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名词和冠词名词一.名词的分类1.普通名词:个体名词,如man,woman,desk,pencil一般可数,集体名词,如class,family,police,army有单、复数形式。物质名词,如meat,rice,cotton,iron一般不可数,抽象名词,如life,help,happiness,sadness没有单、复数之分。2.专有名词,如England,Shanghai,London,Smith,KarlMarx二.名词的数1.可数名词单复数变化形式可数名词是表示可以计数的人、事物的名词。可数名词一般有单数和复数两种形式,有些词单复数形式相同。单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化A.单数名词词尾直接加-s。如boy—boys,pen—pens。B.以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词一般加-es。如glass—glasses,box—boxes,watch—watches。C.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-es。如baby—babies,lady—ladies。D.以o结尾的词有些加-es。如tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes,hero—heroes。以“元音+o”或“oo”结尾的词和一些以“o”结尾的外来词只加-s。如radio—radios,zoo—zoos,photo—photos,piano—pianos,kilo—kilos,tobacco—tobaccos。E.以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f或fe为v,再加-es。如wife—wives,life—lives,knife—knives,wolf—wolves,self—selves,leaf—leaves。特例:handkerchief—\nhandkerchiefs或handkerchives,roof—roofs,chief—chiefs,gulf—gulfs,belief—beliefs,cliff—cliffs。F.合成名词的复数形式a.在合成词中最后名词尾加-s。如armchair—armchairs,bookcase—bookcases,bookstore—bookstores。b.有man和woman构成的合成名词,前后两个名词都要变成复数。如mandoctor—mendoctors,womandriver—womendrivers。c.与介词或副词一起构成的合成名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如brother-in-law—brothers-in-law,passer-by—passers-by。G.有的名词有两种复数形式。如zero—zeros或zeroes。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同,pence(便士的钱数),pennies(便士的枚数)。不规则变化A.改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如man—men,tooth—teeth,foot—feet,child—children,mouse—mice,goose—geese,ox—oxen。B.单数复数形式相同。如asheep—twosheep,adeer—fourdeer(鹿),afish—sixfish(表示不同种类时用fishes)。C.只有复数形式。如trousers,glasses,compasses,thanks,clothes,remains,ashes,contents,goods。D.表示“某国人”名词的单、复数形式因习惯不同而各异。aChinese—twoChinese单、复数形式相同。这类词包括所有以-ese(或-ss)结尾的民族名称。如Swiss,Portuguese,Japanese等。anAmerican—twoAmericans词尾加-s。如African,Asian,Australian,Canadian,Italian,Belgian,European,Greek,Hungarian,Swede,German,Arab等。anEnglishman—fiveEnglishmen变man为men。Frenchman,Irishman等。E.集体名词的数a.mankind,man(人类),humanity作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。eg:Manisthemasterofthenature.\nb.由people,police,cattle,youth等集体名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。eg:Thepolicearesearchingforthethief.c.当family,team,class,public,crowd,enemy,group等集体名词作主语时,谓语动词既可以用单数形式,也可以用复数形式。如果把它们所表示的人或事物当作整体看,谓语动词用作单数形式。eg:Ourfamilyisveryhappy。如果把它们表示的人或事物当作若干个体来看,谓语动词则用复数形式。eg:WhenIcamein,hisfamily(themembersofhisfamily)werewatchingTV.d.afamily/group/class/team作主语时,谓语动词用单数。families/groups/classes/teams作主语时,谓语动词用复数。温馨提示:集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰,只能在其前加the表示“全体……”。如thepolice,theEnglish;有些集体名词在改变表达方式后可以用具体数字修饰。如apoliceman,twopolicewomen,twoEnglishgirls。部分学科名词,虽以-s结尾,但用作单数。eg:acoustics,econimics,electronics,politics,statistics,mechanics。2.不可数名词的数一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:A.抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情、情绪的人或事。如抽象名词(不可数)insurprise,winsuccess,winhonor;具体化(个体名词,可数)asurprise,asuccess。B.抽象名词与a(n)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。eg:AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?物质名词A.物质名词通常是不可数名词,但有时可转化成个体名词,表示“一个、一种、一阵”等概念。如glass→aglass,paper→apaper,wood→awood,iron→an\niron,wind→awindB.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。如Thisfactoryproducessteel.Weneedvarioussteels.C.当物质名词表示份数时,可数。如Ourcountryisfamousfortea.Twoteas,please.D.另外有些物质名词的复数形式有其特殊的含义。rains“雨量大,多场雨”,winds“多场风”,sands“沙滩,沙丘”,waters“大片水域”三.名词所有格名词所有格共有三种:名词后加’s,of结构和双重属格结构,这三种结构的用法及具体含义如下:1.名词加’s表示所有格’s所有格的构成方式A.一般名词后加“’s”。如mybrother’sbag。B.以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格,只在名词右上方加“’”。如theworkers’clubC.以-s结尾的专有名词所有格,若以读音/z/结尾,一般可在名词右上方节“’”,也可加“’s”,其读音分别为/z/,/iz/,如Dickens’/Dickens’sbook。但若不以读音/z/结尾,则仍用“’s”。如Ross’sbook。D.复合名词所有格的词尾“’s”加在后面名词之后。如herson-in-law’sphoto。E.如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只在后一个名词加“’s”;如果不是共有的,两个名词后都要加“’s”。如JaneandMary’sroom(共有),Jane’sandTom’sbooks(不共有)F.在表示“某人家、店铺”的名词所有格后面,一般省略它所修饰的名词。如atthedoctor’s,atthebarber’s,atthetailor’s,atmyuncle’s,atMr.Green’s。\nG.起修饰作用的名词,如不表示有关系,通常不用“’s”。如coffeecups,atoothbrushH.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“’s”来构成所有格。如China’sindustry,thestation’swaitingroom,today’snewspaper。’s所有格的用法A.用于表示人或动物的名词。如mybrother’sbirthday,thedog’smaster。B.用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词。如today’snewspaper,thirtyminutes’walk=thirty-minutewalk,tendollars’worthofcoffee,threepounds’weight。C.用于表示由人组成的集体名词。如ourgovernment’splan。D.用于表示世界、国家、城市等地方的名词。如theearth’ssurface,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry,NewYork’sparks。E.用于一些习惯用语中。如atone’swits’end,astone’sthrow,inmymind’seye。2.of所有格of所有格的构成方式the+所有物+of+(this,that,the,my…)+所有者。如thewindowoftheroom,thenameofourteacher。of所有格的用法A.主要用于表示无生命东西的名词。如thetitleofthebookB.有时也用于表示有生命的东西的名词。如thefatherofMary=Mary’sfather;themasterofthedog=thedog’smasterC.当表示有生命的东西的名词有定语修饰时,只能用of所有格。如thenameofthefirlstandingatthedoor,thesupportofthepeopleofthewholeworldD.表示名词化的词的所有关系。如thelifeofthepoor,thelivingconditionsoftheold\n3.双重所有格“of+名词’s所有格”便构成了双重所有格。用法如下双重所有格表示整体与部分的关系。如afriendofmymother’s=oneofmymother’sfriends双重所有格带有’s所有格的名词必须是一个明确限定而又是指人的名词。如abookofMary’s(√)abookofateacher’s(×)the一般不能用于双重所有格的开头,除非其后有定语从句修饰。如thenewdressofMary’s(×)thefriendofmymother’swhoisfromEngland(√)在无上下文的句子中,用双重所有格或of表示的所有格皆可,但侧重点不同,试比较:apictureofmymother’sapictureofmymother双重所有格常用来加强语气,有时会有感情色彩,如表示赞赏、厌恶、不满等情绪。如ThedogofMajor’sisveryfierce.ThesweeteyeofMary’sstruckallofus.4.名词’s所有格所修饰词的省略所有格修饰的词,如刚刚提过则可以省略以避免重复。如Sheputherarmthroughherbrother’s.可用来表示某人的家、商店、教堂等。如IwenttoPaul’s,buthewasathiscousin’s.四.名词的句法功能名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、同位语和称呼语等。如Yesterdayaboycametoseeyou.(主语)Edisonwasaworld-famousinventor.(表语)Wouldyoulikesomebananas?(宾语)Wechosehimmonitorofourclass.(宾语补足语)Theywillmetattheschoolgate.(定语)Thenewfilmwilllasttwo\nhours.(状语)Mr.Smith,myfirstteacher,diedyesterday.(同位语)Boysandgirls,pleaselookattheblackboard.(称呼语)五.名词作定语1.表示目的、手段、来源、所属等意义的名词作定语。如milkbottle,lunchroom,shoestore,,motorcar,stampcollection,toothbrush2.表示分类意义的名词作定语。如womandriver,telephonenumber3.表示时间、地点、称呼等的名词常直接作定语。如summercamp,streetlight4.名词直接作定语时,通常用单数形式。如Let’sstopbythebookstoreonthewayhome.5.有些常用复数的名词,当它们用作定语时,也须用复数形式。如armsproduction,chothesshop,communicationssatellite,salesdepartment,agoodstrain,savingsbank,foreignlanguagesdepartment,plasticsindustry,sportsmeet6.表示类别时用名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。如apeasantfamily/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语)aworker’sfamily(worker习惯用所有格作定语)7.两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。如womendrivers,thewoman’sdriver,girlfriend,thegirl’sfriend,mothertongue,mother’stongue8.名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能,而其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性。如goldwatch,goldenwatch冠词冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。用语中冠词有三种:不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词。一.不定冠词的基本用法1.表示数量“一”,与one相近。如There’sabookonthedesk.\n2.用在首次提到的人或物之前,表泛指。如Heisworkinginafactory.3.不定冠词用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或事物。如Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.4.不定冠词a或an用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,表示“每一”之意,”相当于every或one,但概念上没它们那么强烈。如Heworkstenhoursaday.Thetrainisrunningeithtymilesanhour.5.用在物质名词、抽象名词之前,表示“一阵,一场,一种……”,也可以表示引起某种情绪的事,即抽象名词具体化使用。如Itwasawonderfultea.6.用于专有名词前。如IrememberhecamehereonaSunday.AJohncalledduringyourabsence.7.不定冠词用于beofa(an)+n.结构中,表示“相同……的”。如Tomandhissisterareofaheight.Thesesweatersareofasize.8.用于某些固定词组中。如haveaswim/walk/talk/dance/look/quarrel=swim/walk/talk/dance/look/quarrel;haveacold;haveagoodtime;keepadiary;inahurry;onceinawhile;ataloss;forawhile;onceuponatime;allofasudden;tellalie;dosbafavor;getaneducation;atamouthful;atadistance;what/such/quite/rather/a/an+单数可数名词;too/as/so/how/however+adj.+a/an+单数可数名词;manya/an+单数可数名词:许多;nota/an+单数可数名词:不止一个;halfa/an+单数可数名词:一半9.不可数名词前加不定冠词不可数名词,如education,history,knowledge,population,time,world等,在表述其某一部分或某一方面的内容、概念时,前面常加不定冠词。如havealonghistory,receiveagoodeducation,haveapopulationof1billion,alongtime/while易错误区:one与a/an的用法辨析:one表示明确的数量“一”,而a/\nan往往有特殊的含义。如---CanIuseapen?---Sorry,you’llhavetouseapencil.---Isonepenenough?---No,atleasttwo.二.不定冠词的位置不定冠词一般放在名词之前,名词之前若有形容词,不定冠词放在形容词之前,下列情况例外:1.放在quite,many,such,what等词之后。如quiteaninterestingstory;manyabook;suchacleverboy;Whatanicepresent!2.用于so/as/too/how+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词。如It’stoodifficultaproblem.It’ssogoodafilmthatallthestudentswillgotoseeit.Howwonderfulastoryitis!3.rather可位于不定冠词前或后。如arathercoldday=ratheracoldday4.half可位于不定冠词之前,也可位于其后。如halfanhour=ahaldhour三.定冠词的基本用法定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有“这/那个”之意,但语气较弱,可以和名词连用,表示某个或某些特定的人或物。1.一般情况特指人或事物。如Themanontheleftismybrother.叙述上文提到过的特定的事物或上文未提到,但听话者一定知其所指。如Isawalittlegirl.Thegirlismyaunt’sdaughter.Shutthewindowsbeforeyouleavethelab.用于序数词、形容词的比较级、最高级以及形容词only,very,same之前。如Iliveonthesecondfloor.Whichoneisthebetterofthetwo?温馨提示:序数词前面也可用不定冠词,但意义与用定冠词不同。如Ihavefailedtwice,butI’lltryathirdtime.(强调再一次)Marchisthethirdmonthofayear.(强调次序)\n用于表示地球、宇宙中的独一无二的事物尤指各种天体或世界上比较有影响的物体名词前。如Mantraveledtothemoonscoresofyearsago.用于表示具体的地点、方位,具体的时间或某天的一部分等。如intheworld,intheeast,in/atthebeginning,inthemorning用于表示乐器的名词之前。如Sheplaysthepiano.用于表示山川、河流、海洋、群岛、报纸、杂志、朝代的专有名词及由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如thePacificOcean,theGreatWall,theUnitedStates2.特殊情况Hehithimintheface.beatsbonthenose,takesbbythearm,patsbontheheadtherichthepoorthewoundedtheelderofthetwothemorebeautifulofthetwoThesooner,thebetter.Hegotpaidbythehour.bytheyard/thedozen/themonth/theyear…byweightinthe1950sinthe1870stheSmiths/theWhitesinthewater/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/raintellthetruth/ontheotherhand/onthewayhome当抽象名词表示某一特定内容,特别是当它有有限定性修饰语时,它与定冠词连用。如Sheisfondofmusic.HeisplayingthemusicwrittenbyBeethoven.Goodadviceisbeyondprice.I’msorrynottohavetakentheadvicehegave.四.定冠词的位置1.在名词词组中,定冠词the一般放在最前面。如thelovelylittlegirlthelastfewdays\n2.名词词组如有exactly,just,half,double,twice,all,both等修饰时,定冠词要置于它们后面。如exactlythesamecolorjusttherightplacedoubletheamountboththebrothers五.零冠词的用法零冠词即在名词之前不加任何冠词,它适用于以下几种情况:1.表示泛指的复数名词前不加冠词。如Theyareworkers.2.季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动以及学科名词前一般不加冠词。如March,MayDay,NationalDay,Children’sDay,playchessHaveyouhadsupper?Springisthebestseasonoftheyear.温馨提示:如果此类名词有自己的修饰语,就要加上定冠词。如Thestoryhappenedinthewinterof1972.3.专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词。如China,Tom,Airismatter.温馨提示:当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时,其前要用定冠词the。如Thewaterinthebottleisclean.当抽象名词或物质名词被具体化使用时,表示“一种/一类/一次……”等时,须用不定冠词。如It’sapleasuretotalkwithyou.4.可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。如Thisdictionaryismine.5.称呼语及表示头衔、职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时,其前一般不加冠词。如Wemadehimeourmonitor.What’sthis,father?6.当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。如Ican’twritewithoutpenorpencil.7.在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。如bycar,bybus,bybike,byair/water/land8.有些个体名词前不用冠词,如school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,\ncourt等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。如gotohospital易错误区:下列短语中冠词的使用不一样,意义差别很大,注意区别。如attable,atthetableatschool,attheschoolbyday,bythedayinhospital/prison,inthehospital/prisoninchargeof,inthechargeofinfuture,inthefutrueinplace,intheplaceofinfrontof,inthefrontofinoffice,intheofficeoutofquestion,outofthequestiontakeplace,taketheplaceofhaveawordwith,havewordswithanumberof,thenumberofgotochurch/college,gotothechurch/college9.在as引导的让步状语从句中,作表语的名词前不加冠词。如Childasheis,heknowsalotofEnglish.10.在单数名词+after+同一单数名词(表示“一个接一个”)结构中,单数可数名词前不加冠词。如Shedidexperimentafterexperiment.11.形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。“most+形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时,前面不用定冠词。如Oh,it’smostnice.当形容词最高级作表语,不表示与其他人或物相比时,其前不用定冠词。如Themarketinthecountryisbusiestinwinter.当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时,第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。如Sheisthetallestandfattestgirlinourclass.形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时,不能用定冠词。如Awolfinasheep’sskinisourmostdangerousenemy.温馨提示:序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……之意”,但在second,third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一,再一”之意。如Whyyoutookasecondarrow?\n在下句中的“afirst”则表示“冠军、第一名”。如Hewasatopstudentintheclass;heoftengotafirstinEnglish.12.no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后面的名词不用冠词。如Nosuchthinghaseverhappenedinthisvillage.13.never,ever置于作主语的名词前,这些名词前不用冠词。