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RC84706窗体底端高中英语精华浓缩语法分册(第四版)第一章定语从句1.1定语从句(一)1.1.1关系代词:which、who、that、whoseThisisashopthat/whichsellspersonalcomputers.Thewatchthat/whichIboughtyesterdayworkswell.Anarchitectisapersonwho/thatdesignshousesandbuildings.Theplayerwho/thatIbeatinthetabletennisgamewasaseedplayer.Onthehillweremapletreeswhoseleaveshadturnedred.(Ihadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.Ihadameetingthepurposeofwhichwascompletelyunclear.Ihadameetingofwhichthepurposewascompletelyunclear.)Theherowhoseleftleghelostinthewariswelllookedafter.1.1.2关系副词:where、when、whyIstillrememberthedaywhenwefirstmet.ThecitywhereIwasbornisonthenewrailwayline.Thisisthereasonwhyheleftthecompany.1.1.3介词+关系代词=关系副词句中的when=onwhichwhere=inwhichwhy=forwhich1.1.4关系代词与关系副词的区别:Iliketotakemyvocationinthemountainwhichisquietandbeautiful.Iliketotakemyvocationinthemountainwhere(inwhich)therearemanyplants.Wewillneverforgetthedaywhichwespenttogether.Wewillneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)weworked.Thatisthereasonwhichhegaveusforhisaction.Thatisthereasonwhy(forwhich)hedidthatthing.1.1.5介词提前Themanwithwhomyoushookhandsjustnowisheadofourdepartment.Theroominwhichmyfamilyliveusedtobeagarage.LastnightIhadadreaminwhichIbecameaNobelPrizewinner.ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.Theteacherinwhoseclassmydaughterisstudyingisakindheartedman.\n1.1.6限定与非限定的区别:A.Thisisashopthatsellspersonalcomputers.Shakespeare,whoseplaysarepopular,wasagreatwriter.Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.B.Thecabdriverswhoknewaboutthetrafficjamtookanotherroad.Thecabdrivers,whoknewaboutthetrafficjam,tookanotherroad.C.Thewinewhichwasinthecellarwasallruined.Thewine,whichwasinthecellar,wasallruined.1.1.7Theteachersspeakhighlyoftheworkbooks,allofwhichhavecomeout.Theaudience,mostofwhomwerecollegestudents,enjoyedtheconcert.Thesebooks,twoofwhichIhaveread,areinteresting.1.1.8SchoolwillbreakuponJuly1,bywhichtimewewillhavegotourschoolreports.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.Helosthistemper,atwhichpointIdecidedtogohome.Theybribedtheofficials,whichpracticewasverycommonthere.Hebelievesinstudents’doingmorehomework,whichideaIamquiteopposedto.1.1.9Heisateacher,as/whichisclearfromhismanner.Asweknow,waterresourcesareverylimitedontheearth.(aswasexpected/asisnatural)Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.Mostdevicesoftheintegratedcircuit,asaremanufactured,areruggedlypacked.(名词短语或句子)Themeeting,whichwasheldinthepark,wasasuccess.(可以单个名词)Hewaslateforschool,as/whichwasusualwithhim.Hesawthegirl,as/whichhehadhoped(hewould).Hesawthegirl,whichdelightedhim.Bambooishollow,whichmakesitverylight.Davidistall,asaremybrothers.Davidworkshard,asdomybrothers.1.1.10先行词被形容词最高级、序数词、theonly、thelast、thesame、thevery、\nany、all等所修饰Thisisthebestfilmthathaseverbeenmade.ThefirstplacethatwevisitedwastheGreatWall.Theonlyfurniturethathehadintheroomwasabedandasmalldesk.allthewordsthatI'velearnedThoseweretheverywordsthathesaidatthemeeting.all、anything、nothing、little、much等不定代词ThatisallthatIwanttosay.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?There’sstillmuchthatistobedone.人与物的名词词组Theytalkedofpersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedintheschool.1.1.11What’sthatwhichherefusedtoaccept?Thatwhichwasbittertoenduremaybesweettoremember.曾经艰辛回味甜。Youshouldn’tpretendtoknowthatthing/thosethingswhichyoudon’treallyknow.(WhichisthetrainthatisleavingforBeijing?Whothathassuchahomedoesnotloveit?)HereistheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpyouimproveyourEnglish.Propertywasthefirstthingwhich,onthedeathoffather,interestedthesons.1.1.12Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.HewasaboldmanwhofirstateanoysterHelaughsbestwholaughslast.1.1.13同位语从句TheyspreadthelieeverywherethatTomwasguiltyoftheft.Wehaveaquestionwhetherheshouldbefired.Thequestionwhoshouldgoabroadonthisbusinesstourrequiresconsideration.1.1.14定语从句与同位语从句的区别Thenewsthatyouheardisnottrue.\nThenewsthatLincolnwasmurdereda十atheatreistrueIstillrememberthedaywhenhewaskilled.Ihavenoideawhenhewaskilled.ThecitywhereIwasbornisonthenewrailwayline.Thequestionwhereweshouldgohasnotbeendiscussed.Thisisthereasonwhyheleftthecompany.Doyouknowthequestionwhyhewaslate?其它:YouhavenoideahowworriedIwas.Asayinggoesthatpracticemakesperfect.Themotioncamefromthechairmanthattheregulationsbeadopted.Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.Theworldisabook,andthosereadonlyapagewhodonottravel.Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatorenotfullyunderstood.1.2定语从句(二)1.2.1as作关系代词as与such,thesame,as,so搭配使用He’llrepeatsuchpointsasorediscussedinthebook.Suchastudentasworkshardwillbesuretosucceed.Ultrasonicsoundsaresuchasareinaudibletothehumanear.(such本身是先行词)Hereissobigastoneasnomanconlift.注意区别Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.Hereisastoneso/asbigasnomancanlift.Hetriedtomakeasfewmistakesashecouldavoid.Heisnotthesameplayboyasweknew.ThisisthesamebookasIlentyouyesterday.ThisisthesomebookthatIlentyouyesterday1.2.2than作关系代词Don’tdrinkmorewinethanisgoodforhealth.\nDon’tdrinkmorewinethanthewinethatisgoodforhealthDon’tdrinkmorewinethanwhatisgoodforhealth.Don’tgivehimmoremoneythanisneeded,sincemoneywillburnaholeinhispocket.Don’tgivehimmoremoneythanmoneythatisneeded,sincemoneywillburnaholeinhispocket.Don'tgivehimmoremoneythanwhatisneeded,sincemoneywillburnaholeinhispocket.1.2.3but作关系代词Thereisnomanbuterrs.Thereisnomanwhodoesn‘terr.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.Thereareveryfewwhodon’tadmirehistalent.Thereareveryfewpeopleinthisclubbutheknows.Thereareveryfewpeopleinthisclubbuthedoesn’tknow.1.2.4CanyouthinkofasituationwhereImayusethisexpression?Jessicamovedtoapositionwhereshecouldseethestagebetter.Butafterafewdays’staytheygottothepointwheretheycouldreadeachother’sthoughts.1.2.5that作关系副词的用法Doyouknowanyplace(where/inwhich/that)Icangetadrink?Iwenttoseehiminthehotel(on)theday(when/onwhich/that)hearrived.Icanseenoreason(why/forwhich/that)hedidn’tcomehere.Ireallydon’tcarefortheway(inwhich/that)you’respeakingtome.第二章名词性从句2.1主语从句:Thattheyarestillaliveisaconsolation.Whetherweshallhavethematchremainsuncertain.Whenwemustfulfillourproductiontaskisanimportantquestion.Itmakesnodifferencewhetherhecomesornot.\nItisnottruethathehasstolenthewallet.Itisreported/believed/knownthat…Itiscommonknowledgethatthewhaleisnotafish.Itseems(tome)/turnsout/(so)happensthatyouknowalotaboutcomputer.—Youseemtoknowalotaboutcomputer.2.2表语从句:Myideaisthatweshouldsticktoouroriginalplan.Thepointiswhetheryou’dliketogowithus.Myquestioniswherewearegoingtohaveourholidays.Themostimportantthingiswhethertheycanfinishthejobontime.(表)Whethertheycanfinishthejobontimeisthemostimportantthing.(主)Itisthemostimportantthingwhethertheycanfinishthejobontime.(主)2.3宾语从句:Weknow(that)heisagoodstudentandthateveryoneloveshim.Wedon’tknowwhat’sthematter?Thearticlegivesussomeideaofwhysmokingisharmfultohealth.她将写一本年轻妈妈如何抚养婴儿的书。Wedecided,inviewofhisspecialcircumstances,thatwewouldadmithimforaprobationaryperiod.2.4同位语从句:TheyspreadthelieeverywherethatTomwasguiltyoftheft.Wehaveaquestionwhetherheshouldbefired.Thequestionwhoshouldgoabroadonthisbusinesstourrequiresconsideration.第三章状语从句3.1时间状语从句3.1.1Thelittleboydidn’tsmileuntilhesawhismother.Untilhesawhismother,thelittleboydidn’tsmile.Notuntilhesawhismotherdidthelittleboysmile.Itwasnotuntilhesawhismotherthatthelittleboysmiled.\n练习:中翻英我年三十才知道读书自修的重要性。——梁实秋《时间即生命》Ididnotcometorealizetheimportanceofself-studyinthematterofclassicsuntilIwasover30.NotuntilIwasover30didIcometorealizetheimportanceofself-studyinthematterofclassics.ItwasnotuntilIwasover30thatIcametorealizetheimportanceofself-studyinthematterofclassics.3.1.2一……·就……ItbegantorainassoonasIarrivedhome.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.Hardly/ScarcelyhadIarrivedhomewhenitbegantorain.Itbegantorainimmediately/themomentIarrivedhome.(theminute;theinstant;directly;instantly)练习:中翻英我刚刚把一点眼泪从脸颊上擦掉,另一滴就落了下来。——《简爱》NosoonerhadIwipedoneslatdropfrommycheekthananotherfollowed.3.1.3nexttime;lasttime;bythetime;everytime;eachtime;theday;theweek作为连词Thedayhereturned,hisfatherwasalreadydead.Nexttimeyoucome,remembertobringalongyoursister.EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.3.1.4Metalsexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhencooled.WhileflyingovertheChannel,thepilotsawwhathethoughttobeameteorite.3.2地点状语从句Adrivershouldslowdownwherethereareschools.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Afteryouarefinishedwiththebook,putitwhereitbelongs.Staywhereyouare.WewillgowhereverthePartydirectsus.Putinarticleswherenecessaryinthefollowingpassages.Avoidstructureofthiskindwhereverpossible.3.3原因状语从句\n3.3.1because\as\for\since\seeingthat\nowthat\giventhat\consideringthat(allowingfor+,n)\inthat\forthereasonthat\ontheground(s)that\inasmuchas\insomuchas\notthat…butthatbecause与as\for\since的区别1.语气最强,可回答why2.Youshouldn’tgetangryjustbecausesomepeoplespeakillofyou.3.ItwasbecauseImissedyouthatIcameallthewaytoseeyou.AsIdidn’tknowtheway,Iaskedapoliceman.Wemustgetridofcarelessness,foritoftenleadstoerrors.(as多置于句首,for不可置于句首,since与because皆可)Giventhattheyareinexperienced,theyhavedoneagoodjob.Giventheirinexperience,they’vedoneagoodjob.Seeingthatyouknowthecauseoftheaccident,Iwillnottellitoncemore.Heresignedontheground(s)thathishealthwasfailing.Insomuchasthewavesarehigh,Ishallnotgooutintheboat.NotthatIdislikethework,butthatIhovenotime.3.3.2Ididn’tgothere.BecauseIwasafraidofhimIdidn’tgotherebecauseIwasafraidofhim.Hedoesn’texercisebecausehelikesto.3.3.3Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.Becauseitrainedlastnight,thegroundiswetthismorning3.3.4表示原因的介词:becauseof\thanksto\dueto\owingto\inviewoflbyreasonofIonaccountoflin(the)lightof\inconsequenceoftbyvirtueoflinvirtueofHereviewedhisdecisioninthelightofrecentdevelopments.他根据最近的事态发展重新考虑自己的决定。Owingtoapriorengagement,thechairmancannotcometonight.3.4目的状语从句3.4.1sothat\inorderthat\inhopesthat\inthehopethat\onpurposethat\forthepurposethat\totheendthatTheycarvedthewordsonthestonesothat/inorderthatthefuturegenerationshould/mightrememberwhattheyhaddone.Weclimbedhighsothatwemightgetabetterview.\nWeclimbedhighinorderto/soastogetabetterview.(inorderto可提前,soasto不可提前)Togetabetterview,weclimbedhigh.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinorderforthestudentsinthebacktohearmoreclearly.3.4.2incase(可直陈)\forfear(that)\lestTakeanumbrellawithyoulestitshouldrain.Peopleevacuatedthebuildingforfearthatthewallshouldcollapse.Shecleansthewindowwithgreatcareincasesheshouldbreak/breakstheglass.3.5结果状语从句3.5.1sothat引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句Heturnedtheradioup,sothateveryoneheardthenews.Heturnedtheradioupsothateveryonemightheardthenews.3.5.2so…that.such…that,so…asto,such…asto,sothat,suchthatHewassofoolishastomakeeveryonestare.Hewassuchafoolastobelieveher.Hervoicewassuchastomakeeveryonestare.Hisstoryistoarouseoursympathy.A.suchasB.soasC.toosadD.suchsadasE.sosadas3.5.3倒装Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.Soterriblewasthestormthattheroofswereallrippedoff.Suchafoolwashethathebelievedher.Suchwashisangerthathelostcontrolofhimself.3.5.4tothedegreethat\totheextentthat\tosuchadegreethat\tosuchanextentthatThebereavedmotherwasgrievedtothedegreethatshecouldn‘teatanythingfor3days.Tosuchanextentdidhishealthdeterioratethathewasforcedtoretire.Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tsleeplastnight.Atthattimepoliticianswerenotknowntothedegreethattheyaretoday.那时政治家并不像现在这样出名。Nowyouwillremembertheseexperiencestotheextentthattheywillnottroubleyou.\n现在你对你这些经历的记忆不会再使你感到苦恼了。3.5.5that引导结果状语从句WhathaveIdonethatheshouldbesoangry?Whoareyouthatyoutreatmelikethat?HowhaveyoustudiedEnglishthatyoucanwriteandspeaksowell?Wherehaveyoubeenthatyouwerenowheretobefound?3.6条件状语从句3.6.1if\unless\suppose\supposing\provided\providing\so(as)longas\onconditionthat\assumingthat\intheeventthat\ontheunderstandingthatif与provided/providingWecansellalotofmen’sshirts,provided(if)yourpriceishighlycompetitive.Weshallcancelthecontractifyoufailtokeepapromise.Don’tworryaboutthemistakesyoumaymakeinconversation,solongasyouconmakeyourselfunderstoodinEnglish.Imaylendyouthebookonconditionthatyoureturnittomeintime.Assumingthatyouareright,we’llmakeagreatdealofmoneyfromtheproject.Intheeventthatourteamwins,therewillbeacelebration.Supposeheisabsent,whatshallwedo?Supposeyourfathersawyounow,whatwouldhesay?注意:要是……结果会怎样Supposehearrivedearlier?要是他早到怎么办?Supposeatigershouldcomeoutoftheforest!3.6.2省略Sendthegoodsnowifready.Ifnecessary,ringmeathome.Comeifpossible.Iftrue,thiswillcauseusalatoftrouble.Ifanyone,heknows.Therearefewpeoplenowadays,ifany,whorememberhim.Heseemstohavelittle,ifanything,todowiththis.