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高中英语考点汇总知识点一——句式句型一、陈述句,_表示结果的三种结构_。making,killing,injuring型。makes/killed/injured型。whichmakes/killed型。二、倒装句完全倒装:将整个谓语移至主语前面(介词短语,时间副词,地点副词等等置于句首)。1,Therebe句型及其变体eg:Therecomesthebus。2,某些副词在句首且句子主语是名词地点副词,there,here等等。eg:Herearemyrepliestoyourquestions。Herecomesthebus。Theregoesthebell。时间副词,then,now等等eg:Thencametotimetopart。Nowcomesyourturn.。方位副词,in,out,up,down,away,off,back等等。eg:IncomesMr.smith.Outwentthechildren.Awayranthefrightenedtiger.Downflewtheeagletoseizethechicken..3,介词短语放在句首(充当地点状语)eg:Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.4,作表语的adj,过去分词,现在分词在句首eg:Happyishewhohasasoundmindinasoundbody.(快了属于这样的人,有健康的体魄和强有力的头脑。)\nSeatedonthegroundareagroupofyoungpeople.部分倒装:将助动词,系动词,情态动词放在主语前面。1,only、onlywhen、onlyif等等。eg:OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizeit.Onlybyworkinghardcanmemakeit.(makeit“做成功”的意思)2,否定,半否定词位于句首。3,____,so/nither/nor。4,so/such……that型。eg:Suchacleverboyishethat……5,虚拟语句的变形IfsbshouldV=ShouldsbVIfsbweretoV=weresbtoV6,几个特别句型?Ifitwerenotfor=Wereitnotfor?Ifithadnotbeenfor=Hadnotbeenfor?Not……nutill,+倒装句?adj+a+n(名词)+倒装eg:Howcleveraboyheis。三、让步状语从句1,adj/adv/n+as/though+主语+谓语型(尽管……)注意:句首名词不带冠词。Eg:Scientistasheis,heremainsmodest.2,Nomatterhow/However+adv/adj+S+V型Eg:Howeverdifficultcomputescienceis,Iwilltrymybest.四、祈使句(下划线为常考知识点)1,V(原型)开头,willyou?2,祈使句……,or/andyouwill……3,祈使句的回答肯定回答:Yes,Iwill.\n否定回答:No,Iwillnot.五、强调句型1,强调句基本结构:Itis+___+that型2,强调句疑问句:Isit+___+that型3,What/why/where+beitthat……型4,Itisnotuntil……that……型注意:强调句的完整性(从句必有引导词,状语要有介词连接)。以下是几个例子:Eg:ItisinthisclassroomthatwehadtheMid-autumnparty.Itisbecausehisfatherwasindangerthathewasveryworried.Whatisitthatmakesyousounhappy.ItwasnotuntilImadesomanymistakesthatIrealizehewasright.★特别提醒一个转换句式IdidnotrealizehewasrightuntilImadesomanymistakes.→NotuntilImadesomanymistakesdidIrealizehewasright.→ItwasnotuntilImadesomanymistakesthatIrealizehewasright.六、Howcome……?=Howitcomeabout?(何以如此?为什么会发生这样的事情呢?)七、Sowhat?那又怎么样?八、Whatif……?倘若又……?九、Wheretherebe……,therebe…….(eg:Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.)十、Thereasonwhy……isthat……Sweetspring,fullofsweetdaysandroses.美妙的春天,充满了美好的日子和芳香的玫瑰。\nAtruefriendissomeonewhoreachesforyourhandandtouchesyourheart.真正的朋友是一个可以援助并感动你的心扉的人。Losenotachancetowakenlove.别失去唤醒爱的良机。Letthemorelovingonebeme.让我成为更有爱心的人。It’seasytobetolerantifyoudonotcare.如果你不在乎,便很容易宽容。知识点二——冠词一、定冠词(The)简记口诀世界独一二次现,序词形容高级前,富人伤员按天算,方位乐器影剧院,群岛湖山江湖号,普专名复合姓氏前,双知年代击中脸,特指事物及习惯。解释:①世界上独一无二的东西,eg:Themoon,Theearth.。②在文章中第二次出现。③序数词,形容词的最高级前面用定冠词,eg:Thefirst,themodest。④富人(therich),伤员(thewounded)这类由形容词变为名词用定冠词,表示计量,度量的这类词用定冠词,eg:bytheday。⑤表示方位的词,theup,theback,theeastside。乐器前面用定冠词,eg:thepiano。影剧院等公共场所也用定冠词。⑥群岛,湖泊,山(不是峰,峰不加定冠词,eg:thehuangshan(黄山),MountQomolangma(珠穆朗玛峰)),“号”是指一些舰艇的命名,例如:泰坦尼克号,TheTitanic。⑦由普通名词转为专有名词,姓氏前面用定冠词。⑧“双知”是指双方都知道的;年代,inthe1990s;“击中脸”这类表达,hitsbbytheaim,hitsbonthenose,hitsbinthechest,hitonthehead等等。⑨特指事物,一些习惯用定冠词。\n二、不定冠词(a)1,由抽象名词变为具体名词,adanger(一个危险的人),amust(一个必要手段),asuccess(一个成功的人)。2,在一些比较级前面,abettervoice,amoreinterestesbook,amuchbetteranswer。