如Neverdidstudentstudysohard.14.有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力,或为了引起注意,省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报或书名等。如Conferenceopens.15.在下列专有名词前不加冠词。街名。如NanjingRoadWangFuJingStreet广场名。如Tian’anmenSquare公园名。如BeihaiPark车站、机场、桥梁名。如GoldenGateBridge大学名。如YaleUniversity节日名。如MayDayNewYear’sDay易错误区:与festival有关的节日往往加定冠词the。如theSpringFestivaltheMid-autumnFestival\n高中英语语法系统讲解之二代词和数词代词根据指代对象的不同,代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。一.人称代词:有主格个宾格两种形式,它们也有单复数变化,具体情况如下:数格人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit1.人称代词的主格在句中作主语或表语。如Tomwaitedawhilebuteventuallyhewenthome.TomhopedthepassengerwouldbeLilyandindeeditwasshe.温馨提示:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。如Whenhearrived,Tomwentstraighttothebank.2.人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作表语。如Isawherwiththem,atleast,Ithoughtitwasher.(前一个her作宾语,them作介词宾语,后一个her作表语)3.人称代词的指代问题不定代词anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,onone,及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可he,his,him代替。如Nobody\ncame,didhe?动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感情色彩。如Givethekittysomefood.Sheishungry.指代国家、船舶、车辆等的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。如Chinawillalwaysdowhatshehaspromisedtodo.5.并列人称代词的排列顺序单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称+第三人称+第一人称。如You,heandIareofthesameage.复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称+第二人称+第三人称。如we+you+they二.物主代词单数复数形容词性名词性形容词性名词性第一人称mymineourours第二人称youryouryouryours第三人称hishistheirtheirsherhersitsits形容词性物主代词作定语;名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语等句子成分。如Heismyteacher.(定语)---Whosebookisthis?---It’smine.(表语)I’vefinishedmyhomework.Haveyoufinishedyours?(宾语)1.one’sown意为“完全属于自己的”,作前置定语;ofone’\nsown后不可加名词,只能作后置定语。如Iwanttohavefreetimeofmyown.=Iwanttohavemyownfreetime.2.“of+名词性物主代词”可用作定语。如Somefriendsofminewillattendmybirthdayparty.3.形容词性物主代词(用one’s替代)构成固定短语。如loseone’sway;doone’shomework;tryone’sbest;makeone’sway;earnone’sliving;holdone’sbreath;keepone’sword;makeupone’smind;saveone’slife;takeone’stime.tryone’sluck..三.反身代词:第一、二人称的反身代词是形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成,第三人称的反身代词由人称代词的宾格加-self或-selves构成。人称数第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves在句中反身代词可作宾语、表语、同位语等。1.作宾语有些动词常用反身代词作宾语,如absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave等。Theyenjoyedthemselvesverymuchlastnight.Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.Icouldnotdress(myself)upatthattime.用于及物动词+宾语+介词。如takepridein,beannoyedwith等。Areyoutryingtomakeafoolofyourself?2.作表语。如Iamnotmyselftoday.3.作同位语。如Thethingitselfisnotimportant.\n4.在不强调的情况下,but,except,for等介词后的宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如Noonebutmyself(me)ishurt.温馨提示:反身代词本身不能单独作主语。如Myselfdrovethecar.(×)Imyselfdrovethecar.(√)四.指示代词:用来指代或标记人或事物。常用的有this,that,these,those,such,so,thesame等。具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。1.指示代词this和that的区别this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。如Thisismydeskandthatisyours.this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。如Iwanttotellyouthis:theEnglishpartywillbeheldonSaturdayafternoon.Hehurthislegyesterday.That’swhyhedidn’tcome.温馨提示:在口语中,this和that可用作副词修饰形容词,表示程度。如Ididn’trealizeitwasgoingtobethisfar.(=asfarasthis)Ifyourfriendisthatclever,whyisn’therich?2.such用法such一般在句中作定语和主语;在作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词a(an)应放在such之后;而such在与不定代词no,some,any,several,many,little,few,all等连用时,such放在它们的后面。如SuchisElbertEinstein,afamousphysicist.Rogerissuchaniceperson.Allsuchproblemshavebeensolved.3.so的用法有些动词,如think,say,hear,do,hope,believe,expect,fear,beafraid等后,常用so替代上文提到的内容或情况。如---ThenewEnglishteacherisverystrict.---I’veheardso.\n---CanyoubeattheBulls?---Yes,Ibelieveso.Whodoyouthinkdaresaysothen?另外,so还可以用于以下句型中作替代词使用:so+助动词/情态动词/连系动词+主语(甲乙两个不同的对象具有相同的情况)so+主语+助动词/情态动词/连系动词(甲陈述某一情况,听话人乙赞同甲的说法)主语+助动词/情态动词/连系动词+so(甲吩咐、命令乙去做某事,乙照办了)如---Hemustbegoingnow.---SomustI.---JohnstudiesFrench.---Sohedoes.Heaskedmetoopenthewindow.Ididso.4.thesame的用法thesame单独使用时,指刚提到过的同一人或物。如Iboughtanewhouselastyear,butsoonsoldthesame.thesame后跟as,用以引出所谈及的范围。如Heisthesameageasyou.温馨提示:thesame…as“与……一样的(不是同一个)”,ThisisthesamepenasIlost.thesame…that指“同一个”。ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.五.不定代词:指代不明确的人或物。代替名词或形容词,表示不同的数量概念。可数one,each,many,both,another,eigher,neither,(a)few不可数much,(a)little可数不可数none,any,other,all,some复合不定代词anyone,anybody,anything;someone,somebody,something;everyone,everybody,everything;nobody,nothing\n1.不定代词的语法特征every和no只能用作形容词,不能用作代词。复合不定代词只起代词作用,作主语时,谓语动词一概用单数。表物类的复合不定代词,指代代词用单数,即it,its;表人类的复合不定代词,指代代词通常用复数,即they,their或them等。如Hesaidsomethingwaslost,buthedidn’tsaywhatitwas.Someoneiswaitingformeattheschoolgate,butIhavenoideawhotheyare(orwhoheorsheis).复合不定代词都不可接of短语,但someone,everyone,anyone都是两个词,之后可接of短语(但noone不可接of短语)。如EveryoneofthestudentscanspeakgoodEnglish.2.不定代词的用法辨析one,some与any的用法one可以泛指任何人,复数形式是ones,可用作主语和宾语;one’s是它的物主代词形式,可用作定语;oneself是它的反身代词形式,可用作主语和宾语。some和any通常都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词、单数或复数名词。some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”。some用于数词前,表示“大约”。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句中。如---Doyouhaveapen?---Yes,Ihaveone(=apen).(泛指)Oneshouldnotpraiseoneself.Ihavesomemoneyinmypocket,butitisnotenough.Doyouhaveany?温馨提示:some可用于表示邀请、请求、答案肯定的问句中,如Couldyouletmehavesomecoffee?(请求)Wouldyoulikesomebananas?(邀请)some和any可用作主语和宾语。如Somearesinging,whileothersaredancing.(主语)DoesanyofyouknowMrWang?(主语)Idon’tlikeanyofthebooks.(宾语)another,other,theother,others,theothers的用法\n不定代词意义用法说明another三者以上中的任何一个,另一个指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作代词或形容词,如Idon’tlikethiscoat.Showmeanother,please.other另外的,相当于形容词只作定语,常与复数名词或不可数名词连用;但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,one及my,your,his等时,则可与单数名词连用,如anyotherplant,everyotherdaytheother两者中的另一个常与one连用,构成:one…theother…“一个……另一个……”;作定语修饰复数名词时,表示另一方中的“全部其余的”others泛指别的人或物是other的复数形式,泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定语,构成some…others…theothers特指其余的人或物是theother的复数形式,特指其余的人或物,常构成some…theothers…all,both,either,each,neither和every的用法词性数量意义、用法allpron.三个以上的人或物1.作主语指“所有的人”时谓语为复数,指“所有的事情”时,谓语为单数。2.not无论放在all前还是后,都是部分否定,全部否定用none,除了all之外,both,each,every以及由every构成的不定代词,加not都是部分否定,若要表示全部否定,需要借助neither,nothing,noone,nobody和no构成不定代词等词。3.可以和of短语连用。bothpron.两个人或物可以和of短语连用。\neitherpron.两者中任何一个还可作副词,表示“也”,用在否定句句尾。neitherpron.两者都不还可表示“也不”,此时以neither开头常用倒装形式。eachpron.adj.两者以上的每一个1.强调个体2.可以与of短语连用everyadj.三者以上中的每一个1.强调整体2.不能与of短语连用none,noone,nothing与no的用法A.none既可指人,也可指物,且一定是特指概念,常用来回答howmany/much引导的疑问句;noone只能指人,且只能是泛指概念,常用来回答who引导的疑问句;nothing“什么也没有”,否定一切,常用来回答what引导的疑问句。如---Howmanypeoplearethereintheroomnow?---None.---Whoisintheroom?---Noone/Nobody.B.none后面可加of引导的介词短语,而something/anything/everything/nothing;someone/anyone/everyone/noone却不能。C.no=notany,在句子中作定语,修饰可数或不可数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语。如Thereisnowaterinthewell.(定语)Noneofthemknowsthestory.(主语)Iknownoneofthem.(宾语)易错误区:全部否定和部分否定none,noone,nobody,nothing,neither,notany以及no+名词均表示全部否定;但当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句中时,not在其前或其后均表示部分否定。如Bothofusarenotteachers.(或Notbothofusareteachers.)(部分否定)\nNeitherofusinateacher.(全部否定)AllofthebooksarenotEnglishbooks.(或NotallofthebooksareEnglishbooks.)(部分否定)NoneofthebooksareEnglishbooks.(全部否定)另外:any所修饰的名词或由any构成的复合名词作主语时,谓语动能不能用否定式。如Anythingcannotstophimgoingthere.(×)Nothingcanstophimgoingthere.(√)few,afew,little与alittle的用法词义用法例句few几乎没有(否定)修饰可数名词复数FewofthemcanspeakFrench.afew有几个(肯定)修饰可数名词复数Ihaveonlyafewbooks.little几乎没有(否定)修饰不可数名词Littlehasbeendonetoendthestrike.alittle有一点(肯定)修饰不可数名词Alittlewaterisenough.温馨提示:notabit=notatallnotalittle=very(much)---Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?---Notabit.Ihavebeenworkingfoetenhourswithoutstopping.I’mnotalittletired.many与much的用法主要用于疑问句和否定句,肯定句多用alotof;many修饰可数名词;much修饰不可数名词。如Doyouhavemanyfriendsthere?Dotheytakemuchinterestinit?\nmuch用作副词修饰比较级,“……得多”。如Ifeelmuchbetternow.六.相互代词(eachother,oneanother):相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为eachother’s,oneanother’s,作定语。一般来说,eachother指两者之间,oneanother指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。如Theylookedateachotherandlaughed.Wecanweareachother’sclothes.Wealltryandhelponeanother.七.疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose等):在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、和表语等。八.连接代词:引导名词性中从句的从句;关系代词:引导定语从句。九.替代词it(them),one(ones),that(those)的用法1.it指代前面出现的单数名词;them指代前面出现的复数名词。如YesterdayIlostmypen,butI’vefoundit.YesterdayIlostmypens,butI’vefoundthem.2.one指代一个不确定的泛指的人或物,它代替的名词是“a+名词”。其复数为ones。如YesterdayIlostmypen,butnowI’veboughtone.YesterdayIlostmypens,butnowI’veboughtones.3.that指代特定的,但不是同一事物,可指代可数名词或不可数名词,它代替的名词是“the+名词”。其复数为those。如Myseatisnexttothatofourteacher.Compareyouranswerswiththoseofyourclassmates.十.it的用法1.用作人称代词,代替上文提到过的事物。如Heboughtanewhouselastyearandhehasmovedintoitnow.It’sacold-bloodone.2.用以代替指示代词this,that。如---What’this?---It’saflag.3.当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时,也可用it来表示。如It’salovelybaby.Isitaboyoragirl?---Whoismakingsuchanoise?---Itmustbethechildren.\n4.it无指代性,常用作没有具体意义的主语,出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如Itissixmilestothenearesthospitalfromhere.Itwasverycold;itsnowedandgrewdark.5.it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。如It’sawful—I’vegotsomuchworkIdon’tknowwheretostart.6.可在介词后占有宾语的位置,然后通过that引出一个介词宾语从句。如Youmaydependonitthattheywillsupportyou.7.作形式主语:当动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语。如It’sfoolishtalkinglikethat.8.作形式宾语:当不定式或动名词短语作宾语说,常把它们置于宾补之后,而用it作句子的形式宾语。如Ifeltitmyrighttoknowthetruth.9.用于强调句型:要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语、状语、宾语),可以用于强调句型“Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分”。如果强调的部分是人,可用who,whom代替that。10.it引起的几个易混时间句型:It+be+时间+since-clause,“自从……以来已多久了”如ItisthreeyearssinceshelifeBeijing.ItisthreeyearssinceshelivedinBeijing.It+be+时间+before-clause,主句中的谓语动词用肯定式,意为“过多长时间才……”;主句中的谓语动词是否定式时,意为“没过多长时间就……”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时willbe;用was时,before从句的动词用一般过去时;用willbe时,before从句常用一般现在时。如Itwasnotlongbeforeshelearnedthosepoemsbyheart.Itwaslongbeforethepolicearrived.Itwillbehoursbeforehemakesadecision.It+be+时间+when-clause,主句中的谓语顶次和从句中的位于动词在时态上一般是一致的,主句是willbe,when从句用一般现在时代替将来时。如Itwas\nalready8o’clockwhenwegothome.Itwasthenextmorningwhenwefinishedourwork.Itwillbemidnightwhentheygetthere.数词一.数词的基本用法1.基数词100以下的基本基数词100以上的基本基数词1~1011~1920~901one2two3three4four5five6six7seven8eight9nine10ten11eleven12twelve13thirteen14fourteen15fifteen16sixteen17seventeen18eighteen19nineteen20twenty30thirty40forty50fifty60sixty70seventy80eighty90ninety100a/onehunderd1,000a/onethousand1,000,000a/onemillion1,000,000,000a/onebillion(美)a/onethousandmillion(英)1~12为独立单词13~19在个位数词的词干上加后缀-teen构成20~90以-ty结尾21~99在十位与个位之间加连字符“-”,如36写成thirty-six101~999由hundred加and再加二位数或末位数,如263写成twohunderdandsixty-three506写成fivehunderdandsixhundred,thousand,million以及billion表示确切数字时不能加-s,如five\nhunderd;而在表示不确定数目时,表示“数以……计的”,要用复数形式,如hundredsof;thousandof;millionsof。温馨提示:英语中没有表示“万”和“亿”的数词,“万”用“十千”即“tenthousand”表示;“亿”则用“100个百万”即“onehundredmillion”表示。书写四位以上的数字时,右起每三位加一个“,”。每一个“,”号的前一位依次为thousand,million,billion。如123,406,571,982,读作“onehundredandtwenty-threebillionfourhundredandsixmillionfivehundredandseventy-onethousandninehundredandeight-two”.dozen的用法A.与数词,many,several等连用时,不加“-s”,所修饰的名词前常省去“of”。如twodozeneggsmanydozenpencilsB.当所修饰的名词之前有限定词these,those,my,your等或是人称代词宾格them,us,you时,这时需要加of。如twodozenofthesepensthreedozenofthemC.dozen用其复数形式,后加of表示不的数量,意为“许多,几十”。如dozensofpeoplescore的用法A.单复数形式相同,与基数词连用共同修饰名词时,除ascoreof外,其他情况下不加of。如twoscoreeggsthreescorepeoplefourscoreandtenpigsB.其复数形式后加of,表示不确定数量,意为“许多”,如scoresofstudents2.序数词从第一至第十九其中,one—first,two—second,three—third,five—fifth,eight—eighth,nine—ninth,twelve—twelfth为特殊形式,其他的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。如six—sixth\n从二十至第九十九整数第几十的形成由其对应的基数词改变词尾字母y为i,再加“eth”构成。如twenty—twentieth。表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“-”和个位序数词形式一起表示。如第三十一thirty—first第一百以上的多位序数词由基数词的形式变最后数为序数词形式来表达。如第一百二十一onehundredandtwenty-first序数词的缩写形式温馨提示:序数词前面通常加定冠词the,表示“第几”,但也可以在前面用不定冠词a或an,意为“又……再……。如Tryaseconetimeandyou’llsucceed.Afterhavingthefourthapple,theboyateafifthone.基数词与序数词连用时,通常是序数词在前。如thefirstthreepagesofthebook序数词之前已有物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用定冠词。如I’llneverforgetthatfirstlessontaughtbyMrWang.Haveyoureadhissecondnovel?二.小数、分数、百分数的表达法及基本用法1.分数由基数词和序数词合成,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于1时,分母的序数词要用复数形式。如三分之一one(a)third三分之二twothirds一又三分之二oneandtwothirds注意:二分之一one(a)half四分之一one(a)quarter2.