\n3.7让步状语从句3.7.1whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever.wherever,howeverWhatever/Nomatterwhatmayhappen,I’llbecalm.Whoever/Nomatterwhocalls,tellhimIamout.However/Nomatterhowbusyhewas,hewouldwatchTVsportsnewseverynight.Whenever/NomatterwhenIneedhishelp,hewillcomeimmediately.Wherever/Nomatterwhereweareneeded,wearereadytogo.注意与名词性从句的比较:WhateverhehadwasseizedbytheGermansoldiers.(whatever不等于nomatterwhat)I’lljustsaywhatevercomestomymind.Whoeverwantsaticketfortheartexhibitionmayhaveone.Theinformationwillbeusefultowhoevertakesoverthejob.Theprizewillgotowhicheverofthemwritesthebestcomposition.Takewhicheverseatyoulike.Shecanemploywhomever/whoevershechoosesashersecretary.结论:whenever/wherever/however一般只引导状语从句3.7.2though\although\evenif\eventhough\grantingthat\grantedthat\admittingthat\while打头\as的例装\whereasThough/Althoughhetriedhard,hefailed.WhileIsympathizewithyourpointofview,Icannotacceptit.Grantedthathehastime,itdoesn’tmeanhehascapacityandpatience.3.7.3as的倒装(though)公式一:adj./adv./名词/分词+as+主语+谓语动词Youngasheis,heisknowledgeable.MuchasIrespecthim,Icannotagreewithhim.Childasheis,heisknowledgeable.Oldestinourworkshopasheis,heworkshardest.Praisedashewas,heremainedmodest.Lazyaboyasheis,heiskindtohelpothers.公式二:V+as+s+助动词(do/did/does/will/would/can/could/may/might…)Tryasyouwill,youwon’tmanageit.\nFailasIdid,1wouldneverstoptrying.LosemoneyasIdid,Igotalotofexperience.3.7.4表示让步的介词:despite\inspiteof\forall\withall\notwithstanding\regardlessof\irrespectiveof+名词(词组)whatheachievedinmedicine,heremainedmodest.A.DespiteB.AlthoughC.IfD.Whereastired,hewouldn’tstopworking.A.DespiteB.ForallC.ThoughD.Whereas3.7.5whether…orWhetheryoucomepersonallyoryoutelephoneus,wewillhaveatableforyou.(无论…还是…)Whetheryougotherebyseaorbyair,youwillenjoyyourtrip.Pleasetelluswhethertogoorstay.(是…还是…)3.8方式状语从句as\asif\asthough\thewayWheninRome,doastheRomansdo.DoasIsay,notasIdo.Idon’tlikethewayheaddresses.Thewayherunsisveryfunny.Doitthewayyouweretaught.Helooksasthough/asifheisanactor.Hedidastold.他遵嘱而行。whenhehadfinished,hewaitedasthoughforareply.他说完之后好像在等待答复。3.9比较状语从句3.9.1as的用法as+adj./adv.+as+主谓Theworkisnotso/asdifficultasyouthink.as+adj.+a(n)+可数名词单数+as+主谓MaryisasdiligentagirlasJane.Ididn’tfinishedaslargeapartoftheworkashedid.*Ididn’tfinishedasalargepartoftheworkashedid.HardlyeverhaveIheardasimpressivemusicasthis.Theyareascleverstudentsasthoseinkeyschools.\nShehasgotasmuchluggageasI.Thereareasmanymagazinesinourlibraryasintheirs.thesame+表示量度的名词(height/size/age/width)+asSheisthesomeageasI.=SheisasoldasI.Thenewhotelisthesameheightastheofficebuildingnearby.=Thenewhotelisashighastheofficebuildingnearby.Thegirlwasasbrilliantasshewasbeautiful.Thisswimmingpoolisaswideasitislong.Sheisnotsowittyassheispretty.Thisswimmingpoolisn’ttwiceaswideasthatoneislong.Hisunclewasasbaseandunworthyashisfatherhadbeenuprightandhonorable.3.9.2than的用法*TheweatheroftheSouthiswetterthantheNorth.TheweatheroftheSouthiswetterthanthatoftheNorth*MissGreen’spronunciationisworsethanMr.Green.*StudentsinClassOnestudyharderthanthatinClassTwo.*Shelooksmorebeautifulthanshedoesyearsago.*ShanghaiisthebiggerthananyothercityinChina.*Thisbookisbetterofthetwo.*Thisstoryisquitemoreinterestingthanthatone.*TherearemuchmorestudentsthanthoseinClassThree.*DickisasahandsomeboyasBill.3.9.3times的用法AisthreetimesbiggerthanBAisfourtimesasbigasBAisfourtimesthesizeofBbig--sizelong--lengthwide-widthheavy--weighthigh--heightdeep-depth*Theearthhasamassthatisonehundredtimesthemoon.Theearthhasamassthatisonehundredtimesthatofthemoon.\n3.9.4ever,steadily,daily等副词+比较级Theroadgoteverworseuntiltherewasnoneatall.Hegrewsteadilymoregauntandyellowandugly.Herpositionwasbecomingdailymoreinsecure.3.9.5the+比较级+主谓…the+比较级+主谓Themorehaste,thelessspeed.Thehigheryougo,thelessdenseairbecomes.TheneareritisdrawntothesurfaceoftheEarth,themoreabodyweighs.Themoreruralthecommunityis,themoreuniformthecustomsofchildupbringingare.3.9.6towhatextent…towhatextent=the+比较级…the+比较级Towhatextentyouworkharder,towhatextentyouearnmore.3.9.7all,SOmuch,none等+the+比较级+(表示原因的状语)Shewaswaitingforthespring.Shefelttheyoungerforit.Hehastriedtobuymeallsortsofpresents,butIdon'tlikehimthemoreforit.Iwalkedaroundfortwohoursyesterday,andthedoctorsaidIwasnonetheworseforit.Ifthatisthecase,allthebetter.Ifyouareabletocome,somuchthebetter.3.9.8As…,so…正如……,所以……Asyousow,sowillyoureap.(可例装)种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆Asfoodnourishesthebody,sodobooksenrichthemind.Asasailingshiphasadestination,sowemusthaveadefinitegoalinourlife.3.9.9AistoBwhat/asCistoDAiristomanwhat/aswateristofish.Personalityistomanwhatperfumeistoaflower.3.9.10否定词+比较级=最高级Ican’tagreewithyoumore.Youcouldn’thavegivenmeabetterpresent.Hecouldn’tbeworse.Thereisnothingcheaper.3.9.11nomore…than,notmore…thanExerciseOneisnoeasierthanExerciseTwo.练习一与练习二一样难。\nExerciseOneisnoteasierthanExerciseTwo.练习一不比练习二更容易。HespeaksFrenchnomoreclearlythanI.他和我一样说去语不清楚。Hedoesn’tspeakFrenchmoreclearlythanI.他说法语不比我更清楚。3.9.12“nomorethan+数词”与”notmorethan“Hewroteanoutlineofthepassageinnomorethan(only)eightywords.Writeanoutlineofthepassageinnotmorethan(不超过)eightywords.nolessthan+数词——“多达”notlessthan——“不少于”3.9.13noless…than,notless…thanThegirlsingsnolessbeautifullythanthesinger.这个姑娘唱得和那歌星一样好听。Thegirldoesnotsinglessbeautifullythanthesinger.这个姑娘唱得好,不亚于那个歌星。3.9.14more…than与其……不如……Hewasmorefrightenedthanhurt.Hewaslesshurtthanfrightened.与其说他受伤,不如说他受惊。Heismoreacheaterthanaprofessor.Hespokeagain,almostmoretohimselfthantome….Tosomestudents,Sundayismoreadayforextrahomeworkthanaholiday.3.9.15notAsomuchasB或notsomuchAasBThetrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud,butIwasnotbotheredbyhisloudnesssomuchasbyhislackoftalent.Thegreatuseofaschooleducationisnotsomuchtoteachyouthingsastoteachyoutheartoflearning.3.9.16morethanBambooisusedmorethanasabuildingmaterial.(notjust)竹子不仅仅用作建筑材料。Mr.Leeismorethanateachertous.Hetreatsuslikealovingfather.(notjust)It’smorethanamiletothesea.(notjust)Weweremorethanhappytohearofyourescape!(very)Thechildwasmorethansatisfiedwithmygift.(very)Theterribleheatwasmorethantheoldpeoplecouldbear.\n(超过,含有否定意思)Theremarkshurthermorethanshewouldeverknow.(超过,含有否定意思)ThenewsismorethanIcanbelieve.(超过,含有否定意思)3.9.17superior,inferior,senior,junior,major,minor,prior,preferableThiscarpetisfarsuperiortothatoneinquality.JonesisseniortoSmith.Heishavingamajoroperation.3·9·18可修饰比较级的为:much,far,rather,even,still,yet,alot,lots,alittle,abit,agreatdeal,any,byfar等可修饰最高级的为:byfar,nearly,almost,byonmeans,next,或序数词Thisisbad;thatisyetworse.TienAnMenSquareisnearlythebiggestsquareIhaveeverbeento.天安门广场差不多是我去过的最大的广场。Ofthethreeboys,Nickisbynomeansthecleverest.WhichisthethirdhighestTVtowerintheFarEast?3.10连接副词3.10.1表示递进关系:besides,inaddition,again,furthermore,moreover.what’smore,also,plus,moreimportantly,what’sworseThehouseisn’tbigenough.Furthermore.itisfarawayfromthetown.3.10.2表示转折关系:however,nevertheless,nonetheless,yet,still,though.onthecontrary,instead,ontheotherhand,afterallHewashungry.Still,hewouldnoteat.I’veabitofcold.It’snothingmuch,though.Hefailedthetest.Afterall,itwasahardone.Thecompositionisallright;thereisroomforimprovement,however.3.10.3表示因果关系:therefore,thus,hence,asaresult,asaconsequence,consequently,accordingly,therebyTheydidalltheycouldtohelpus,thuswegotthroughthetrouble.(Thebuswasheldupbythesnowstorm,thuscausingthedelay.)Hehadasorethroat,hencehecouldn’tspeak.\n第四章倒装4.1部分例装4.1.1否定词打头4.1.1.1never\hardly\scarcely\little\seldom\not\notuntil\rarely\nosooner…than\nowhere等NowhereintheworldcanyoufindamanwhoismorefoolishthanJohn.NosoonerhadItakenabaththanthebellrang.Notaworddidhesayatthemeeting.NeverbeforehaveIheardsuchastory.NatuntilhecamebackdidIleave.Uptothebeginningofthe19thcenturydidscientistsknowthatallmatterismadeofatoms.Notonlydidweloseallourmoney,butalsowecomeclosetolosingourlives.4.1.1.2innoway\innocase\innosense\atnotime\onnoaccount\bynomeans\undernocircumstancesInnowaydoIblameyouforwhathappened.否定词修饰主语,句子不用例装。Hardlyanyonehasseenamanwhoeatsmice.NotonlyIbutalsohehasbeenthere.4.1.2”so+形容词或副词”及”totheextent/degree”放在句首Tosuchanextentdidhishealthdeterioratethathewasforcedtoretire.Sodiligentlydoesheworkthatheoftenforgetstoeatandsleep.4.1.3invain,often置于句首Invaindidwetrytopersuadehertogiveupherplan.OftenhaveIwarnedhimnottogoswimmingalone.(也可不例装)\n4.1.4虚拟语气中的were,had,should提前,省去if,须例装4.1.5as的例装句LookasIwouldupanddown,Icouldseenomenatall.Changeyourmindasyouwill,youwon’tgainhissupport.Shetraveledagreatdeal,asdidmostofherfriends.Hewillgoabroadforfurtherstudiesaswillhisgirlfriend.4.1.6“only+状语”置于句首Onlythendidsherealizeshewaswrong.Onlybyworkinghardcanyouachieveyourgoal.Onlywhenhehadfailedthreetimesdidheturntomeforadvice.Onlysheknewhowtodealwiththisproblem.4.I.7“manya+名词”位于句首Manyatimehasthemanageremphasizedthispoint.Manyastudenthasfinishedthepaper.4.1.8Whethersb./sth.beAorB=Besb./sth.AorBAllsubstances,betheygaseous,liquidorsolid,aremadeupofatoms.Inthecaseofopera,thecomposerswrotetheirmusicfollowingtheoriginaltexts,betheyinItalian,FrenchorGerman.4.1.9Howeveradj.sb./sth.be=Besb./sth.everso/neverso+adj.Beheeversotired,hecontinuedtogofarther.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.4.2全部倒装4.2.1表示地点的介词词组置于句首Fromthewindowcomesoundofmusic.Onthegroundliesamanwhoselegisbroken.Byhissidesathisfaithfuldog.\n4.2.2副词out\in\then\now\up\down\here\there\along\awayIncometheteacher,booksunderarm.JustthenalongcomeTom.Theregoesthebell.Downcamethehammerandoutflewthesparks.注:主语为代词则主谓不例装Outherushedwithhisslippersonwhenheheardtheterriblenoise.4.2.3such位于句首Suchwillbemyfuturedreams.Suchismywholestory.4.2.4表语置于句首Blessedisthepersonwhoistoobusytowartyinthedaytimeandtoosleepytoworryatnight.Gonearethedayswhenwehadnofoodtoeat.Facingthelakewasalittleinn.PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorSmith,ProfessorBrown,SirHughandmanyothercelebrities.4.3前置现象4.3.1宾语前置Apresenthegavemeyesterday.Thatmagazinestory,andthepersonwhowroteit,Ihaveneverbeenabletotrackdown.4.3.2表语前置Worriedhewaslastnight.4.3.3谓语动词前置I’llbebringingyouthebooknexttimeIcome.Believeyoume.Yieldhewouldnot.\n第五章虚拟语气5.1虚拟语气(一)5.1.1常规虚拟语气与现在事实相反:IfIwereinyourshoes,Iwouldactdifferently.IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldrunacompanyofmyown.与过去事实相反:Youwouldhavemissedthetrainifyouhadnothurried.Iftheflowershadbeenplantedearliertheywouldhavebeeninbloomforthegardenpartylastweek.Ifhehadnotbeenpromoted,hewouldneverhaveremainedwiththecompany.与将来事实相反:IfIshouldwinthelottery,Iwouldbuyacar.Ifheweretocomehere,howwouldyoutellhimaboutthis?5.1.2混合时间虚拟句Ifyouhadnothelpedthem,theywouldstillbeinNewYorknow.IfyouhadstudiedEnglishatschool,IcouldreadtheEnglishnovelnow.IfIknewyourE-mailaddress,IwouldhavesentE-mailtoyoulastnight.(EvernowIstilldon’tknowyourE-mailaddressandIcan’tsendit.)Ifshewerenotsocareless,shewouldn’thavemadesuchamistake.(Beingcarelessispartofhernatureandshecanneverchangeit.)IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecomewithyou.(Iamstillbusynow.)5.1.3例装虚拟句Hadhenotbeenpromoted,hewouldneverhaveremainedwiththecompany.ShouldIwinthelottery,Iwouldbuyacar.Werehetoleavetoday,hewouldgettherebyMonday.IfIhadmoney,…不能例装成:HadImoney,…5.1.4含蓄虚拟句Butfortheirhelp,Iwouldnothavefinishedthetask.Butforthesun,therecouldbenolifeontheearth.Butthatthedoctorarrivedontimethatday(不用虚拟),theywouldhavebeen\ndead.(用虚拟)--改成ifButthatheneededmoneydesperately,hewouldneverhaveturnedtohisbrotherforhelp.---改成ifIfitwerenotfor…要不是Ifithadnotbeenfor…要不是___________thesun,therecouldbenolifeanearth.A.WereitnoforB.IfitwerenotC.WereitnotD.ButthatWhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?Inhisposition,Iwouldcommitsuicide.Beforeliberation,suchfloodswouldhavecausedterribledisaster.Givenmoretime,Iwouldhavebeenabletofinishthetest.Thissamething,happeninginwartime,wouldamounttodisaster.5.1.5跳层虚拟句Hewouldputonweight,buthedoesn’teatmuch.(不用didn’t)(Ifheatemuch,hewouldputonweight.)Hecouldnothoveboughtthatlimousine,butheinheritedabigfortunefromhisfather.(Ifhehadnotinheritedabigfortunefromhisfather,hecouldn'thaveboughtthatlimousine.)主语+woulddo,but+主语+一般现在时---对现在事实的虚拟主语+wouldhavedone,but+主语+一般过去时---对过去事实的虚拟Ididn’tknowtheextentofhisdifficulty,orelseIwouldhavepromisedtohelphim.IforgetwhereIreadthearticle,orIwouldshowittoyounow.Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter,otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.5.2虚拟语气(二)5.2.1一坚持、二命令、三建议、四要求insist;order,command;advise,suggest,propose;ask,demand,requirerequestThegeneralorderedthathistroops(should)moveontothefront.Theyrequirethatvisitors(should)notsmokeintheworkshop.补充:beg,decide,determine,move,prefer,recommend,urge,desireHisfatherurgedthathestudymedicine.