3,在最高级前,请分清范围问题。没有范围限制用“a”,有范围限制用“the”,例如:amostinterestingbook(一本非常有趣的书),themostinterestingbook(最有趣的书),可以看出前者是没有范围的,后者是在所有中比较的,有范围。4,表达再一个,又一个用a,例如:吃完一个土豆,还要一个asecondpotato。再回答一个问题asecondquestion。5,表示在众多的之一,eg:aredone红色中的一个,但theredone表示唯一的,相当于特指。注意:在学习过程中要好好区别定冠词和不定冠词用法细节,还有积累一些常见的特殊用法。知识点三——代词1,It/they/them的用法:代指上文说到的名词。2,some的用法:?用于肯定句。?不确定指代,eg:someMr.wangcalledinwhileyouwentout.?Something重要人物,大人物(含贬义)。Nobody什么都不是(含贬义)。Nothing==notanything什么都不是。?用于有“建议,提议”之意的句中,eg:Wouldyoulikesomemoresugar??用于期待得到肯定回答,eg:Wouldyoupleaselendmesomemoney.2,any的用法:?用于否定句,疑问句,翻译为“一些”。?用于肯定句,翻译为“任意的,任何的。”\n3,every的用法:?任意的,任何的。Eg:WhileIagreewithsomething,Idon’tagreewitheverything.4,一些常见的引申词Everything一切Somethingmorethan不仅仅Nothinglessthan不仅仅Nothingbut仅仅Anythingbut绝非,绝不是Nothingmorethan仅仅Nothingisimpossible==anythingispossible。5,one/ones的用法:one指代上面所指其中的一个或者一类。Ones指代上面说到的几个。6,全部否定neither,none。部分否定eachboth,all,every。Eg:Bothhisparentsarenotworkers.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.7,that的代词用法:用于平行比较结构。Eg:Shewantstokeepherhairaslongasthatofhersister’s.ThequnlityofthecarmadeinGermanyisbetterthanthatofthosemadeinJapan.8,another/other的用法:Another又一个,再一个;另外的,额外的。Theother两者之一。Others别人。Theother’+复数名词==theothers。Everyotherday每隔一天。Eg:Heistallerthanalltheotherstudents.Thestudentcantakeadayoffeveryotherweek.一个常识:everytowweeks==afortnight十四天。\n9,none与noone的用法:Noone后面不接of,指代人。None后面可接of,可以指代人,指代物。Eg:Noneisintheclassroom.Noneofthestudent.★一个特别的固定回答:—Howmanystudentsintheclassroom?—None.—Whoisintheclassroom?—Noone.知识点四——形容词,副词一、记住几组词义变化Hard→hardlywide→widelyMost→mostlyhigh→highlyDeep→deeplynear→nearlyjust→justly二、比较级1,倍数表达?比较级+than?As……as结构?The+名词(size/length等等)+of==beofa+名词AandBareofa+名词(color/size)。补充:在这里的“a”意为“同一个”。2,差值比较(记住这个例子)Iam10cmtallerthanyou.Iamtallerthanyouby10cm.3,The+比较级+S+V,the+比较级+S+V。比较级and比较级4,从表达情感看\nNot+比较级+than只是单纯的比较No+比较级+than强调少,反面。三、不能修饰比较级的词:very,so,too,as,quite,fairly,more,less,most等等。可修是比较级的词:程度方面:far,much,even,still,rather数量方面:many,much,alot,agreatdeal,alittle,afew(可数)。四、排序口诀县官大腹便便,喜新厌旧,好色误国,贪财图名。解释:“县”是指一些数词,冠词,指示代词等限制性词。“官”总体描写词。“大”是指大小,长短,高低的词语。“腹便便”表示形状的词。“新,旧”指年龄。“色”是指颜色。“国”指国籍,产地。“财”指材料。“名”指名词。提醒:记住顺序,不要记错了!五、1,adj/adv+enough+n。2,表示还要,又一个:数词+more+n==another+数词+n。六、感官动词,系动词不能用被动语态,用形容词作表语Eg:Touchingsoft,thesilksellswell.还有smellgood,tastedelicious,lookfine。七、V+宾语+adj表状态Washyourhandsclean.Cookfooddelicious.Returnedhometired.Openthedoorwide.Shutthedoortight==thedoorwastightlyclosed.八、动词的副词形式不表示动作,只表示特征,本质。ThepenwritessmoothlyTheclothwasheseasilyGlassbreakseasily.\n知识点五——状语从句一、时间状语1,when—表示瞬间,一般过去while—表示一个过程在进行,过去进行as—同步的while还有“趁着……”之意,eg:strikeironwhile(itis)hot。2,before“才……”,“宁愿……”,注意与when,that,since区别。Itwillnotbelongbefore(就)weleaveschool.Itwas3yearsbefore(才)thepolicecaughtthethief.Itis10yearssinceIwasasingle.Itwasin1998thattheywenttoBeijing.Itwas5:00inthemorningwhenthethiefbroke.3,“一……就”的表达Immediately,instantly,directory,assoonas,once,themoment,theminute,thesecond,hardly……when……,nosooner……then等等。