百分数由基数词后直接加percent构成。如30%30percent(percent)3.表示几分之几(或百分之几)的人或物时,须在分数(或百分数)和人或物间加of。若充当主语,谓语动词的数须和of后的名词的数保持一致。如Aboutthree-fifthsoftheworkersinthatsteelworksareyoungpeople.Sixtypercentofherincomewasspentonclothes.\n温馨提示:分数、百分数等也可用于下面的各种表达法中。如Weincreased20%asmanyproductsaslastyear.Welostthegamebyonescore.三.倍数的表达法表示倍数时,一倍用once,两倍用twice/double,三倍以上用基数词+times。数词表达倍数主要有以下几种方式:1.double/twice/threetimes/fourtimesasmany/much…as…型如Wehaveproducedthreetimesasmanycomputersaswedidlastyear.2.double/twice/threetimes/fourtimesthesizeof…型用法与size相同的名词常用的有:weight,height,depth,width,age,length等。如Chinaisalmosttwice/doublethesizeofMexicoinarea.3.double/twice/threetimes/fourtimes+what从句型如Thelengthoftheroadistwice/doublewhatiswasthreeyearsago.4.double/twice/threetimes/fourtimes+比较级+than型如Iamtwiceolderthanyou.HehasreadthreetimesmorebooksthanIhave.5.比较级+than…+by+倍数程度型如Thelineislongerthanthatonebytwice.四.数学公式中的加、减、乘、除表达法加法用plus,减法用minus,乘法用times,除法用dividedby表示;等号用is或equals或isequalto表示。如Nineandthirtyisthirty-nine.=Nineplusthirtyisthirty-nineTenminusthreeisseven.=Threefromtenleavesseven.Seventimessevenequalsforty-nine.Thirty-sixdividedbysixissix.五.编号表达法基数词,序数词均可用于编号,习惯上多用基数词,尤其是数字较长时。如Number3MiddleSchoolClassSix,GradeTwoRoom405(four0five)0543-3323086(0fivefourthree-threethreetwothree0eightsix\n六.时间的表达法1.年月日的表达法英语中年月日的表达法与中文不一样,它可以有两种形式,即:月、日、年或日、月、年。年份要放在最后,且多用阿拉伯数字表示;月份只能用英语表示;日期通常用序数词读出。如1999年2月28日Feb28th,19992.钟点表达法6点at6:00/atsixo’clock/at6o’clock/atsix6点15分at6:15/atfifteenpastsix/atsixfifteen6点40分at6:40/attwentytoseven/atsixforty注意:当分钟>30时,一般用介词to如8:45atfifteentonine当分钟≤30时,一般用介词past如8:15atfifteenpasteight3.年龄表示法用基数词表示年龄。如Theboyisten(yearsold).表示在多大年龄时,其前用介词at,即at(+theageof)+基数词。如attheageof17=at17表示“在某人的几十岁”时,可用介词in+one’s+整十位数的复数形式。如Tomworkedasadoctorinhisthirties与基数词合成的定语,其中的名词用单数。如afive-year-oldboy;aten-yearplan表示“一个五岁的男孩”,如aboyoffive=aboyoffiveyearsold=aboyoffiveyearsofage=afive-year-oldboy七.数词的语法功能数词在句子中,可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语。如Thethirdisbetterthantheothertwo.(主语)Sundayisthefirstdayofaweek.(定语)Isthereanyfoodleftforustwo?(同位语)Thisropeisone-fifthlongerthanone.(状语)Mr.Smithwasthetenthtobepresent.(表语)Iprefer\nthesecondtothefirst.(宾语)高中英语语法系统讲解之三介词和连词介词一.介词的语法作用用来表明名词、代词与句中其他词的关系的词叫介词。介词是虚词,不能重读,不能单独作句子成分,需要和它后面的词共同充当句子成分。介词及其宾语在句中作定语、状语、表语及宾语补足语等成分。如Thekeytothedoorismissing.(定语)MarxstayedinBelgiumforsometimeandthenwenttoFrance.(状语)JapanistotheeastofChina.(表语)Makeyourselfathome.(宾语补足语)二.介词的分类1.根据介词的构成形式可将介词分为以下几类:简单介词:at,by,for,in,on,from,during,past等复合代词:outof,onto,into,insede,without等短语介词:becauseof,insteadof,infrontof,bytheendof等双重介词:frombehind,fromaround,tillafter等动词的-ing形式介词:including,considering,regarding,concerning等2.根据介词的意义可将介词为以下几类:表示方位和空间关系的介词:at,round,in,over,below,infrontof,outside,among,awayfrom,around,on,under,above,behind,inside,nearto,off,beyond,past,across,over,up,opposite表示时间的介词:at,in,around,between,since,during,till,after,on,about,round,for,until,by,before,from…to…表示工具、手段、方式等的介词:like,in,with,by表示其他含义的介词:without,besides,with,except,insteadof三.常用介词的用法\n1.表示时间的介词at,in,on和byA.at的用法:a.时间的一点、时刻等,如at12:00,atnoon,atnight,atmidnight,atdawn,atdaybreakb.较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子,如atChristams,atNewYear,attheSpringFestivalB.in的用法:a.表示在某个较长的时间内(如世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等),如inthe1980s,inQingDynasty,inOctober,inthemorningb.表示在一段时间之后,如I’llbebackinanhour.C.on的用法:a.用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。如onOctober1st,onarainyday,onNationalDayb.用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。如ontheeveofvictory(胜利前夕),onthemorningofJanuary3rd,ontheafternoonofhisarrivalc.准时、按时ontimeD.by的用法:a.表示“不迟于,在(某时)前”,如Hemusthavearrivedtherebynow.b.表示“在……间”“在……时间”,如Heworkedbydayandsleptbynight.温馨提示:当时间名词前被this,that,last,next,some,every等词限定时,通常不用任何介词。after与in二词均可表示在某一段时间后,但该时段的起点不同。\nA.in的用法:in表示以此刻为起点的将来一个时段之后,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。如Myfatherwillbebackfromabroadinthreedays.B.after的用法:a.与表示一段时间的词连用,常与过去时态的谓语动词连用,这时相当于“一段时间+later”如Helefthomeandwenttothefrontaftertwodays/twodayslater.b.与表示时间点的词连用,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。如I’llgoandseeherafterthreeo’clock.易错误区:“inthepast”意为“在过去”,与过去时态的谓语动词连用。如Inthepast,novillagersdareddothat;“inthepast/last+时间段”意为“在过去的……中/内”,表示从现在算起过去的一段时间,包括此时此刻在内,常与现在完成时态连用。如Inthepast/lastfewyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthisvillage.during,for,from和sinceduring除具备in表时间段的用法外,还可指在某一活动过程中,如duringthenight,duringthefire,duringthemeeting。for后接时间段的名词词组,表示行为状态持续了多久,如Ihavelivedinthiscityformorethan10years.from接时间点的名词词组,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短,如Myyoungersisterbegantolearndancefromtheageoffive.since接时间点的名词词组,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻,因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用,如IhavebeenworkinginthisfactorysinceIgradeuatedin1993.2.表示空间和方位的介词above,over,on,below,under,beneathA.above侧重于相对水平高度,不一定在正上方,其反义词是below。如Thesunisabovethemountainintheeast.Thepositionhepointedtowasbelow\nthesealevel.B.over侧重于垂直高度,即位于正上方,其反义词是under。如Becareful,thereisaheavyboxoveryourhead.Thelittlemouseisunderthetable,soitisnoteasytofindit.C.on侧重于与物体表面接触,其反义词是beneath。如Therearesomestampsonthedesk.across,over,through,past四个词都与表示运动的动词有关。across意为“横穿,穿越”,表示运动发生在物体的表面;over意为“跨过,越过”,表示运动发生在物体的上方;through意为“穿过,通过”,表示运动发生在某物的空间;past意为“从旁边经过”,表示运动发生在某物旁边。如TheGreatWallwindsitswayfromwesttoeast,acrossdeserts,overmountains,throughvalleys,tillatlastitreachesthesea.Afterthemeeting,Iwentpastthepastofficestraighttomyhome.at,in,on三者均表示地点,“在……处”A.ata.用于指较小的地方,如We’llmeeteachotheratthepark.b.用于门牌号码前,如Mygrandparentsliveat105BeijingRoad.B.in用于指较大的地方,如ShelivedinHongKongfor20years.C.on一般指与面或线接触,如Putthepicturesonthewall.near,by,beside,at四个词都表示“在……附近”,但侧重点不同。A.near表示相对的“近”,而实际距离可能并不近。如Anewhospitalisbeingbuiltnearourschool.B.by和beside都表示“靠近”,但beside比by更具体地表示出“在……旁边”的意思。如Iplantedanappletreebytheriver.Thegirlwassittingbesidehermother.\nC.at表示“在……旁边”之意,但多表示有目的的和所处的位置,而by和beside仅表示位置关系。如Wearesittingatthedeskslisteningtoourteacher.to,for,toward(s)用于表示来往行动动词之后,表示行动的方向,多用to,如go,come,walk,run,dash,rush,move,fly,return,lead,take等;用于表示“起程,出发,离开”的动词之后,多用for,如leave,start,setoff等;用于表示“朝……方向”时,to和towards是同义词,不表到达,而to不仅表方向,还表到达。如Afterthesoldiersgotwellprepared,theysetoffforthefront.Theplaneisflyingtowardsthenorth,butit’sdifficulttodecidewhichareait’sflyingto.in,on,to在方位名词前的区别,三词都可表示两地之间的位置关系。in表示在范围之内,如ShandongProvinceis/liesintheeastofChina.;to表示在某范围之外的地方,如Japanis/liestoeastofChina.;on表示“毗邻、接壤”,如Mongoliais/liesonthenorthofChina.。between,among二词均表示“在……中间,在……之间”。between表示在二者之间,有时between之后也可能出现三个或三个以上的宾语,但这时所强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系,如Thissecretisonlybetweenyouandme.而among指在三者或三者以上之间,如We’llvisitatownamongthemountains.in,on二词均可表示“在……上”,描写两个物体的接触情况。in侧重于接触的深度,如Wefoundasquareholeinthewestwall.on侧重于表面接触,如Thereisamapoftheworldonthewall.温馨提示:英语中若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时,用in,如Theyhittheboyinthefaceandthenranaway.而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时,用on,如Theteacherpattedtheboyontheheadandcomfortedhim.表示植物本身生长出来的叶、花、果等,用on,如Therearelotsofappleson\nthetree.表示植物本身以外的人或动物“在树上”,用inthetree,意指被枝叶遮掩其中。如Birdsoftenplayinthetree.after,behind二词表示“在……之后”。after多指动作顺序的先后,behind表示静态位置的前后。二者表示位置时常可通用。如Wintercomesafterautumn.Behindthehospitalstoodaschool.Shutthedoorafter/behindyou.3.表示工具、手段、方式的介词by,in,on三词都表示旅行的方式A.bya.不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不带冠词,如bysea,bywater,byland,byrailb.涉及交通工具的名词时用by,但名词须用单数,其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语,如bybike,bytaxi,byplane,byship/boat,bytrain,byspaceshipB.当旅行方式涉及到确定特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语,如traveltoNewYorkinthisplane;leaveonanearlytrain;gotoschoolonmybike温馨提示:步行、骑马等均可用on,如onfoot,onhorseback,onahorse,onthecamelwith,by,in三词均译为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。A.with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官等,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。如Theyarediggingwithapick/spade.Weseewithoureyes,hearwithourears,andwalkwithourlegs.B.by,in,on,over,through等多用于无形的工具或方式手段。如byhand,inink,onthetelephone,overtheradio,throughthetelescope温馨提示:使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示,如inEnglish/Japanese,in\nblueink表达“用……方法/式”时,所用介词分别为:inthis/that/thesame…way;bythis/that…means,bymeansof…;withthis/that…method4.表示原因的介词at,for,with三词均可组成介词短语,表示行为或状态的原因、动机或理由。A.at常与表示感情色彩的动词、形容词或过去分词搭配,后接表示具体事物的名词。如Wewereexcited/happy/fightenedatthenews.Iwasangryatherwords.B.for和with后接表示感情的抽象名词,其中with侧重于随着心理变化而发生的感情变化。如Sheoftenhangsdownherheadforshame.Hewentredwithanger.becauseof,dueto,thanksto三个词组均意为“由于,因为”A.becauseof“因为,由于”,通常作状语,位于句首或句尾。如ThesportsmeetwillbeputofftillnextSaturdaybecauseoftheheavyrain.B.dueto“因为,由于”,通常作表语。如Hisillnesswasduetosmokinganddrinking.C.thanksto“幸亏,多亏”,既可用于褒义,又可用于贬义,多位于句首。如ThankstotheParty’sgoodpolicy,thefamersarenowlivingahappyandrichlife.5.其他易混介词about,on,of表示“关于”A.about侧重于与人或事物有关的事迹或情况。如TheRedArmymantoldusastoryaboutChairmanMao.B.on侧重于阐述或论及相对重大或深奥的理论、学术等问题。如WhomadethereportonthesituationintheMiddleEast?\nC.of在与tell,read,know,think等动词连用时,侧重于粗略涉及,而about涉及的情况则详细得多。如---Doyouknowaboutthatmanoverthere?---No,Iknowlittleofhim.in和of表示比较范围,均可引出一个可供比较的范围,适用于形容词和副词的最高级,指三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。A.in表示限定在某个范围内的最高级。如Marysingsbestinmyclass.B.of表示同一类人或事物中的最高级;用于同类两者之间的比较,但比较级前须加定冠词the。如Ofalltheboys,Tomrunsthefastest.表示“包括、排除”的介词的区别:besides,except,but,otherthan,exceptfor,exceptthan/whenA.用于否定句时,besides,except与but可相互替换。如Nootherstudentspassedthedifficultmathsexamexcept/beside/butLinTaoandWuDong.B.用于肯定句时的用法a.except意为“除……之外”(不再有),如WeallpassedtheexamexceptTom.b.besides意为“除……之外”(还有……),如WeallpassedtheexambesidesTom.温馨提示:besides在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首,亦可放在句中;而except多放在句中。此外,except前几乎总有all,any,every,no及其复合词等;而besides前可用,也可不用,依句意而定。如Heansweredallthequestionsexceptthelastone.Ihaveafewfriendsbesidesyou.c.exceptfor意为“除了因为……”,表示除去整体中的一部分,它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正句子的主要意思。如Thecompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.\nC.except和but/otherthan都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形,可以互换;但except后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时,but/otherthan不可替换except。如Hehasalwaysbeeninhighspiritsexceptrecently.Thewindowisneveropenedexceptinsummer.D.but,except后都可接thatong句作宾语,二者可互换。如Iaskednothingfromhimbut/exceptthatheshouldwritetomeeveryotherweek.E.以上比较了except,besides,but作介词的区别,另外,besides还可用作副词,意为“而且,还有”。如Idon’twanttogo;besides,Iamtootired.Thisismybestsuit;Ihavetwootherbesides.6.介词与某些词类的搭配名词与介词的固定搭配A.要求to的名词:key,answer,visit,apology,introductionB.要求in的名词:interest,satisfaction,expertC.要求on的名词:mercy,congratulationD.要求其他介词的名词:prizefor,respectfor,victoryover,strugglewith形容词与介词的固定搭配A.要求at的形容词:afraid,angry,good,bad,clever,surprised,excited,puzzled,frightenedB.要求of的形容词:afraid,sure,certain,full,tired,fond,proud,worthyC.要求with的形容词:angry,strict,careful,busy,popularD.要求in的形容词:weak,strict,rich,interested,successfulE.要求to的形容词:next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,married,close,similar,dueF.要求for的形容词:sorry,famous,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,hungryG.要求from的形容词:far,different,free,safe,absent,tired\nH.要求about的形容词:sorry,worried,anxious,careful,sure,certain温馨提示:同一形容词与不同的介词搭配其含义不同。如Heisgoodtoher.Hewastiredofthework.Theadviceisgoodforher.Hewastiredfromthework.7.关于介词的省略在某些名词词组前,可以省略。如(in)thatday,(on)Mondays,(in)theyearbeforelast在of+形状、大小、年龄、面积、材料结构中,of常省略。如WhenIwas(of)yourage,Iknewmuchlessthanyou.Thedesksinourclassare(of)thesamecolor,material,shape,heightandlength.在肯定句中表一段时间的介词for常省略。如Hehasbeenwaitingforyou(for)awholeafternoon.在句子中,如并列的介词相同,可省略后面的介词。如Youcanwearthatoutfitinsummerand(in)winter.温馨提示:如并列的介词不相同,相关的介词必须列出:Thechildrenwereinterestedinanddisgustedbythemovie.Itwasclearthatthisplayercouldbothcontributetoandlearnfromeverygameheplayed.Hewasfascinatedbyandenamoredofthisbeguilingwoman.在某些习语中的省略。如bebusy(in)doingsth,(in)…way…,next(to),havedifficult/trouble(in)doingsth,stop…(from)doingsth,spend…(in)doingsthopposite(to),haveagoodtime(in)doingsth,waste…(in)doingsth,passtime(in)doingsthkilltime(in)doingsth,(in)this/thatway,(at)anytime,near/nearer/nearest(to)\nprevent/stop…(from)doingsth,It’s(of)nouse(in)doingsth附:常见介词to,at,on,in,from和for的常见搭配1.to的常见搭配动词+…+to…A.动词+to:adjustto“适应”,attendto“处理;照料”,agreeto,amountto“加起来达……”,belongto,cometo“达到”,drinkto“为……干杯”,getto,happento,holdto“紧握”,lendto,listento,occurto“想起”,objectto,pointto,seeto,respondto“参与;涉及”,referto,replyto“回答”,stickto“坚持”,turnto“求助”,writetoB.动词(+sth)+to+sb:announceto“通知某人”,describeto“向某人描述”,explainto,expressto,mentionto,nodto,reportto,sayto,shoutto,suggestto,speakto,talkto,whisperto“和某人低声耳语”C.