\n注意:suggest”暗示,说明”,insist“坚持认为”用直陈式Hispuzzledexpressionsuggestedthathedidn’tunderstand.IinsistedthatIhadtakentheearlytrainthatmorning.Jane’spalefacesuggestedthatshe_______ill,andherparentssuggestedthatshe_______amedicalexamination.A.be;shouldhaveB.was;haveC.shouldbe;hadD.was;hasTheyoungmarlinsistedthathe______nothingwrongand______free.A.did,setB.haddone,shouldbesetC.do;besetD.haddone,mustbesetSomeinsistedthatwe____anEnglisheveningatweekend,yetsomeinsistedthatthey_____nointerestinitatall.A.shouldhold:takeB.weregoingtohold;showC.hold;tookD.wouldhold;wouldshow十个动词相对应的名词Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)climballthewaytothetopofthehill.Hemadethesuggestionthatwe(should)climballthewaytothetopofthehill.5.2.2Itis+形容词或过去分词或特定的名词+that…Itisessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.Itisnecessarythatahighschoolstudent(should)masteraforeignlanguage.Itisimportantthatwe(should)haveagoodknowledgeofhistoryandgeography.ItisnaturalthatIshoulddwelluponhissuccessesratherthanuponhisfailures.Itisusualthat...Itisrequestedthatallmembersbepresentatthemeeting.Itismyproposalthathebesenttostudyfurtherabroad.常见形容词:advisable,appropriate.crucial,desirable(可取的),imperativeurgent.vital,normal,proper,preferable5.3虚拟语气(三)Itisapity/strange/surprising/nowonderthat…从句谓语动词用虚拟语气shoulddo(should不可省略),表遗憾、惊奇,怀疑,不满或欣慰等语气。从句谓语动词也可用直陈式,但感情色彩就减弱得多。\nItissurprisingthatheissofoolishastobelieveherlie.Itissurprisingthatheshouldbesofoolishastobelieveherlie.Itisapitythatheturneddownmyoffer.Itisapitythatheshouldhaveturneddownmyoffer.(表过去己发生的动作)Ineverexpectedthattheproblemshouldbesodifficult.It’sstrangethatsheshouldhavefailedtoseeherownshortcomings.I’msorrythatsheshouldbeinsuchpoorhealth.It’sastonishing/amazingthatsheshouldsaythatsortofthinqtoyou.5.4虚拟语气(四)5.4.1wish1.IwishIweretenyearsyounger.Wewishedwecouldflylikebirds.HowIwishedIdidn’thavesomuchhomework.2.IwishIhadn’ttakenthecourse.Theywishedthattheyhadseizedthegoodchancethen.3.Iwishthatwewouldhaveagoodharvestthisyear.Theywishedthatmoreaidwouldbesenttothatarea.注意:hope,expect后用直陈式Ihope/expectthatmydreamwillcometrue.(可能实现)Iwishthatmydreamwouldcometrue.(不大可能实现)5.4.2asif/asthough的思维方式与wish相同5.4.3I’drather+从句(wouldrather/wouldjustassoon/wouldsooner/wouldprefer)I‘dratheryoudidn’tspeakrudelytoher.I’dratheryouhadn’tspokenrudelytoher.Don’tcometomorrow.I’dratheryoucamenextweekend.(不用wouldcome)Shesaysshe’dratherhelefttomorrowinsteadoftoday.(不用wouldleave)注意:wouldratherdothando,woulddoratherthando,Preferdoingtodoing,prefertodoratherthando5.4.4ifonly与onlyififonly“要是……就好了”(虚拟)ifonly“只要”(直陈)Ifonlyhehadasenseofhumour.Ifonlyyoudoyourbest,youcanlearnEnglishwell.IfonlyIhadn’tlostmypass.ifonly是对if引导的虚拟语气的加强,only可后移至主要动词前Ifonlyyouagreedtohelpmenextweek,Iwouldnotbesonervous.\nonlyif“只有”(直陈)Onlyifyouworkhard,you’llsucceed.5.4.5Itis(high/about)timethat…Itis(high)timethatweleft.Itis(high)timethatshewenttobed.5.4.6lest/forfearthat/incase”以免,以防万一”I’llstayinthehotelincasethereshouldbeatelephonecall.Takeanumbrellawithyoulestitshouldrain.第六章非谓语动词6.1动名词6.1.1动名词作主语Keepingahouseisatiringjob.WatchingEnglishTVnewsisagoodwaytolearnEnglish.Itisuselesstryingagain.Itisboringplayingtheviolinallday.Itisno/some/an+use/good/awasteoftimedoingsth.Isitanygoodtryingtoexplain?It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.It’ssimplyawasteoftimeandmoneyseeingthatmovie.Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth.(What’sthepointofdoing?What’stheuseofdoing?Thereisnoneedtodo)Thereisnouse/goodindoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.=It’simpossibletodosth.或Wecan’tdosth.Thereisnodenyingthefactthat...Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappentomorrow.Thereisnoknowingthefuture.6.1.2动名词作表语Hishobbyisfishingbythelake.Herjobismendingbooksandmagazines.Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.6.1.3在某些动词或动词词组后作宾语A.practice,enjoy,consider,appreciate,anticipate,finish,complete,imagine,fancy,miss,suggest,avoid,escape,resent,admit,acknowledge,deny,delay,postpone,involve,include,mention,risk,mind,forgive,excuse,pardon,understand\ne.g.:resentbeingtreatedrudelyPleasepardonmydisturbingyou.Ican’tunderstandyourreadingtheboringnovel.B.allow,permit,forbid,advise,encourage,recommend,authorizee.g.:Wedon’tallowsmokinginthelectureroom.Wedon’tallowpeopletosmokeinthelectureroom.C.putoff,giveup,can’thelp,can’tstand/bear/endure/tolerate,can’tresist,feellike,beworth,beworthyofbeinqdone/tobedone,burstoutdoing(crying/laughing)(burst/breakintosth.)e.g.:①Thisinstrumentisworth10,000yuan.②therareritis,themoreitisworth.③beworthnotice/thetroublebeworth+N.=beworthyof+N④beworthdoing=beworthyofbeingdone/tobedone⑤Theresearchisworthourwhile.⑥itisworthwhiletodo/doingaworthwhilebook/effort⑦–worthyblameworthytrustworthyD.by,without,after,before,aswellase.g.Hewentoutwithoutsayingaword.E.befondof,betiredof,beinterestedin,beafraidof,insiston,lookforwardtobeusedto,objectto,bedevotedto,makecontributionto,amountto,taketo,getroundto,stickto,attendto,seeto(seetoitthat…;seethat…;makesure/certain…),leadto,giveriseto,carryon,attribute…to…,ascribe…to…,owe…to…F.keepsb.fromdoing,stopsb.(from)doing,preventsb.(from)doing,(hinder/restrain/prohibitsb.fromdoing)savesb.fromdoing,sheltersb.fromdoing,protectsb.fromdoing,hide(sb.)fromsb.,haveaproblem\trouble\difficulty\fun\agoodtime(in)doing注意:takethetroubletodo,takepainstodo,troubletodo,bothertodo,have(no)timetodo,spend…(in)doing,keepsb.doing,keepdoing,keepondoing,howaboutdoing,whataboutdoing,bebusy(in)doinge.g.:Asailorsavedhimfromdrowning.G.begintodo/doing,starttodo/doing(注意),continuetodo/doingH.hatetodo/doing,liketodo/doing,lovetodo/doing,prefertodo/doing,ceasetodo/doing\nI.remembertodo/doing,forgettodo/doingregrettodo/doingJ.meantodo/doing,trytodo/doing,goontodo/doing,stoptodo/doing,quittodo/doing,proposetodo/doingchancetodo=happentodo/chancedoing=riskdoingmindtodo/doinge.g.:Mindtomailtheletter.leaveofftodo/doing(同stop)can’thelpdo/doing,can’thelpbutdo,can'tbutdo,can’tchoose/dobut/exceptdoe.g.:.Shecouldn’thelpcrying.Mysuggestioncouldn‘thelpimprovetheirservice.K.needdoing/tobedone,wantdoing/tobedone,requiredoing/tobedone,demanddoing/tobedone,deservedoing/tobedoneL.force/coerce/frighten/terrify/scare/trick/fool/trap/deceive/cajole/lure/talk/persuade/argue/reason/urge/mislead/shame/surprise+sb.+intodoingsth.e.g.:Hetrickedherintomarryinghimbypretendingthathewasrich.Ishamedhimintoreturningthestolenmoney.Bobtalkedusintowalkinghomewithhim.Shetrappedhimintoadmittingthathelikedher.Don’tlethisfriendlywordsmisleadyouintotrustinghim.Hersuddenquestionsurprisedhimintobetrayinghimself.M.prefersth.tosth.,preferdoingtodoing,prefertodoratherthando,woulddoratherthando,wouldratherdothandoN.hear/see/watch/notice/observe/lookat/listento+sb./sth.+do/doing/done注意:seesb.do---sb.beseentodoseesb.doing---sb.beseendoingseesth.done---sth.beseendonemakesb.do---sb.bemadetodomake/have/letsb.dogetsb.todomake/have/getsb./sth.done6.1.4动名词的被动Henarrowlyescapedbeingrunover.Ihavenottheleastobjectiontothechildbeingpunished.6.1.5动名词的完成式Hedeniedhavingbeenthere.Irepentedhavingshotthebird.\n6.1.6动名词的完成被动Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.Hepridedhimselfonnothavingbeenbeateninchess.6.1.7动名词的否定式Myopinionisnotcooperatingwiththatcompany.Hewasnervousfromnothavingspokeninpublicbefore.注意:Nothearingwhathesaid,Iaskedhimagain.(现在分词)Nothavingfinishedhishomework,Johnwentout.(现在分词)6.1.8动名词复合结构用普通格动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的“物”Thenoiseofthedesksbeingopenedandclosedcanbeheardoutinthestreet.动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词Hewasawakenedbysomeoneknockingonthedoor.动名词的逻辑主语是较长的一组词Thereisnopointanyoneofusarguingwithhim.I'vealwayshadinmymindadreamofmyfather,motherandIlivingtogether.作主语;it作为形式主语;逻辑主语为名词ItwasagreatconsolationTomcominghomeatlast.作介词宾语;逻辑主语为名词Ioftengotoseemovieswithoutmyboyfriendaccompanying.用所有格作主语;不用it作为形式主语Tom’srefusingtoaccepttheinvitationupsetme.Hisrefusingtoaccepttheinvitationupsetme.作主语;it作为形式主语;逻辑主语为代词Itwasagreatconsolationhiscominghomeatlast.作介词宾语;逻辑主语为代词Ioftengotoseemovieswithouthisaccompanying.6.2不定式(一)6.2.1不定式作主语Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine.犯错人之常情,宽恕则属超凡。Totalkwithhimisagreatpleasure.Itisnotrighttoplayfootballinthestreet.Whatapleasureitistoworkwiththem!\nHowrelaxingitistobatheinthesunonthesand!6.2.2不定式作表语Ourplanistofinishtheworkintwoweeks.Mywishistobecomeasinger.6.2.3不定式的施动者Itispossibleforhimtomastertheartofspeaking.Itisnotrightforthemtostopthetesthalfway.Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinorderforthestudentsinthebacktohearmoreclearly.Itiskindofyoutosayso.Itwascarelessofhimtobreakthecoffeecups.6.2.4不定式作实质宾语Ifinditimportanttolearnasecondforeignlanguage.Robertdoesn’tthinkitagoodideaforMarytobeonadiet.Ithinkitwiseofyoutosayso.6.2.5特殊疑问代词+动词不定式Idon’tknowwhattodo.Thequestioniswhichtochoose.Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.Iwonderwhotoinvite.Idon’tknowwhethertoanswerhisletter.6.2.6不定式的否定Hetoldmenottoreadinthebed.Hedecidednottogohome.You'dbetternottellhimaboutit.6.2.7不定式与主语构成动宾关系Thesentenceiseasytoexplain.Theteaisbittertotaste.Theiceissmoothtoskateon.Thephotoisnicetolookat.Thecouchiscomfortabletositon.Iboughtapentowritewith.6.2.8不定式用在形容词后A.Iwasdelightedtomeetyou.(表示产生某种感情的原因)Shewasexcited/angry/disappointed/sadtolearnthenews.B.(句子主语和不定式动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系)Heissuretocome.Hewassurprisedtolearnhowmuchhehadspent.Hewasquitewillingforeveryoneelsetocome.Hewasanxiousforhisbrothertomeetyou.\nC.(句子主语和不定式动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系)Relativitytheoryisn’teasytounderstand.Maryiseasytogetonwith.Footballisveryinterestingtowatch.Sheisverynicetotalkto.Barbaraisinterestingtolistentobecauseshereadsalot.6.3不定式(二)6.3.1think/suppose/believe/consider/find/feel/know/imagine/prove/declare+sb./sth.+tobe+n./adj.Ithinkittobeanexcellentchoice.Webelievehertobeinnocent.更常用的是与that从句连用Ithinkitisanexcellentchoice.Webelievesheisinnocent.tobe可以省去Ithinkitanexcellentchoice.Webelieveherinnocent.可改为被动Sheisbelieved(tobe)innocent.Heisthought(tobe)anexcellentchoice.6.3.2不定式作定语A.动词不定式常用来表达要对某事物做什么或将来产生什么影响Haveyougotakeytounlockthisdoor?(主谓关系)Ineedaboxtoholdmychessmen.Haveyouanythingtocureabadcold?B.动宾关系Youjustregardmeasathing,anobjecttolookat,touse,totouch,butnottolistentoortotakeseriously.Igavethekidacomictoread.Heneedsaplacetolivein.(Ihavealettertowritetonight.Doyouhaveanyletterstobeposted?)“Doyouhaveanyclothes?”themaidasked.A.towashB.tobewashed—I’mgoingtoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanythingthere?—No,butthankyouallthesome.A.totakeB.tobetaken)IhavenopartnertospeakEnglishwith.Ineedapentowritewith.注意:在不定式中动词带有介词的情况下可用“介词+关系代词+不定式”Ineedapenwithwhichtowrite.Ineedaplaceinwhichtolive.C.only,last,next,序数词及形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语Idon’tthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.\nThenexttraintoarriveisfromNewYork.Heisalwaysthefirst/lastmantoarrive.D.不定式常用作下列名词/代词的定语ability,ambition,anything,attempt,capability,chance,curiosity,desiredecision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something,tendency,timeway,wish等Anythingtodowiththesuniscalled“solar”.Ihavenodesiretotravel.There‘snoneedtobotherhimwithsuchtrifles.6.3.3不定式作状语A.*TostudyEnglishwell,alotofpracticesareneeded.*AlotofpracticesareneededtostudyEnglishwell.TostudyEnglishwell,youneedalotofpractices.AlotofpracticesoreneededforyoutostudyEnglishwell.ForyoutostudyEnglishwell,alotofpracticesareneeded.Foranyadhesivetomakeareallystrongbond,thesurfacestobeglued.mustbeabsolutelycleanandfreefrommoistureorgrease.对于任何黏合剂,要想粘得很牢固的话,则被粘贴的表面必须绝对清洁且不能潮湿和带有油性物质。B.表结果Helivedtobeahundredyears.WhathaveIdonetooffendyou?HelivedtoseeWorldWarII.—HeliveduntilhesawWorldWarII.enoughtodo…Theyareoldenoughtogotoschool.Hehasmoneyenoughtospare.他有多余的钱nevertodo...Johnlefthishometowntenyearsago,nevertoreturn.Wepartednevertoseeeachother.onlytodo…引出意想不到或不愉快的结果,-ing形式则没有这种意思Wehurriedtotherailwaystation,onlytofindthetrainhad、lustleft.Heworkedveryhard,onlytofindhehadnotfinishedhalfofthejob.Hewagwritinghisnovelallafternoon,onlybreakingoffoccasionallyforacupoftea.C.表原因表产生某种感情的原因Theylaughedtoseetheclown.Iwasdelightedtomeethim.\nD.表条件不定式表条件,句子谓语通常含有助动词:will,would,shall,must等Iwouldhavebeenhappytobe/tohavebeeninvitedtotheparty.(=ifIhadbeeninvited…ButIwasnotinvited.)Thefatherwillbeproudforhissontowinthegoldmedal.(=ifhissonwinsthegoldmedal)Onemustbeoutofhismindtodosuchathing.(=ifhedoessuchathing)Tolookathimyoucouldhardlyhelplaughing.Youdoanhonestmanwrongtocallhimaliarorathief.6.3.4不定式作独立成分tobeginwith,totellthetruth,tomakealongstoryshort,sotospeak(可以这么说),tobebrief/exact/frank/honest,tosaynothingof(更不用说),tosaytheleast(ofit)(至少可以说)Tobeginwith.Idon’tlikeitscolor.Tomakealongstoryshort,heisinhospitalnow·Suchviewisincorrect,tosaytheleast.Westilldon'thaveourheadsabovewater,sotospeak.Thedogis,sotospeak,amemberofthefamily.Unemploymentleadstoasenseofuselessness,tosaynothingoffinancialproblems.Howtimeflies,tobesure!时光真是过得快啊16.3.5不定式进行体It’ssonicetobesittingherewithyou.Inoticedthatsomethingseemedtobegoinginthewrongdirection.6.3.6不定式完成体A.Itisnicetohavetalkedtoyou.