二、状语从句中的事态变更用一般现在式表示一般将来用现在完成式表示将来完成用一般过去式表示过去将来三、状语从句的省略将从句中的和主句相同的主语去掉,相应的be动词去掉。When(weare)watchingamatch,wemayaswillkeepquiet.四、原因状语表达Because,since,as,seeingthat,consideringthat,giventhat,nowthat既然,when既然。Whydidtheymakeaholeintheinsidewallwhentheycouldeasilymakethesamemeintheoutsidewall?\nWhyareyoulookingforanewjobwhenyouhavesuchagoodone?五、条件状语从句就……而言:Aslongas,solongas,sofaras只有……才:onlyif……倘若……:ifonly……Incase万一……,forfearthat/lestthat以免,以防……记住两组词:Provided/providingsuppose/supposingOnconditionthat条件是……六、让步状语从句Nomatterhow(however)+adv/adj+S+VAdj/adv/n+as/though+S+V,evenso,尽管如此eventhough尽管……陈述句,转折,though。eg:Therehappenedaserioustrafficaccidenthere,noonedied,though。Whether……or……无论……还是……eg:Whetherhecomesornot,wewillsetoffontime。知识点六——定语、状语、名词性从句比较一、定语从句,先行词作为主语或宾语用which,that(注:可以省略)先行词作为状语用when,where(可以用“介词+which”代替)。状语从句,没有先行词,没有介词,时间状语用when,地点状语用where,没有代换结构。名词性从句(主、宾(介宾,动宾)、表、同)下面通过几个例子来分析一下它们之间的区别:1,Wewillbuildthefactorywherethereusedtobeapool.显然是一个地点状语从句,故用“where”。\n2,Wewillbuildthefactoryinaplacewhich/thatusedtobeapool.由于“aplace”是先行词,故判断为定语从句,再看从句部分缺主语,故用which或that。3,Wewillbuildthefactoryinaplacewhere/inwhichthereusedtobeapool.由于“aplace”是先行词,故判断为定语从句,再看从句部分先行词作为状语,故用where,也可以用inwhich代替。4,Wewillhaveapartywhenitiswarmandfine.没有先行词,它是一个时间状语从句,故用when。5,Wewillhaveapartyonwhatweallthinkapleaseday.首先没有先行词,故不是定语从句,再看,“weallthink”缺少宾语,加之前面的介词on可知,本句位名词性从句中的宾语从句,故用what。6,WewillhaveapartyonAprilthe4th,whenwewillallbefree.“Aprilthe4th”为先行词,故为定语从句,“onAprilthe4th”为时间状语,故用when,可以用onwhich代替。7,WewillhaveapartyonAprilthe4th,whichwearelookingforwardto.“Aprilthe4th”作为先行词,“onAprilthe4th”为“lookingforwardto”的宾语,加之前面有逗号可知为非限制性定语从句,故用which,但不能用that代替。由此可知,先判断是否有先行词,判断先行词是关键,判断先行词的标准是:看后面所描述的是否为先行词的内容。二、theway作为状语时用inwhich或that,作为主语或宾语时用which。Idon’tlikethewayinwhichhetreatshisonlyso.三、与time有关的搭配,当time作为“次数”使用时,与that搭配;当time作“一段时间”与when搭配。ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavegonetoBeijing.HestayedinBeijingforsometimewhenhisfatherwasinhospital.四、定语从句与分句(举例说明)2,Yesterdayhebought50eggs,someofwhicharenotfresh.本句为非限制性定语从句,缺主语所以用which。\n3,Yesterdayhebought50eggs,andsomeofthemarenotfresh.本句有标志词and和逗号之为分句,又作为主语,故用them。记住:分句的标志为逗号+and/but/or。形式为:,and/but/or五、比较such……that和such……as,前者是表示结果状语从句;后者表示定语从句,不能出现和先行词重复的结构。1,Nobelissuchagoodmanasmostpeoplearoundtheworldadmireverymuch.2,Thisissuchaninterestingfilmthatweallwanttoseeit.“it”指代的就是“aninterestingfilm”形成重复结构,故用that。3,Thisissuchaninterestingfilmasweallwanttosee.与2相比少了“it”这一重复结构,为定语从句,用as。六、表示所属关系的定语从句,记住两个结构The+n+ofwhom(先行词是人)==ofwhomthe+nThe+n+ofwhich(先行词是物)==ofwhichthe+nThetallmanoverthereisMr.Green,whosedaughterisamurseinthishospital.ThetallmanoverthereisMr.Green,thedaughterofwhomisamurseinthishospital.ThetallmanoverthereisMr.Green,ofwhomthedaughterisamurseinthishospital.几道综合习题1,Thiskindofplantsgrowsbest_____itiswarmandwet.2,Thiskindofplantsgrowsbestatplace_____itiswarmandwet.3,Thiskindofplantsgrowsbestin_____hasalotwarmandwet.4,Thenews_____hetoldmeyesterdaywastrue5,Thenews_____theOlympictorchwasattackedinpairscausedwideconcern.\n解析:1,地点状语从句,故用where。