动词+sth/sb+to+sth/sb:addto,compareto“比作”,carryto,devoteto“致力于”,introduceto“介绍给”,inviteto“邀请参加”,jointo“连接到”,leaveto“委托给”,reduceto“下降至”,sentenceto“判处”,taketobe+形容词/过去分词+to:bealiveto“觉察;晓得”,beattentiveto,beawaketo“知晓”,beblindto“缺乏眼光”,becloseto“紧挨着”,becommonto“对某人来说很普通”,becontraryto“违反;反对”,bedevotedto“致力于”,bedeafto“不愿意听”,beexposedto“暴露;遭受”,befairto“对……公平”,befamiliarto“为……所熟悉”,begratefulto“对某人心存感激”,begoodto“对……有好处”,beharmfulto“对……有危害”,beimportantto,bekindto,beknownto,bemarriedto,bemovedto,benearto,benecessaryto,beoppositeto“在对面”,beopposedto,bepleasantto“合某人之意”,beproperto“专属”,bepoliteto“礼貌待人”,berudeto“粗暴对待”,berelativeto“与……有关”,bestrangeto“不习惯”,besimilarto“类似”,besuitableto“适合”\n,betrueto,bethankfulto,beusefulto,beusedtoto+名词:toadegree“在某种程度上”,todate“到现在为止”,toone’sfeet“跳起来”,toone’smind“照……看来”,toone’ssurprise,toone’staste“符合胃口”,tooneself“独自享用”,toorder“订做”,totheletter“不折不扣地”,tothepoint“中肯地”2.at的常见搭配动词+at:arriveat,callat“访问某地”,catchat(it)“当场抓住”,fireat,glanceat,glareat,grieveat“忧伤”,knockat,laughat,lookat,pullat“拉扯”,rejoiceat“因……高兴”,smileat,shootat,stareat,thrustat“刺向”,tearat“撕”,trembleat“颤抖”,wonderat“对……感到吃惊”,workatbe+形容词/过去分词+at:beangryat,bealarmedat“对……保持警觉”,beastonishedat,bebadat,becleverat“对某事很灵巧”,bedelightedat“高兴”,bedisgustedat“厌恶”,bedisappointedat“对……失望”,begoodat“擅长”,beimpatientat“对……不够耐心”,bemadat“狂热于”,bepleasedat“对……感到高兴”,bepresentat“出席”,besatisfiedat“满意”,besurprisedat,beshockedat,beterrifiedat,bequickatat+名词:atadistance,ataloss,atatime,atall,atanycost,atbest“最多,充其量”,atfirst,athand“手头”,atheart“在内心里”,athome,atlast,atleast,atmost“最多”,atonce,atpresent3.on的常见搭配动词+…on…A.动词+on:acton“对……有作用”,bringon“促使;导致”,callon,counton,carryon,dependon,feedon,figureon“料想;推断”,goon,haveon,insiston,keepon,leanon“依赖”,liveon“以……为生”,pull\non“迅速穿上”,puton,switchon“接通(电源)”,taketo,turnon“接通(电源)”,workon,waiton“侍侯”B.动词+sb(sth)+on+sb(sth):baseon,congratulateon,fixon“固定”,havemercyon,havepityon,keepwatchon,spendonbe+形容词+on:bedependenton“依赖”,behardon,beimpressedon“对……印象深刻”,bekeenon“渴望”,bestricton“对……严格”on+名词:onboard“乘(车、飞机)”,oncall“听候召唤”,onduty,onearth,onfire“着火”,onfoot,onguard,onhire“受雇”,onholiday4.in的常见搭配动词+…+in…A.动词+in:believein,breakin“闯入,打断”,bringin“引起;产生;带来”,callin“下令收回”,fillin,getin“收获”,handin,involvein“涉及”,liein,resultin,sharein“共享”,succeedin,takein,turninB.动词+sb/time/money+in:helpsbin,sparetime/moneyin,spendtime/moneyin,wastetime/moneyinbe+形容词+in:beactivein,beabsorbedin,bebusyin,bebornin,beconcernedin,beclothedin“穿着”,bedisappointedin,bediligentin“勤于”,beexperiencedin,beemployedin“任职于”,beengagedin“忙碌”,beexpertin,beexcellentin,beinterestedin,belackingin,berichin,beslowin,besuccessfulin,beskilledin,bestrictin,beweakinin+名词:inadvance,inall,inbed,inbody“亲自”,inbried“简明扼要”,incase“万一”,incharge“主管”,indanger,indebt,indespair,inforce“大量地;有效”,infull“全部地”,inflower“开花”,ingeneral,initself,inlove,inorder,inperson,in\npublic,inprogress“有进展”,inpractice“在实践上”,inrags,inresearch,inreturn,inruins“一片废墟”,inshort“总之”,intheory“理论上”,introuble,intears,intime,inturn,invain,inview“看得见”5.from的常见搭配动词+…from…A.动词+from:comefrom,datefrom,departfrom“违背”,diefrom,escapefrom,fallfrom,hangfrom,hearfrom,learnfrom,returnfrom,risefrom,resultfrom,sufferfromB.动词+sth/sb+from+sth/sb/aplace:borrowfrom,choosefrom,keepfrom,preventfrom,protectfrom,receivefrom,removefrom,savefrom,separatefrom,stopfrombe+形容词+from:beabsentfrom,bedifferentfrom,befarfrom,behiddenfrom,bemadefrom,betiredfrom“因……而疲倦”from…to…:frombadtoworse,frombeginningtoend,fromcovertocover“从头到尾”,fromChinatoPeru“到处”,fromdaytoday,fromfirsttolast,fromhandtomouth,fromheadtofoot,frommouthtomouth,fromstarttofinish“从头到尾”,fromtoptotoe“从头到脚”,fromtimetotime“不时地”,fromtoptobottom“彻底地”6.for的常见搭配动词+…+for…A.动词+for:accountfor,answerfor,applyfor,apologizefor,begfor,callfor“要求”,carefor,enterfor“报名参加”,fightfor,hopefor,inquirefor“查询;求见”,leavefor,lookfor,longfor,mistakefor,planfor,preparefor,providefor“为……提供”,reachfor,runfor“竞选”,standfor,searchfor,sendfor,speakfor“陈述意见、愿望”,takefor“当作”,wishfor,waitfor\nB.动词+sb+for+sth:askfor,blamefor,excusefor,forgivefor,pardonfor,payfor,praisefor,punishfor,pushfor“催逼”,rewardfor,thankforbe+形容词+for:beanxiousfor,beeagerfor,bebadfor,beconvenientfor,begoodfor,befamousfor,befitfor“适合于”,begratefulfor“对……心存感激”,beimpatientfor,belatefor,benecessaryfor,bereadyfor,besorryfor,beresponsiblefor,besuitablefor,beunfitfor,beusefulforfor+名词:forall,forasong“非常便宜地”,forcertain“确切地”,forcompany“陪着”,forever,forexample,forfear“以免”,forfair“肯定地”,forfree“免费”,forfun,forinstance,forluck“祝福”,forlife“终身”,forlong,fornothing,foronce“有生第一次”,foroneself“替自己”,forpleasure“为了消遣”,forsale“供出售”,forshame“真丢脸”,forshort“简称”,forsport“好玩”,forsure“确切地”动词+副词/名词+for:beinfor“将遇到”,makeupfor,goinfor,lookoutfor,takesthforgranted,haveanearfor“对……听觉灵敏”,haveagiftfor连词:是连接单词、短语或句子的一种虚词,在句中不单独作任何成份,一般不重读。一.连词的分类1.按连词的构成可将其分为以下几类:简单连词,如and,if,or,because,but,so关联连词,如both…and…,not…but…,notonly…butalso…分词连词,如supposing,providing,provided,given短语连词,如asif/through,evenif/through,as/solongas\n2.按连词的性质可将其分为以下几类:并列连词,如and,but,or,nor,so,for,aswellas,while,when,notonly…butalso…,both…and…,either…or…,neither…nor,therefore,yet,nevertheless,however等。它们用来连接平行的词、词组或分句。从属连词,如after,when,before,as,while,since,until,till,although,though,if,evenif,unless,lest,because,than,that,whether,sothat,assoonas,aslongas,inorderthat,asthough,suppose(that),provided(that),incase(that),now(that),oncondition(that),seeingthat,so…that,such…that,as…as,so…as等。它们用来引导从句。温馨提示:除连词外,连接代词、连接副词、关系代词、关系副词也可以来引导一个从句。二.并列连词1.表示并列关系的连词:主要表示“和,补充,增加”之意,包括等。如and,both…and,neither…nor,notonly…but(also),aswellas等。如NeitherMarynorTomcametoourpartyyesterday.Sheplaysboththepianoandtheguitar.HehasbeentoallthecountriesintheMiddleEastaswellasEurope.Heisnotonlyourteacherbutalsoourfriend.温馨提示:在连接三个或三个以上的名词或相当于名词的短语时,一般应在最后两者之间加and。如Hegotup,washedhisface,hadbreakfastandrushedtoschool.2.表示转折关系的连词:主要有but,only,while,when,whereas等。如Agreatdealhasbeenaccomplished,butmoreremainstobedone.Heisriding,whilehisfatheriswalkinginthedust.Whydidyouborrowthebookwhenyouhadone?\nHeisill,whereasIamonlyalittletired.only表示意义转折,只见于非正式文体。如Youmaygo,onlycomebackearly.(only=but)温馨提示:有些词或短语在句中也表示转折意义,如still,yet,however,allthesame,afterall等。通常作连接性状语。如Theproblemwasalittlehard,yetIwasabletoworkitoutIexplainedtwice,stillhecouldn’tunderstand.whild在表示转折关系时,往往连接内容和结构对称的句子。如Ilovestrongteawhilemyfatherlovescoffee.both…and…not结构和neither…nor…的区别在于前者表示部分否定,而后者表示全部否定。如BothyouandIarenotcorrect.NeitheryounorIamright.3.表示选择关系的连词:主要有or,either…or,orelse,whether…or,otherwise等。如Whichdoyoulikebetter,teaorcoffee?EitheryouleavethishouseorI’llcallthepolice.Doitatonce,orelse!=Doitatonce,otherwiseyouwillsufferinsomeway.Takeataxi,otherwiseyouwon’tgetthereintime.4.表示因果推理关系的连词:主要有so,for,then,therefore等。如Theairhereispolluted,sothecropsaredying.Itmustbelate,forIhavebeenherealongtime.温馨提示:for,because,as,since在用法和意义上的区别:for引导的句子是并列分句,只能后置,并用逗号与前面的句子隔开。主要用来表示推测性原因,或附带解释、说明前一分句的情况。如Theelectriccurrentmusthavebeenturnedoff,forthelightwentout.\nbecause用来引导表示直接原因的从句,语气很强,明确地说明因果关系。其引导的从句可置于句首、句末或句中。如Heisabsenttodaybecauseheisill.for引导分句表示因果关系时,它可以和because互换使用。如上句也可以说成:Heisasenttoday,forheisill.但表示推测性原因,就不能互换使用。如Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.since,as都是不讲自明的原因,是已知的原因,as的语气比since要弱。如Since(As)youdon’tfeelwell,youhadbetterstayathome.三.从属连词:用来连接分句,表示各分句之间的关系。其可分为引导名词性从句、状语从句的连词和引导副词性从句的连词。用法详见“主从复合句部分”。高中英语语法系统讲解之四形容词和副词形容词一.形容词的语法功能形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态或特征。在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语以及状语。形容词前加定冠词the,相当于一个名词。如HeisayoungRussiansoldier.Thefilmisinteresting.Helikestopaintthewallpink.Lucycametotheparty,happy.Theblindaretaughthowtodothework.温馨提示:1.有些形容词通常作表语和补语,不能像普通形容词那样作前置定语,这样的形容词称为表语形容词。如alive,alone,asleep,alike,afraid,awake,ashamed,able,sure,ill,worth等;其作定语时后置。2.有些形容词只能作定语,不能作表语,这样的形容词称为定语形容词,如golden,wooden,silken,live,elder,former,latter,front,back,outer等二.形容词的分类1.性质形容词外观:long,strong,big,round,fat,beautiful,old等\n性质:good,clean,new,fresh,soft,excellent等颜色:red,black,green,blue,white,brown等情绪:happy,sad,sorry,nervous,anxious等性格:kind,cruel,honest,foolish,lazy,rude等状况:careful,blind,deaf,cheap,hungry等评论:great,true,necessary,difficult,wrong等2.关系形容词地域:Chinese,American,Asian,Pacific等质料:wooden,golden,plastic,metallic等科技:electric,chemical,atomic,medical等意识:communist,social,political,religious等行业:industrial,agricultural,economic,military等三.形容词在句中的位置1.单个形容词作定语时,一般放在被修饰的名词之前;两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,同种类形容词的排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况:和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词。如JaneFyreisamovingEnglishnovel.音节少的形容词在前,音节多的形容词在后。如Ihaveasmallbutbeautifulroom.不同种类的词同时出现在名词前作定语时,按以下顺序进行排列:冠词→限定副词→描绘性形容词→大小、长短、高低→形状→年龄、新旧→颜色→国籍、地区、出处→物质材料→用途、类别+名词。可归纳为:限定描绘大、长、高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。如TheoldladywantstobuyabeautifulredChinesesilkdressforherdaughterasapresent.Tomlikesthatbigblueplasticpencilboxhisbrothergavehim.OurfirstfewshortEnglishlessonswerenotdifficult.\nTheyboughtacharmingbigroundnewblackFrenchwoodenwritingdesklastyear.2.单个形容词作定语时,在下列情况之下,形容词应放在被修饰的词之后。形容词修饰不定代词something,nothing,anything等时应后置。如Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.Thereisnothingdangeroushere.形容词修饰表示度量的名词应后置。如Thebuildingisseventeenstoreyshigh.Heistenyearsold.Thestreetisfivehundredmeterslong.用and/or连接的两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后,起强调修饰语的作用。如Everybody,manandwoman,oldandyoung,shouldattendthemeeting.Youcantakeanyboxaway,bigorsmall.有些过去分词形容词作定语时应后置。如given,left,won,missed等。如Noneoftheanswersgivenwerecorrect.表语形容词作定语时需后置。如alive,present,possible,afraid,alone,awake等。如Heisthegreatestwriteralive.Hewastheonlypersonawakeatthemoment.温馨提示:以字母a开头的形容词不可直接用very来修饰。如verymuchalone,fastalseep,wideawake,verymuchafraid,greatlyashamed以字母a开头的形容词本身带有副词来修饰时,可以用作前置定语。如thefastasleepboy,asomewhatafraidman3.形容词短语作定语时,需要后置。如Heisaworkerworthyofpraise.四.特殊的形容词1.有些以-ly结尾的词是形容词,而不是副词,如friendly,lovely,weekly,orderly,brotherly,lively,lonely,likely,deadly,earthly,leisurely2.复合形容词的构成数词+名词(单数)。如one-child“独生子的”,two-hour“两小时的”\n,three-good“三好的”,20-fire“二十发的”,1,000,000-pound“百万英镑的”数词+名词(单数)+形容词。如three-year-old“三周岁的”,six-inch-tall“六英寸高的”,seven-foot-wide“七英尺宽的”,30-storey-high“三十层高的”,800-meter-long“八百米高的”数词+名词+ed。如one-eyed,four-storeyed,two-faced,three-legged,four-footed形容词+(普通)名词。如full-time,second-hand,first-rate,large-scale,mid-term形容词+名词+ed。如kind-hearted,cold-blooded,noble-minded,warm-hearted,blue-eyed,middle-aged,red-lipped,good-tempered形容词(副词)+现在分词。如good-looking,tired-looking,ordinary-looking,hard-working,easy-going,ever-lasting,quick-firing,well-meaning,far-teaching形容词(副词)+过去分词。如new-born,well-dressed,ready-made,wide-spread,deep-set,hard-won,so-called,newly-built,quick-frozen形容词(副词)+形容词。如dark-blue,light-green,all-round,wide-awake,red-hot,hardly-conscious名词+现在分词(此时动词和名词间存在动宾关系)。如English-speaking,life-saving,mouth-watering,ocean-going,peace-loving,epoch-making,world-shaking,man-eating名词+过去分词(此时名词和动词间存在主谓关系)。如hand-made,heart-broken,ice-covered,horse-drawn,state-owned名词+形容词。如ice-cold,life-long,world-famous,snow-white,nation-wide,duty-free名词+(普通)名词。如X-ray,English-language\n副词一.副词的语法功能副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。常在句中作状语、表语、定语、宾语补足语、介词宾语等成分。如Hegotupearlythismorning,Timeisup.Pleaseletmein.ThebuildingtherelooksverysmallHehasjustcomebackfromabroad.温馨提示:只有少数地点副词和时间副词,如here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,around,above,below,yesterday等可以作定语。有些副词可修饰名词,用以加强语气,相当于状语。常用的这类副词为quite,rather,even等。如Weheldquiteapartylastweekend.Evenachildwon’tbelievesuchastoryyoutold.有些副词可修饰部分不定代词和数词。常用的这类副词有almost,nearly,roughly,mostly等。如Nearlyanyonepresentat,themeetingwasanexperttoSARS.Ilearnedthreeforeignlanguagesatcollege,butnowIhaveforgottenalmostallofthem.二.副词的分类1.时间副词说明全句或句中某一部分,如now,today,yesterday,recently,always,often,usually,already,early等。时间副词中包括频度副词,如always,often,usually,sometimes,seldom,never等。2.地点副词说明全句或句中某一部分,如here,there,everythere,above,below,up,over,round,off,down,in,out等。3.方式副词说明全句或句中某一部分,如carefully,suddenly,rapidly,slowly,successfully等。\n4.程度副词说明形容词、副词或动词,如very,much,so,too,enough,almost,nearly,least,quite。5.评论副词用来对主句中陈述的观点进行评价的副词,如luckily,happily,generally,honestly,roughly,briefly,broadly,narrowly,naturally,hopefully等。6.疑问副词用来构成特殊疑问句,如when,where,why等。7.连接副词用来连接从句(主语、宾语、表语),如how,when,where,why等。其他的如therefore,however,hence,then,so,otherwise等词起到副词和连词的作用。8.关系副词用来连接定语从句,如when,where,why等。9.其他副词表示肯定、否定、重复,如not,even,surely,too,really,practically,only等。三.副词在句中的位置1.时间副词和地点副词一般放在句尾。如果这两种副词同时出现在句中,则把地点副词放在时间副词前面,也可把时间副词放在句首。但always,seldom,often,never,rarely等副词通常放在行为动词之前,放在情态动词、助动词和tobe之后。