选B,由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but,使得该句成了一个并列句。1.Thebuses，mostofwerealreadyful1,weresuitoundedbyanangrycrowd.A.thatB.itC.themD.which【陷阱】容易误选C，用them代指thebuses。【分析】最佳答案是D。mostofwhichwerealreadyfull为非限制性定语从句，修饰thebuse$o类似地，以下各题也选D:(1)Hishouse,forhepaid$10,000，isnowworth$50,000.A.thatB.itC.themD.which(2)Ashdownforest，throughwe’llbedriving,isn’taforestanylonger.A.thatB.itC•themD.which(3)ThisIdidatnineo’clock,afterIsatreadingthepaper.A.thatB.itC.themD.which类似地，以下各题选whom，不选them:(4)George，withIplayedtennisonSundays，wasawarm-heartedperson.A.thatB.himC.themD.whom(5)Hersons，bothofworkabroad，willcomebackhomethissummer.A.thatB.whoC.theniD.whom(6)Imetthefruit-pickers，severalofwerestilluniversitystudents.A.thatB.whoC.themD.whom2.Ifthemanisonlyinterestedinyourlooks，justshowshowshallowheis.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that【陷阱】容易误选A或B,误这是非限制性定语从句。【分析】正确答案为D,注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选that，而不选which:(1)Ifyoupromisetogowithus,willbeOK.A.asB.whichC.anditD.that\n(1)Ifyouwantadoubleroom，wi11costanother£15.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that(2)Whetheryougoornot,isquiteallrightwithme.A.thatB.whichC.anditD.so(3)WhenIsaytwohours,includestimeforeating.A.asB•whichC.whatD.that巩固练习请找出下列各句中的错误并加以改正：1.Thisisthefactorywherewevisitedlastweek.where->that/which或去掉where。2.ThisisthewatchforwhichTomisIooking.把for放在looking之后。英语中，有些短语动词，介词或副词不可与动词相分离。又如:lookaftet,runinto等。3.ThepersontowhoyouspokeisastudentofGradeTwo.who»>whom。尽管在口语中who,whom都能作宾语，但在介词后只能用whom。4.Thehouseinthatweliveisverysmall.that->which。5.Thesungivesofflightandwarmth,thatmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow,that->whichothat不可以引导非限制性定语从句。6.I'vereadallthebookswhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.which~>that或去掉which。当先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little等修饰时，常用that引导定语从句。7.ThisisthebestfilmwhichIhaveeverseen.which^that或去掉which。当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级或theonly,thevery等所修饰时，常用that引导定语从句。8.MyfatherandMr.SmithtaIkedaboutthingsandpersonswhotheyrememberedinthecountry.who->thato如果先行词既指人又指物时，常用that引导定语从句。9.Everythingwhichwesawwasofgreatinterest.which今that或去掉which。当先行词为something,anything,everything,nothing,all等时，常由that引导定语从句。\n6.Hisdog,thatwasnowveryold,becameillanddied.that->which7.Thereasonwhichhedidn'tgotoschoolisthathewasjII.which->why/which前加for或去掉which。8.Thosewhowantstogowithmeputupyourhands,wants今want。定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词一致。9.Theboy,hismotherdiedIastyear,studiesveryhard.his^whose14.1havetwosisters,bothofthemaredoctors.them->whom或both前加and。15.We’regoingtovisittheschoolwhereyourbrotherworksthere.去掉thereo16.HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohavebeeninvitedtotheEngHshEvening.have^haso当oneof+名词复数作先行词时，从句的谓语用复数;但是当one前有the(only)时，从句谓语要用单数。17.Thatisthewaywhichtheywork.which->that/which前加in或去掉which。18.Thosehavequestionscanasktheteachersforadvice.Those后加who。19.Whoisthemanwhohaswhitehairs?第二个who->thato当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，定语从句常用that引导，以避免重复。20.1willneverforgetthedayswhichwehadagoodtimetogetheratthesea.which->when或which前加in。归纳总结使用归纳法总结定语从句的常考重点知识点：仅用that引导限制性定语从句的八种情况；把握"介词+关系代词"结构中介词的选用；弄清as和which引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别。\n课后作业1.Alloftheflowersnowraisedherehavedevelopedfromthoseintheforest.A.oneetheygrewB.theygrewonceC.thatoncegrewD.oncegrew2.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeunti1after5:30pm,manypeoplehavegonehome.A.thatB.whichC.whosetimeD.bywhichtime3.1sthisthereasonatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained1.Luckily，we’dbroughtaroadmapwithoutwewouldhavelostourway.A.itB.thatC.thisD.which2.Whenhewasworkingtherehecaughtaseriousillnessfromeffortshestillsuffers.