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsolong.Shesaidshewassorrytohavemissedyou.IamsorrynottohavecomeonThursday.B.mean,intend,think,plan,hope,wish,propose等后加不定式“本打算”①intended+tohavedone;②hadintendedtodo:③was/weretohavedone:④shouldlike/wouldlike/lovetohavedoneImeanttohavetelephoned,butIforgot.Iplannedtohaveinvestedyoulastnight.Ihadintendedtoseeyou,butIwasbusy.Iwastohavevisitedyoulastnight.I’dliketohavegonewithyouonyourhikelastweekend.\n正希望上周末能跟你们去远足。6.3.7不定式被动Shedoesn’tliketobetreatedasadistinguishedguest.Noonehopedtobelaughedatlikethat.Thesesheetsaretobewashed.Thisformistobefilledininink.tolet,toblameYoushouldbetoblameforit.Thehouseistolet.该房屋出租。6.3.8不定式完成被动式及双重被动Thebookissaidtohavebeenpublished.Theconstructionisreportedtohavebeencompleted.Thebookisnotallowedtobetakenoutofthelibrary.6.3.9不带to的不定式A.see,hear,watch,notice,observe,feel,find,lookat,listentosb.doB.let,make,havesb.do(getsb.todo)C.makedo(with/without)(用…设法应付,凑合着用)(dowithvt./dowithoutVi./vt.),makebelieve(假装),letdrop(使…掉下来),letfall(让…倒下),letslip(放走,错失机会),letgoof(松手,松开),hearsay/tellof(听说),leavegoof(放走)e.g.:Duringthewarwehadnobutterorcoffee,butwemadedo.makedowithbiscuitsforlunchWecanmakedowithoutMiddleEasternoil,buttheycannot.Let’smakebelievewearenowonadesertedisland.Haveyoueverheardtellofsuchthings?D.hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might/mayaswell,cannotchoosebutcannotbut(不得不;不能不,必然),cannothelpbut(不得不),e·g·:Hecannotbutagree·Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.Wemightaswellputupherefortonight.E.Ihavenothingtodo/choosebutwait.Ihavenochoicebuttowait.Heneedsnothingbuttosucceed.Hewilldoanythingbutgivein.Allthat工coulddothenwaswait.WhatIcoulddothenwaswait.Allyoudonowiscompletethisform.F.Whynotdo表建议:Whydo有责怪之意,表做某事是无意义或愚蠢的Whypaytoseethatmovie,sinceyoucanseeitonTVfornothing?IreallyhatetowritetheessayProfessorSmithassignedus.—Whybotherthen?\nG.come,go在口语中,用不带to的不定式Gogetapaperforme.Comesitdown6.3.10其他Myparentsencouragedmetobeateacher,butIdidn’twantto.too…to结构tooready/anxious/eagertodo“非常想…,急于…”tooapt/inclinedto“易于”Youaretooreadytofindfaultswithotherpeople.I’mjusttooeagertohelpyou.Heistooinclinedtobecheated.too前有only,but,allreally修饰,Iamonlytoopleasedtohelpyou.not/nevertoo...to...Wearenevertoooldtolearn.too…notto…Heistoosmartnottoseeyourpoint.6.4现在分词(一)6.4.1doingStayinginChina,MissWhitefeltquitehappy.HavingstayedinChinaformonths,MissWhitecametoloveit.Havingfinishedthecourse,wehadanexam.(注意:谓语动词的动作紧接着现在分词的动作发生,用现在分词一般式Hearingthebellthestudentsenteredtheclassroom.Openingthedoor,shesawherroombrokeninto.)Beingexamined/Examinedbythedoctor,Ifeltnervous.Havingbeenbuilt/Builtinthe17thcentury,thetowerattractedthem.Havingbeenwritten/Writteninhaste,thecompositionwasfullofmistakes.注意:Themancamein,withhishandsbehindhisback.A.beingtiedB.tiedbeingdone和done的联系:①beingdone=done(动作)②beingdone(动作.)done(状态)6.4.2分词位于前面表“原因”,“时间”、“假设,条件”、“让步”Notknowingwhattodonext,Iwanttoaskforyouradvice.(原因)\nBeinginterestedinthephenomenon,hemadeadeepstudyofit(原因)Havingspentallthemoneyonme,Ihadtolookforwork.(原因)Havingwateredthegarden,hebegantomowthelawn.(时间)Ridinginthestreetduringtherushhours,youmustbecareful.(时间)Heated,waterchangesintosteam.(条件)Givenmoretime,Iwouldbeabletocompleteit.(条件)Usedeconomically,themoneycansupportyouforthewholeweek.(条件)United,westand;divided,wefail.(条件)HavinglivedinCanadaforthreeyears,hestillcan’tspeakEnglishwell.(让步)Mockedatbyeveryone,hehadmysympathy.(让步)分词位于后面表“结果”,“伴随’’TheYukon,Alaska’sgreatestriver,flowsacrosstheStatefromsouthtonorth,emptyingintotheBaringSea.(结果)Hiswifediedthreeyearsago,leavinghimwithfivechildren.(结果)Chinabecamethe143rdmemberoftheWTO,thusrealizingits15-yearwish.Thefarmersusedanewinsecticide,thusraisingtheaverageyieldby15percent.(so,thereby,thus等副词)Andrewdroveslowly,enjoyingthequietoftheevening.(伴随一边…一边)分词前后皆可表”方式”Usinghisthumbandfingers,theyoungartistfinisheddrawingapictureofawoodwithinminutes.(方式)Thosestudentswerecelebratingtheirtraditionalholiday,singing,dancing,andshoutingallnight.(方式)6.4.3While/whenlookingthroughthepaper,Inoticedafewgrammaticalmistakes.Oncelearned,itwillneverbeforgotten.ThoughunderstandingnoJapanese,Charleswasabletocommunicatewiththem.Afterhavingannoyedeveryone,hewenthome.6.4.4与主语一致*Arrivinghome,thedoorwasfoundlocked.—Arrivinghome,Ifoundthedoorlocked.*Beingapopfan,CelineDionisherfavorite.—Beingapopfan,shelikesCelineDionmost.6.4.5特殊用法Judgingfromthereport,thedamagewasnotserious.Generally/Strictly/Broadlyspeaking,thelivingcostsareusuallyhighincities.\nSpeaking/Talkingoftheseabottom,itisirregular.Allowingforherinexperience,shehasdoneagoodjob.(consideringthat…)Takingintoaccountallthecircumstances,hethoughtitwisenottosayanythingfurther.Takenasawhole,weconsiderthecompositionwellwritten.6.4.6独立主格结构表时间、原因、条件、伴随Thetraincomingin,theyformedaline.ItbeingSunday,therewasnoschool.Weatherpermitting,we’llhavethepartyinthegarden.Hewatchedthescene,hismouth(being)wideopen.(adj.与prep.前的being可省略)Thechildtrembled,withhandsredwithcold.Hecameout,umbrellainhand.Hecameout,withanumbrellainhishand.Allthemoneyhavingbeenspent,westartedlookingforwork.练习:①Thechildbrokethewindow.②Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy.Theteacherdecidedtopunishhim.Shelefttheparty,withoutawordsaid.Ioftengotoseemovieswithoutanybodyaccompanyingme.6.4.7分词作定语现在分词表一般动作或正在进行menbringingBeijingYouthDaily:menwhobringBeijingYouthDailyThemanwhoisstandingatthegateismyEnglishteacher.=themanwhoisstandingatthegateismyEnglishteacher.主动、一般flyingfish,apromisingyoungman.anunderstandingman,thecomingweek主动、进行adevelopingcountry,thesetting/risingsun,thebarkingdog;asleepingchild过去分词表一般动作或完成动作被动、一般theexploitedclass,theoppressednation,arespectedwriter;被动、完成thebrokencup,anannoyedman,trainedemployees,boiledwater主动、完成fallenleaves,aretiredgeneral,fadedcolor,returnedstudents6.5现在分词(二)\n6.5.1现在分词作定语A.特指名词后用现在分词作定语多数表示正在进行的动作;泛指的名词后用现在分词作定语可表示正在进行的动作或一般的动作Menbreakingthelawwillbepunished.(泛指)Menwhobreakthelawwillbepunished.Theboybringingthemilkismybrother.(特指)Theboywhoisbringingthemilkismybrother.B.现在分词可表示一般体主动动作或进行体主动动作,而其动作发生的具体时间是由句子谓语动词的时间决定的Themenworkingonthesitewereinsomedanger.Themenwhowereworkingonthesitewereinsomedanger.ThemanstandingatthegateismyEnglishteacher.ThemanwhoisstandingatthegateismyEnglishteacher.C.现在分词作定语只能用来叙述与谓语动作差不多同时发生的动作Canyouseethegirldancingwithyourboyfriend?(主动进行的动作)Canyouseethegirlwhoisdancingwithyourboyfriend?Anyonetouchingthatwirewillgetanelectricshock.(主动一般的动作)Anyonewhotouchesthatwirewillgetanelectricshock.D.但若两个动词表示的动作在时间上有先后,则无法用现在分词作定语*Iwanttotalktotheboybreakingthewindow.Iwanttotalktotheboywhobrokethewindow.Theboywhobringsthemilkhasbeendead.*Theboywhoisbringingthemilkhasbeendead.Themanwhobrokethewindowwasfined.*Themanbreakingthewindowwasfined.Themanwhocookedforthestudentsdied3daysago.*Themancookingforthestudentsdied3daysago.Doyouknowanybodywhohaslostacat?*Doyouknowanybodyhavinglostacat?havingdone一般不作定语)Anybodywhoisoutsideafterteno’clockwillbearrested.★Anybodybeingoutsideafterteno'clockwillbearrested.6.5.2不能转换成分词短语的情况A.从句的时态先于主句的时态Thegirlwhostoodatthegateyesterdayismysister.Thegirlstandingatthegateyesterdayismysister.B.从句的时态为完成时Thosewhohavefinishedtheirexercisesmaygonow.*Thosehavingfinishedtheirexercisesmaygonow.\nC.定语从句中含情态动词时Isthereanyonewhocananswerthequestion?(帮助构成将来时的will,shall不在此列)Theboywhowillcometoseeyoutomorrowwillbringyouthatbook.Theboycomingtoseeyoutomorrowwillbringyouthatbook.D.定语从句是由be动词作谓语时Thosewhoarebusydon’thavetogo.*Thosebeingbusydon’thavetogo.6.5.3作后置定语时,分词的三种结构形式tobedone/beingdone/doneThequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.Areyougoingtoattendthemeetingtobeheldnextmonth?Doyouseethebikerepairedyesterday?ThebookwritteninEnglishismoreexpensivethantheonewritteninChinese.第七章主谓一致7.1就近原则Therebe;notonly…butalso;either…or;neither…nor;not…but;…or…7.2就远原则with,togetherwith,aswellas;but,except,inadditionto,besides;like;ratherthan;including7.3集体名词class,family,theReads,party,crowd,government,committee,public,crew,audienceThepublicisthebestjudge.Thepublicarerequestedtowritedowntheirnamesinthisbook.Hehasjoinedthefootballteamwhoareallfamousfootballers.Afootballteamwhichkeepsontraininghardismorelikelytowin.\n7.4the+adj.Thebeautifulisnotnecessarilythesameasthegood.Thegoodinhimoverweighsthebad.Theblindareunfortunate.Theyoungareveryactive.Thedeadwashisfriend.Thedeadweretenworkers7.5表数目、时间、钱数的复数名词作主语Twominutesisenough.Tendollarsistoodear.Tenkilometersisveryfar.Twotonsisenough.7.6the+n.+and+n.+and+the+n.Thepoetandwriterhascome.Thepoetandthewriterhavecome.7.7neither与noneNeitherofthestudentsisright.Neithersentenceiscorrect.Noneofthestudentsis/areright.Noneofthemoneyismine.7.8manya+名词单数+谓语动词单数Manyabookisonthedesk.7.9morethanone+可单+谓语动词单数Thereismorethanoneanswertothisquestion.Morethanonetopichasbeendiscussedatthemeeting注意:Awordortwoismisusedinthesentence.Oneortwowordsaremisusedinthesentence.7.10every…and(every)…(every可变为each,any,no,manya)Everyhourandeveryminuteisimportant.Everyman,womanandchildisanimportantbeing.Manyamanand(manya)womanhaswishedheorshehadhadabettereducation.7.11some/therest/most/twothirds/60percent/plenty+ofthe+名词Threefourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredwithwater.Athirdoftheircompositionshavebeencorrected.7.12定语从句中的主谓一致Heistheonlyoneofthosemenwholikestodrivefast.\nHeisoneofthosemenwholiketodrivefast.7.13二者看作是一个整体Breadandbutterismyfavoritebreakfast.Theforkandknifeishardformetheuse.Thecupandsaucerismadefromakindofrareporcelain.Aneedleandthreadiswhatheneedsnow.7.14of结构中的单复数Thiskindofapplesissour.Applesofthiskindaresour.Thesekindsofapplesaresour.7.15each的用法Theseappleseachcostfiftyfen.Theseapplescostfiftyfeneach.Eachoftheseapplescostsfiftyfen.第八章情态动词8.1should/oughttohavedoneTheyshould/oughttohaveworkedhardatEnglish.Youshouldnot/oughttohavetoldherthesadnews.8.2could/mighthavedoneIcouldhavepassedthetest,butIdidn’thaveenoughtimetogoovermylessons.Ididn'tdothejobwell,butIcouldhavedoneitbetter.Imighthavefinisheditearlier,but1wastoobusytosparemoretime.Hecould/mighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasbusy.(表示责备语气)Youcould/mighthavetriedharder,otherwiseyou’dhavegotagoodjob.(表示责备语气)8.3mustn’talwaysbedoingWhenyouarereading,youmustn’talwaysbetranslatingeverythingintoChinese.Youmustn‘talwaysbeworryingyourteacherswithsimplequestions.\n8.4musthavedone;can’thavedoneTheroofsofthehousesarecoveredwithsnow.Itmusthavesnowedlastnight.Hecan’thaveheardus.Knockagain.Furtheranalysis:might/may/could/can/should/oughtto/would/will/musthavedone/bedoing/havebeendoing(语气由弱增强)Shelooksunhappy.Shemay/might/could/can/will/would/musthavegotintotrouble.Hestartedthejobearlyinthemorning.Heshould/oughttohavefinisheditbynow.Itistwelveo’clocknow.Theymight/may/could/con/should/oughtto/would/will/mustbehavinglunchnow·Shemusthavebeenworkingthen.那时她一定一直在工作.Sheshouldhavebeenattendingameetingyesterdaymorning.昨天上午她应该一直在开会。8.5may/mightnothavedone/bedoing与can’t/couldn’thavedone/bedoingShemaynothavelockedthedoor.Youhadbettergoandhavealook.Sheisalwayscareless.Shecon’thavelockedthedoar.Theymay/mightnotbehavingdinnerintherestourantnow.Theycan’t/couldn’tbehavingdinnerintherestaurantnow.Heleftinsuchahurrythathemightnothaveleftusamessage.Heleftinsuchahurrythathecouldn'thaveleftusamessage.8.6needn’thavedone与didn‘tneedtodoYouneedn’thavecometoSchool.Itisaholidaytoday.Ididn’tneedtogotoschoolthatdayasitwasSunday.8.7will8.7.1表示意愿Ifyouneedmoneybadly,Iwilllendyousome.Whowilltakethejob?Hesaidhewouldadopttheorphanifnobodywantedto.8.7.2表示功能,“能,行”Eachbenchwillseatfourpersons.Thedoorwon’topen.Thiswilldoifthereisnothingbetter.8.7.3表示坚持\nIhaveadvisedhernottogiveuptheplan,butshewill.我劝她不要放弃这项计划,但她执意要。Thedoctarhastoldhimtimeandagaintostopdrinking,buthewon’tlisten.医生再三要他戒酒,但他不听。Thevwouldwalkoninspiteofthedarknessinthecave.尽管洞穴里漆黑一片,他们坚持要往前走。8.7.4用于if的从句里Ifyouwillgrantmyrequest,Iwilldoeverythingyouwant·(表“愿意”)Ifvouwillhaveitso,Ihavenothingtosayagainstit.(表“坚持”)8.8shall用于第二、第三人称表示说话人对于句子主语的意志8.8.1命令,警告Youshallstayhere.(=Iinsistthatyoustayhere·)Myordershallbecarriedout.(=Iinsistthatmyorderbecarriedout.)Heshallnotleavebeforesix.(=Hemustnotleavebeforesix.)Don’tgettheinkonyourshirt.Youshallnotgetridofit.8.8.2允诺Youshallgetthereplyrightthisafternoon.(Ipromisethatyouwillgetthereplyrightthisafternoon.)注意:will与shall表示意志时的不同意义TheywilldowhatItellthemtodo.他们愿意做我要他们做的事。(句子主语的意志)TheyshalldowhatItellthemtodo.他们必须做我要他们做的事。(说话人的意志)Hewillwaituntilhisteacherreturns.Heshallwaituntilhisteacherreturns.8.9betodo;beabouttodo...whenThepresidentistoarriveat9:30.Iamtointerviewhimtoday.Youaretostayhere.Youarenottohaveacampfireinthewoods.Iwasabouttogooutforawalkwhenafriendofminecametovisitme.(onthepoint/vergeofdoing…when;bedoing…when:haddone...when:Ihate/loveitwhen…)Howisitthat…Whenitcomestosb./sth.,…8.10was/wereabletodo(managedtodo或succeededindoins)与couldThecarfellintotheditch,butthedriverwasabletogetoutofit.\nThedrivercouldgetoutofhiscarquicklyiftherewasanaccident.TheshipwasabletogettoAntarcticainspiteofthebadweather.Theshipcouldgettoanyportintheworld.8.11dare(作情态动词时有过去式,为dared)与need(作情态动词时无时态变化)Hedarenot/doesn’tdare(to)walkaloneatnight.Darehe/Doeshedare(to)climbthetree?Idarednot/didn’tdare(to)goanyfartherintheforest.Howdareyoutalksorudelytome?