2,定语从句,先行词作为地点状语用where。3,有介词“in”,形成介宾,属于名词性从句,缺主语,故用what。4,定语从句,先行词充当宾语,故用which。5,是同位语从句,并且后面结构是完整的,没有残缺成分,故用that。知识点七——单句、分句与复句,谓语、非谓语(参考:云南省富源县第一中学刘会老师讲义)一、单句、分句与复句单句只有一个谓语动词,或者用and/or等引出并列谓语,无论句中有无逗号,在其它成分中,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等,表示动作时只能用动词的非谓语结构。分句是由and/or/but引出的两个或者多个简单句,有逗号分开,各有各的谓语,不用非谓语结构,不用从句的引导词。复句是由主句加上从句构成,每个句子必须有自己的引导词,少数情况可以省略引导词,但主句前不能用引导词,主句和从句分别有自己的谓语。简记为:单句只有一谓语。And,but,or分句,不用从句引导词。分句从句用谓语,从句必有引导词,引导从句非主语。二、★谓语动词与非谓语动词谓语动词即在句中充当谓语动词,有16种时态及相应的结构,非谓语动词是指用在主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语中表示动作概念的动词形式,共有3类12种。第一类、动名词。作主语或宾语。主动结构为V-ing,被动结构为being+v-ed;完成结构主动为havingv-ed;完成结构被动为havingbeenv-ed。第二类、分词。作表语、状语、补语、定语。1,作表语时,表主动或进行,用v-ing;表示被动或完成,用v-ed;2,作状语时,根据分词和句子之间的主动、被动关系,分为:\n1)一般主动。即句子主语和分词是主谓关系,不强调分词动作和句子动作之间的先后关系,用v-ing。2)完成式主动。即句子和分词是主谓关系,分词动作发生在句子动作之前,或对句子动作产生一定的结果或影响,用havingv-ed。3)一般被动。即句子主语和分词是动宾关系,不强调分词动作和句子动作之间的先后关系,用v-ed。4)进行式被动。即句子和分词是动宾关系,强调分词动作发生在句子动作同时发生,理解为“正在被……”,用beingv-ed。5)完成式被动。即句子和分词是动宾关系,强调分词动作发生在句子动作之前,或对句子动作产生一定的结果或影响,理解为“已经被……”,用havingbeenv-ed。3,作定语时,根据和被限定的名词之间的主动、被动关系分为:表示主动或进行,用v-ing;表示被动或完成。用v-ed。4,作补语时,一般动词后的宾语补语,表示主动或进行,用v-ing;表示感觉器官的动词或使役动词如果是主动语态,它的宾语补语,一般性的主动动作,用不带to的不定式;强调动作的进行,用v-ing;表示被动的动作,用过去分词。如果感觉器官的动词或使役动词是被动用法,表示一般性主动动作,用带to的不定式;强调动作的进行,用v-ing;表示被动的动作,用过去分词。第三类、不定式。1,不定式的5种结构,以do为例:1)、todo,一般动作的主动式;2)、tobedone,一般动作的被动式;3)、tobedoing,进行式,表示谓语动作发生时,不定时表示的动作正在进行;4)、tohavedone,完成动作的主动式,表示谓语动作发生时,不定时表示的一个主动的动作已经完成或结束,并对谓语动作产生一定的结果或影响;5)、tohavebeen\ndone,完成动作的被动式,表示谓语动作发生时,不定时表示的一个被动的动作已经完成或结束,并对谓语动作产生一定的结果或影响。2,不定式与动名词在用法上的区别:动名词表示的是经常性、常规性、发生过的动作;不定式表示的是目的性、说话后一次性、未发生、即将发生的动作。例如:Smokingisbadforyourhealth.Yourtaskistokeepwatch.简记为:动名词:经常、常规、发生了;不定式:目的、一次、或将要。3,不定式主动结构表示被动意义:1)除表示情绪的形容词外,形容词作表语时,后面的不定式,无论表示主动还是被动的动作,要用主动性是表示被动意义;2)Havesthtodo用于主语是不定式动作所的执行者;tobedone用于主语不是不定式动作的执行者;例如:A.—IsthereanythingIcandotohelp?—Yes,Ihavesomeletterstobetyped.B.—Willyoubefreethisafternoon?—I’mafraidnot.Ihavealotofletterstotype.3)在too…to…或enough…to…的结构中,用不定式主动结构表示被动意义;4)Therebe句型中,用不定式主动结构表示被动意义。三、★非谓语的使用简记为:用于表定和补语,ing(应)表主动或进行,ED被动或完成。分词状语多变化,主动被动要分清,一般主动ING,完成having加ED。要表被动用ED,“正在被”用beinged,“已经被”加Havingbeen。To的动作未发生,说说将要或目的,掌握主动表被动,五种结构记得清。四、本部分综合训练题\n1.OnSaturdayafternoon,Mrs.Greenwenttothemarket,Asomebananasandvisitedhercousin.A.boughtB.buyingC.tobuyD.buy2.ThemanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketoseeAthenextyear.A.carriedoutB.carryingoutC.carryoutD.tocarryout3.ThepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasierBitmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake4.Ddowntheradio.Thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn5.MostoftheartistsAtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited6.TherearefivepairsB,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing7.Thecomputercenter,Dlastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened8.ThefirsttextbooksDforteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe18thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written9.TheOlympicGames,Cin776B.C,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.