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.what6.1t’ssaidthathe’slookingforanewjob，onehecangetmoremoneytosupporthisfamily.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which1.Wearelivinginanagemanythingsaredoneoncomputer.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.when2.Thelittletimewehavetogetherwe’lltrywisely.A.spendingitB.tospenditC.tospendD.spendingthat3.Theoldbuilding，behindwasafamouschurch，wasweusedtowork.A.that,theplaceB.it,theplaceC.which，whereD.what，where4.Wewillbeshownaroundthecity:school$,museums,andsomeotherplaces，othervisitorsseldomgo.A.whatB.whichC.whereD.whenItaly11.Themodernhistoryofdatesfrom1860,thecountrybecameunited.A.whenB.ifC.sinceD.until12.AlloftheflowersnowraisedherehavedevelopedfromthoseintheforestA.oncetheygrewB.theygrewonceC.thatoncegrewD.oncegrew13.Youcouldseetherunnersverywellfromwestood.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when6.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,wasveryreasonable.A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhich\nC.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose6.Whathaveyougotwi11helpacoId?A.whatB.thatC.itD.who7.HewasveryangryandIcanstillrememherthewayhespoketome.A.howB.thatC.whatD.which8.Doyouknowthemanfromhousethepictureswerestolen?A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whose18.1canthinkofmanycasesstudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn’twriteagoodessay.A.whyB.whichC.asD.where19.Isthisallthatyouneed?Ifyoumarriedme，Fdgiveyoueverythingyou.A.wantB.wantedC.hadwantedD.arewanting20.1mettheteacherinthestreetyesterdaytaughtmeEnglishthreeyearsago.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.who21.He’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationheislikelytolosecontroIovertheplane.A.whereB.whichC.whileD.why22.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery，ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.which11hinkitD.Ithinkis23.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay，，ofcourse，madetheothersunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what24.Theirproblemtodayissomewhatsimilartotheyfacedmanyyearsago.A.thatB.whichC.thatwhichD.it25.1sawsometreestheleavesofwereblackwithdisease.A.thatB.whichC.itD.what答案：1.选C。先行词是those，可视为thoseflowers之省略。theyoncegrew前省略了关系代词which。全句意为：这儿所养的花是由他们曾在森林里种植的花培养出来的。2.选D。bywhichtime引出的是一个非限制性定语从句，其中bywhichtime相当于andbythattime。3.选A。注意不能选D，因为动词explained缺宾语。\n4•选D。which指theroadmap。5•选C。fromwhoseeffortshestillsuffers为修饰aseriousillne$s的定语从句，whose在定语从句中用作定语，修饰efforts。1.选B。where引导定语从句修饰one。注：one在此指anewjob。类似地，下面一题的答案是C，因为onethat相当于aproblemthat：Theproblemishascausedusalotoftrouble.A•oneB.thatC.onethatD.thatone2.选D。先行词是表时间的age(时代)，由于关系词在定语从句中作状语，故用when。8•选C。该句的正常词序为Wewilltrytospendthelittletimewehavetogetherwisely.9.选C。第一空填which,指theoldbuilding；第二空填where,用以引导表语从句。10.选C。先行词是地点名词places，由于关系词在定语从句中作状语，故用where。11.选A。when引导的是非限制性定语从句。12.选C。thatoncegrewintheforest为修饰those的定语从句。13.选B。where在此相当于theplacewhere。14.选B。thepriceofwhichwasveryreasonable为非限制性定语从句，其中的thepriceofwhich相当于anditsprice或andthepriceofito假若空格前有并列连词and，则可选C。15.选B。thatwi11helpacoId为修饰what的定语从句。比较：Haveyougotanythingthatwillhelpacold?以及I’vegotnothingthatwillhelpacold.16.选B。theway后不接how引导的从句，换句说，how不是关系代词或关系副词，不能引导定语从句。以theway为先行词的定语从句通常用that或inwhich来引导，在非正式文体中也可省略that和inwhich。17.选D。fromwhosehousethepictureswerestolen为修饰theman的定语从句，whose在定语从句中用作定语，修饰house。18.选D。先行词是manycases,关系副词where=inwhich。19.选A。尽管句中用了ifyoumarriedme，I’dgiveyoueverything这样的虚拟语气句子，但修饰everything的定语从句(that)youwant却要用陈述语语气，因为它是回答前面Isthisal1thatyouneed?这一提问的。20.选0。因定语从句缺主语，且关系代词指人，故选D。21.选A。where所引导的为修饰adangeroussituation的定语从句。22.选A。选项中的Ithink是插入语，若略去不看便可清楚地看出答案。23.选B。ofcourse为插入语，若将项其去掉，则答案显然是B。24.选C。thatwhich相当于theproblemwhich。25.选B。theleavesofwhich相当于whoseleaves。