你怎么敢这么无理对我讲话?在陈述句中应把dare用作行为动词Thelittlegirldarestospeakbeforealargeaudience.激(将),向……挑战TomdaredMiketojumpoffthewall.T0m量Mike不敢从墙上往下跳。Idaredyoutodoit.量你也不敢!在述句中应把need用作行为动词Heneedssometimetothinkoverthequestion.Weneedtogoovertheoldlessonsonceaqain.Theyneededtowaterthetrees.Iwonderhowhethattotheteacher.A.daretosayB.daresayingC.notdaresayD.daredsay8.12其它needn’tdo=don’thavetodo=don’tneedtodo—MustIwaituntiltheycome?—Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t/don’thaveto/don’tneedto.—Needwegooveralltheoldlessons?—Yes,youmust.—Could/MightIparkmycarhereforawhile?—Ofcourse,youcan/may.—No,youcan’t/maynot.must常用来表示对与自己愿望相反的事的不耐烦口气,可解释为“偏要”。Mustyoushoutsoloudly?ThetelephonemustringwhenIwasbusyinthekitchen.WhymustyouinterruptmenowandthenwhileIamspeaking?\nbesuretodo;becertaintodo;beboundtodo:belikelytodo;havetodo;havegottodo;failtodoIt+seem/turnout/happen+that…---sb./sth.seem/turnout/happentodousedtodo;woulddo;be/getusedtodoing;beusedtodo附录时态1.1一般现在时态1.1.1表示正在发生的动作Herecomestheteacher.Iheregoesourbus;we’llhavetowaitforthenext.FirstIputalampofbutterintoafrying—panandlightthegas;thenwhiletheButter’smeltingIbreakthreeeggsintoabowl,likethis…1.1.2表示将来发生的动作A.用于see/look(toit).makesure/certain,takecare等后面的分句I’llmakesurethatyougetthejob.I’llseethatnoharmcomestohim.Seetoitthatyou’renotlateforworkagain!Takecarethatyoudon‘tspillthatcoffee.Mindyoudon’tfall.Mindout/Lookout/Watchout(that)youdon’tcatchcold.B.谈到未来计划,谈到时间安排表(短暂性动词come,go,leave,depart,begin,finish,stop,open,close,move等)Thebusleavesintenminutes.Whendoestheexhibitionclose?Wemovenextweek.Schoolfinishesinmid-July.C.在what,where,how,whatever等引导的从句中,此时主句往往用将来时或具有将来的意思;也见于Idon’tcare,Idon’tmind等结构后的宾语从句中Comebackintwoweeksandtellmewhatyouthinkthen.Letmeknowhowyouarefromtimetotime.I’llalwaysknowwhereyouare.Iwillgivethebooklettowhoeverasksforit.Idon’tcarewhatwehavefordinnerifIdon’thavetocookit.\nIdon’tmindwhetherIgoornot.D.在定语从句中,主语往往有将来的意思Iwillrewardthepersonwhofindsmylostkitten.Themanwhomarriesmydaughterwillneedtobequick-thinking.Wemustfillupatthenextpumpwecometo.Theremaycomeatimewhenwearelessfortunate.E.用于Itdoesn’tmatter,Itisimportant等结构后面由wh-词引导的主语从句Itdoesn’tmatterwhogoesfirst.It’sveryimportantwhatwedonext.F.表“我建议”的suppose后Supposewestart(ed)tomorrow.我们明天动身吧。Supposewespend/spentnextweekendinBrighton.下个周末我们到布赖顿去度假怎么样?(用过去时语气较婉转)1.1.3表示过去发生的动作DarwinoriginatesthetheoryofevolutionanddiffersfromtheBibleonthecreationoftheworld..R.Descartessaysthatthereadingofallqoodbooksislikeaconversationwiththefinestmenofpastcenturies.TheysayMissGreenwillteachusEngfish.(hear/find/learn/tell/read/say/see)KentellsmetheWilsonsaremovingfromNo.12.IhearthathehasleftBeijing.Ireadinthenewspaperthatthecriminalwhokilledeightwomenhasbeenexcuted.1.2一般过去时态1.2.1在时间和条件状语从句中,代替过去将来时Fatherpromisedtobuymeabikeifhegotaraise.Imissedthatexcitinggame,becausemothersaidIcouldn’twatchbeforemyhomeworkwasfinished.1.2.2—Whoisthemaninthepicture?—Hewasmybrother.1.2,3IgotthejobbecauseIhadthecapaciatynt.—“Doyouseethepersonwithloosepantsandlonghair?Isitaboyoragirl?”—“Agirl,”saidhisneighbor,“Sheismydaughter.”—“Oh,”theoldmansaidimmediately,“Pleaseforgiveme,Ididn’tknowyouwerehermother.”\n—“No,”saidtheperson,”I’mherfather.”1.3一般将来时态与将来进行时态1.3.1will的用法Whereverhegoes,hewilltakeanumbrellawithhim.Hewillsitforhoursreading.WithoutTV,familieswillrediscovermoreactivepastimes.1.3.1.2Tomorrow’sweatherwillbecloudy.IwillbeworkinginGenevaduringMay.1.3.1.3—You’veleftthelighton.—Oh,soIhave.Iwillgoandturnitoff.1.3.2begoingtodo的用法1.3.2.1SheisgoingtoleaveforAmericanextmonth。Iamgoingtoworktonight.1.3.2.2Oh,God,they’regoingtobumpagainstthattree.Look,it’sgoingtorain.1.3.3比较begoingtodo与willdoThemaninthesportscar’sdrivingmuchtoofast.Hisgirlfriend’sshakinglikealeafbecausesheknowshe’sdrunk.Sheadvisedhimtotakeataxibutherefusedtolistentoher.Ifhedoesn’tslowdown,he’sgoingtohaveanaccident.Juliaisgoingtomeetherboyfriend.Shehasbeenwaitingforthebusforsometimebutithasnotcomeyet.Sheisgoingtobelateagainifitdoesnotcomesoon.1.3.4bedoing的用法TheBrownsarecomingtodinner.(在说话时刻之前已向布朗夫妇发出邀请,对方也已接受,届时一定前耒。)注意:表示“安排”,因此不以人的主观意志为转移的事态不能用此时态。*Thesunisrisingat5o'clocktomorrow.*Itisrainingtomorrow.1.3.5bedoing与begoingtodo比较\nThisafternoonI’mgoingtotake/takingmycousintoafootballmatch.1.3.6betodo的用法TheQueenistovisitJapannextyear.注意:不以人的主观意志为转移的事态不能用此时态beabouttodo...when;beonthepoint/verge/eveofdoing...whenHewasonthepointofkillinghimselfwhenshesteppedintohisroom.1.4现在进行时态1.4.1进行体具有“持续性,暂时性,未完成性”HisparentsliveinLondon.HisparentsarelivinginLondon.“在一个有限的时间段中存在的习惯”——这个有关的时间段通常由一个盂4词性词语予以明确Mr.Robinsoniscyclingtoworkuntilhiscarisrepaired.Idon’treallyworkhere.Iuntilthenewsecretaryarrives.A.justhelpoutB.havejusthelpedoutC.amjusthelpingoutD.willjusthelpout“有限持续性事态的重复”——在不出现时间状语时,上下文中必定蕴含一个时间点WheneverIvisithimheismowinghislawn.Don’tcallonthemat7:30~they’reusuallyhavingdinner.1·4·2与always,forever,continually,constantly,allthetime连用Whyareyoualwaysleavingthingsbehind?Mywifeisforeverlookingforherkeys.Heiscontinuallyaskingmeformoney.Newproductsareappearingallthetime.1.4.3表示动态的形容词可有进行时态Heisbeingstupid.Atthismoment,sheisbeingcareful/patient.Don’tyouthinkthey’rebeingfoolishtoworryaboutitatthistime?1.5过去进行时态1.5.1过去时与过去进行时的区别Ireadanovelthatevening.Iwasreadinganovelthatevening.She’salive!Shewasdrowningbutthathandsomeyoungmandivedinandsavedherjustintime.I‘mafraidthere’snomorebread.weateitalllastnight.Inanycase,itwasgoingstale.\n1.5.2—Whatdidyoudotoday?—Oh,1wasjustdoingsometyping.IwashearingJohnhadgotanewjob.Iwasthinkingofgoingoutthisafternoon.1.5.3Iwaswonderingifyoucouldhelpme.Iwashopingthatyou’dliketolendmeyourcar.Iwasthinkingthatyou’dliketolendmeyourcar.1.5.4WhenIwasengagedinmyfurtherstudiesjnLondon,IwaslivinginaflatneartheDowningStreet.我在伦敦进修时,住在唐宁街附近的一所公寓里。1.5.5Notuntiltheywereoutofsightdidhegobackinside.Andeverybodywastalkingandlaughingagain.直到已看不见了他们,他才又进到屋中。大家又说笑起来。1.5.6ManywhitedotswereappearingonthesootybIackcoats.好些小白点儿(正)纷纷落到蒙着烟垢的”黑外衣”上。1.6现在完成时态1.6.1Itis+时间段since…ItisthreeyearssinceIgraduated.=IthasbeenthreeyearssinceIgraduated.since的用法A.Shehasbeenathomesinceherillness.(作为介词)ShehaslovedShakespearesincechildhood.B.Ihaven’theardfromhersincethen.Nothinghashappenedsinceyourdeparture.Haveyoucaughtacoldsinceyourarrival?Wehaveoftengonetothecinemasincetheendofthefinalexamination.C.Hishealthhasimprovedalotsincehewasinthearmy.Ihaven’theardfromhersinceIlivedhere.(Hishealthhasimprovedalotsincehehasbeeninthearmy.)Ihaveknownhersincewewerechildren.(表示人的年龄阶段)IhaveneverdealtbettersinceIwasaman.1.6.2现在完成时与现在完成进行时Sorryaboutthemess—I'vebeenpaintingthehouse.\nI’vepaintedtworoomssincelunchtime.—0h,Ihavebeensittinginthesomepositiontoolong.Mylegshavefallenasleep.—Shakeitalittlebeforeyougetup.1.6.3特殊结构This序数词That+is最高级+N.+定语从句(现完)Itonly,last等This序数词That+was最高级+N.+定语从句(过完)Itonly,last等ThisisthebestmoviethatIhaveeverseen.ThatisthefirstcigarettethatIhavesmoked.Itisthefirsttimethathehasbeenhere.1.6.4可用在when,before,after,until,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句以及条件状语从句中来代替将来完成时I’llletyouknowassoonasIhear/haveheardfromhim.WhenIhavefinishedthebook,Iwillwriteareviewonit.IwilllletyouknowafterIhavetalkedwithhim.1.7过去完成时态1.7.1和before连用TheysetoutbeforeIhadtoldthemtheaddress.SheweptbeforeIhadrealizedwhatwashappening.1.7.2在itwasthefirsttime后面1.7.3在“nosooner…than…”和“hardly…when”等结构中1.7.4“本打算“,过去完成时在不定式后为“tohavedone"形式Ihadmeanttocallonyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.Imeanttohavecalledyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.Iwouldliketohaveseenher.Iwouldhavelikedtoseeher.HewastohavevisitedParisbeforereturningtoAmerica.Youhadbetterhavestayedwithus.Hehadbeengoingtotakehertoalecturethatnight.Itwouldhavebeenwisertohaveleftitunsaid.(ifyouhadleftitunsaid)Timhasn’tarrivedyet.What‘swrong?Heissupposedtohavearrivedatfive.(=Heshouldhavearrivedatfive.)Heissupposedtohaveescapeddisguisedasawoman.\n(=Peoplesupposethatheescaped…)高中英语词汇表abandonvt.离弃,抛弃,放弃abilityn.能力,才智aboardprep.或adv.在(船、飞机、车),上(船、飞机、车)abroadadv.到国外;在传播,在流传absencen.缺席(的时间),不在(外出期);缺乏,不存在absenta.缺席的,不在场的;缺乏的;心不在焉的,出神的\nabsolutea.十足的,道地的;绝对的,完全的absorbv.吸收;吸引,使全神贯注;把……并入,同化abstracta.抽象(派)的n.摘要,梗概;抽象派艺术品abundanta.(+in)大量的,富裕的abusen.vt.滥用,虐待(mistreat),毁谤academica.学院(校)的,学术的,纯理论的,不切实际的n.大学教师academya.研究院,学会;专门学校acceleratev.(使)加快,(使)增速accentn.口音,重音vt.重读accessn.通道,入口;接近,进入;接近(或进入、享用的)机会accidentn.意外,事故accidentala.意外的,偶然(发生)的accommodationn.(常用复数)住处,膳宿accompanyvt.陪伴,伴随,伴奏(唱)accomplishvt.达到,完成,实现(强调成就感)accordn.一致,符合vt.授予,赠与vi.(with)相符合,相和谐accordancen.一致,和谐,符合accordinglyadv.照着,相应地;因此,于是accountn.描述,报告;帐,帐户;解释,说明vi.(for)说明……的原因,是……的原因;在(数量、比例方面)占accountantn.会计人员,会计师accumulatev.积累,积聚accuracyn.准确,精确accuratea.精确的,正确无误的accusevt.指控,控告,指责accustomeda.(to)习惯于……的,适应了的achevi.疼痛achievementn.成就,完成,实现acidn.酸性物质adj.酸的,酸味的;尖刻的,刻薄的acknowledgevt.(后+ing作宾语)承认,认可,确认;对……表示谢忱,报偿acquaintancen.相识的人,熟人;认识,熟识acquirevt.取得,获得;学到(指通过后天努力而得到)acquisitionn.获得,习得;获得物,增添的人或物acren.英亩actionn.积极的,起作用的activeadj.主动的,积极的activityn.活力的,行动acutea.严重的,激烈的;敏锐的;(疾病)急性的;尖的,锐的adaptv.适应,适合(to),修改,改编(for)additionn.加法,附加物additionaln.添加的,额外的addressn.地址,住址;演说,讲话;vt.写地址;作(正式)讲话,演说;称呼;对付,处理adequatea.充足的,足够的;适当的,胜任的adjustv.调整,校准;改变……以适应(+to)administrationn.管理,支配;管理部门,行政机关,政府;实行,执行admissionn.准许进入;入场费(券);承认,供认admitv.承认;准许加入adoptvt.收养;采取,采纳;正式通过,批准adultn.成年人\nadvancevt.n.a.前进,上涨;预先发放;提出advanceda.超前的,先进的;高级的;年迈的,后阶段的advantagen.优点,有利条件;利益,好处adventurevt.冒险,奇遇advertisev.刊登广告(+for)advertisementn.advisableadj.可取的,适当的,明智的(后跟that从句用虚拟语气)advocatevt.拥护,提倡,主张n.提倡者;辩护者,律师aeroplanen.飞机affectv.影响affectionn.喜爱,感情,爱慕之情(+for)agencyn.代理行,经销处;行政部门agendan.议事日程agentn.代理人,经纪人;政府代表;动因,原因;剂aggressivea.侵犯的,挑衅的;敢作敢为的,有进取心的agreev.①同意,赞同②相同,一致③(气候、食物等)相宜agreementn.①协定,协议②达成协议,同意③一致agriculturen.农业,农业学aidvt.帮助;援助;n.①帮助,援助②助手,辅助物,辅助手段aimvt.把…瞄准(对准);vi.(at,for)①瞄准,对准②打算,企图③致力,旨在;n.①目标,目的②瞄准,对准aircraftn.飞机,航空器airlinen.(常pl.)航空公司alarmn.惊恐,忧虑;报警器,闹钟;警报v.使惊恐,使担心alcoholn.含酒精的饮料,酒精alerta.警觉的,留神的,注意的n.警戒(状态),戒备(状态);警报alikeadj.同样的,相像的;adv.①一样地,相似地②同样程度地aliveadj.①活着的,在世的②(继续)存在的,在起作用的③有活力的,活跃的,有生气的④(to)注意到的,敏感的⑤(with)充满的alliancen.结盟,联盟,联姻allocatevt.分配,分派,把…拨给allowvt.①准许,允许,容许②同意给③承认④允许...进入(或停留)allowancen.津贴,补贴,零用钱allyn.①同盟国,同盟者②支持者v.(with)结盟alongadv.①向前地②一道,一起prep.沿着alongsideadv.在旁边,沿着边,并排地;prep.①在...旁边,沿着...的边②和...在一起③和...相比aloudadv.出声地,大声地alphabetn.字母表altervt.改变,变更alternativeadj.①两者择一的,供选择的②另类的,他择性的n.①供选择的东西②取舍,选择altituden.①高度,海拔②(常pl.)高处,高地aluminiumn.铝amateurn.①(艺术、科学等的)业余爱好者②外行,粗通某一行的人;adj.①业余爱好的,业余身份的②外行的amazevt.使大为惊奇,惊愕ambassadorn.大使,派驻国际组织的代表ambition①(U)抱负,雄心,野心②(C)企望得到的东西ambulancen.救护车amidprep.在……中间,被……围绕amountn.①量,数量,总额②总额,总数;vi.(to)①合计,共计②(在意义、价值等方面)等同,接近amusevt.①逗乐,逗笑②给…提供娱乐/消遣\nanalyzevt.分析,细察,细查analysisn.分析,分析报告ancestorn.祖宗,祖先;原型anchorn.①锚②给人安全感之物(或人);vt.①抛(锚),泊(船)②把...系住,使固定③担任(电视节目等的)主持人;vi.①抛锚,停泊②固定,扎根angern.怒,愤怒;vt.使发怒,激怒anglen.①角,角度②立场,观点;vt.①把...放置成一角度②使(新闻、报道等)带上倾向性anklen.(脚)踝,踝关节anniversaryn.周年,周年纪念日announcevt.宣告,宣布,声称;宣布…的到达(或出席),预告annoyvt.①使恼怒,使烦恼②打扰,干扰annualadj.每年的,年度的n.年报,年刊,年鉴anticipatevt.①预料,期望②预先做,提前使用antiquen.古玩,古董adj.古老的,古时的anxietyn.①焦虑,挂虑②渴望,热望anxiousadj.①焦虑的,发愁的,令人焦急的②渴望的,急切的anyhowadv①不管怎么说,无论如何,至少②不论用何种办法,无论从什么角度③随随变变地,杂乱无章地anywayadv.①不管怎么说,无论如何,至少②不论以何种方式,无论从什么角度apartadv.①成距离,相间隔②分离,离开,隔开;adj.分离的,分隔的apartmentn.房间;(美)一套公寓房间apologizevi.道歉,认错,谢罪apologyn.道歉,认错,愧悔apparentadj.①表面上的,貌似(真实)的;②显然的,明白的,清晰可见的appealvi.①呼吁,恳求②上诉,申诉③(to)诉诸,诉请裁决(或证实等)④有吸引力,有感染力;n.①呼吁,恳求②感染力,吸引力③申诉,上诉;vt.将...上诉,将...移交上级法院审理appearvi.①出现,显露,来到②看起来像,似乎③产生,发表,问世appetiten.①食欲,胃口;②欲望applausen.(U)鼓掌,掌声appliancen.器具,器械,装置applicableadj.①可应用的,可实施的②适当的,合适的applicantn.申请人applicationn.①申请(表/书)②应用,实施③施用,敷用,涂沫applyvi.①申请,请求②适用;vt.①使用,运用,实施②涂,敷,施appointvt.①委派,任命;②约定,确定,指定(时间,地点)appointmentn.①委派,任命②约定,确定,指定(时间,地点)③委任的职位appreciatevt.①重视,赏识,欣赏②领会,(充分)意识到,领会,体会③为...表示感谢approachv.靠近,接近;n.①靠近,接近,临近②途径③方式,方法appropriateadj.适当的,适当的vt.①私占,侵吞,挪用②拨出(款项等)供专用approvaln.①赞成,同意②批准,认可approvevt.①赞成,同意②批准,核准,对...表示认可;vi.(of)赞成,称许approximateadj.大概的,近似的,大约的v.近似,接近;估计arbitraryadj.①随意的,任意的②专断的,专制的architectn.建筑师,设计师,缔造者architecturen.①(U)建筑(学/业)②(U)建筑式样,建筑风格arguevi.争论,争吵,争辩;vt.①提出理由证明,(坚决)主张②说服,劝说arisevi.①产生,出现,发生②(from)(由...)引起,(由...)产生,起源于③起身,起床arithmeticn.算术arousevt.①引起,激起,唤起;②唤醒arrangevt.①安排,准备,筹划②整理,排列,布置;vi.作安排,作准备,作筹划\narrangementn.安排,准备工作arrestvt.①逮捕,拘留,扣留②停止,阻止③吸引;n.逮捕,扣留,拘留arrivaln.到达,到来②到达的人或者物arrivevi.①到来,到达②(时间等)来临;③(at)达成,得出artisticadj.①艺术(家)的,美术(家)的②富有艺术性的,精彩的arrown.①箭,矢,箭状物②箭头符号artificialadj.①人工的,人造的,人为的②假的,矫揉造作的,模拟的artisticadj.①艺术(家)的,美术(家)的②富有艺术性的,精美的,精彩的articlen.①(物品的)一件,物件,商品②文章③条款,规定ashn.①灰,灰烬②(pl.)骨灰,遗骸ashamedadj.惭愧的,羞耻的,害臊的asideadv.在旁边,到(或向)一边aspectn.①方面②(建筑物的)朝向,方向③面貌,外观assemblevt.①集合,聚集,召集②装配;vi.集合,聚集assemblyn.①立法机构,议会②集会,集合,集会的人们③组装,装配assessvt.①对...进行估价,确定...的数额②评价,评论assetn.①有价值的人(或物),优点,长处②资产,财产assignvt.①(to)指派,选派②指定(时间、地点等)③分配,给予,布置(作业)assignmentn.①(分派的)任务,(指定的)作业②分配,指派assistvt.