如Theywillgotheretomorrow.Weoftergothere.Tomisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Ioftengotoschoolatseveninthemorning.2.修饰形容词、其他副词时的位置修饰形容词、副词时,位于被修饰词的前面。如Computersworkmuchfasterthanbefore.Happydayspasstoosoon.易错误区:enough作为副词时总是置于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。如Thebookiseasyenoughforlittlekids.\nenough作形容词时,可置于名词之前或之后。如Wehaven’tenoughtime/timeenoughtoprepareforthemeeting.四.形容词与副词的比较级和最高级1.比较级和最高级的基本构成形容词和副词按有三个比较等级,即原级、比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词末尾加-er,-esttalltallertallestgreatgreatergreatest以不发音的e结尾的单音节词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-stnicenicernicestlargelargerlargestableablerablest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-estbigbiggerbiggesthothotterhottest以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-esteasyeasiereasiestbusybusierbusiest少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词末尾加-er,-estclevercleverercleverestnarrownarrowernarrowest其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级importantmoreimportantmostimportanteasilymoreeasilymosteasily温馨提示:很多形容词可有两种形式的比较级和最高级。在现代英语中作表语的比较级和最高级,无\n论其音节多少,人们总喜欢用more,most形式。glad,fond,shy,fit等词可以在其后加-er,-est构成比较级和最高级,也可在其前加more,most构成比较级和最高级。但real只能通过加more,most构成比较级和最高级。不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/illworseworstoldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestlatelater/latterlatest/last2.没有比较等级的形容词和副词表示“比较、特殊”意义的形容词和副词,如comparative(ly),relative(ly),particular(ly),special(ly)表示“绝对”意义的形容词和副词,如entire(ly),excellent(ly),perfect(ly),thorough(ly),total(ly),whole(wholly),complete(ly)表示大小、极限、主次、上下、对错等的形容词和副词,如main,minor,senior,junior,right,wrong,slmost,extreme(ly),maximum,minimum表示性质、特征的形容词,如atomic,scientific,wooden,golden表示状态的形容词,常作表语,如afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,awake,alone,aware,alike,ashore,alight表示独一无二的形容词,如only,mere,unique,single,matchless\n表示国籍的形容词及由人名派生而成的形容词,如Japanese,American,Chinese,Marxist表示时间、方位、处所的形容词和副词,如now,present,today,then,front,back,ahead,east,south,west,north,right,left,here,there表示形状的形容词,如round,aquare,level表示强调的形容词和副词,如very,own,simply,favourite,barely,hardly3.比较级和最高级的用法比较级的用法A.双方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级+than”的结构表示。如Thispenisbetterthanthatone.B.表示一方不及另一方时,用“less+原级+than”的结构表示。如Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.C.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如even,alot,abit,alittle,still,much,far,yet,byfar等修饰。如Heworksevenharderthanbefore.温馨提示:英语的比较级前如无even,still或yet等时,译成汉语时可用“较”或“……一些”或不译出,一般不可用“更”。如Sheisbetterthanshewasyesterday.byfar通常用于强调最高级,用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。如Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.D.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时,用“the+比较级(主语+谓语),the+比较级(主语+谓语)”的结构。如Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyouwillmake.E.不与其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用“比较级+and+比较级”的结构。如Theweatherisgettingcolderandcolder.\nThegirlbecomesmoreandmorebeautiful.F.某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than。这些词有inferior,superior,junior,senior,prior等。如HeissuperiortoMr.Wanginmathematics.G.在比较从句中为了避免重复,我们通常用that(those),one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物表特指,one既可指人,也可指物,表泛指。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。如Thebookonthetableismoreinterestingthanthatonthedesk.H.与比较等级相关的固定用法a.moreBthanA=lessAthanB“与其说A不如说B”。如Heismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.b.morethan“不仅仅……”。如Languageismorethanatoolwithwhichpeoplecommunicatewitheachother.c.nomore…than…“与……一样……,不比……多”。如Heisnobetterthanyou.(否定意味)d.noless…than…“与……一样……”。如Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.(肯定意味)e.notbetterthan“不如……好”。如Heisnotbetterthanyouatfootball.f.ratherthan“而不是”。如Iwanttohelpyouratherthanfindtrouble.g.otherthan“不同于,除了……之外”如Inthatcase,thereisnothingyoucandootherthanwait.h.asmuchofa…as,moreofa…than,lessofa…than的用法。如ItwasasmuchofasuccessasIhadhoped.Heismoreofasportsmanthanhisbrother.\nHeislessofafoolthanIthoughthewas.i.too…to…too+形容词/副词+todo…“太……而不能……”。如Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool.=Theboyissoyoungthathecouldn’tgotoschool.too+(ready,glad,willing等)+todo表示肯定意义too…nottodo…“太……不会不”。如Heistoocarefulnottomakesuchafoolishmistake.not/nevertoo…todo…“永/决不……”。如Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.onlytoo/buttoo…todo“十分,非常,极其”。如Sheisonlytoopleasedtohelpyou.j.cannot…too…与cannever…too…“无论怎样都不过分;越……越好”。如NewYearcannotcometoosoon.Youcanneverbetoocarefulwhencrossingtheroad.k.A对于B犹如C对于D一样。如Airistous(just)aswateristofish.=Airistousthatwateristofish.=(Just)Aswateristofish,soisairtous.=Whatwateristofish,thatisairtous.最高级的用法A.三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如ZhangHuaisthetallestofthethree.Heworks(the)hardestinhisclass.B.最高级可被序数词以及much,by,far,nearly,almost,bynomeans,notquite,notreally,nothinglike等词语所修饰。如Howmuchdidthesecondmostexpensivehatcost?\nThishatisbyfar/much/nearly/almost/notnearly/bynomeans/notquite/nothinglikethebiggest.C.形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时,被修饰的词往往省略。如Heisthetallest(boy)inhisclass.D.最高级的多种表达法a.比较级与否定词连用,表示最高级。如Youwon’tfindabetterhotelIcouldn’thaveeatenamoreexpensivemeal.b.more…thantheother…;more…thananyother…如Heismorefitforhisofficethananybodyelse.c.no…more…than…如Noadviceisbetterthanthis.d.no…as…as…如NodoctorisasexcellentasTom’sfather.e.theleast…如Thiswatchistheleastexpensiveofall.f.lessthan…如Alltheothercitiesarelessbeautifulthanthisone.E.形容词、副词最高级前不用the的情况a.形容词最高级用于同自身不同场合相比较时不带the。如I’mbusiestonSundays.b.形容词最高级前有物主代词、名词所有格时不带the。如Janeistheoldman’seldestgirl.c.两个或多个形容词最高级并列使用,从第二个起就不带the。如Tomistheyoungestandtallestboyinourclass.d.形容词最高级在句中作宾语补足语时常不带the。如WefindlisteninghardestinourEnglishstudy.e.most常和多音节形容词连用构成最高级,但most前没有the或有a时,most等于very。如Thisisamostdifficultproblemtosolve.f.有些习惯表达法中的形容词最高级常常不带the。如withbestwhishes\ng.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如Ofalltheboyshecame(the)earliest.五.原级的构成和用法1.构成:形容词、副词的原级形式是其原形。2.用法:表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用“as+原级形容词或副词+as”的结构;表示双方不相等时,用“notso(as)+原级形容词或副词+as”的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时,用“倍数+as+原级形容词或副词+as”的结构。如XiaoWangisastallasXiaoLiu.Ms.SunspeaksEnglishasfluentlyasyou.Thisbuildinglooksnotso(as)highasthatone.Thisroomisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.六.比较结构中的省略1.在as…as结构和morethan结构中,as或than从句可省略整个谓语,只保留主语。如Ourlibraryhasasmanybooksasyours.BothTomandIlikeyou.ButIlikeyoumorethanhe.2.as或than从句中可省去谓语保留主语和be,have或助动词。如Susanhasdoneasmuchhomeworkasyouhave.Thewhite-collarworkersearnmorethantheblue-collarworkersdo.3.as或than从句中可省略主语和谓语,仅保留状语。如Itisn’tascoldinBeijingasinDatong.Sheismuchbetterthanyesterday.4.than从句有时可省略主谓部分,保留宾语;有时可省去主语,保留谓语部分;有时也可省去整个than从句。如ThoughTomisaniceboy,Ilikeyoumorethanhim.Sheismuchhealthierandhappier.\n七.比较等级结构的特殊词assoonas,nosooner…than,intheleast,aswellas,so/asfaras,asmuchas,morethan,nothingmoreorlessthan,asgoodas,notsomuch…as,nomorethan,leastofall,lessthan,muchless,as…aspossible,asearlyas,as/solongas,asmuch…as如Theyweremorethanwillingtohelp.Thehousewasasgoodassold.Heleftwithoutsomuchassayinggoodbye.八.常见的相似副词(短语)语义辨析1.有些副词有两种形式,一个与形容词同形,一个以-ly结尾,但它们的含义是不同的。如close接近地—closely仔细地,密切地free免费地—freely自由地,无拘束地hard努力地—hardly几乎不late晚,迟—lately近来most极,非常—mostly主要地wide广阔地,充分地—widely广泛地high高—highly高度地,非常地deep深,迟—deeply抽象意义的“深”loud大声地—loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)near邻近—nearly几乎2.注意下列几组词的用法:ago与beforeago表示以现在为起点的“从前”;before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“从前”。泛指“以前”,用before而不用ago。如Istartedworkingintheschoolthreeyearsago.Lastyearheleftthearmythathehadjoinedeighteenyearsbefore.We(have)nevermetthembefore.(没有具体时间,两种时态都可以)already,yet与still\nalready用于肯定句,表示“已经”;yet用于否定句作“还”解,用于疑问句作“已经”解;still主要用于肯定句,表示动作或状态的持续,作“仍然”解。如Ihavealreadyfinishedthework.---Haveyoureadthebookyet?---No,Ihavenotreadityet.Heisstillatschool.Heisstillworking.注意:already用于疑问句和否定句中,表示某种情绪。Haveyoudoneitalready?(表惊讶)Haveyoudoneyet?(单纯问句)I’mgrowingimpatientalready.(表烦躁)yet和still用于比较级前,表示程度。如TomsingswellbutJimsingsstillbetter.Themanagerhasyetmoreimportantthingstodo.too,also与either:三词都表示“也”too一般用于肯定句,通常放在句末,有时也可放在主语之后;also多用于书面语,常放在行为动词前,助动词、系动词和情态动词之后;either用于否定句。如Helikesthisbook.Ilikeit,too.He,too,hasbeentoLondon.WealsowanttolearnJapanese.Myfatherisalsoachain-smoker.Hewon’tgoeither.very,much与verymuchA.very修饰形容词或副词的原级,much修饰形容词或副词的比较级和最高级。如Hewalksveryfast.HewalksmuchfasterthanI.Hedoesn’ttalkmuch.Helikesswimmingverymuch.B.very修饰用作形容词的现在分词,much与verymuch都能修饰过去分词。如Thisnovelisveryinteresting.Iwasmuchmovedbyhiswords.C.有些常见的作形容词用的过去分词,按规则应用much或verymuch修饰,但在口语中可用very修饰;如果过去分词放在名词前作定语,一般用very修饰;tired,learned为形容词,用very而不用much修饰。如Wearevery(much,verymuch)surprisedatthenews.\nSheisverytired!常见的作形容词用的过去分词有:frightened,interested,delighted,pleased,excited,satisfied,disappointed,limited,worried,surpresed,troubled,ashamed,contented等。D.只能用作表语的形容词,多为以a-开头的形容词,如afraid,alone,alike,alive等,前面常用much或verymuch修饰。如Theyaremuchalike.almost与nearly:两词都有“几乎”的意思almost强调“差一点……就”,可用在no,nothing,none,never等前面,但nearly不行。almost不能用not修饰,nearly表示“接近”,可以和almost互换,但在具体数字前常用nearly。如Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.Shesaidslmostnothingofimportanceinherspeech.Theworkisnotnearlysoeasyasyouthink.It’snearlyfiveo’clock.now,just与justnownow与一般现在时、现在进行时或现在完成时连用时,意为“现在”;just常与现在完成时、一般过去时和过去完成时连用,表示“刚……”;justnow和过去时连用,表示“刚才”(=amomentago)。和一般现在时或现在进行时连用时,与“justatthemoment”同义,有加强now的语气的作用。如Wheredoyoulivenow?Heisworkingnow.Wehavenowfinishedthework.Ihavejustseenthefilm.Hesaidhehadjustboughtadictionary.Hewasherejustnow.Sheisdoingherhomeworkjustnow.so,neither与nor:三词都表示后者和前者情况相似so用于肯定句,用句型:so+助动词(系动词或情态动词)+主语;neither和nor用于否定句,用句型:neither(nor)+助动词(系动词或情态动词)+主语。如Helikestating.SodoI.Ihavemettheteacher.Sohashe.Thefirstonewasn’tgood,andneither(nor)wasthesecond.\nHecan’tdoit,norcanI,norcaneverybody.rather与fairlyrather“相当地;过于”,往往与含贬义的形容词或副词连用,有时可与含褒义的次连用;fairly“相当地;颇有几分”,一般修饰含褒义的形容词或副词。如Tomisfairlydiligent,butPeterisratherlazy.Itwasafairlyinterestingstory.fast,quickly与rapidlyfast所表示的快侧重在“速度快”;quickly侧重在某一行为或动作的“迅速,敏捷”;rapidly侧重“行动/动作快”,常用于书面语。如Don’twalksofast.Heansweredthequestionquickly.Mr.Liwentbyherrapidly.意义相近的同根副词slow—slowly慢地(多置于动词之后)clean—cleanly完全地;干净地firm—firmly稳固地(firm常用于standfirm,holdfirmtoone’sbeliefs,其余多用firmly)easy—easily容易地direct—directly直接地fair—fairly公平地,适度地,不过分地高中英语语法系统讲解之五动词和动词短语动词一.动词的分类方法1.根据词汇意义可将动词分为以下两类:状态动词:be,love,think,stay,remain,stand,sit,lie等动作动词:work,stay,sleep,arrive,finish,lend,open等温馨提示:动作动词又可分为延续性动词(动作可以持续一段时间)与非延续性动词(表示短暂的动作,不能持续)。2.根据动词的语法功能,动词的分类情况如下:\n行为动词work,study,swim等系动词be,seem,become等助动词do,have,shall,will等情态动词can,may,must等温馨提示:其中行为动词可根据其后是否带宾语,将其分成及物动词与不及物动词两类。有时同一动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。二.动词的语法功能及基本用法动词在句中起两种作用,即:作谓语和非谓语。动词作谓语,必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致,具有表示时态、语态、语气等方面的语法特征。Shesingsverywell.ShewantstolearnEnglishwell.Seeingisbelieving.We’rethinkingofmakinganewplanforthenextterm.三.连系动词的用法1.状态系动词只有be一词。如Heisateacher.2.持续系动词继续保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand。如Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.Thismatterrestsamystery.3.表像系动词“看起来像”,主要有seem,appear,look。如Helooksverytired.Heseems(tobe)verysad.4.感官系动词feel,smell,sound,taste。如Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.Thisflowersmellsverysweet.5.变化系动词become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run。如Hebecamemadafterthat.Hegrewrichwithinashorttime.6.终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turnout,表达“证实,变成”之意。如Therumorprovedfalse.Thesearchproveddifficult.Hisplanturned\noutasuccess.四.助动词英语中助动词主要有be,do,have三个,它们的功能主要是帮助句中的谓语动词构成时态、语态、否定、疑问等形式。1.助动词be的用法助动词be主要用来构成进行时和被动语态,即:Theyaresinginghappily.A.be+现在分词构成进行时态。如Thewallispaintedblue.B.be+及物动词的过去分词构成被动语态。如2.助动词do的用法助动词do主要用来构成否定句、疑问句句式,或对谓语动词进行强调。如DoyoufeellikegoingtothepartyonFridaynight?(形成疑问句)Airdoesweighsomething,andyoucanproveit.(加强语气)3.助动词have的用法A.构成完成时态(have+v.–ed形式)如Shehasn’tboughtanewpairofshoessince1996.B.构成完成进行时态。如Hehasbeenworkinginthisfactoryfortwentyyears.4.助动词shall(should)和will(would)的用法助动词shall(should)和will(would)构成一般(过去)将来时态shall(should)/will(would)+v.。如Willtheyhaveanythingtodotonight?Thesecretarysaidthatthetalkwouldbeginateighto’clock.五.情态动词的用法(参见情态动词和虚拟语气部分)六.及物动词和不及物动词1.不及物动词:本身意义完整,后面不需要接宾语,无被动语态。如Therainstopped.Whathappenedyesterday?2.及物动词:后面必须接宾语,有的后面接一个宾语,有的可以接两个宾语。\nA.单宾语。如He’sreadingamagazine.B.双宾语。如MrZhangteachsusEnglish.C.复合宾语:在接一个宾语的同时再接一个补语。如Weoftenhearhimsinginthepark.七.延续性动词和非延续性动词1.延续性动词延续性动词表示行为或过程能持久地继续下去或能产生持久的影响。这类动词有:contain,have,hold,lie,live,make,sit,rain,sleep,stand,study,wait,wear,work等。此外,还有表示状态、感情、思维等的动词,如believe,consider,hate,hope,know,like,love,respect,think,understand,wish等也属延续性动词。