\nA.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying10.Amoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.havinggiven11.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenigh,Balongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing12.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,Aitthemostpopularsportinthewould.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake13.—Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?—I’dliketohavethispackageD,Madame.A.beweighedB.tobeweighedC.toweighD.weighed14.JohnwasmadeAthetruckforaweekaspunishment.A.towashB.washingC.washD.tobewashing15.ThemissingboyswerelastseenAneartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplay16.Pauldoesn’thavetobemakeBhealwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning17.SeeingthesunCabovethesurfaceofthesea,weletoutashoutofjoy.A.toriseB.toraiseC.risingD.raising18.HeletmerepeathisinstructionAsurethatIunderstood\nwhatwas___afterhewentaway.A.tomake;tobedoneB.making;doingC.tomake;todoD.making;todo19.—Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists.—Don’tyourememberBmethestoryyesterday?A.toldB.tellingC.totellD.tohavetold20.______(see)fromthehill,ourschoolisverybeautiful.21.______(use)manytimes,thispenseemsveryold.22.______(catch)thefirstbus,Igotupveryearly.23.______(separate)fromothercontinentsforthousandsofyears,Australiahasmanyunusualanimals.24._______(know)whattodo,hejuststayedathome.25._______(practical)severaltimes,hecandoitwell.附加:几个有意思的变化\n知识点八——独立主格一、概念独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子,而不是一个词或词组。二、独立主格的构成名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词名词(代词)+不定式名词(代词)+形容词短语名词(代词)+副词名词(代词)+介词短语独立主格结构可以放在主句前、中、后,位置灵活多变,例如:1,Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.2,Theoldmansatinhischair,hiseyesclosed.3,Thecowardwasbacking,hisfacebeingdeathlypale,towardanotherroom.三、独立主格结构的用法1,作时间状语Myshoesremoved,Ienteredalargeroom,treadingcautiouslyonthesoftmat.\n==Aftermyshoesremoved,Ienteredalargeroom,treadingcautiouslyonthesoftmat.脱掉鞋子后,我走进了一间很大的房间,小心翼翼的踩在柔软的垫子上。Greetingsbeingover,theygotdowntobusiness.==Aftertheygreetedeachother,theygotdowntobusiness.寒暄几句后,他们谈起了正事。2,作条件状语Weatherpermitting,wewillgoforapicnictomorrow.==Ifweatherpermits,wewillgoforapicnictomorrow.如果天气允许的话,我们明天将去野餐。3,作原因状语Therebeingnothingelsetodo,theywentaway.==Theywentawaybecausetherewasnothingelsetodo.由于无事可做,他们离开了。4,作伴随状语MissGellersatthere,headdown.==MissGellersattherewithherheaddown.盖勒小姐坐在那里,低着头。5,名词+介词短语Thehunterenteredtheforest,guninhand.那位猎人提着枪走进了森林。6,名词+形容词(短语)Thefloorwetandslippery,westayedoutside.7,名词+副词Classover,allstudentswenttoplayontheplayground.8,★由with构成的独立主格结构With+n+adj/tov/v-ing/v-ed型,表示伴随时,不能用谓语结构。Hetoldmehissecret,withhisfaceveryred.\nItisbadmannerstotalkwithyourmouth.Maryrushedin,withalotofsweatonherface.Ididn’tsleepwelllastnight,withamouseunderthebed.特别提醒:独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。