协助,帮助assistancen.帮助,援助assistantn.助理,助手,助教;adj.助理的,辅助的associatevt.①(在思想上)把...联系在一起②使联合,结合,使有联系;vi.(with)结交,交往n.伙伴,同事,合伙人;adj.副的associationn.①联盟,协会,社团;②交往,联合,结合assumevt.①假定,假设,臆断②承担,担任,就职③呈现,具有,采取assumptionn.①假定,臆断②担任,承担assurevt.①使确信,使放心;②向...保证,保证给astonishvt.使惊讶athleten.运动员,体育家atmospheren.①大气层,大气②空气③环境,气氛atomicadj.①(关于)原子的②原子能的,原子武器的attachvt.①系,贴,连接②使喜爱,使依恋③认为有(重要性,责任等)④使附属attackv.攻击,进攻,抨击;n.①攻击,进攻,抨击②(疾病等)突然发作attainvt.达到,获得attemptvt./n.企图,试图,努力attendvt.①出席,参加(会议等),上(学等)②照料,看管,关心;vi.(to)专心于,致力于attituden.①态度,看法②姿态,姿势attorneyn.律师,(业务或法律事务上)代理人attractvt.吸引,引起…注意attractionn.①吸引,吸引力,诱惑力②具有吸引力的事物(或人)attractiveadj.有吸引力的,引起注意的attributevt.(to)把...归因于,把(过错、责任等)归咎于audiencen.听众,观众,读者audioadj.听觉的,音频的,声音的authorn.作家,著作家;发起人,创始人authorityn.①权力,管辖权②官方,当局③当权者,行政管理机构④权威,专家auton.汽车automobilen.汽车(缩短为auto)\nautomaticadj.①自动的②不假思索的,无意识的③必然的,自然的;n.①自动手枪(或步枪等)②有自动装置的汽车auxiliaryadj.①辅助的,补助的②备用的,后备的availableadj.①现成可使用的,可利用的②可取得联系的avenuen.林荫路,大街avoidvt.避免,预防,避开awaitvt.①等候,期待,期望②将降临到…身上awakeadj.醒着的;vt.唤醒,觉醒;vi.醒,觉醒,意识到awardvt.①授予,给予②判给,裁定;n.奖品,奖,奖金awareadj.意识到,知道的awfuladj.①极坏的,令人不快的,可怕的②(感到)难过的,不舒服的③非常的,极大的awkwardadj.①尴尬的,棘手的②难操纵的,使用不便的③笨拙的,不灵巧的ax(e)n.斧子backgroundn.①出生背景,经历②背景资料③(画等的)背景,底子backwardadj.①向后的,反向②落后的,进步慢的;adv.①向后,往回②朝反方向,倒baconn.咸肉bacterian.(pl.)细菌baggagen.(美)行李bakev.烘,焙,烤balancen.①平衡,均衡②天平,秤③结存,结欠;vt.①使平衡,使均衡②称③权衡,比较balconyn.①阳台②(电影院等的)楼厅,楼座balln.①(盛大、正式的)舞会②球,球状物;vt.把...捏成球状balloonn.气球banvt.①取缔,查禁②(from)禁止;n.禁止,禁令bandn.①管乐队②群,伙③带,箍④条纹⑤波段,频带;v.用带绑扎bangn.①巨响,爆炸声②猛击,猛撞;vi.①猛击,猛撞②发出砰的一声,砰砰作响;vt.①砰地敲(或推、扔)②猛击,猛撞bankruptadj.①破产的,彻底失败的②彻底缺乏的;n.破产者;vt.使破产,使枯竭bannern.①横幅②旗,旗帜barn.①酒吧间,售酒(或食物等)的柜台②条,块③(门、窗等的)闩,栅栏;vt.①闩(门,窗等),在...设栅栏②阻止,拦阻③封锁(道路等)barbern.理发师bareadj.①赤裸的②光秃的,无遮盖的③刚刚够的,勉强的;vt.露出,暴露barelyadv.仅仅,只不过,几乎不bargainn.①特价商品,便宜的东西②(买卖等双方的)协议,交易;vi.讨价还价barkvi.(狗等)吠,叫;n.①吠声,叫声②树皮barnn.谷仓,牲口棚barreln.①桶②筒,枪(或炮)管;vi.快速移动barriern.①栅栏,关卡,检票口②屏障③障碍,隔阂baseballn.棒球(运动)basicallyadv.基本上,从根本上说basinn.①脸盆,盆②水池,水洼③流域basisn.根据,基础,原则batn.①蝙蝠②球棒,球拍bathevt.给...洗澡;vi.①洗澡②游泳bathroomn.①浴室②盥洗室batteryn.①电池(组),蓄电池(组)②一系列,一套③排炮,炮组bayn.①(海或湖泊的)湾②(大厅等建筑物内的)分隔间beamn.①(光线等的)束,柱②梁,桁,横梁③笑容,喜色;vi.面露喜色;vt.定向发出(无线电信号等),播送beann.豆bearvt.①忍受,忍,耐②负担,承担③结(果实),生(孩子)④带有,怀有⑤承受,支撑⑥运输,运送⑦\n写(或刻、印)有;n.①熊②(对股市行情)看跌的人,(证券交易中)卖空者beardn.胡须bearingn.①举止,风度②方位,方向感③轴承beastn.①野兽,牲畜②凶残的人,令人厌憎的人beefn.牛肉beggarn.乞丐;vt.使贫穷behalfn.利益,方面behaven.①表现,举止端正②(机器等)运转,(事物的)反应;vt.(oneself)检点(自己的)行为behaviourn.①行为,表现,举止②(机器等)运转情况,(事物的)反应beingn.①生物,人②存在beliefn.①相信,信任②信念,信仰belovedadj.所钟爱的,受爱戴的;n.爱人beneathprep.①在...下面,往...下面②(地位等)低于,次于③在...掩盖下④连...也不值得,有失...的身份;adv.在下方,在底下beneficialadj.有益的,有利于benefitn.①益处,好处②救济金,保险金;vt.有益于;vi.得益besidesadv.而且,此外(还);prep.除...之外(还有别的)betvt.①以...打赌,与...打赌②敢说,确信;vi.打赌;n.①打赌②赌金,赌注biblen.①圣经②有权威的书bidn.①企图,努力②喊价,出价,投标;vi.喊价,出价,投标;vt.①出(价),喊(价)②命令,吩咐③祝,表示billionn.十亿bindvt.①捆绑,捆扎②使结合,使粘合③约束④装订biologyn.生物学bitev.咬,叮;n.①咬,叮②咬(或叮)的伤口③一口食物,量不多的一顿饭bitteradj.①充满仇恨(或不满)的,激烈的②令人不快的,使人痛苦的③寒冷入骨的④有苦味的bitterlyadv.苦涩地;惨痛地,痛苦地bladen.刀刃,刀片blamevt.①指责,责备②(on,onto)把...归咎于;n.①(过错,事故等的)责任②责怪,责备blankadj.①空白的,空着的②茫然的,无表情的;n.①空白(处)②空白表格blastn.①爆炸②一阵(疾风等),一股(强烈的气流);vt.炸,炸掉bleedvi出血,流血;vt.勒索...的钱blendvt.(使)混和,(使)混杂;n.①混合物(其成分混合无法辨认)②混和,交融blockn.①一排房屋,大楼②街区,街段③大块(木料、冰等)④障碍(物),阻塞(物);vt.①堵塞,阻塞②阻碍,妨碍bloodyadj.①非常的,该死的,该受诅咒的②血污的,流血的③嗜杀的,残忍的;adv.非常,很;vt.使为血所污,血染blonden.金(浅)发女郎bloomvi.开花;n.①花②开花(期)③青春焕发(的时期)blowv.①吹(动)②吹气,充气③吹响,吹奏④使爆炸;n.一击,打击boastvi.(of,about)自夸,夸耀;vt.①夸口,吹嘘②以拥有...而自豪;n.自吹自擂,自夸的话boilvi.沸腾,开,滚;vt.煮沸,烹煮boldadj.①勇敢的,无畏的②冒失的,卤莽的③粗体(字)的,黑体(字)的,醒目的boltn.①螺栓②(门或窗的)插销,闩;vt.闩,拴住;vi.冲出去,逃跑bombn.炸弹;vt.轰炸,投弹于bondn.①联结,联系②粘合剂,粘结剂③公债,债券④契约,合同;v.(使)粘合,(使)结合bookvt.预订,预约;n.①书,书籍②本子,簿册③帐目boomn.①(营业等的)激增,(经济等的)繁荣,迅速发展②隆隆声,嗡嗡声;vi.①激增,繁荣,迅速发展②发出隆隆声boostvt.①提高,使增涨②推动,激励③宣扬,替...作广告;n.①提高,增涨②推动,激励bootn.①靴②(汽车后部的)行李箱③解雇bordern.①边,边缘,界线②边界,边境;vi.(on)①近似,接近②与...接壤;vt.①给...加上边,围②邻接,毗邻borevt.①使厌烦,使厌倦②钻(孔),挖(洞);n.令人讨厌的人(或事)\nboringadj.令人厌烦的,乏味的,无聊的bothervt.①打扰,麻烦②使不安,使紧张;vi.①尽力,烦心②担心,烦恼;n.①烦恼,焦急②令人烦恼的人(或事物)bouncev.(使)弹起,(使)反弹,(使)颠跳;n.弹,反弹boundadj.①一定的,必然的②受约束的,有义务的③(for,to)准备到...去的,开往(或驶往)...的;vi.①跳跃,跳跃着前进②弹回,反跃;n.①跳跃②界限,限制boundaryn.分界线,边界,界限bown.弓,弓形物vi.鞠躬,低头braken.闸,制动器,刹车vi.刹车,(车)被刹住;vt.刹住(车),用闸(使车)放慢速度brandn.商标,(商品的)牌子;vt.①打烙印于,以烙铁打(标记)②加污名于,谴责brassn.①黄铜②铜管乐器,黄铜器breadthn.宽度,幅度breastn.胸脯,乳房breathevi.呼吸,喘气;vt.①呼吸,吸入,呼出②(低声地)说出breedn.①种,品种;vi.繁殖,产仔;vt.①饲养,繁殖②养育,培育③酿成,产生breezen.微风,轻风brickn.砖;vt.(up)用砖砌,用砖堵住briden.新娘briefadj.①短暂的,短时间的②简洁的,简短的;vt.向...介绍基本情况,作...的提要;n.概要,摘要brightadj.①明亮的,晴朗的,光明的②聪敏的,机灵的③欢快的④鲜艳的,清晰的brilliantadj.①光辉的,灿烂的②卓越的,杰出的broadcastn.广播,广播节目;vt.广播,播放brown.①额②眉,眉毛bubblen.泡,水泡,气泡;vi.冒泡,起泡budgetn.预算,预算拨款;vi.(for)编预算,做安排;vt.规划,安排;adj.低廉的,收费公道的buildvt.①建造,修建②建立,创立;vi.向顶点发展,增长;n.体型,体格bulbn.①球状物,球茎②电灯泡bulkn.①(巨大的)物体,(大)块,(大)团②主体,绝大部分③(巨大的)体积,(大)量;vi.变得越来越大(或重要);vt.使更大(或更厚)bulletn.子弹bumpvi.①(against,into)碰,撞②颠簸着前进;n.①碰撞,猛撞②(碰撞造成的)肿块③隆起物bunchn.①群,伙②束,串,捆;vi.集中,挤在一起;vt.使成一束(或一群等)bundlen.捆,包,束;vt.收集,归拢,把...塞入burdenn.①重担,精神负担②使重负,负荷;vt.①加重压于,烦扰②负重,装载bureaun.局,办事处,分社businessn.①交易,生意,营业(额)②工商企业,商店③职业,工作,任务④事务,事butterflyn.蝴蝶cabn.①出租汽车②司机室,驾驶室③轻便马车cabbagen.卷心菜,洋白菜cabinn.①小木屋②机舱,船舱cabinetn.①贮藏橱,陈列柜②内阁cablen.①纲索,缆绳②电缆③(海底)电报;v.给...发电报,用电报传送calculatevt.①计算,推算②估计,推测③计划,打算calculatorn.计算器calendarn.日历,月历cameln.骆驼campn.①野营,营地②拘留营;vi.野营,设营,宿营campaignn.①运动②战役;vi.参加(或发起)运动,参加竞选campusn.(大学)校园canaln.运河,沟渠\ncancelvt.①取消,废除②抵消,对消③删去,划掉cancern.癌candidaten.①候选人②报考者③申请求职者candyn.糖果capableadj.有技能的,有能力的capacityn.①容量,容积②才能,能力③身份,职位capitaln.①资本,资金②首都,首府③大写字母;adj.①大写的②可处死刑的captainn.①上尉,队长,领队②船长,机长capturevt.①捕获,俘获②夺得,占领;n.捕获,俘获carbonn.碳careern.职业,生涯cargon.(船、飞机等装载的)货物carpentern.木工,木匠carriagen.(火车)客车厢,马车carriern.①运输公司,运输工具②带菌者③载重架,置物架cartn.大车,手推车cartoonn.①漫画,幽默画②动画片cashn.钱,现款;vt.把...兑现cashier出纳cassetten.盒式录音(或录像)带castvt.①投,扔②投射(光、视线等),把...加于③丢弃,剔除④浇铸,铸造;n.①演员表,全体演员②石膏绷带③铸型,铸件④投,抛casualadj.①漠不关心的,冷淡的②随便的,非正式的③偶然的,碰巧的④临时的,不定期的catalogn.①目录(册)②一系列;vt.将...编入目录,将(书籍、资料等)编目categoryn.种类,类,类别cautiousa.谨慎的,小心的ceasev.停止,终止ceilingn.天花板;最高限度,最大限额celebratev.庆祝,颂扬celln.细胞;小牢房;电池;基层组织,小组cementn.水泥,胶结材料v.胶结,胶合;巩固,使团结centigradea.摄氏的centimetern.厘米ceremonyn.典礼,仪式;礼节,礼仪certificaten.证(明)书,执照chainn.链条;一连串;连锁店chairn.椅子,主席席位v.担任主席challengen.怀疑,质问;艰巨的任务v.反对,公然反抗;向……挑战(质疑)chambern.腔,室;(特殊用途的)房间championn.冠军;捍卫者,拥护者chancen.机会,机遇;可能性,或然性v.碰巧,偶然发生;冒……险channeln.频道;(复数)渠道,途径;沟渠,海峡chaosn.混乱,紊乱chapn.小伙子,家伙chaptern.章,回,篇charactern.性格,品德;人物,角色;符号,汉字characteristica.特有的,典型的n.特性,特征characterizev.以……为特征;描述……的特征chargen.价钱,费用;掌管;电荷,充电;控告v.索价,收费;指控;充电\ncharityn.救济金,施舍物;(复数)慈善团体(事业);宽大,宽容charmn.魅力;符咒,咒文v.吸引,迷住chartn.图表,航图v.用图表表示chartern.宪章,共同纲领;特许状,许可证;包租,包机v.包,租(汽车、飞机)a.包租的,租用的chasev.追逐,追捕,追求chatn.闲谈,聊天cheatv.欺骗,行骗,作弊n.欺骗,欺诈行为;骗子cheekn.面颊,脸cheerfula.欢乐的,高兴的cheesen.奶酪,干酪chemicaladj.化学的;n.化学制品chemistn.化学家,药剂师chemistryn.化学chequen.支票chestn.胸腔;柜子,橱chewv.咀嚼,咬chilln.寒冷,寒气,寒战v.使变冷,使感到冷chimneyn.烟囱,烟道chinn.下巴,颏chinan.瓷器chipn.①屑片,碎片②炸土豆条(或片)③集成电路片,集成块④缺口,瑕疵;vt.削(或凿)下(屑片或碎片)chokev.①(使)窒息,呛②塞满,塞住chopvt.砍,劈,斩;n.排骨Christ基督,救世主Christiann.基督教徒;adj.基督教(徒)的Christmasn.圣诞节cigarn.雪茄烟cigaretten.香烟,卷烟circuitn.电路,线路;环行(道)circularn.通知,通告a.圆形的,环行的;循环的,兜圈子的circulatev.循环,流通,散布circumstancen.环境,条件,形势;(pl.)境况,经济状况citev.引用;传唤,传讯;表彰,嘉奖civila.公民的,国内的;平民的,文职的;民事的,民法的;文明的civiliann.平民,百姓civilizationn.文明,文化civilizev.使文明,使开化claimv.声称,断言;索取;需要,值得;(灾难等)使失踪或死亡n.要求,认领,索赔;断言clarifyv.澄清,阐明clashn.冲突,不协调;(金属)刺耳的撞击声v.发生冲突,砰地相撞classica.最优秀的,典范的;标准的;传统式样的n.经典作品,杰作;(pl.)古典文学classicala.古典的,经典的classificationn.①分类,分级②类别,级别classifyv.分类,分级clausen.法律条款;分句,从句clawn.脚爪v.(用爪)抓,撕clayn.粘土,泥土cleara.清楚的;明朗的;畅通的;无疑的v.扫清,清除;使清白无辜clientn.委托人,当事人,顾客\ncliffn.悬崖,峭壁climaten.气候(区);风气,气氛cloudyadj.①多云的②浑浊的③模糊不清的cluen.线索,提示climbn.v.攀登;上升,攀升,增长clumsyadj.①笨拙的,粗陋的②不得体的,不策略的coachn.①教练,指导②长途公共汽车③(铁路)旅客车厢;vt.训练,指导,辅导coarseadj.①粗的,粗糙的②粗劣的③粗俗的coden.①准则,法规②密码,代码;vt.把...编码coil.①(一)卷,(一)圈②线圈;v.卷,盘绕coinn.硬币,钱币;vt.创造(新词)collapsevi./n.①倒坍,塌下②崩溃,突然失败colleaguen.同事,同僚collect.①收集,采集②(去)取,接③收(帐,税等),领取;vi.聚合,积聚;a./ad.(打电话)由对方付费(的)collection.①收藏品,收集的东西②收取,收集③聚集,积聚collective.集体的,共同的;n.团体,集体collision.①碰撞②冲突,抵触colony①殖民地②(侨民等)聚居区,聚居地③(动植物)的群体,集群column.①柱,圆柱②纵队,直行③栏,专栏(文章)comb.①梳子②(鸡等的)肉冠,冠状物;vt.①梳理②在...搜寻,彻底搜查combat.战斗,斗争,格斗;vt.与...斗争,与...战斗combination.①联合(体),结合(体),化合combine.结合,联合,化合;n.①联合企业(或团体)②联合收割机comedy.①喜剧②喜剧性(事件)comfort.①安慰,慰藉②舒适;vt.①使舒适②安慰,慰问comfortable.①舒适的,舒服的②宽裕的,小康的,足够的command.①命令,指示②指挥;控制③掌握,运用能力;vt.①命令,指挥②拥有,掌握③值得,应得④俯临,俯瞰commander.司令官,指挥员comment.①评论,意见②闲话,议论;vi.评论commerce.商业,贸易commercial.①商业的,商务的②商品化的,商业性的;n.商业广告commission.①委员会②佣金,回扣③授权,委托;vt.委任,委托commitvt.①犯(错误、罪行等),干(蠢事、坏事等)②(oneself)使承担义务,使承诺③(to)把...托付给,把...置于④调拨...供使用,拨出commitment.①承诺,许诺,保证②信奉,献身③承担的义务committee.委员会communicate.①交流,交际,通讯②连接,相通;vt.①传达,传播②传染communication.①交流,交际,通讯②通信(或交通)工具,交通联系communityn.社区,社会;团体,群落companionn.同伴,伴侣companyn.公司,商号;陪伴,交往;同伴,朋友;群,伙;连队comparablea.可比较的,类似的;比得上的comparativea.比较的,相对的comparev.比较,对照(+with);把……比作(+to)comparisonn.比较;比拟,比喻compassn.罗盘,指南针;(复数)圆规compelv.强迫,迫使competevt.比赛,竞争competenta.有能力的,能胜任的\ncompetitionn.竞争,比赛competitivea.竞争的,求胜心切的;(价格)有竞争力的competev.竞争,比赛complaintn.抱怨,诉苦;投诉,控告complaintn.①抱怨,诉苦②控告,投诉③疾病complex=complicateda.复合的;复杂的,难懂的componentn.成分,部件a.组成的,构成的composev.组成,构成;创作(乐、诗),谱曲;使镇静compoundn.化合物,复合物a.复合的,化合的comprehensionn.①理解(力)②理解力测验comprehensivea.广泛的,综合的compressv.压紧,压缩comprisev.包含,包括;构成,组成compromisen/v.妥协,折中concealv/n.隐蔽,掩盖concedev.不情愿地承认;允许,让予;让步,认输concentratev.(+on)集中,凝聚;全神贯注;浓缩n.浓缩物,浓缩液conceptn.概念,思想concerningprep.关于concertn.音乐会,演奏会concessionn.让步,妥协;特许(权);承认,认可concludev.推断,推论;结束;缔结,议定conclusionn.①结论,推论②结尾③缔结,议定concretea.实在的,具体的n.混凝土condemnv.谴责;判刑condensev.冷凝,浓缩,压缩conditionn.①状况,状态②环境,形势③条件,前提;vt.①训练,适应②调整...的状况,改善...的情况③对...有重要影响,决定conductvt.①进行,管理②指挥,引导③(oneself)(行为)表现④输送,传导(电、热等)conductorn.①(乐队)指挥②(公共汽车等)售票员,列车长③导体conferencen.会议,商谈confessv.坦白,承认confidencen.信任,信心,自信confidenta.确信的,肯定的;自信的confinev.限制,局限;禁闭n.(复数)界限,范围confirmv.证实,肯定;确认;批准conflictv.n.冲突,抵触;战争,战斗confrontv.迎面遇到,遭遇;正视;当面对证confusev.困惑;混淆;搞乱confusionn.①困惑,糊涂②混淆③混乱,骚乱congratulatev.祝贺,道喜(+on)congratulationn.①贺词②(on)祝贺,恭喜congressn.代表大会,国会conjunctionn.接合,连接;连接词connectvt.①连接,连结②联系,结合③给...接通电话;vi.连接,衔接connectionn.①联系,(因果)关系②连接(部分),衔接③熟人,关系(户)conquerv.征服,破除conquestn.攻取,克服,征服\nconsciencen.良心,良知consciousa.意识到的,自觉的(+of);神志清醒的;有意的,存心的consentv/n.准许,同意,赞成consequencen.结果,后果;重要性,重大consequentlyad.所以,由此conservationn.①保存,(对自然资源的)保护②避免浪费conservativea.保守的,守旧的;不时新的,传统的n.保守的人conservev.保护,保藏considerablea.相当大(多)的consideratea.体贴的,体谅的considerationn.①考虑,要考虑的事②体贴,关心consistv.(of)由……组成;(in)在于,存在于consistenta.坚持的,一贯的;一致的,符合的constanta.始终如一的;不断的;忠实的,忠诚的constitutev.构成,形成;设立,任命constitutionn.宪法,章程;体质,素质;组成,设立constructvt.①构筑,建造②对...进行构思,造(句);n.①建筑物,构造物②构想,观念constructionn.①建造,建设②建造物;建筑物③结构consultv.请教,找……商量;查阅,查看consultantn.顾问;会诊医师,专科医生consumern.用户,消费者,消耗者consumptionn.消耗量,消费量;挥霍contactn.v.联系,接触,交往;熟人,社会关系;(电路)接头,触点containv.包含,容纳;控制,抑制containern.容器,集装箱contemporarya.当代的,同时代的n.同代人,当代人contentn.(复数)所容纳的东西,(书的)内容,目录;含量,成分contestv.争夺,竞争;提出质疑,辩驳n.争夺,竞争;比赛contextn.背景,环境;上下文,语境continentn.大陆,洲continuala.不间断的,多次重复的,频频的continuousa.连续不断的,不断延伸的contractn.合同,契约v.收缩;订合同;感染(疾病),染上(恶习)contradictionn.矛盾;否认,反驳contrarya.相反的,对抗的n.相反(事物)contrastv.形成对比n.对比对照;悬殊差别,反差(+with)contributev.捐款,作出贡献;有助于,促成;投稿contributionn.①贡献,促成作用②捐款,捐献物③(C)(投给报刊等的)稿件controversiala.引起争论的,有争议的controversyn.争论,辩论conveniencen.方便,合宜;便利设施,方便的用具conventionn.习俗,惯例;公约,协议;会议,大会conventionala.普通的,常规的;符合习俗的,因循守旧的conversationn.谈话,交谈converselyadv.相反(地)conversev.交通,谈心n.相反的事物,反面说法a.相反的,逆的convertv.转变,转化;改变信仰(态度)conveyv.表达,传递,传达;运送,输送convictv.证明(宣判)有罪n.囚犯\nconvictionn.确信,坚定的信仰;说服,信服;定罪,判罪convincev.使确信,说服cookern.炊具,厨灶cooperatev.合作,配合,协作coordinatev.调节,协调n.坐标a.同等的,并列的copn.警察copev.(with)(成功地)应付,(妥善地)处理coppern.①铜②铜币copyrightn.版权cordn.细绳;(pl.)灯心绒裤coren.果心;核心,要点tothecore透顶的,十足的corporationn.公司cornern.角落,街角v.将……逼入困境,使走投无路corporationn.公司correspondv.(with)符合,一致(to)相当,类似;通信correspondencen.信件,函件;通信联系;符合,一致,相似correspondentn.通讯员,记者correspondinga.相应的,相当的;符合的,一致的corridorn.走廊,通道costlya.昂贵的,代价高的counciln.委员会,理事会counseln.律师,法律顾问;忠告,劝告v.劝告,提议countern.①柜台,柜台式长桌②筹码③计数器;vt.反驳,对抗;adv.反方向地,对立地countyn.县,郡courtn.①法院,法庭②球场③宫廷,宫室④庭院,院子countv.计算;认为,看作;值得考虑,有重要意义n.总数;一项罪状crackv.破裂,裂开;噼啪地响n.裂缝,缝隙;破裂声craftn.工艺,手艺;航空器,航天器cranen.起重机;鹤v.伸长(脖子等)crashn.碰撞,坠落;破裂声v.碰撞,坠落;垮台,破产creaturen.生物,动物,人;创造物,产物creepv.爬行,匍匐;蹑手蹑脚地走crewn.全体船员(机组人员)crimen.罪行,犯罪criminaln.罪犯a.犯罪的,刑事的crisisn.①危机,危急关头②决定性时刻,关键阶段criticn.批评家,评论家criticala.决定性的,关键性的,危急的;批评的,批判的(+of)criticizev.批评,批判;评论,评价crowdcrownn.王冠,冕cruciala.至关重要的,决定性的crudea.粗鲁的,粗俗的;天然的,未加工的;简陋的cruisev/n.航游,巡游crushv.压碎,碾碎,弄皱;镇压,制服crustn.面包皮,硬外皮;外壳,地壳crystaln.水晶,结晶(体)a.清澈透明的,水晶(制)的cuben.①立方形,立方体②立方,三次幂cuen.暗示,信号;提示\ncultivatev.耕作,栽培,养殖;培养,陶冶culturen.①文化,文明②教养,教育③培养,培植④培养菌cupboardn.食橱,碗橱curiosityn.好奇(心);奇物,古玩curiousadj.①好奇的,好求知的②奇特地,稀奇的curln/v.卷曲(物);缠绕,盘绕currencyn.通货,货币;通行,流行currentn.潮流;电流;趋势,倾向a.现时的,流行的,流传的curriculumn.(全部)课程cursev/n.咒骂,诅咒;祸害,祸根curtainn.窗帘,门帘;帷幕curven.曲线,狐线;弯曲处v.使弯曲cushionn.垫子,坐垫cyclen.①自行车,摩托车②循环,周期;vi.①骑自行车,骑摩托车②循环dairyn.牛奶场,乳品店a.乳制品的damn.坝,堤;vt.筑堤(坝)挡住damna.该死的,可恶的adv.极,非常dampa.潮湿的,微湿的n.潮湿,湿气dashv.猛冲,猛掷n.猛冲,飞奔;破折号data(datum)n.数据,资料daylightn.(U)白昼,日光deadlinen.最后期限deafadj.①聋的②不愿听的,装聋的debaten/v.争论,辩论debtn.欠债,债务decaden.