如Thisbookhasbeenputonthedeskforaweek.(×)Thisbookhasbeenlyingonthedeskforaweek.(√)Menputonsuitswhentheyattendmeetings.(×)Menwearsuitswhentheyattendmeetings.(√)2.非延续性动词非延续性动词表示行为或过程是短暂的或瞬间完成的。这类动词有:add,admit,answer,arrive,ask,attack,begin,break,bring,buy,catch,close,come,die,discover,fall,do,leave,open,puton,sell,start,stay,stop,return,takeoff等。如Whendidsheknowmye-mailaddress?(×)Whendidshegettoknowmye-mailaddress?(√)动词短语动词短语指英语中有相当多的动词常和其他词类一起连用,构成一个固定词组,可看成一个整体,同一般实义动词一样使用。常见的动词短语的构成:1.动词+副词:breakout,carryon,putforward,giveup\n2.动词+介词:lookafter,carefor,breakthrough,lookthrough3.动词+副词+介词:lookdownupon,putupwith,doawaywith,breakawayfrom4.动词+名词+介词:takecareof,payattentionto,putanendto,giveriseto5.be+形容词+介词:befondof,befamiliarwith,besuitablefor,beusedto6.动词+名词:havealook,haveatry,makeanappointment,takeplace7.动词+宾语+介词+名词:set…inoperation,take/put…intoaccount/consideration,turn…toadvantage8.动词+宾语+介词+宾语:make…into…,combine…with…,free…from…,protect…from…九.高考高频动词短语1.break词组:breakawayfrom,breakdown,breakinto,breakoff“中断,折断,突然停止”,breakout,breakthrough,breakup“打碎;分开”,breakwith“破除,和……决裂”2.bring词组:bringabout“引起;造成”,bringdown,bringforward(=putforward),bring…intooperation,bringout“显示出来;出版,生产”,bringup“提出;教育;培养;呕吐”3.call词组:callin,callon,callout,callfor,callback“回电话”,callup“令人想起,给……打电话”,calloff“取消”,callat“访问(某地)”4.come词组:comeabout,comeacross=comeon/upon,comealong,comeat,comeback,comebacktolife/oneself,comebacktoone’smind,comedown,comefrom,comein,comeintobeing,comeintoeffect/\nforce,comeintopower/office,comeintouse,comeon,comeout“出版,(花)开,出来;结果是;褪色,消失”,comeover,cometo,cometoknow,cometoschool,cometrue,comeup“走近;(从土中)发芽;被提出”5.cut词组:cutacross,cutback“削减;终止”,cutdown“削减;减少”,cutin“插嘴,打断;加塞”,cutoff“切断;中断,隔绝”,cutout“删掉;戒掉”,cutshort“中断,打断;缩短”,cutthrough“穿过,穿透”,cutup“切碎,使难过”6.do词组:doafavourforsb,doagooddeed,doawaywith,dogoodto,doharmto,doone’sbest,doone’shomework/lessons,dosomecleaning/cooking/shopping/washing…,doup“头发向上梳挽,收拾;整理”,dowellin,dowith,dowithout…“没有……也行”7.give词组:giveaway,givebirthto,giveback,givesbahand,givein,giveoff“发出,放出(液体/气体/气味)”,giveout“分发;用完,耗尽”,givesbaring(phone/call),giveup,giveaconcert,giveatalk,givelessonsto…,givesbsomeadveceon…,givesbtrouble,givetherighttime,giveone’stimeto…,giveashoutofsurprise,givepermission8.get词组:getalongwith,getaway(from…),getback,getdown“降下;下来;取下;吞下,使沮丧”,getdownonone’sknees,getdownto(doing)sth,getholdof,getin,getinaword“插话”,getinone’sway“挡路”,getintouchwith,getinto,getintotrouble,getoff,geton,getinwellwith…,getout,getoutof,getover,getreadyfor,getridof,getthrough,getto,gettoknow,gettogether,getup,getusedto(doing)sth9.go词组:goafter/for,goagainst,goallout,goat/for,gobackto,gobad,goaheadwith,goahead,goby,godown,goinfor,go\non,goout,goover,gothrough,gofishing,goshopping,goswimming,gowith,gohome,gooutforawalk,gotosleep,gotocollege,gotohospital,gotoschool/work,gotobed,gotothecinema,gowell“进行得好”10.have词组:haveabreak,haveacold,haveagoodlaughover,haveagoodtime,havealetterfrom,havealook,haveatabletennismatch,haveameeting,havearest,haveaswim,havearest,haveawordwithsb,havewordswithsb,havelunch,haveone’shaircut,havenochoicebutto…,havenoneof“不理会”,havesbdoing…,havesbdo…,havesomething/nothingtodowith…,haveon,havemedicine,havesports11.hold词组:holdup“举起……展示;支撑,继续下去;阻挡,使停顿;拦截,抢劫”,holdback“踌躇不前,抑制,阻碍,隐瞒”,holdon“(电话)别挂,等一等,坚持下去”,holdonto“抓住不放,抓牢”,holdone’sbreath,holdout“坚持抵抗,维持,够用,伸出,提出”,holdto=stickto,catchholdof,getholdof,keep/loseholdof,takeholdof12.keep词组:keepadiary“记日记”,keepachild“抚养孩子”,keepback,keepbusydoingsth,keepintouchwith,keep(on)doing,keepfit,keep…from,keep…inmind“记住”,keepone’sword/promise,keepoffthegrass“勿踏草地”,keepasecret,keepout“不得如内”,keep…out“挡住,留在外面”,keepsilent,keepthechange“不用找(零)了”,keepup,keepupwith,keepwatch13.look词组:look(a)round,lookabout“向四周观望”,lookafter,lookahead“向前看,为未来打算”,lookat,lookaway(from…),lookback,lookbehind,lookdown,lookdownon/upon,lookfor,lookforwardto,lookinto,looklike…,lookon,lookon/upon…as…,lookout,lookover,looksbupanddown,lookthrough,lookup,\nlookupto14.make词组:makeacall,makeachoice,makeadecision,makeadiscovery,makeadivefor…,makeaface,makeafire,makeagoodeffort,makeajourney/trip,makeajoke,makealiving,makeamistake,makeanoise,makeaplanfor…,makeapromise,makearecord,makearoundtrip“(乘车、船、飞机等)往返旅行”,makeasentence,makeaspeech,makeastudy,makeasuggestion,makeananswer,makeanapologyto,makeanexperiment,makeenemies“树敌”,makefriendswithsb,makefunof,makenodifference“无关重要,没有影响”,makeone’sway,makeout,makepeace,makepreparationsfor…,makeprogress,makerepairs,makeroomfor,makesense,makesureof,makesure/certain,maketea,makethebed,makethebest/mostof,makeup,makeupfor…,makeupof,makeupone’smind,makeuseof,make…from…,make…into…,make…of…,make…toone.smeasure.15.put词组:putaside“储蓄;把……放在一边”,putaway,putanendto,putback“把(钟)拨慢;推迟;阻碍”,putdown“扑灭,平息,镇压;放下”,putforward,putinto,putoff,puton,putonweight,putout,putsbtobed“打发某人睡觉”,putsbtothetroubleof,putup,putupwith,putone’sheartinto16.run词组:runafter,runacross,runaway,rundown“撞倒,耗尽”,runat,runover“看一遍”,runoff17.send词组:sendout,sendup,sendoff/away,sendfor,sendin“递送”18.set词组:setback“耽搁”,setforth“起程”,setout,setto“起劲地干起来”,besetin…,setaboutdoing,setadiamondinaring“在戒指上镶上钻石”,setoff,setouttodo,set…doing“使……\n开始做”,setup,setfire(to),setsbfree,setanexampletosb19.take词组:takeAforB“把A认为是B”,take(anactive)partin,takealookat…,takeamessagefor…,takeapicnic,takeapicture/photo,takeaseat,takeanexam,takeaim(at…),takeaway,takeback,takecare,takecareof,takedown,takegreattroubletodosth,takein,takeinterestin,takeiteasy,takemedicine“吃药”,takenotes,takeoff“脱下;带走;营救;(飞机)起飞;取消;减价”,takeon“雇用,招收,开始从事,呈现,具有”,takeonanewlook“呈现一派新面貌”,takeone’splace,takeone’stemperature,takeone’sturn,takeout,takeover,takephotos,takeplace,takepridein…,takesthbymistake,taketheplaceof,takethesideof,taketurns,takeup,take…as…,take…forexample,take…forgranted20.turn词组:turnattentionto“把注意力转向”,turn…into…,turnout(tobe),turnaway“走开;把脸转过去;把……打发走”,turnone’sbackon,turnout“生产;驱逐;翻转”,turnon,turnoff,turninto,turnin“转身进入;拐入;交出;上床睡觉;归还”,turndown“关小,调低;拒绝”,turnsb’sbloodcold“使毛骨悚然”,turnagainst,byturns“轮流,交替”,taketurns,ontheturn“正在转变中”,turnback“(使)折回;(使)往回走”,turnaround/round,inturn,turnup,turnto,turnover高中英语语法系统讲解之六时态和语态时态\n时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语中动词有16种时态,但是常见的只有十种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时和现在完成时。现以动词work为例,将16中时态列表如下:一般式进行式完成式完成进行式现在时workworksamworkingisworkingareworkinghaveworkedhasworkedhavebeenworkinghasbeenworking过去时workedwasworkingwereworkinghadworkedhadbeenworking将来时shallworkwillworkshallbeworkingwillbeworkingshallhaveworkedwillhaveworkedshallhavebeenworkingwillhavebeenworking过去将来时shouldworkwouldworkshouldbeworkingwouldbeworkingshouldhaveworkedwouldhaveworkedshouldhavebeenworkingwouldhavebeenworking十种常见动词时态的用法一.一般现在时的用法1.表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常和often,usually,everyday等时间状语连用。如Hegoestoworkeveryday.(经常性动作)HespeaksEnglishverywell.(现在的状态)2.表示主语的特征、性格、能力等。如Mr.Liuhatesfishandnevereatsany.Shehasgreatconcernforothers.3.表示客观事实或普遍真理。如Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.\n4.在条件、时间和让步状语从句用一般现在时表将来,主句用将来时。如Whenshearrives,I’llletyouknow.Ifyoucomebackthisafternoon,we’llseethefilmtogether.5.表示已安排妥当的将来的计划、动作或状态,用一般现在时,但常用于go,come,leave,arrive,start,begin,return等少数动词。如ThetrainfromHarbinarrivesat5:30thisafternoon.6.表示状态和感觉的动词,如be,like,hate,think,remember,find,sound等常用一般现在时。如IlikeEnglishverymuch.Thestorysoundsveryinteresting.7.书报的标题、小说情节介绍等常用一般现在时。如Thelittleboygoesuptothepolicemanandsays,“There’sacaraccidentoverthere.”二.一般过去时的用法1.主要表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常常给出过去的点时间,如threedaysago,theotherday。如SheregrettedtellingJaneaboutherownaffairs.DoctorChenmarriedverylate.2.表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作,特别是由would/usedto表达的句型,本身表示的就是过去时。如Iusedtosmoke.DuringthevacationIwouldswiminthesea.易错误区:用usedto表示过去常常干某事,现在不再干了,可用于指状况,也可用于指习惯;用would表示一个过去的习惯性动作,常用来强调动作的反复。如Duringthevacation,wewouldgoskatinginwinter.Heusedtobeaquietboy.(不能用would)温馨提示:usedto表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be/getusedto+名词(动名词)”表示“习惯于……”。如Iamusedtotheclimatehere.\n3.描述几个相继发生过的动作:表示过去特定时间内一次完成的具有先后顺序的几个动作时,常用过去时,此时一般不出现表示过去的时间状语,需要通过情景断定。如Igotupearly,washedmyface,hadaquickbreakfastandhurriedtoschool.4.追述逝去的人或事,常用过去时。如ThebookwaswrittenbyMr.LiangShiqiu.LeiFengsetagoodexampletothepeoplethroughouttheworld.5.在复合句中,当描述过去将来的事情时,条件状语从句、时间状语从句和让步状语从句用一般过去时,主句用过去将来时。如Shesaidshewouldgivemeagiftwhenshecameagain.ShesaidshewouldcomeifIpromisedtowaitforher.6.用在表示虚拟语气的句型中。Itistimethatsbdidsth“是时候……了;早该……了”;would(had)rathersbdidsth“宁愿某人做某事”。如Itistimeyouwenttobed.I’dratheryoucametomorrow.三.一般将来时的用法1.表示将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常常给出将来的时间,如tomorrow,tomorrowmorning,nextMonday,nextyear等。如TheywillleaveforHongKongtomorrow.Wewon’tbefreetonight.2.除“shall,will+动词原形”构成一般将来时外,还有以下形式构成将来时:“begoingto+动词原形”,表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。如Ithinkitisgoingtorain.Wearegoingtodosomereadingthisevening.“beto+动词原形”,表示计划、命令、可能、注定要发生的事。如Theyaretomeetatthegateoftheschool.Theboyistogotoschooltomorrow.\n“beaboutto+动词原形”,表示即将、正要(=beonthepointof)。不能与时间状语连用,但可以和when引导的从句连用。Weareabouttoleave,sothereisnotimetovisithernow.某些词,如come,go,leave,arrive,start等的一般现在时和现在进行时也可表示将来。如Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Heisleavingtomorrow.“beonthepointofdoing”表示将来。onthepointofdoing意为“正处在……的关键时刻;正要做……”如Weshouldn’tquit.Weareonthepointofmakingit.四.过去将来时的用法1.一般不独立使用,常用于宾语从句或间接引语中,表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。Lastweekhepromisedthathewouldcome,buthehasn’tarriveduntilnow.2.过去将来时的其他表达方式与一般将来时一样,只是有关动词要改为过去时形式。如Theyweregoingtohaveameetingtodiscussthematter.五.现在进行时的用法1.表示此时此刻正在发生的动作。如I’mdoingmathproblemsnow.2.表示现阶段正在发生的动作。如Wearedoingourbesttobuildourharmonioussociety.3.表示情况的暂时性。如Idon’treallyworkhere.Iamjusthelpinguntilthesecretaryarrives.4.与always,forever,constantly,continually连用,表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩,但并非强调动作正在进行。如Heisalwayshelpingothers.5.表示按计划、安排近期发生的动作(只限于come,go,leave,arrive,start,move,sail,fly,travel,stay等)。如Aforeigneriscomingtovisitourschool.温馨提示:不宜用进行时的动词:\n感觉类:look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear等。情感类:like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear等。心态类:wish,hope,expect,want,need,believe,think,understand,agree,know,remember,forget等。所有类:have,contain,own,hold,belongto等。认知类:understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember等。六.过去进行时的用法1.表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正在进行的动作,由“was(were)+现在分词”构成。如Hewasplayingtabletennisatfourthisafternoon.2.表示过去将要发生的动作:仅限于用come,go,start,leave,stay,arrive等动词。如Hetoldme(today)hewasleavingforShanghaitomorrow.SheaskedmewhetherIwasstarting3.描述故事的背景:Itwaswinter.Thenorthwindwasblowinghardandaheavysnowwasfalling.Apoorgirl….七.将来进行时的用法将来进行时用来表示在将来的某一时刻或某段时间内正在发生的动作,或按计划在未来将要进行的动作。如Thistimenextweekshewillbeworkinginthatcompany.WeshallbehavingabusinesstalkwithMr.Browninaminute.八.现在完成时的用法1.现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在的影响或结果,不和表示过去的时间状语连用,但可和表示过去意义的副词如already,yet,just,ever,never,before等连用“-----Haveyouhadyourlunchyet?”“-----Yes,Ihave,I’vejusthadit”2.现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或sofar,now,today,this\nweek等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。如IhavestudiedEnglishfor5years.HehasstudiedEnglishsince1996.温馨提示:give,see,come,arrive,leave,begin,start,finish,join,become,borrow,lend,die,end等点时间动词可以用于完成时,但(在肯定句中)不能与表示一段时间的for、since短语连用,因为否定的点时间动词可以看作是一种可延续的状态。3.现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。如I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.4.Havebeento去过…(已回)havegoneto去…了(未回):如HehasgonetoGuangzhou.HehasbeentoGuangzhou.九.过去完成时的用法1.表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。这个过去的时刻常用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。如By(=Upto)lastweekendwehadn’tgotanyinformation.Whenheappeared,wehadwaitedfor30minutes.2.过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或继续持续下去。如IhadnotheardofhimforsometimebeforeImethim.温馨提示:表示愿望、打算一类的词,如hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。如IhadhopedtoseemoreofShanghai.(但未能如愿)Ihadmeanttohelpyou,butIwastoobusyatthatmoment.十.现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由“have(has)+been+现在分词”\n构成,表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词,如work,study,live,teach等用现在完成进行时与现在完成时意思差不多。如Ihaveworkedhereforthreeyears.Ihavebeenworkinghereforthreeyears.但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。如Ihavewrittenaletter.(已写完)Ihavebeenwritingaletter.(还在写)温馨提示:表示短暂动作的动词,如finish,marry,getup,come,go等不能用这种时态。语态语态指主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式是主动语态;当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语的形式用被动语态。一.