知识点九——虚拟语句一、表示现在和将来情况的虚拟条件中,条件句中谓语用相当于过去式的形式,主句中的谓语用“would(might,could)+动词原形”,例如:1,IfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.2,Iftheyinvitedmetomorrow,Iwouldcertainlyattendit.3,Ifyouworkedhard,youmightsucceed.4,Ifyoucouldtype,youcouldsavealotoftime.二、表示现在和将来情况的虚拟条件中,在条件从句中有时还可以用“wereto+动词原形”或“should+动词原形”这两种形式。条件从句中用“wereto+动词原形”是说话人的态度更加委婉。1,IfIweretodothejob,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.2,Ifyoushouldhaveanydifficultyingettingthemedicine,ringthisnumber.三、表示过去情况的虚拟条件从句中,条件从句中的谓语用相当于过去完成时的形式,主句中的谓语用“would(could/might)have+过去分词”形式。这类语句表示一个于过去事实相反的情况。1,Ifyouhadfinishedyourhomework,youwouldn’thavebeencritizedbytheteacher.2,Ifanythinghadbeenwrong,wewouldhavebeeninformed.\n3,Ifwehadfoundouttheproblemearlier,theaccidentmightnothavehappened.4,Ifithadnotbeenforyourencouragement,Iwouldnothavepassedtheexamination.四、虚拟语气中的省略(倒装)1,IfIwereyou,Iwouldrefuse.==WereIyou,Iwouldrefuse.2,IfIwereinyourshoes,IwouldlethimknowwhatIthoughtofhim==WereIinyourshoes,IwouldlethimknowwhatIthoughtofhim3,IfItweren’tforyourhelp,wewouldbeinaserioustrouble.==Wereitnotforyouhelp,wewouldbeinaserioustrouble.4,Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp,wewouldhavefinishedsoearly.==Hadn’tbeenforyourhelp,wewouldhavefinishedsoearly.五、It’s(high)time+虚拟语气,表示“是该……的时候了”。It’stimeyoutoldmethetruth.It’stimewepreparedforourfinalexamination.It’shightimeyourelderbrothergotmarried.六、用在that位于句首引出的句子里,表示某种愿望或感情色彩。“should”译为“竟然”。Thatheshouldbeapoliceman.七、虚拟语气用在tothink(that)位于句首引出的句子中,译为“没想到……”。Tothinkheshouldhavetreatedmelikethat.八、虚拟语气用在wouldthat位于句首引出的句子中,表示“但愿……”。Wouldthathepassedtheexam!九、“May”开头表示某些祝愿。\nMaythereneverbeanotherworldwar.十、“ifneedbe”表示“如果必要”Iwillhelpyouifneedbe.如果有必要,我会帮助你的。十一、“asitwere”(were就是虚拟语气),表示“宛如、好像”。Wangismybestfriend,mysecondself,asitwere.王是我最好的朋友,可以说是第二个我自己。十二、“wouldhavethough”,本身为虚拟语气,意为“会想到、会以为”等。Whowouldhavethoughtyouarehere!谁会想到你竟然会在这里。imperative(表命令语气)vital(表建议语气)important(表建议)appropriate(表建议)十三、Itisessential(表命令)that后面用虚拟语气。strange(表竟然,惊讶语气)seem(表惊讶)surprising(表惊讶)unbelievable(表惊讶)eg:Itisimperativethathe(should)worklattonight.Itisvitaltoyourcareerthatyou(should)learnEnglishwell.Itisstrangethatsheshouldwearsuchaskirt.ItseemssounexpectedthatthedisastershouldoccurtoChinesepeople.十四、主语是order(表命令),instruction,decree,decision(表决定),idea,requirement(表命令),suggestion(表建议),demand(表命令),wish,等名词,气候的标语从句中要用虚拟语气,用“(should+)动词原形”作谓语。\neg:Hisdecisionisthathisson(should)besenttoAmericanforfurtherstudy.Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)gotoHainanforaholiday.十五、翻译训练1,他愿望有朝一日获得诺贝尔文学奖。2,有必要由他来负责这个项目。3,如果他要辞职,谁来接替他?4,你要是需要什么就给我打个电话。5,谁会想到她竟然是那样的人!6,我想现在是给他们一次教训的时候了。答案:见下页。1,Hiswishisthathe(should)wintheNobelPrizeforliteratureoneday.2,Itisessentialthathe(should)beinchargeoftheproject.3,Ifheweretoresign,whowouldtakehisplace?4,Shouldyourequireanything,justgivemearing.5,Whowouldhavethoughthewasapersonlikethat!6,Ithinkit’stimetheyweretaughtalesson.知识点十——作文一、常见的开头语句1,Theimportanceof……can’tbeoveremphasized.……的重要想在强调也不为过。eg:Theimportanceofprotectingtheenvironmentcan’tbeoveremphasized.2,……posesagreatthreattoourexistence.