十年decayn.v.腐烂,衰退,衰落deceivev.欺骗,蒙蔽decenta.象样的,体面的;宽厚的,大方的;正派的,得体的deckn.甲板,层面declarationn.宣布,宣告;声明;申报declinen/v.下降,衰退,衰落;谢绝decoratev.装饰,装潢decreasev/n.减少defeatn/v.击败,战胜;挫败defectn.缺陷,毛病v.变节,叛变definev.下定义,解释;限定,规定definitea.明确的,确切的definitelyadv.①明确地,确切地②一定地,肯定地definitionn.①定义,释义②清晰(度),鲜明(度)degreen.度数;程度;学位delayv.耽搁,拖延delegatev.委派……为代表;授权n.代表,代表团成员deletev.删除deliberatea.故意的,蓄意的;慎重的,深思熟虑的delicatea.脆弱的;微妙的,棘手的;娇柔的;雅致的deliciousa.美味的;芬芳的,怡人的deliveryn.投递,交送(的物品);分娩;讲话方式demandn.①要求②需要,需求(量);vt.①要求,强令②需要③询问,查问\ndemocracyn.民主(国家),民主制democratica.民主的demonstratev.论证,演示,说明,表露;示威游行densea.稠密的,密度大的densityn.密度,稠密dentala.牙齿的,牙科的denyv.否认;拒绝给予(+ing)departv.离开,出发;(from)背离,违反dependenta.依赖的;取决于……的(+on)depositn.定金,押金;存款;沉积物,矿床v.沉淀;存放,寄存;储蓄depressv.使沮丧,消沉;不景气;按下,压下depressionn.抑郁,沮丧;不景气期,萧条;洼地,凹陷deputyn.副手,代理人derivev.取得,得到;追溯……的起源descendv.下降,下来;是……的后裔;(to)把身份降至,沦为;(on)袭击describev.描写,形容desertv.离弃,抛弃;开小差,擅离职守n.开小差,擅离职守deservev.应受,值得designn/v.设计,构想;图样,图案;企图,图谋desirablea.值得想望的;可取的,有利的desirev.①想望,渴望②要求,请求;n.愿望,欲望despairn.绝望,使人绝望的人(事)v.(of)绝望,失去希望desperatea.不顾一切的;极想望的;绝望的,危急的despiteprep.不管,尽管dessertn.甜食,甜点心destinationn.目的地,终点;目标,目的destroyv.破坏,毁灭detailn.细节,详情;琐事detectv.察觉,发现;侦查出detectiven.侦探determinationn.决心,决定;确定,测定determinev.查明;决定,是……的决定因素;使下决心devicen.装置,器械;手段,策略deviln.魔鬼,恶魔;家伙,人devisev.发明,策划devotev.(+to)专用于……,贡献给……diagramn.图解,简图dialn.钟表面,标度盘,拨号盘dialectn.方言,土语diametern.直径dictatev.口述;命令,支配dictationn.口授,听写differvi.①(from)不同,相异②(with)(在意见方面)发生的分歧dietn.日常饮食;(病人、减肥者)特种饮食v.节食digestv.消化,吸收,领悟digitala.数字的,数字显示的dimadj.①昏暗的,暗淡的②朦胧的,隐约的③(视力等)模糊不清的;v.(使)变暗淡,(使)变模糊dimensionn.方面,特点;尺寸,长度;(pl.)面积,规模dipvt.浸,蘸;vi.落下,下降;n.浸,蘸\ndiplomatica.外交的;策略的,有手腕的directlyadv.直接地,径直地;正好地;立即,马上dirtn.(U)污垢,土,尘disappearvi.不见,消失directorn.指导者;董事;导演disappointv.失望;(希望)破灭,(计划)挫败disastern.灾难,大祸;彻底的失败discardv.丢弃,抛弃dischargev.允许……离开,释放,解雇;排放;卸货,下客disciplinen.纪律;训练;惩罚,处分;学科v.训导,惩罚,处罚discountv.折扣n.打折扣;漠视,低估discouragevt.①使泄气,使灰心②阻止,对阻diseasen.①病,疾病②不健全,弊端disguisevt.①假扮,化装②伪装③掩盖,掩饰;n.①用来伪装的东西(或行动)②伪装,掩饰disguisen.v.伪装,掩饰,化装indisguisedisgustn.v.厌恶,反感dismissv.不再考虑;解雇,开除;遣散;驳回,不受理disordern.混乱,凌乱;紊乱,动乱;失调,病displayn/v.陈列,展示,表现disposaln.丢掉,清除;排列,布置atsb.disposal任……处理(使用)disposev.去掉;处理;布置;使倾向于disputen/v.争论,争吵dissolvev.溶解,融化;消失,削弱;解散,结束distincta.有区别的,不同的;清晰的;显著的distinctionn.差别,不同;区分;优秀,杰出;荣誉,优待distinguishv.区分,辨别;看清;使杰出(+from)distressn/v.痛苦,忧虑,悲伤distributev.分发,分配;分布,散布distribution.①分发,分配②散布,分布disturbv.打搅,妨碍;使不安(烦恼);弄乱,大乱ditchn.沟,渠道diven/v.潜水,俯冲diversea.不同的,相异的;多种多样的divorcen/v.离婚;分离,脱离(+from)dividevt.①分,分开,分隔②分配,分享③(by)除④使产生分歧;vi.分开,分叉;n.①分歧,分开②分界线,分水岭division.①分,分开,分隔②分配,分担③分歧,分裂④除(法)⑤部门divorce.①离婚②分离,脱离;vi.离婚;vt.①与...离婚②分离,脱离documentn.公文,文件v.用文件证明,记载domestica.本国的,国内的;家庭的,家用的;驯养的dominanta.占优势的,支配的;居高临下的,高耸的dominatev.在……中占首要地位;支配,统治;耸立于,俯视donationn.捐赠(物),赠送donkeyn.驴dormitory.(集体)宿舍dosen.剂量;一剂,一份dotn.小圆点v.打点于;散布于,点缀doubtfula.难以预测的,未定的;怀疑的,可疑的downward.向下的,下行的;adv.向下地,下行地downtowna/ad.商业区的,闹市区的\ndraftn.草稿,草图;汇票;征兵,服役;通风,气流v.起草,草拟;征募drag.①拖,拉②迫使,硬拉;vi.①拖着脚步走,在地上拖着行走②慢吞吞地进行,拖延;n.①累赘,障碍②一吸,一抽,一饮dragonn.龙drainn.排水沟(管);耗竭,消耗v.排水;慢慢流掉,渐渐耗尽drama.①戏,剧本②戏剧(艺术)③戏剧性事件,戏剧性场面dramatica.引人注目的,突然的;戏剧性的,激动人心的;戏剧的,剧本的drawern.抽屉driftn.漂流,吹积物;大意,主旨;趋势,转移v.漂流,漂泊drilln.钻头,钻床;操练v.钻孔,打眼;操练drilln.①钻头,钻床②操练,训练;v.①钻(孔),打(眼)②操练,训练dripv.滴;n.①滴水声②滴下的液体drownvi.淹死,溺死;vt.①使淹死②淹没drumn.①鼓,鼓声②桶,筒;v.有节奏地敲击drunkadj.①(酒)醉的②陶醉的dulladj.①乏味的,单调的②(色彩等)晦暗的,(天气等)阴沉的③(声音)低沉的,沉闷的④愚钝的,笨的⑤钝的dumbadj.①哑的②(因惊恐等)说不出话的,沉默的dumpvt.①倾卸,倾倒②倾销,抛售;n.垃圾场durableadj.耐用的,持久的durationn.持续,持续期间duskn.(U)薄暮,黄昏dustn.(U)①尘土,灰尘②粉末;vt.①擦(或扫)净,除去...的灰尘②撒(粉末等)撒于dyen.染料;vt.给...染色;dyingadj.垂死的,临终的eaglen.鹰earnvt.挣得,赚得,获得earnestadj.认真的,诚挚的,热切的earthquaken.地震easen.①容易,不费力②悠闲,安适,自在;v.缓和,解除,减轻(痛苦、负担等)eastwardadj.向东的;adv.向东echon.回音,回声,共鸣;vi.发出回声,产生回响;vt.模仿,重复,附和economicadj.经济的,经济上的,经济学的;n.①经济学②经济状况,经济因素,经济意义economicala.节约的,节俭的,经济的(+of)edgen.边,棱,边缘;刀口,刃;优势,优越地位v.侧着移动,徐徐移动onedge紧张不安,烦躁editionn.版,版本editoriala.编辑的,主笔的;社论的n.社论,重要评论editorial.①编辑的,主笔的,编者的②社论的,社论式educatev.教育,培养,训练effectn.结果,效果;效力,影响;(pl.)个人财物v.实现,引起,effectivea.有效的,起作用的;给人影响深刻的;实际上,事实上efficienta.效率高的,有能力的efficiencyn.效率,功效effortn.努力,尝试;成果,成就elaboratea.精心计划的,详尽的;复杂的v.详述,详细制定elastica.有弹性(力)的;灵活的,可伸缩的n.橡皮圈,松紧带elbown.肘,肘部v.用肘推elderly.较老的,年长的;n.到了晚年的人,较老的人elect.①选举,推举②选择,决定;vi.进行选举,作出选择\nelectionn.选举,推举,当选electricaladj.电的,与(电)有关的,电气科学的electronn.电子electronicadj.电子的;n.①电子学②电子设备eleganta.优美的,文雅的;简练的,简洁的elementn.元素,成分,元件;(pl.)基础,纲要,原理,自然力elementarya.基本的;初级的,小学的elevatorn.电梯,升降机eliminatev.排除,消除;淘汰elsewhereadv.在别处,到别处embarrassv.使尴尬,使不好意思embassyn.大使馆;大使馆全体成员embracev.拥抱,怀抱;包含,包括;包围,环绕n.拥抱,怀抱emergev.浮现,出现;(问题)发生,显露emergencyn.紧急情况,不测事件,非常时刻emitv.发出(光、热、声等),射出emotionn.情感,感情,激情emotionala.表现情感的,易动感情的,情绪上的emperorn.皇帝,君主emphasisn.强调,重点emphasizevt.(也作emphasise)强调,着重,加强...的语气empiren.帝国employeen.受雇者,雇工employern.雇佣者,雇主employment.①职业,工作②雇用,使用enablevt.使能够,使可能,使可行enclose.①(用篱笆等)围住,包住②把...装入信封,附入encounterv/n.遭遇,遭到encouragevt.①鼓励,激励,怂恿②促进,助长,激发endingn.结局,结尾,终结endlessadj.无止境的,没完没了的endurevt.忍受,容忍;vi.①忍受,忍耐,耐住②持久,持续enemyn.敌人,仇敌,敌军energy.①干劲,精力,活力②(U)能,能量,能源enforce.①实施,生效,执行②强迫,迫使engagev.吸引,占用;从事,忙于(in);雇,聘;使订婚(to)enginen.发动机,引擎;机车,火车头engineeringn.工程(学)enhancev.提高,增强enlargev.扩大,扩展;放大enormousa.巨大的,庞大的ensurev.保证,担保entertainv.招待,款待;给……娱乐,使快乐entertainment.①娱乐,娱乐节目,表演会②(U)招待,款待,请客enthusiasmn.热情,热心;热衷的事物entitlen.给……权利(资格);给……题名entrancen.入口,大门口;进入,登场environmentn.(C,U)环境,周围状况,自然环境envelopen.信封\nenvyn.妒忌,羡慕;妒忌的对象,羡慕的目标v.妒忌,羡慕episoden.一个事件;插曲,片断,连续剧的一集equationn.方程(式),等式equipv.装备,配备;(智力、体力上)使有准备equivalenta.相等的,等价的n.相等物,意义相同的词eran.时代,纪元erecta.竖直的,挺直的v.建造,建立;竖立,使直立errorn.错误,差错essayn.散文,随笔essentiala.必不可少的,非常重要的;本质的,基本的n.(pl.)要素,要点;必需品establish.①建立,创办,设立②确立,确定,证实establishment.①(U)建立,确立,确定②企业,机构③当权人物estaten.土地,住宅区;地产,财产;庄园,种植园estimaten/v.估计,估量;评价,看法evaluatev.评估,评价eventuallyad.终于,最后evidencen.根据,证据,迹象evidenta.明显的,明白的evidentlyadv.明显地,显然evila.邪恶的,坏的n.邪恶,罪恶,祸害evolutionn/v.演变,演化,进化,发展evolvev.(使)进化,(使)发展,(使)演变exactadj.精确的,准确的,确切的;vt.强求,要求,索取exactlyadv.确切的,精确地,恰好exceedv.超过,越出exceedinglyad.非常,极其exceptionn.例外excellenta.优秀的,卓越的,杰出的excessn.过量,无节制;超越,超过a.过量的,额外的excessivea.过多的,过分的,过度的exchangen/v.交换,调换;汇兑(率);交流excite.①使激动,使兴奋②引起,激动excitement.①刺激,激动,兴奋②令人兴奋的事,刺激的因素exciting.刺激的,令人兴奋的,使人激动的exclaimv.呼喊,惊叫excludev.排除,不包括exclusivea.奢华的,高级的;独享的;排斥的,排他的n.独家新闻excursionn.远足,短途旅行executev.处死,处决;实施,完成executevt.①处死,处决②实施,执行,完成executiven.主管,行政官;行政部门v.执行的,行政的exertv.用力,尽力;运用,发挥exhaustv.使筋疲力尽;用光,耗尽;详尽论述n.排气装置,排气孔;废气,废液exhibitv.展示,显示;展览,陈列n.展品,陈列品existencen.①(U)存在②(U)生存,生活(方式)exitn.①出口,通道,安全门②退场,退出;v.退出,离开expandv.①扩大,扩张,扩展②膨胀expansionn.扩大,扩展,扩张②膨胀expectationn.①(U)期待,预期②前程,成功的前景\nexpensen.①(U)价钱,花费,费②开支,业务费用experimentaladj.实验(性)的,试验(性)的expertn.专家,能手;adj.专家的,熟练的,内行的explodevi.①爆炸②爆发,突发,发怒③激增,迅速扩大;vt.使爆炸,使爆发,使突发exploitvt.①剥削②利用开发,开采;n.业绩,功绩,功勋explorev.①探险,勘探,探测②仔细查阅,探索,探究explosionn.①爆炸,爆发②激增,扩大exitn.出口,通道,安全门;退出,退场v.离开,退出expandv.扩大,扩展;膨胀expansionn.expensen.价钱,花费;(pl.)开支,业务费用experimentala.实验性的expertn.专家,能手a.专家的,内行的,熟练的explodev.爆炸;突发,发怒;激增,迅速扩大explosionn.exploitv.剥削;利用,开发,开采(pl.)业绩,功勋explorev.勘探,探测;探索,研究explosivea.爆炸的,爆发的;极易引起争论的n.炸药exportn/v.出口,输出exposev.暴露,显露;使处于……作用(影响)之下,曝光exposuren.暴露;暴晒extendv.延伸,扩展,延续;提供,给予extensionn.伸展,扩大;延长部分,扩建部分;电话分机extensivea.广大的,广阔的;广泛的,大量的exteriorn.外部,外表,外貌a.外部的,外表的externala.外部的,外面的extraadj.额外的,外加的,特别的;ad.特别地;n.额外的事物,另外收费的事物,额外费用extraordinarya.不平常的,非凡的extremea.极端的;尽头的,末端的n.极端,过分eyesightn.视力fabricn.织物;构造,结构facilityn.(pl.)设备,设施;便利,方便factorn.因素,要素facultyn.能力,技能,天赋;系,学院;全体教员fadev.褪色,褪去;变微弱(黯淡);凋谢,枯萎failuren.失败(的人或事);失灵,故障;不履行fairyn.小精灵,小仙子faithn.①信任,信心,信赖②信仰,信条faithfula.忠诚的,忠实的;尽职的;如实的,准确可靠的faithn.①信任,信心,信赖②信仰,信条faithfula.忠诚的,忠实的;尽职的;如实的,准确可靠的famen.声誉,名望,名声faminen.饥荒fancyv.喜欢;想象;猜想,以为n.爱好,迷恋;幻想力;空想,幻想a.昂贵的,高档的;别致的,花俏的fantastica.极好的,了不起的;难以相信的;异想天开的;奇异的,古怪的fantasyn.想象,幻想;想象的产物faren.交通费,票价v.进展farewelln.告别,欢送会\nfascinatinga.迷人的,有极大吸引力的fashionn.方式,样子;流行款式,时装fashionablea.流行的,时髦的fastenv.扎牢,记牢fatala.致命的,灾难性的;重大的,决定性的faten.命运fatiguen.疲劳,疲累v.使疲劳faultyn.有错误的,出毛病的,有缺点的favor.①(U)好感,喜爱,宠爱②赞同,支持③恩惠,善意的行为,好事;vt.①赞同,喜爱,偏爱②有利于,有助于favorablea.赞同的;有利的,顺利的favoritea.特别受喜爱的n.特别喜爱的人或物faxn.传真(机),传真件v.传真传输fearfula.可怕的;不安的,忧虑的feasiblea.可行的,可用的feathern.羽毛,翎毛featuren.特征,特色;特写,专题节目;故事片;(pl.)面貌,相貌v.突出,由……主演federala.联邦制(政府)的feen.费,酬金feedbackn.反馈(信息)femalen/a.雌性(的),女性(的)fertilea.肥沃的,富饶的;多产的;(想象或创造力)丰富的fertilizern.肥料festivaln.节日,喜庆日fibern.纤维(物质)fictionn.小说fiercea.凶猛的,残酷的;狂热的,强烈的;激烈的,狂暴的figure.①数字,数量②人物,名人③算术,计算④体型,风姿⑤轮廓,隐约可见的人影⑥画像,肖像,塑像⑦(插)图,图形;vi.①(引人注目地)出现②有道理,合乎情理;vt.①计算②认为,猜想filen.档案,文件,卷宗;文件夹;纵列.v.归档案;登记备案;排成纵对行进filterv.过滤;走漏,慢慢传开n.过滤器(用料)finallyad.最后,终于financen.财政,金融;(pl.)财源,资金v.提供(筹措)资金financiala.财政的,金融的findingn.(pl.)调查结果;(陪审团的)裁决firemann.消防队员fishermann.渔民,渔夫flamen.火焰,火蛇flashv.闪光,闪烁;飞驰,掠过n.闪烁,闪现;闪光灯flavor.①味,滋味,味道②风味,特色;vt.给...调味,加味于fleev.逃走,逃离;逃避fleetn.舰队,车队fleshn.肉,果肉flexiblea.易弯曲的,柔韧的;灵活的,可变通的floatv.(使)浮动,(使)漂流,(使)漂动flockn.羊群;一群,一批;众多,大量v.群聚,聚集flourn.面粉flourishv.繁荣,茂盛;挥动(以引起注意)fluenta.流利的,流畅的affluenta.富足的,小康的\nfluidn.流体,液体a.流体的,流动的focusv.焦点,焦距;中心n.使聚集,聚焦fogn.雾foldv.折叠,对折,交叠;n.褶痕,褶缝,折叠的部分folkn.人们;(pl.)亲属,父母;大伙儿,各位followinga.接着的,下述的n.一批追随者footstepn.脚步(声)forbidv.不许,禁止force.①.军队,部队,兵力②暴力,武力③力量,力气④效力,影响力;vt.①强迫,迫使②用力推动,用力打开forecastvt./n.预测,预报foreheadn.额,前额forgev.伪造,假冒;锻造,锤炼foreignern.外国人formala.正式的,正规的;形式上的,表面的formatn.设计,安排;格式,版式formationn.形成,组成;结构;对形,排列formera.以前的,旧时的formulan.原则,方案;公式,方程式;配方forthad.向前,往外fortnightn.十四天,两星期fortunatelyad.幸运地,侥幸地foundationn.基础,基本原理;基金会;建立,设立;(pl.)地基fountainn.喷泉fractionn.小部分,片断;分数fragmentn.碎片,碎块,断片v.成碎片framen.镜框,框架;构架v.给……镶框;制定,表达;陷害,诬告frameworkn.框架;参照标准,准则,观点;构成方式,体系franka.坦白的,直率的freightn.货物,货运v.运送,装货于……frequencyn.次数,频率;频繁frogn.蛙frontiern.边境,边界;(thefrontier)开发地区的边缘;(pl.)前沿,新领域frostn.霜冻,严寒天气v.结霜frownn/v.皱眉,蹙额fruitfula.多产的,富有成效的frustratev.使沮丧,使灰心;挫败,使受挫折fryv.油煎,油炒fryvt.油煎,油炸,油炒fulfillv.履行,实现;满足,使满意functionn.功能,作用,职能;重大聚会(宴会);函数,随他物变化而变化的事物v.工作,运行,起作用fundn.基金,专款;储备,蕴藏;(pl.)存款,资金fundamentala.基本的,根本的n.(pl.)基本原则(法则)funerala.葬礼,丧礼furn.毛皮(衣服),柔毛furnacen.熔炉,火炉furnishv.布置,为……配家具;供应,提供furthermoread.而且,此外fussn/v.忙乱,大惊小怪,大题小做;(为小事)烦恼galleryn.画廊,美术馆;廊台,走廊gallonn.加仑\ngangn.帮,伙,群v.(up)聚集,结成一伙gaoln.=jail监狱,看守所gapn.缺口,裂口;间隔,间隙;差距,不足garbagen.垃圾,废物;废话;无用的资料gardenern.园丁,园艺爱好者garlicn.大蒜gasn.气体;煤气;汽油;毒气gasolinen.汽油gazen/v.凝视,注视gearn.齿轮,排挡;用具,设备v.使适应,使适合genen.基因genetica.起源的,发生的;基因的;遗传(学)的generallyad.一般地,通常;普遍地,广泛地generatev.生成,产生;引起,导致generatorn.发电机,发生器generousa.慷慨的,大方的;宽宏大量的;丰富的geniusn.天才,天赋genuinea.真的,非人造的;真诚的,真心的geometryn.几何(学)germn.微生物,细菌;(事)发端,萌芽gesturen.姿势,手势;姿态,表示v.作手势ghostn.鬼魂,幽灵;痕迹,一点点giantn.巨人,才智超群的人a.巨大的givena.规定的,特定的;假设的,已知的;(to)有嗜好的,有倾向的prep.考虑到glimpsen/v.一瞥,一看globala.全球的,全世界的;总的,完整的globen.地球,世界,地球仪,球体gloriousa.光荣的,辉煌的;令人愉快的,极好的gloryn.光荣,荣誉;美丽,壮丽gloven.手套glown/v.光亮,光辉;脸红,身体发热;激情,感情洋溢gluen.胶,胶水v.胶合,粘贴golfn.高尔夫运动goodnessint.天哪n.善良,美德,好意governv.统治,治理;支配,影响governorn.州长,地方长官;理事,董事grabv.抓取;赶紧做;抓住机会gracen.优美,优雅;(pl.)风度,魅力;(付款)宽限,缓期gracefula.优雅的,得体的graduala.逐渐的,逐步的;坡度平缓的,不陡的graduaten.毕业生;研究生v.毕业grainn.谷物;颗粒,细粒;少量,微量gramn.克grammarn.语法granda.宏伟的,壮丽的;重要的;傲慢的,派头大的;绝佳的;总的grantn.拨款,授予物v.授予,准予grapen.葡萄graphn.图表,曲线图graspn.抓紧;理解,领会\ngratefula.感激的gratituden.感激,感谢graven.坟墓n.坟墓;adj.①严重的②严肃的,庄重的gravityn.重力,地心力;严重;严肃,庄重greedya.贪食的;贪婪的,贪心的;渴望的greenhousen.温室,暖房grindv.磨碎,碾碎;折磨,压迫n.苦差事,苦活儿ggripn/v.紧握,控制;吸引住……注意力grocern.食品杂货商grossa.总的,毛的;严重的;粗俗的;臃肿的growthn.增长,增加;生长,发展guaranteen.保证(书)v.保证,担保guidancen.指引,领导guidelinen.指导方针,准则guiltya.内疚的,有罪的guitarn.吉他,六弦琴gulfn.海湾;巨大的分歧,鸿沟gumn.牙龈;口香糖;树胶guyn.家伙,伙计gym.体育馆,健身房haltn/v.停止,暂停hammern.锤,榔头handbagn.女用手提包handfuln.一把,一小撮,少量handlen.柄,把手v.处理,应付;操作;触,摸handwritingn.笔迹,书法handya.方便的;手边的;手巧的harborn.海港,避风港v.庇护,藏匿;心怀(怨恨等)hardenv.使变硬,硬化;变得坚强,变得冷酷无情hardshipn.艰难,困苦hardwaren.五金器具;硬件harmn/v.伤害,危害harmonyn.和谐,融洽,一致harnessv.治理,驯服,利用;给(马)上挽具n.马具,挽具harsha.严厉的,严酷的;刺耳的,刺目的hasten.急速,急忙inhaste急忙,慌忙hatredn.憎恨,憎恶hayn.干草hazardn.危险,公害v.尝试着做;冒……风险headingn.标题headlinen.大字标题;(pl.)新闻提要headquartersn.总部,总店;司令部,指挥部healv.愈合,治愈;调停,消除heapn.一堆;大量,许多v.成堆,堆起hearingn.听力,听觉;意见听取会,申辩的机会heavev.举起,提起;扔;沉重地发出(叹息,呻吟)n.举起,升降hedgen.矮树篱;防备,障碍物v.用篱笆围;避免直接回答heeln.脚后跟helicoptern.直升机\nhelln.地狱;极不愉快的经历helpfula.有益的;肯帮忙的helplessa.无助的,不能自立的;无法抗拒的,不由自主的henn.母鸡,雌禽hencead.因此,所以;今后,从此herdn.兽群,牧群v.集中在一起,赶在一起heroica.英勇的,崇高的hesitatev.犹豫,踌躇;不情愿highlightv.强调,突出,使显著n.最精彩的部分,最重要的事件highlyad.高度地,非常;非常赞许地highwayn.公路,交通要道hintn.暗示;细微的迹象;(pl.)建议v.暗示hipn.臀部historica.历史上著名的,具有重大历史意义的historicala.历史上的,史学的hollowa.中空的,凹陷的;沉闷的;虚伪的,空虚的n.洼地,洞,穴holya.神圣的,圣洁的;虔诚的honeyn.蜂蜜;甜蜜;(爱称)宝贝儿,亲爱的honorablea.光荣的,荣誉的;可敬的,高尚的hookn.钩,钩状物v.钩住hopefula.怀有希望的;有希望的hopelessa.绝望的,没有希望的;无能的,糟透的horizonn.地平线;(pl.)眼界,见识horizontala.地平的,水平的,横向的hornn.(牛、羊)角;号角,喇叭horriblea.可怕的;极讨厌的horrorn.恐怖;憎恶(的人或物)horsepowern.马力hostn.主人,东道主;节目主持人;许多hostilea.敌对的,敌意的;敌方的householdn.家庭,户a.家庭的,家用的;家喻户晓的housingn.房屋,住宅;住房供给;外壳,外罩housewifen.家庭主妇housingn.房屋,住宅;住房供给;外壳,外罩humblea.谦逊的,谦虚的;地位低下的,卑贱的humorn.幽默,诙谐;情绪,心境humorousa.幽默的,诙谐的huntn/v.打猎,猎取;搜寻;驱逐,追捕hutn.小屋,棚屋hydrogenn.氢ice-creamn.冰淇淋ideala.理想的,完满的;想象的,空想的n.理想(的东西或人)identicala.相同的,相等的;同一的identifyv.认出,鉴定;把……等同于;认同identityn.身份;个性,特性;同一性,一致性idlea.懒散的,无所事事的;空闲的,闲着的;无用的,无效的v.懒散,无所事事;虚度光阴ignoranta.不知道的;无知的,愚昧的ignorancen.无知,愚昧illegala.不合法的,非法的\nillustratev.说明,阐明;给……作插图说明illustrationn.