构成:“助动词be+过去分词”助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化,其变化与时态中的变化一致,另外它也可以构成否定或疑问式。以动词give为例,将被动语态的各种构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式amgivenisgivenaregivenwasgivenweregivenshallbegivenwillbegivenshouldbegivenwouldbegiven进行式ambeinggivenisbeinggivenarebeinggivenwasbeinggivenwerebeinggiven无无完成hasbeengivenhadbeengivenshallhavebeengivenshouldhavebeengiven\n式havebeengivenwillhavebeengivenwouldhacebeengiven温馨提示:被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。二.常见各种时态的被动语态及其他形式的被动语态1.一般现在时(am/is/are+done)如Youarewantedonthephone.TheGreatWallofChinaisknowntotheworld.2.一般过去时(was/were+done)如Thecitywasliberatedin1948.Iwasaskedtodothiswork.3.一般将来时(willbedone)如Theywillbeinvitedtomybirthdayparty.Thematterwillbediscussednextweek.4.现在进行时(am/is/are+beingdone)如Thecarisbeingrepaired.Thequestionisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.5.现在完成时(have/hasbeendone)如Thebuildingwasalreadybeenbuilt.Thisstoryhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.6.过去将来时(wouldbedone)如Hesaidthatthetreeswouldbeplanted.7.过去进行时(was/werebeingdone)如Thewallwasbeingpaintedthen.8.过去完成时(hadbeendone)如Theworkhadbeenfinishedbeforedark.9.带情态动词的被动语态(canbedone)如Thecarmustnotbeparkedhere.Canitbefinishedinthreehours?10.带不定式的被动语态\n如Themurdererwassuretobepunished.Theflowerswanttobewatered.三.较为特殊的被动语态结构1.感官动词和使役动词的被动语态(be+seen/heard/noticed/found/watched/observed/let/had/made+todo…)如Thethiefwasseentocrosstheriverbythepolice.Thegirlwasheardtoplaytheviolininthenextroom.2.带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,常把主动结构中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留不动。如Wealwayskeepourdormitoryclean.→Ourdormitoryisalwayskeptclean.同样带双宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,常把主动结构中的直接宾语或间接宾语改为主语,而另一成分保留不动。如Theygavethechildmanybooks.→Thechildwasgivenmanybooks.→Manybooksweregiventothechild.温馨提示:一般常在间接宾语前用介词to的动词。如bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。如Mybikewaslenttoher.Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass.一般间接宾语前用介词for的动词。如build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。如Anewskirtwasmadeforme.Themeatwascookedforus.有些既不用to也不用for,根据动词与介词的搭配关系确定。如Heaskedmeaquestion.→Aquestionwasaskedofme.3.短语动词的被动语态短语动词变为被动语态时,主要是把主要动词变为被动形式。如Theplanwillbegivenup.Badhabitshavebeendoneawaywith.温馨提示:用于这类被动结构的短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略,用于此类被动结构的短语动词主要有:\nA.不及物动词+介词,如agreeto,askfor,laughat,operateon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。如Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.B.及物动词+副词,如bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。如Hisrequestwasturneddown.还有一种短语动词由“动词+名词+介词”构成,变被动语态有两种形式。如下:Wetakegoodcareofthebooks.→Thebooksaretakengoodcareof.用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有:catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。4.汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如Itissaidthat…“据说……”;Itisreportedthat…“据报导……”;Itissupposedthat…“据推测……”;Itishopedthat…“希望……”;Itiswellknownthat…“众所周知……”;Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…“普遍认为……”;Itissuggestedthat…“有人建议……”如ItiswellknownthatThomasEdisoninventedtheelectriclamp.Itisreportedthatitisgoingtoraintomorrow.四.主动形式表示被动意义1.表示事物状态特征的连系动词,look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep+形容词/名词构成系表结构。如Therosessmellsweet.Cottonfeelssoft.Yourwordsdon’tsoundright.2.表示主语的某种属性特征\n的动词,如read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink。这类动词一般不单独使用,常有一个修饰语(副词)。如Thebooksellswell.Yourcompositionreadswell.3.表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。如Workbeganat7o’clockthismorning.4.介词in,on,under,beyond等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义。表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有:undercontrol“受控制”;undertreatment“在治疗中”;underrepair“在修理中”;underdiscussion“在讨论中”;underconstruction“在施工中”;beyondbeief“令人难以置信”;beyondone’sreach“鞭长莫及”;beyondone’scontrol“无法控制”;beyondourhope“我们始料不及”;forsale“出售”;forrent“出租”;inprint“在印刷中”;insight“在视野范围内”;onsale“出售”;onshow“展出”;ontrial;“受审”;outofcontrol“控制不了”;outofsight“超出视线之外”;outofone’sreach“够不着”;outoffashion“不流行”。如Thebuildingisunderconstruction(=isbeingconstructed).Therumorisbeyondbelief(=can’tbebelieved).6.不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:fit,have,wish,cost,agree,with,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等。如Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.7.动名词主动形式表示被动意义通常是事物(也可以是人)作want,need,require等动词的主语时,表示事物(或人)客观上需要……,用动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义。如Theseflowerswant/require/needwatering.这种用法的动名词改用不定式用被动形式。Theseflowerswanttobewatered.\nworth后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如Thisbookisworthreading.8.不定式的主动形式表示被动意义作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语如果是句中主语或宾语时,或与被修饰的名词是动宾关系时就用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如Ihavealotofworktodo.温馨提示:在therebe句型中修饰主语的不定式,用主动形式或被动形式都可以,只是在口语中多用主动形式。但在nothing,anything和something之后,使用两种语态表示的意思有所不同。如Thereisnothingtodo.(没有事可做)Thereisnothingtobedone.(没有办法)在某些形容词,如easy,difficult,light,heavy,fit,good,safe,comfortable,dangerous,pleasant等,后作状语用的不定式与句中主语构成动宾关系时,用主动形式表示被动意义。如Mytelephonenumberishardtoremember.Thatmanisdifficulttodealwith.不定式tolet,toseek,toblame等,常用主动形式表示被动意义。如Nobodywastoblamefortheaccident.Thecaristolet.在“疑问句+不定式”结构中,不定式动作与疑问词之间存在动宾关系,可用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。如Whodoyouthinkcantelluswhattodo?温馨提示:英语中也存在被动形式表示主动意义的情况,如beseated,behidden,belost,bedrunk,bedressed,bedevoted,bedetermined,becompared等表状态。如Heisseatedonabench.(Heseatshimselfonabench.)Tomwaslostinthewoods.六.“get+过去分词(p.p.)”结构的用法get可用作连系动词和过去分词连用构成被动结构,主要用来表示状态或结果,且其后不用“by+执行者”,本结构。常见以下几种情况:1.表示突然、偶然、意外发生的事。如Theboygothurtonhiswayhomefrom\nschool.2.表示反身行为而非被动行为。如Youhavetogetdressedbefore7o’clock.3.表示说话者强调的动作。如MikeandRosearrangedtogetmarried.七.被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态表示动作,;而系表结构则表示主语的特征或所处的状态。1.大多数用by短语的句子是被动语态;若用其他固定搭配的介词,往往是系表结构。比较:Shewasfrightenedbyhisghoststory.Shewasfrightenedofsnakes.2.系表结构多用于一般现在时和一般过去时,而被动语态则可用于更多时态。比较:Theexperimemtisbeingdone.Thevaseisbroken.3.某些表示“使引起……感情”等意义的过去分词与be连用,某些表示运动、变化、终止等意义的不及物动词的过去分词与be连用时是系表结构。如Hewasworriedabouthisson’ssafety.I’mfinishedwiththebook.高中英语语法系统讲解之七非谓语动词在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。它包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。一.动词不定式不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“nottodo”或“nevertodo”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语用“for或of+名词或代词宾格”构成。1.动词不定式的时态和语态\n动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征,具有时态和语态的变化;动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式;有主动式,也有被动式。动词不定式的时态、语态形式(以动词write为例)语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten进行式tobewritten完成进行式tohavebeenwriting不定式的时态A.一般式:不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其之后发生。如Iwanttohaveaholidayassoonaspossible.Heseemstoknowthesecret.B.完成式:动词不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。如Iamsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.C.进行式:不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。如Thousandswerereportedtobeworkinginconcentrationcamps.D.完成进行式:不定式表哦市的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已经发生,并仍在进行。如Heappearstohavebeenwaitingalongtime.不定式的语态A.当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。如Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.B.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。如Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?C.不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语(有时是宾语)构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。如Ihavegotalettertowrite.\n但句子如改为下列形式,不定式就得用被动形式:Iknowwhatistobedone.这是因为whatistobedone是宾语从句,从句中的主语what是动词do的动作对象。D.不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了forone或forpeople。如Heishardtotaleto(totalktohim).Thebookisdifficulttounderstand(tounderstandthebook).但如果强调句中的动作承受者时,亦可用不定式的被动式。如Thehandwritingisverydifficulttoberead.Theboxistooheavytobelifted.2.动词不定式的句法功能由于动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,所以它在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。作主语:如Toaskhimforhelpisnecessary.温馨提示:形式主语it常常代替作主语的不定式,而将不定式或不定式短语放在后面。如Totalkwithhimisagreatpleasure.→Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithhim.如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加引起的短语,即“for+名词/代词宾格+不定式”。在这一结构中的for本身无实义。而某些表示人的品行的形容词(kind,good,nice,wrong,careless,wise,foolish,polite,clever,right,unwise,stupid,thoughtful,rude,silly,impolite等)作表语时,不定式常可用of引起的短语,即“be+形容词+of+名词/代词宾格+不定式”。如Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasstupidofhertomakesuchamistake.(=Shewasstupidto…)作表语:如Herwishistobecomeapopsinger.Hedoesn’tseemtoliketheidea.\n作宾语:常用不定式作宾语的动词有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,perfer,afford,ask,decide,expect,intend等。如Youmustlearntolookafteryourself.如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面。如Ifinditinterestingtoworkwithhim.作定语:不定式作定语时,须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它修饰的词有动宾关系。因此,如果这个不定式是不及物的,它后面就应有必要的介词。如Thereisnothing(forus)tothinkabout.温馨提示:不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。如Pleasefindawaytoexpressyourself.Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.作宾语补足语:A.动词不定式作动词feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe等感官动词以及have,let,make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时,就必须带to。如Isawhimcrosstheroad.Hewasseentocrosstheroad.B.不定式可以和名词或代词构成复合宾语,作动词的宾语,不定式作宾语补足语;常跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask,tell,invite,get,advise,allow,want,permit,warn,hate,encourage,prefer,expect,order,wish等;有些动词常跟“tobe+形容词”构成复合结构,如think,consider,imagine,prove,understand,find,know,suppose等。如Weadvisedhimtohaveagoodrest.Weprovedthesefactstobecorrect.作状语A.作目的状语:如Igotupearlyinordertocatchthe6:30train.易错误区:soasto/inorderto都可以用来引导目的状语。但是soasto不能置于句首,而inorderto可以。B.作原因状语:如Shesmiledtothinkofhercleverplan.\nC.在某些形容词后面作状语:如Iamgladtoseeyou.Youaresuretosucceed.D.作结果状语a.…onlyto“出乎意料的结果”如Ihurriedtothepostoffice,onlytofinditclosed.b.too…to…“太……而不能……”(to后面译作否定)如Heistoooldtoread.温馨提示:当不定式前的形容词为nervous,pleased,willing,delighted,happy,glad时,too…to…可译作肯定。如Theyaretoonervoustoleave.当too前有only,即“onlytoo…to…”译作肯定。如Iamonlytoopleasedtohelpyou.当不定式前有否定意义的词时译作肯定。如Wearenevertoooldtolearn.3.“疑问词+不定式结构”疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等后面加上动词不定式,构成具有名词作用的短语,可以作主语、表语、宾语等。在tell,know,advise,teach,findout,decide,discuss等动词(短语)后常用“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语。如Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.Thequestionishowtoputtheplanintopractice.4.动词不定式省略to的情况在make,let,see,watch,hear,notice,feel,have,listento,lookat等动词后(作宾语补足语)。如Letmehearyouplaythepiano.当and或or连接同一概念的不定式时,或者当它们之间的关系并列一致时,可将and或or后面的to省去。如Hehadtohaveajoborgohungry.在hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather…than,wouldsooner,wouldsooner…than,cannotbut,donothingbut等结构后面。如You’dbettertellhimthetruth.不定式在but(除了……\n以外),except后面的使用。如果but,except前有行为动词do,则but,except后省去to;反之则须带to。如Theyhadnothingtodobutwaitforthedoctor.当被省略的不定式的内容是作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时,to后要保留原形have或be。如Hedidn’tcome,butheoughttohave.“to”代表整个不定式:有时为了避免重复,省去不定式后面的内容,保留到不定式符号to,如果是tobe,保留到be。如---Willyoupleasegivehimamessagewhenyouseehim?---I’llbegladto.二.动名词动名词由动词原形加-ing构成,形式上与现在分词相同。动名词保留了动词的一些特征,可带宾语或受状语修饰。动名词加宾语或状语构成动名词短语。1.动名词的时态、语态动名词保留了动词的一些特征,具有时态和语态的变化,它有一般式和完成式两种形式。动名词的时态、语态形式,以动词write为例:语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten动名词的时态A.动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作,即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作,或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如Weareinterestedinplayingchess.B.完成式:动名词的完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。如Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.动名词的语态当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词的动作对象时,动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being\n+过去分词”或“havingbeen+过去分词”构成。如Iforgetoncehavingbeentakentothecityzoo.温馨提示:在多数情况下避免使用动名词被动语态完成式,而用一般式代替,以免句子显得累赘,尤其在口语中,上句可改为:Iforgetoncebeingtakentothecityzoo.2.动名词的句法功能动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语。作主语:动名词作主语往往表示比较笼统的一般性的动作。如Learningnewwordsisveryusefultous.温馨提示:当动名词短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常用句型:nouse/nogooduseless/foolishItisfun/enjoyable+动名词(短语)nice/expensive/dangerousawasteoftime/agoodpleasure如Itisnousequarrelling.Itisfoolishbehavinglikethat.作表语:动名词作表语时,句子常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。如Yourtaskiscleaningthewindows.(Cleaningthewindowsisyourtask.)作宾语:如Wehavetopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.