……对我们的生存造成了很大的威胁。\neg:Pollutionposesagreatthreattoourexistence.3,……hasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.eg:Obviouslytelevisionhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.4,Withthedevelopmentof…,anincreasingnumberofstudentsare……Withthedevelopmentofoureconomyandsociety,pollutionismoreandmoreserious.Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,peoplecangetacollegedegreebytakingonline-coursesathome.5,Whenitcomesto…,somepeoplethink/believethat…,othersargue/claimthatopposite/reverseistrue.当说到……,有些人认为……,但另一些人则持相反的观点。6,Accordingtorecentsurvey,……7,……isknownasoneofthemostseriousproblemsintoday’ssociety.Wecanseeitalmosteverywhere.Asthegraphdepicts,……。8,Nowadaysmoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtobeawareoftheseriousnessof……。9,TheEnglishproverbsay,…….Thisisquitetruebecause……。二、常见的过渡语句1,However,everycoinhasit’stowsides,_____hasit’sdisadvantage.2,Onthecontrary,therearesomeinfavorof_____.Atthesametime.Theysay_____.3,Thereareseveralmeasuresforustoadopt.First,wecan_____.4,Nonetheless,Ibelievethat____ismoreadvantageous.三、常见的结尾\n1,Inmyopinion,______.2,Formwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecansafelydrawaconclusionlikethis:____.3,Inviewoftheseriousnessoftheproblem,effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.英语作文的高分策略:1,开头、衔接、过渡、结尾要经典,千万不能犯错;2,力求用高级词汇,善用倒装句,还有一些较为复杂的句型,但要求能会用,不要强求;3,书写要清秀。总之,写好英语作文要注重平时的积累,多度多背一些好的句子句型。杂谈大家好,杂谈这部分讲的是一些细小的知识,包括的知识很多。由于本人水平极为有限,不能系统的给大家介绍,所以看起来相当凌乱,还望多多包涵。但这部分才是真正的经验总结,学习窍门,是最有价值的部分,尽请关注。1,遇到inthepast,inthelast,recentyears等等时,有现在完成时。eg:AgreatnumbersoftallbuildingsAinthelasttwentyyears.A.havebeenbuiltB.hasbeenbuiltC.havebuiltD.hadbeenbulit2,marry(结婚),match(和……相配),divorce(离婚)不能与with连用。TomhasbeenmarriedtoMalifortenyears.TomgotmarriedtoMalitenyearsago.注意这两个句子,看看时态变化。3,“指控”的两个搭配chargesbwithsth与accusesbofsth4,区分beworthdoingsth和sthbeworthyofdoingsth/beingdone显然后者可以接名词,动名词,不定式的被动语态。tobedone\n5,hopefor希望得到……begsbfor祈求的道……begone’spardon请求原谅,听不清6,Itis/hasbeen+一段时间since+从句。从句的谓语动词是瞬间动词时,意为“做某事已有很长时间”;当为延续动词或表状态的动词时,意为“结束某动作有多长时间”。eg:Ithasbeenafewyearssincehefellill.Ithasbeenafewyearssincehewasill.前者表示他生病已有一年了,后者表示从他上次生病到现在已有一年没生病了。7,Itwas/willbe+一段时间+before……过多久/要多长时间才……Itwillbelongbeforehecomesback.Itwastwohoursbeforehecameback.8,problemhave(no、little)trouble(in)doingsth“在……方面有……”difficultyIhavesomedifficultyinunderstandingmyparents.9,you’dbetter==youmightaswell10,separate部分与部分分开divide把整体分开11,表示将来的几种形式will、shall+Vbegoingto+V根据个人意愿打算做,根据已有的迹象推断将来am/is/arev-ing一般现在,固定时间,航班,火车betodo表示按计划将要发生什么Myplaneleavesatseven。Myplaneistomakeapattern。\n12,Consider作“考虑”意义时,considersth/doingsth.。Consider作“把……当作”时,consider_____(as/tobe)。Consider/Givien+句子,“考虑到……”、“顾及……因素”。13,meantodosth故意,想要做……meandoingsth意味着,意思是。Ididn’tmeantoyoulastnight,butyouwerenotathome.Tosucceedmeansworkinghard.14,表示方法,方式的搭配bythismeansinthiswaywiththismethod15,stareat盯着看glanceat瞥视glareat怒视Ifyouseeabeautyinthestreet,youcanlookatherorglanceather,butneverstareather,orelse/otherwise,shewillglareatyou.16,before的几个特别用法“还来不及”,beforesb+V“才”。