说明,例证;图解imagen.形象,声誉;印象,影像,图像imaginarya.想象中的,假想的,虚构的imaginationn.想象(力);空想,幻觉imitatev.模仿,仿效;仿制,仿造immensea.广大的,巨大的immigrantn.移民,侨民impactn.影响,作用;冲击,碰撞impatienta.不耐烦的,急噪的;热切的,急切的implementv.使生效,履行n.工具,器具implicationn.含意,暗示;卷入,牵连implyv.暗示,含有……意思importn/v.进口,输入;(pl.)进口商品,输入额;意义,重要性,含义imposev.强加于(+on);征(税),处以(罚款、监禁)impressv.给……深刻印象,使铭记(+on);压,压印impressivea.给人印象深刻的impressionn.印象,感觉;印记,压痕improvevt.改进,改善;vi.改善,变得更好improvementn.改进,增进;改进处incidentn.发生的事;事件,事变inclinev.使倾斜;倾向于,赞同n.斜坡,斜面increasinglyad.日益,越来越多地incrediblea.不可信的;难以置信的,不可思议的,惊人的independencen.独立,自主,自立independenta.独立的,自主的(of);无偏见的,中立的;不相关联的,无关的indexn.索引;标志,表征;指数,指标v.编索引indicatev.标示,指示;表明,示意indicationn.indifferenta.冷漠的,不关心的;一般的,(表现)平平的indirecta.间接的,迂回的;不直截了当的,婉转的indispensablea.必不可少的,必需的(+to)individuala/n.个别(的),个体(的)indoora/ad.室内的,户内的industriala.工业的,产业的industrializev.使工业化inevitablea.不可避免的,必然发生的infantn.婴儿,幼儿a.婴儿的,幼稚的,初期的infectv.传染,感染;影响(心情、气氛等)inferv.推论,推断inferencen.推论,推理,结论inferiora.劣等的(to);下级的n.下级,下属infinitea.无限的,无穷的,无边无际的inflationn.通货膨胀;膨胀influencen/v.影响(力);产生影响的人或物;势力,权势influentiala.有影响的,有权势的informv.通知,报告ingredientn.成分,原料;构成要素,因素inhabitantn.居民,住户\ninheritv.继承initiala.开始的,最初的n.(pl.)姓名的首字母initiativen.主动性,首创精神;倡议;主动权injectionn.注射,注入injurev.伤害,损害injuryn.innn.小旅馆,客栈innera.内部的,里面的;内心的innocenta.清白的,无辜的;没有恶意的;天真的,幼稚的(of)inputn/v.输入,投入;输入物(数据)inquirev.打听,询问inquiryn.打听,询问;调查insectn.昆虫,虫insertv.插入,嵌入insightn.洞察力,洞悉,深刻的见解inspectv.检查,视察inspirev.鼓舞,激起;给……以灵感inspirationsn.灵感installv.安装,设置;使就职,任命installationn.安装,设施;就任,就职instancen.例子,实例instanta.立即的;紧急的,急迫的;(食品)速溶的,方便的instead.①作为替代②反而,却instinctn.本能,直觉;生性,天性instituten.学会,研究所,学院v.建立,设立institutionn.社会公共机构;制度,习俗;设立,创立instructv.指示,命令;教育,指导institution.①(教育、慈善等)社会公共机构②制度,习俗③(U)设立,创立,制定instrumentn.仪器,器械;乐器insultn/v.侮辱,辱骂insurev.给……保险;保证,确保insurancen.保险(费)integratev.使成一体,合并(into)intellectuala.智力的,善于思维的n.知识分子intelligencen.智力,智慧,理解力;情报,消息intelligenta.聪明的,有才智的intendv.想要,打算,计划intensea.强烈的,紧张的;认真的,专注的;热情的,热切的intensityv.使增强,使加剧intensivea.加强的,集中的;精工细作的,集约的interactionn.相互作用(影响)interferev.(with)干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的,相对应的;并列的,并联的v.与……相似(相当),比得上parceln.小包,包裹parliamentn.议会,国会partiala.部分的,不完全的;(to)偏爱的,嗜好的;偏心的participatev.(in)参与,参加particlen.颗粒,微粒;小品词,语助词particularlyad.特别,尤其partnern.配偶,搭档;伙伴,合伙人v.做……的搭档passionn.激情,热情;酷爱passivea.被动的,消极的passportn.护照pastev.糊,糨糊v.粘,贴patn.轻拍,轻打a.非常恰当的,适时的patchn.补片,补丁;斑,与周围不同的部分;一小块地v.修补patiencen.忍耐,耐心patientadj.有耐心的,忍耐的;n.病人pattern.①型,模式,样式②花样,图案;vt.仿制,使照...的样子pawn.爪,爪子v.用爪子抓,用蹄子扒paymentn.支付的款项;支付,付款pean.豌豆peachn.桃(树)peakn.山峰,顶点,顶峰v.达到高峰(最大值)a.高峰的,最大值的peculiara.奇怪的,古怪的;特有的,独具的,独特的peern.同龄人,同等地位的人;贵族v.仔细看,费力地看penaltyn.处罚,惩罚,罚金penetratev.透入,渗入;刺入(穿);洞察,了解pensionn.养老金,抚恤金v.发放养老金(抚恤金)peppern.胡椒(粉)v.在……上撒(胡椒粉等),使布满perprep.每,每一perceivev.感知,察觉;认识到,理解percentagen.百分比,百分率perceptionn.感知力,觉察力;认识,观念performancen.演出,表演;履行,执行;工作情况,表现;机器的工作性能permanenta.永久的,固定的permissionn.允许,许可persistv.坚持不懈,执意;持续,继续存在personalityn.人格,个性;人物,名人personneln.(总称)人员,员工;人事部门perspectiven.视角,观点;远景,景观;透视画法,透视图pessimistica.悲观(主义)的petroln.汽油petroleumn.石油phasen.阶段,时期;面,方面;月相,相位v.分阶段实行phenomenonn.现象,迹象;非凡的人,特殊的事物philosophern.哲学家,哲人\nphilosophyn.哲学;哲理,人生哲学,见解phonen.电话(机);听筒,耳机v.打电话phrasen.短语,词组v.用语言表达,表述physicala.身体的,肉体的;物理(学)的;物质的,有形的n.体检physiciann.内科医生physicistn.物理学家piercev.赤穿,穿透;穿孔,打眼pigeonn.鸽子pilln.药丸pillarn.柱,柱子;台柱,栋梁pillown.枕头pilot①飞行员②引航员,舵手;vt.①驾驶(飞机等)②为(船舶等)引航③试用,试验;adj.试验性的,试点的pin①大头针,别针②针饰,徽章,像章③钉子,销子,闩;v.钉住,别住,固定住pinchn.捏,掐;夹痛n.捏,掐;一撮,微量pinen.松(树)v.(away)消瘦,衰弱,憔悴;(for)渴望,思念pintn.品脱pitn.地洞,坑;煤矿,矿井v.使有坑,使凹陷pitchn.球场;程度,强度;高度,音高;沥青v.投掷;猛然倒下;用某种方式表达;定调;架设planetn.行星plantationn.种植园,人工林plasticn.塑料(制品);信用卡a.塑料制的,可塑的platformn.平台,讲台;站台,月台;纲领,宣言pledgen.保证,誓言v.保证,许诺plentifula.丰富的,充足的,大量的plotn.故事情节;计划,密谋;小块土地v.密谋;绘制平面图,在图上标位置plugn.插头,插座;塞子,栓v.把……塞住plungev.纵身投入;猛冲;猛跌,骤降;遭受plurala/n.复数(的)plusprep.加上n.加号,正号;有利因素a.表示正的,加的poetryn.诗篇,诗歌,诗集poisonn.毒物,毒药v.使中毒,毒害poisonousa.有毒的;恶毒的,刻毒的policyn.政策,方针;保险单polishv.磨光,擦亮;修改,润色,使优美n.擦光剂,上光蜡politiciann.政治家,政客politicsn.政治(学);政纲,政见polln.民意测验;(pl.)政治选举,大选v.对……进行民意测验;获得选票pollutev.弄脏,污染;腐蚀pollutionn.污染,污染物pondn.池塘pool.①水池②(液体等的)一滩,一片③共用物,共用人员;vt.把...集中在一起,共用popn.流行音乐;发出砰的一声v.突然出现,发生;发出砰的响声portablea.手提式的,便于携带的portern.搬运工人;看门人,大楼管理员portionn.一部分,一份v.(out)分配,把……分给portraitn.肖像,画像posev.造成,引起;提出,陈述;摆姿势;假装,冒充n.样子,姿态positivea.确实的,明确的;积极的,肯定的;正的,阳性的possessv.占有,拥有possessionn.①(U)所有,占有②所有物\npossibilityn.可能性,可能的事postagen.邮费,邮资postern.招贴(画),海报,广告postmann.邮递员postponev.推迟,延期potentialn.潜力,潜能a.潜在的,可能的povertyn.贫穷,贫困powdern.粉,粉末powerfula.强大的,有权的;强壮的,强健的practicallyad.几乎,简直;实际上prayv.祈祷,企求;请求,恳求prayern.祷告,祈祷;祷文,祷辞precautionn.预防,防备,警惕takeprecautionagainst 采取预防措施precedinga.在先的,在前的precisea.精确的,准确的;严谨的 precisionn.精确(性),精密(度)predictv.预言,预测,预告prefacen.序言,引言,前言preferablea.更可取的,更好的,更合意的preferencen.喜爱,优先(权);偏爱的人或物pregnanta.怀孕的,妊娠的prejudicen.偏见,成见v.使有偏见;对……不利,损害preliminarya.预备的,初步的n.(pl.)初步做法,起始行为puzzlen.智力测验,谜;难题,令人费解的人或事v.使迷惑,为难;苦思preparationn.准备,预备;制剂prepositionn.介词prescribev.开药,吩咐采用(某种疗法);规定,指定presencen.出席,存在;仪表,仪态presentationn.提供,显示;外观,显示的图像;授予,赠送(仪式);报告;表演presentlyad.不久,一会儿;现在,目前preservev.保护,维持;保存;腌制pressuren.压力,压强;强制,压迫v.对……施加压力,迫使presumablyad.大概,据推测prevailv.流行,盛行;获胜,占优势;说服,诱使previousa.先前的,以前的;(to)在……之前priestn.神父,牧师primarilyad.主要地,首先primarya.首要的,基本的;最初的,初级的primea.首要的,主要的;最好的,第一流的n.青春,壮年;全盛时期v.使完成准备工作,使准备好primitivea.原始的,早期的;简单的,粗糙的n.原始人,原始事物princen.王子,亲王princessn.公主,王妃principala.最重要的,主要的n.负责人,校长;资本,资金;主角principlen.原则,道义;基本信念,信条priora.优先的,在前的priorityn.优先(权),重点;优先考虑的事privatea.私人的,个人的;秘密的,私下的;私立的,私营的n.士兵,列兵privilegen.特权,优惠\nprobablea.很可能的,大概的proceduren.程序,手续,步骤proceedv.进行,继续下去;(朝特定方向)前进,行进processn.过程,进程;工序,制作法;法律程序,诉讼手续v.加工,处理processionn.队伍,行列productn.产品,产物;乘积professionn.职业,自由职业;theprofession同业,同行;公开表示,表白professionala.职业的,专业的,专门的n.自由职业者,专业人员profilen.侧面像;传略,人物简介;轮廓,形象;姿态,引人注目的状态profitn/v.获益,收益,利润progressivea.进步的,先进的;前进的,累进的;进行式的prohibitv.禁止,不准projectn.方案,计划;课题,项目;工程v.投射,放映;使伸出,突出prominenta.突出的,杰出的;突起的,凸出的promotev.促进,增进;提升,提拔;宣传,推销promptv.促使,推动;提示a.敏捷的,及时的n.提词,提示pronounn.代词proofn.证据,证明;校样,样张a.耐……的,防……的propertyn.财产,资产;房产,地产;性质,特性proportionn.比例;部分;均衡,相称proportionala.成比例的proposaln.提议,建议;求婚proposev.提议,建议;提名,推荐;打算,计划;求婚prospectn.前景,前途;景象,景色;可能成为主顾的人,有希望的候选人prosperityn.兴旺,繁荣 prosperousa.繁荣的,兴旺的protectionn.保护,防护 protectivea.保护的,防护的proteinn.蛋白质protestn/v.抗议,反对providedconj.假如,若是provincen.省;领域,范围provisionn.供应;准备,预备;条款,规定;(pl.)给养,口粮provokev.对……挑衅,激怒;激起,引起psychologicala.心理(学)的publicationn.出版,发行;公布,发表pubn.酒吧,酒馆publicationn.出版,发行;公布,发表publicityn.公众的注意,名声;宣传,宣扬pulsen.脉搏,脉冲v.搏动,跳动pumpn.泵v.抽水,泵送,打气punchv.猛击,穿孔n.猛击,穿孔;冲床,穿孔机;力量,效力punctuala.守时的,准时的,正点的purchasev.购买n.购买(的物品)purplea.紫的n.紫色pursen.钱包,女用小提包pursuev.继续,从事;追赶;追求puzzlev.①(使)迷惑,(使)为难②(使)苦思;n.①智力测验,智力玩具,谜②难题,令人费解的事(或人)qualificationn.资格(证明),合格证书;限制,限定性条件qualifyv.胜任,具有资格,使合格 qualify(oneself)for\nqueuen.行列,长队v.排队(等候)quitv.停止,放弃;离开,辞职quizn.智力竞赛,答问比赛;小测验v.考查,盘问quotationn.引文,引语,语录;报价,牌价,行情quotev.引用,援引n.引文,引语;报价,牌价;(pl.)引号raciala.人种的,种族的rabbitn.兔子raciala.人种的,种族的rackn.挂架,搁架v.使痛苦,折磨;使紧张,使努力radarn.雷达radiationn.放射物,辐射能;辐射radicala.根本的,基本的;激进的,激进派的n.激进分子ragn.破布,碎布;(pl.)破旧衣服ragen.狂怒,盛怒;(therage)风靡一时的事物,时尚raidv/n.(突然)袭击;突入查抄(搜捕);劫掠,劫夺railn.栏杆,横杆;铁轨,轨道;铁路v.(at/against)咒骂,严厉责备railroad=railwayn.铁路rainbown.虹rainya.下雨的,多雨的rallyn.集会,(群众)大会;公路汽车赛v.集合,团结;恢复,重新振作rangen.一系列;幅度,范围;射程,距离;山脉;靶场,射击场v.(在某范围内)变化,变动;(over)论及,涉及;漫游,来回行动rankn.军衔,职衔;地位,社会阶层theranks(政党、组织等的)普通成员v.分等,评定等级;列入rarea.稀有的,罕见的,冷僻的;珍奇的,出类拔萃的;稀薄的;(肉)煎得嫩的rarelyad.不常,难得ratn.鼠raten.速度,进度;比率;价格v.估价,评估;给……定级;值得,应得ration.比,比率rationala.理性的,理智的;合理的rawa.自然状态的,未加工的;生的,未煮过的;原始的,未经分析的reactv.(to)反应;(against)反动,反其道而行;(with)起化学反应;(on/upon)影响,起作用 reactionn.反应,反作用;反动,反抗readilyad.乐意地,欣然地;容易地;立即readern.读者;读物,读本readilyad.乐意地,欣然地;容易地;立即realistica.现实的;实际可行的;现实主义的,readingn.阅读,朗读;读物,选读;(仪表)读数,指示数realistica.现实的;实际可行的;现实主义的,逼真的realityn.现实,实际;真实realmn.界,领域,范围;王国,国度rearn.后部,尾部,背面;后方a.后部的,背后的;后方的v.抚养,饲养reasonablea.通情达理的;有道理的;(价钱)公道的;尚好的,过得去的rebeln.反叛分子,反对者v.反叛,造反;不服从recallv.回忆起,回想起;召回,叫回;收回,撤消receiptn.发票,收据;(pl.)收入,进款receivern.(电话)听筒;接受器recentlyad.最近,新近receptionn.招待会,欢迎会;接受,接纳;接待,迎接;接收效果recessionn.衰退(期)reckonv.认为,估计;(on)指望,盼望;测算,测量\nrecognizev.认出,识别;承认,确认;赏识,表彰recognitionn.认出,识别recommendv.推荐,举荐;劝告,建议;使成为可取recommendationn.推荐(信);建议,劝告;优点,可取之处recordern.录音机,录象机;记录装置,记录仪recoveryn.恢复,痊愈;追回,收复recreationn.娱乐活动,消遣recruitv.招募(新兵),吸收(新成员)n.新兵,新成员reductionn.减少,缩小;下降,降低referencen.提到,论及;参考,查阅;引文,参考书目;证明书,推荐信refinev.精炼,提纯;使优美,使完善reflectv.反映,显示;反射,映现;深思,反省reflectionn.映象,倒影;反射,反映;非议,批评;深思,考虑reformn/v.改革,改良;改正,改过自新refreshv.使振作精神,恢复活力refrigeratorn.冰箱,冷藏室refugeen.难民refusaln.拒绝regardingprep.关于regardlessad.不顾后果地,不管怎样,无论如何regionn.地区,地带;范围,幅度registern.登记(表),注册(簿)v.登记,注册;(邮件)挂号;表达;指示regulatev.管理,控制;调整,调节regulation n.规章,规则;管理,控制reinforcev.增强,加强,增援rejectv.拒绝;拒纳,退回relatev.有关联;适应,和睦相处;讲述,叙述relationshipn.关系,关联relativityn.相对论;相关性relaxv.放松,使松弛;放宽,缓和releasen.释放,排放;解除,解脱;放开,松开;发布,发行relevanta.(to)有关的,切题的reliablea.可靠的,可信赖的reliefn.轻松,宽慰;缓解,减轻;使得到调剂;接替,替下religionn.宗教(信仰)religiousa.宗教的;信仰宗教的,虔诚的reluctanta.不情愿的,勉强的relyv.依靠,依赖;信赖,指望remarkn/v.说,评论,话语remarkablea.值得注意的,引人注目的;异常的,非凡的remedyn.补救办法,纠正办法;药品,治疗法v.补救,纠正;医治,治疗remotea.遥远的,偏僻的;关系疏远的,脱离的;微乎其微的;孤高的,冷淡的removaln.除去,消除;移动,搬迁renderv.使得,致使;给予,提供;翻译renewv.重新开始,继续;更新,恢复;延长……的有效期rentn/v.出租,租用;租金repeatedlyad.一再,再三,多次地repetitionn.重复,反复replacev.代替,取代;更换,调换;把……放回原处\nreplacementn.reportern.记者representv.作为……的代表(代理);表示,象征;描绘,表现representativen.代表,代理人a.(of)有代表性的,典型的reproducev.复制,再现;繁殖,生殖republicana.共和政体的,共和党的n.共和党人reputationn.名气,名声,名誉requirementn.要求,必要条件;需要(的东西)rescuen/v.营救,救援resemblev.像,类似于reservationn.预订;保留,犹豫;居留地reservev.保留,留存;预订n.储备物;保留,拘谨,矜持;替补队员,后备部队;自然保护区reservoirn.水库,蓄水池;(知识、人才)储藏,汇集residencen.住处,住宅;居住(资格)residentn.居民,定居者;住院医生a.居住的,定居的;住校的,住院的resignv.辞职;放弃;(to)使顺从resistv.抵抗,反抗;抗病,耐热;忍住,拒受……的影响resistancen.反抗,抵制;抵抗力(性);阻力,电阻resistanta.抵抗的,抗……的,耐……的resolutionn.正式决定,决议;决心,决意;解决,解答;分辨率,清晰度resolvev.解决,解答;决定,决意;(into)分解n.决心,决意resortv.(to)求助,凭借,诉诸n.求助,凭借(的对象);常去之地,胜地resourcen.(pl.)资源,财力;应付办法,谋略respectivea.各自的,分别的respectivelyn.respondv.回答,答复;(to)作出反应,响应responsen.responsibilityn.责任(心);职责,义务responsiblea.承担责任的;有责任感的,负责可靠的;责任重大的restlessa.焦躁不安的;静不下来的,运动不止的restorev.恢复,使回复;修复,整修;归还,交还restrainv.阻止,控制;抑制,遏制restrictv.限制,约束,限定resumev.重新开始,继续,恢复n.摘要,概要;简历retailn/v.零售retainv.保留,保持retirev.退休,退役;退出,撤退;就寝retreatv.退却,撤退;规避,退缩n.退却,撤退;规避,退缩;隐退处,静居处revealv.揭露,泄露;展现,显示revenuen.收入,收益;税收,岁入reversev.撤销,推翻;使位置颠倒,交换位置;使反向,使倒转n.相反情况,对立面;反面,背面;挫折,逆境a.反向的,倒转的revisev.修订,修改;复习revoltv.反叛,起义;反抗,违抗;使厌恶n.反叛;反抗revolutionarya.革命的,革新的n.革命者rewardn.报答,奖赏;报酬,酬金v.报答,酬谢,奖励rhythmn.节奏,韵律ribn.肋骨ribbonn.缎带,丝带;(打印机)色带\nridv.使摆脱,解除……的负担,从……中清除ridgen.脊,山脊;垄,埂ridiculousa.可笑的,荒谬的riflen.步枪rigida.严格的,死板的;刚硬的,僵硬的riotn.暴乱,骚乱;(色彩、声音)极度丰富v.聚众闹事riskn.危险,风险;引起危险的人或物v.冒……危险,使遭受危险rivaln.竞争对手,敌手;可与匹敌的人或物v.与……竞争,比得上a.竞争的,对抗的roarv.吼叫,怒号,咆哮;轰鸣;大声喊出n.呐喊声,咆哮声;轰鸣roastv.烤,炙,烘n.烤肉a.烤过的,烘过的robv.抢劫,盗窃;(of)非法剥夺,使丧失robotn.机器人rocketn.火箭v.迅速上升,猛涨rodn.杆,棒rollern.滚筒,滚轴romantica.浪漫的,多情的;有浪漫色彩的,传奇的;不切实际的,空想的ropen.绳,索v.用绳捆扎rotatev.旋转,转动;轮流rousev.惊起,唤起,唤醒routen.路线,路程routinen.例行公事,惯例a.例行的,常规的royala.王室的,皇家的rubv.擦,摩擦rudea.粗鲁的,不礼貌的;粗糙的,粗陋的rugn.(小)地毯rumorn.传闻,谣言rurala.农村的rustn.铁锈v.使生绣sackn.麻袋,包;thesack解雇;洗劫,劫掠v.解雇;劫掠,洗劫sacrificen.牺牲,舍身;献祭,供奉;祭品v.牺牲,献出;献祭saddlen.马鞍,鞍状物;(自行车)车座v.给……装鞍;使承担任务sailorn.水手,海员saintn.圣徒;圣人,道德高尚的人saken.缘故,理由saladn.色拉,凉拌菜salaryn.薪金,薪水salesmann.售货员,推销员samplen.样品,试样,样本v.抽样;品尝,体验sanctionn.批准,认可;约束因素,约束力;(pl.)国际制裁satelliten.卫星,人造卫星satisfactorya.令人满意的saucen.调味汁,佐料saucern.茶托,碟子sausagen.香肠,腊肠savingn.节省,节约;(pl.)储蓄金,存款sawn.锯,锯床v.锯scalen.大小,规模;等级,级别;比例(尺);刻度,标度;鱼鳞;(pl.)天平,磅秤v.攀登,爬越scanv.细看,审视;扫描;浏览n.扫描scandaln.丑事,丑闻;流言蜚语;反感,愤慨\nscarcea.(只作表语)缺乏的,不足的;稀少的,罕见的scarcelyad.几乎不,简直不;决不;刚刚,才scaren.惊恐,恐慌v.吓,使害怕;受惊吓scatterv.撒,撒播;使散开,驱散,消散sceneryn.风景,景色;舞台布景schedulen.日程安排表;清单,明细表v.安排,排定schemen.计划,方案;阴谋v.密谋,策划scholarn.学者;奖学金获得者scholarshipn.奖学金;学问,学识scissorsn.剪刀scoldv.责骂,训斥scopen.(活动、影响)范围;(发挥能力)余地,机会score.①得分,分数②刻痕,划痕③二十;vt.①得(分)②给(试卷等)打分,给...评分③刻痕于,划线于;vi.①得分,记分②获胜,成功scoutn.侦察员(机、舰);童子军v.侦察,寻找scrapen/v.刮,擦;刮擦声scrapeby(through)勉强通过scrapetogether(up)费力获得scratchn.抓,搔;抓痕,划痕v.抓,搔;刮擦,刻划startfromscratch从零开始,从头做起uptoscratch合格,处于良好状态screenn.屏幕,银幕;屏风,纱窗v.掩蔽,遮蔽;放映,播放;审查,甄别screwn.螺丝(钉)v.用螺丝固定;拧紧scriptn.剧本,广播稿;文字体系;笔迹,手迹sealn.封铅,封条;印,图章;海豹v.密封secondarya.次要的,第二的;中等的;辅助的,从属的sectionn.部分;章节;部门,科;截面,剖面sectorn.部门,部分;防御地段,防区;扇形securea.安全的,可靠的;牢固的,稳固的;无忧虑的,安心的v.得到,获得;保卫;缚牢securityn.安全,保障;抵押品;(pl.)证券segmentn.部分,断片;(橘子等的)瓣selectv.选择,挑选 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v.(off)急转向,偏离shelln.壳,贝壳;外壳,框架;炮弹v.剥……的壳;炮击sheltern.掩蔽处,躲避处;住所;掩蔽,保护v.掩蔽,庇护;躲避shieldn.防护物,护罩,盾(状物)v.保护,防护shiftn.移动,转移;改变,转变n.转换,转变;轮班,换班shiverv.战栗,发抖shortagen.不足,缺少shortcomingn.短处,缺点shortlyad.立刻,不久;不耐烦地,简慢地shrinkv.起皱,收缩;退缩,畏缩shrugn/v.耸肩(表示冷漠、怀疑等)sidewaysad/a.从(向)一边(的);在一边;斜着的,侧身的sighv.叹息,叹气n.叹息声sightseeingn.观光,游览signaln.信号,暗号;标志,表示v.发信号;标志a.显著的,重大的signaturen.签名,署名,签字significancen.意义,含义;重要性,重大significanta.相当数量的;重要的,意义重大的;意味深长的similarlyad.相似地,类似地simplicityn.简单,简易;朴素simplifyv.简化,使简明sinn.罪,罪孽v.违犯戒律,犯过失sincerea.诚挚的,真诚的,诚恳的singulara.单数的;非凡的,突出的,奇特的siten.位置,场所,地点 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