Itwas3yearsbeforethepolicecaughtthemurderer.Itwasnotlongbefore……过了不久……thaneverbefore比以往任何时候……17,“速度快、价格高、温度高”都用high来描述。Thespeedisveryfasthigh.Youtemperatureisnothothigh.Thepriceisnotveryexpensivehigh.18,对一个名词概念提问用“what”。Whathowfastishisspeed?Whatwhereishisaddress?19,否定转移\nIdon’tlikethisfilmbecauseitisinteresting,butthatismoving.我喜欢这部电影不是因为有趣,而是因为感人。Idon’tthinkheisanhonestman.我认为他不是一个诚实的人。20,event(大型、正规的)比赛项目;重大事件。affair烦杂的事情,loveaffairs绯闻business分内之事,商业incident小事件,小插曲conflict矛盾,冲突accident事故(意外)Mindyourownbusiness.Noneofyourbusiness.不要多管闲事。21,under作“正在被、受到了”之意underattack受到袭击underconstruction正在被建设22,“分离结构”千万别上当。Thatgreatdayhehadbeenlookingforwardtocame(come)atlast.分析句子,也许当你看到“lookingforwardto”就想到了用coming,但在这里“hehadbeenlookingforwardto”是作为一个插入语(可省略),本意为“他期盼已久的那天终于来了”,故用came。还有Wewilldoeverythingwecantosave(save)ourcity。23,通过某种协议、法律的“应该”用“should”。而表示建议的用hadbetter、oughtto、mayaswell。24,“nature(自然界)、society(社会)、space(太空)”这些名词前不加冠词。但是,当nature表示“本质”时用定冠词the。25,与数量有关的量词后面的单复数归纳ThenumberofNs……的数量,谓语动词用单数anumberofNs许多的,大量的,谓语动词用复数theamountofN(不可数)……的数量,谓语动词用单数\nalargeamountofN(不可数)许多的,大量的,谓语动词用单数thequantityofN(可数或不可数),谓语动词用单数alargequantityofN不可数,许多的,谓语动词用单数可数,许多的,谓语动词用复数总结:凡带“the……”表示“……的数量”后面的谓语用单数,只有anumberofNs和alargequantityofNs用复数。特别提醒:largeamountsofNlargequantitiesofN后面谓语动词都用复数。26,引用名言结构Justastheproverbgoes,“……”Thereisafamoussaying,“……”27,have作为实意动词时,havesthtodo,havesthtobedone。have作为使役动词时,havesth/sbtoV(原型),不带tov-ing(主动或进行)v-ed(被动或完成)Ifyoufeelcold,youcanhavethefireburning.Whenhebrusheshisteeth,hejusthavewaterrunning.havesthv-ed,有一种不可抗力的作用。例如:Inthehurricane,manyparkshadmanyancienttreesdestroyed.28,情态动词表示猜测时,反义问句要用真实语态。Imustbehavingabaththenyoucamein.→Iwashavingabaththenyoucamein,wasn’tI?TheymusthavearrivedinKunming……→Theyhavearrived……,haven’tthey?29,suggest/demand/hopesbtodo直接接宾语从句,不能接不定式。30,由“be”构成的短语作为状语或定语时,只要将be去掉就行了。Wornoutafteralongwalk,Harrycalledandsaidhecouldn’tcometoourmeeting.本来是“Harrywaswornout(累坏了)”,在这里作为状语,故省略was就行了。31,nottomention==leavealone==nottospeak跟不用说\nNotsurprisingly不足为奇Blamesbfor为……指责某人Tobeblame(for)应该受到责备(但无被动形式)32,haveawordwithsb和……说话havewordswithsb和……吵架33,considerable大量的,很多considerate考虑周全的人34,描写人物形象的词汇好的:generous、kind、caring(知心的)、haveconscience(有良知)不好的:mean、selfish、unkind、hard、cold、impatient35,几个常见的句型结构ThereisnoneedtodoThereisnopointv-ingThereisnodoubtthatItisnogood/usev-ingItmakesnosense/differencetodoWhynot/whydon’tyoudo(注意不是todo)What/howaboutv-ing36,sittingwearingthemissingboySeatedbedressedinthelostboyFacingtheremainingnbedeepinthoughtBefacedwiththenleftbelostinthought注意:上面几组是等价的。37,当遇到“aswellas、with、togetherwith、besides、nolessthan、like、but、except”等词时,后面的谓语与这些词前面的主谓保持一致。38,bewideawakebefastasleepbesoundasleep\n39,“出了什么事”的几种不同表达What'swrongwith…?What'sthematterwith…?What'sthetroublewith…?Whathappened(tosb.)?40,“众所周知”常用表达法:Itisknowntoallthat…主语从句,that不能省Asisknowntoall定语从句,置于句首Weallknow(that)后接宾语从句Everyoneknows(that)后接宾语从句,whichisknowntoall非限定从句,置于句末结语:本人能力有限,有很多重要的东西还没讲到,望大家多多包涵!望大家继续关注,我还将继续推出新书。2009年暑假