温馨提示:常跟动名词而不跟不定式作宾语的动词有:admit,appreciate,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny(否定),dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feel,fancy,finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,postpone(延期),putoff,resist,risk,suggest,can’thelp(情不自禁),can’tstand(无法忍受)等动词或词组。作介词的宾语:如Heinsistedonwatchingthefootballgame.\n能接动名词作宾语的短语常见的有:lookforwardtodoingsth“盼望做某事”,be/getusedtodoingsth“习惯于做某事”,preventsb(from)doingsth“防止某人做某事”,havedifficulty(in)doingsth“做某事有困难”,putsbtothetroubleofdoingsth“麻烦某人做某事”,insistondoingsth“坚持做某事”,aimat“瞄准”,beafraidof,becleverat“善于”,becapableof“有……能力”,bedilightedin“高兴”,beengagedin“忙于”,befondof“喜欢”,beopposedto“反对”,beproudof“自豪”,beresponsiblefor“对……负责任”,getdownto“着手干……”,leadto“引向,导致”,objectto“反对”,payattentionto作定语:如Hecan’twalkwithoutawalkingstick.Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.温馨提示:动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如awalkstick=astickforwalking=astickwhichisusedforwalking3.动名词的复合结构物主代词或名词所有格加动名词构成动名词的复合结构,在该结构中,物主代词或名词所有格是逻辑上的主语。动名词的复合结构在句中可以作主语、宾语等。如Yourgoingtherewillhelpalot.Idon’tmindhis/himgoing.三.现在分词现在分词由动词原形加-ing构成,在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语等。1.现在分词的时态、语态现在分词保留了动词的一些特征,具有时态和语态的变化,又具有形容词和副词的功能,其否定式为not+现在分词,它有一般式、完成式,也有主动形式和被动形式。现在分词的时态、语态形式(以study和go为例)类别语态时态及物动词不及物动词主动语态被动语态主动语态\n现在分词一般式studyingbeingstudiedgoing完成式havingstudiedhavingbeenstudiedhavinggone现在分词的时态A.一般式:现在分词的一般式表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或现在分词表示的动作发生后,谓语动词表示的动作紧接着发生。如Beingastudeng,hewasinterestedinbooks.Leavingschool,hejoinedthearmy.B.完成式:现在分词的完成式表示的动作在句中谓语动词发生的动作之前发生,具有主动意义。如Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteagain.C.现在分词的语态:现在分词有一般式被动语态和完成式被动语态,当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语态;如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动词,就用分词完成式的被动形式。如Thequestionbeingdiscussedisimportant.2.现在分词的句法功能现在分词在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。作定语:分词作定语有两种形式:作定语用的现在分词如果是单个词,一般放在被修饰词的前面,称为前置定语;如果是现在分词短语,则放在被修饰词的后面,称为后置定语,相当于一个定语从句。如Heisapromisingyoungman.Thegirlstandingthere(=Whoisstandingthere)ismysister.易错误区:表正在进行的动作转换为从句时需要进行时态;表经常性、习惯性的动作或状态转换为从句时多用一般时态。如Didyouseethegirldancing(=Whowasdancing)withyourbrother?Thefactorymaking(=thatmakes)thesepensisasmallone.作表语:如Thefilmbeingshowninthecinemaisexciting.\n温馨提示:现在分词作表语,常见的有:exciting,interesting,disappointing,discouraging,encouraging,puzzling,missing,surprising,confusing,amusing,charming,astonishing,shocking,inviting“诱人的”等。这些现在分词几乎已经变成形容词,常可用very修饰。如Thenewsisveryinteresting.Ifounditannoying.作宾语补足语:现在分词常可用在see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,have等动词的宾语后面作宾语补足语。如Theykeptmewaitingforalongtime.上述句子结构变为被动语态时,原来的宾语变为主语,现在分词的位置保持不动,但变成了主语补足语。如上面的句子可变为:Iwaskeptwaitingforalongtime.作状语:现在分词(短语)作状语,表示原因、时间、方式、伴随、结果或条件等。A.相当于原因状语从句:如Beingill(=Asshewasill),shedidn’tgotoschooltoday.B.相当于when引起的从句:如Hearingthegoodnews(=Whenheheardthegoodnews),hejumpedwithjoy.C.表示行为方式、伴随状况或补充说明等。如HesatattablereadingChinaDaily.D.表示结果:如Thechildfell,strikinghisheadagainstthedoorandcuttingit.E.表示条件:如Turningtotheright(Ifyouturntotheright),youwillfindtheplaceyouwant.四.过去分词过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式;它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征,可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。1.过去分词的基本形式\n过去分词的基本形式是“动词+-ed”,不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作。如Sheturnedaway,disappointed.2.过去分词的句法功能过去分词在句中可以作表语、定语、状语或宾语补足语。作表语:如Thewindowisbroken.Theywerefrightenedatthesadsight.注意:be+过去分词,如果表示状态则是系表结构;如果表示被动的动作则是被动结构。区别:Thewindowisbroken.(系表)Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy.(被动)过去分词作表语用,相当于形容词,常见的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。作定语:过去表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。如ThisisabookwrittenbyafamousChinesewriter.作定语用的过去分词若是单个词,一般放在被修饰的词的前面;过去分词短语作定语,则放在被修饰的词的后面。如Theplayputonbytheteacherswasabigsuccess.Thebridgebuiltlastmonthneedsrepairing.作状语:过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,说明动作发生的背景或情况。这类状语大多数放在句子前部,也有部分可以放在句子后部,或挂在中间。A.表示原因:如Praisedbytheneighours,hebecametheprideofhisparents.B.表示时间:如Onceseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.\nC.表示条件:如Givenmoretime,I’llbeabletodoitbetter.D.表示让步:如Thoughtoldofthedanger,hestillriskedhislifetosavetheboy.作宾语补足语A.过去分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,keep,find,get,have,feel等动词后与名词(代词)构成复合宾语。如Imustgetmybikerepaired.B.用于使役动词have,make等之后。如Whendidyouhavetheworkfinished?I’llhavemybikerepairedsoon.Theoldmanhadhiswalletstoleninthemarket.注意:上述三个句子虽然都用过去分词作宾补,但表示的含义不同:表示一般被动关系;表示让别人去干一件事;表示宾语遭遇到不好的事情。五.非谓语动词之间的区别1.现在分词与过去分词的区别在语态和时间关系上的区别A.语态上不同:现在分词表示主动,而过去分词表示被动的含义。如surprising→使人感到惊讶的(主动);surprised→感到惊讶(被动,……使惊讶)disappointing→令人感到失望的(主动);disappointed→感到失望(被动,……使失望)B.时间关系上的不同:一般来说,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行;而过去分词所表示的动作往往已经完成。如boilingwater→正在开的水;boiledwater→已经煮开过的水(也可能是凉开水)thechangingmatter→正在变化着的物质;thechangedmatter→变化了的物质作定语的区别:一般来说,现在分词修饰事物,常与非人称主语连用;而过去分词修饰人,常与人称主语连用。常见的分词有:amazed/amazing,excited/exciting,bored/boring,annoyed/annoying,interested/interesting,pleased/pleasing,tired/tiring,surprised/\nsurprising,worried/worrying,satisfied/satisfying,amused/amusing等。如Iwasinterestedinyourplan.Thisplanisinteresting.作宾补的区别:过去分词可以作宾语补足语,表示被动,有时表示已经完成的动作,有时并不表示已经完成;现在分词的被动式也可以作宾语补足语,表示被动和正在进行的动作。如I’llhavemyhairdyedthisafternoon.Wefoundtheflatbeingdecorated.2.现在分词与不定式的区别在see,watch,notice,hear等动词后,既可用现在分词,也可用不带to的不定式构成复合宾语。两者的区别在于:用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生(进行),用不定式表示已经发生,动作的过程已经结束。如Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?(动作正在进行)Iheardhimknockthreetimes.(动作已经结束)3.现在分词与动名词的区别动名词作定语时要放在被修饰词之前,动名词通常表示目的或用途。现在分词作定语时,单个的分词放在被修饰词之前,分词短语要放在被修饰词之后。现在分词作定语时与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如分词awaitingcar(=thecarthatiswaiting)动名词waitingroom(=theroomforwaiting)动名词作表语时,相当于名词,可以和主语互换位置,另外,动名词作表语时可带宾语或状语。现在分词作表语时,起形容词作用,不可与主语互换位置,也不可带宾语。如Herfavoritesportisswimming.(动名词)Herjobisinteresting.(现在分词)4.某些动词后不定式和动名词作宾语的不同含义remembertodosth记着去做某事(未做);rememberdoingsth记得做了某事(已做)\n如Doyouremembermeetingmeatapartylastyear?(已“见面”)Youmustremembertoleavetomorrow.(还没有“动身”)forgettodosth忘记去做某事(未做);forgetdoingsth忘记做过某事(已做)如Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Sheforgottoturnitoff。(“关灯”的动作没做)Thelightintheofficeisoff.Itwasshewhoturneditoff,butsheherselfforgotturningitoff.(“关灯”的动作已做过,她忘记了)stoptodosth停下来去做另一件事;stopdoingsth停止正在做的事如Shereachedthetopofthehillandstoppedtorestonabigrockbythesideofthepath.Aslongasyoulive,yourheartneverstopsbeating.regrettodosth对尚未做的或正在做的事表示遗憾;regretdoingsth对做过的事表示后悔如Iregretgoingtohishometown.Iregrettotellyouthetruth.trytodosth尽力去做某事;trydoingsth试着做某事如Youmusttrytodoitagain.Let’strydoingtheworkinsomeotherway.meantodosth打算做某事;meandoingsth意味着/意思是干某事如---WhatdoyoumeanbysayingI’mlucky.---Imeanadmittingyoursuccess.Hemeanttohelpyou.六.非谓语动词独立主格结构“名词或代词+非谓语动词”构成非谓语动词的独立主格结构,它们之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。1.不定式构成的独立主格结构:如Somuchhomeworktodo,hehastostayathome.\n2.动词-ing形式构成的独立主格结构:动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时,就应用动词-ing形式的独立主格结构,在句中作时间、原因、条件、伴随状语等。表示时间:如Theaudiencehavingseatedthemselves,theconcertbegan.(=Aftertheaudiencehadseatedthemselves…)表示方式或伴随:如Theboylayonthegrass,hisheadrestinguponhisleftforearm.表示原因:如Theguideleadingtheway,wehadnotroublegettingoutoftheforest.(=Astheguideledtheway…)表示条件:如Weatherpermitting,wewillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.(=Ifweatherpermits…)3.动词-ed形式构成的独立主格结构:由“逻辑主语+动词-ed”构成;在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件状语等。表示时间:如Thetaskcompleted,wehadaglobaltraveling.表示方式或伴随:如Allherattentionfixedonit,shewaslisteningtothelecture.表示原因:如Thousandsofeyesfixeduponhim,hefeltnervous.表示条件:如Moretimegiven,wecanfinishtheworkinadvance.(=Ifmoretimeisgiven…)温馨提示:“名词/代词+非谓语动词”构成的独立主格结构中,用不定式、动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed形式,意义是不同的:不定式表示将要发生但还没有发生;动词-ing形式表示正在进行;而动词-ed形式则表示已经完成。如Somuchworktodo,hefeltworried.Somuchworddone,hefelthappy.Muchworkbeingdone,hewenthome.\n高中英语语法系统讲解之八情态动词和虚拟语气情态动词一.情态动词的类型和特征1.类型只作情态动词用的有:can(could),may(might),must,oughtto。可作情态动词也作实义动词的有:need,dare。可作情态动词也作助动词的有:shall(should),will(would)。具有情态动词某些特征的有:have(had)to,usedto。2.特征情态动词有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,须和实义动词或系动词连用,构成谓语;且适用于主语的各种人称和数(haveto例外),主语是第三人称单数时,要用hasto。二.情态动词的基本用法1.can与could表示能力或客观可能性,还可表示请求和允许,她存在以下几种形式:肯定式否定式缩略否定式现在式cancannotcan’t过去式couldcouldnotcouldn’t如Childrencanbetroublesomesometimes.表示惊异、推测、怀疑、不相信的态度(主要用于否定句、疑问句中)。如Thiscan’tbedonebyhim.can的习惯用法\nA.canbut的用法canbut“只好,至多不过”,如Wecanbutdoourbest.B.cannothelpbut,cannothelp的用法二者都表示“不得不;不能避免;不禁”;但前者后加动词原形,后者加代词或动名词等。如Thegirlcouldn’thelpbutliveonherself.WhenItrytospeak,Ican’thelpmakingmistakes.C.cannot…too“无论怎样……都不过分;越……越好”如Wecan’tthankyoutoomuchforwhatyouhavedoneforus。Wecannotbetoocarefultocrosstheroad.温馨提示:can与beableto:can表示有能力做某事,beableto表示通过努力、克服困难做成某事。如Althoughhislegwashurt,hewasabletoswimtothebank.IbelieveIcanworkitoutallbymyself.could与beableto:could表示过去一般的能力,即不表示做与未做某事,而was/wereableto表示有能力做并且成功地做了某事,相当于managedtodosth/succeededindoingsth。如Shecouldsinglikeanangelwhenshewasachild.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonewasabletogetout.2.may与might表示许可:may/might可以表示允许别人做某事,也可征求对方的许可,还可表示“法律、条文”等的许可。如May/MightItroubleyoutopassthebook?FathersaidthatImightplayfootballbeforesupper.Carsmaynotbeparkedinfrontofthehall.表示可能性:may/might表示可能性时,可以对现在、过去或将来进行推测,might表示的可能性比may所表示的可能性要小一些。A.对现在或未来的可能性的推测:如Imustgohomeatonce;Tommightvisitme.\nB.对可能正在发生的事情的推测:如Let’sspeedup.Theymay/mightbewaitingforusnow.C.对过去发生的事情的可能性进行推测:如Youknowthestoryverywell.Youmay/mighthavereaditbefore.其他用法A.may放在句首,表示祝愿。如MayGodblessyou!B.may/mightaswell,后面接不带to的不定式,意为“不妨,还是……好”。如Youmay(just)aswelltellmethetruth.3.must与haveto表示必须,必要,但haveto表客观,而must表说话人主观上的看法。如Thisfilmisnotinteresting.Ireallymustgonow.Mybrotherwasveryill,soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.二者的否定意义不相同,mustn’t带有很强的语气,表示“禁止、不允许”;而don’thaveto表示“不必”。如Youmustn’ttellhimaboutit.Youdon’thavetotellhimaboutit.must只有一种形式;而haveto有人称、数和时态的变化。如Shehadtolookafterherbrotheryesterday.must表示不服从,译为“非得;偏要”。如Whymustyoumakesomuchnoise?must表示“猜测”,可以对现在、过去和将来进行猜测。其否定形式为can’t/couldn’t,而不是mustn’t。如Youmustbeill.Icanseeitfromyourface.Youmusthavegonetobedlatelastnight.Youreyesarered.Hemustbeleavingtomorrow.4.shall,should与oughttoshall用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见。如Whatshallwedonext?\nshall用于第二、第三人称陈述句中,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。如Youshallfailifyoudon’tworkharder.HeshallhavethebookwhenIfinishreading.should用于第一人称时,可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。如Ishouldthinkitwouldbebettertotryitagain.should表推测时,接按常理和常规所作的推测,译为(按道理)“理应,应该”。如It’s8o’clocknow.Heshouldbeatwork.“Why/How+should”结构,表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意,译为“竟会”。如Whyshouldyoubesolatetoday?oughtto表义务,用于各种句式。如Yououghttogotoseethedoctor.Youought’ttosmokesomuch.oughtto亦可用于完成式表推测,在肯定句中表未完成的动作,意为“该做而没有做”,而在否定句中则表示完成的动作,意为“不该做而做了”。如Yououghttohavedonesomethingtohelphim.Youought’ttohavemarriedher,David.Itwasagreatmistake.温馨提示:should表示劝告、建议、命令时也可用oughtto代替。但oughtto语气重,含有“按道理应该……”之意,用should时表示自己的主观看法,如要反映客观情况或涉及法律、义务和规定时,一般用oughtto。在疑问句中,通常用should代替oughtto。如Youshouldgotoclassrightaway.ShouldIopenthewindow?5.will与would表示请求、建议等,would比will委婉客气。如Wouldyoupassmethebook?表示意志、意愿和决心。如Iwillneverdothatagain.表示一种习惯、倾向或趋势。如Withoutwater,fishwilldie.would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。usedto也表示“过去常常”,但它暗含“现在不了”之意。如Duringthevacationhewouldvisitmeeveryweek.\nThereusedtobeanoldtempleinfrontofourvillage.(现在没了)6.need与dareneed,dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,它们只有一种形式,后跟不带to的动词不定式,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,它们有动词的全部形式,即现在时第三人称单数needs,dares,现在分词needing,daring以及过去式和过去分词needed,dared,后跟带to的不定式,可用于一切句式。情态动词实义动词肯定式Heneeded/daredtoescape.否定式Heneedn’t/daren’tescape.Hedoesn’tneed/daretoescape.肯定疑问式Need/Dareweescape?Doweneed/daretoescape?否定疑问式Needn’t/Daren’theescapeafterall?Doesn’theneed/daretoescapeafterall?如Hedaren’tspealEnglishbeforesuchacrowd,darehe?Youneedn’tbuythebook.---NeedIfinishtheworktoday?---Yes,youmust.Idaretoswimacrossthisriver.Iwonderedhowhedared(to)saythat.Ineedtohavealongholiday.Youdon’tneedtoworryaboutyourson.He’snolongerasmallchild.三.易混情态动词辨析1.may,can,must与should表“推测”may(might)表示主观的推测,“也许,可能”,一般用于肯定句,其否定式maynot,表示“可能不”。如Hemayberight.Hemaynotcometonight.can(could)表示主观的推测,常用于否定句(can’t“不可能”\n)和疑问句;用于肯定句时,can表示一时的、客观的可能性。如Hecan’tbeathome,sinceImethiminthestreetjustnow.Canhetellyouallthatheknows?must表示主观的推测“一定”,语气十分肯定。其否定式为“can’t,不用mustn’t。如Hemustbeintheclassroomnow.Youcan’thaveknownthetruth.should表示根据常规、事理、经验作出的判断,“想必、应该“。如TodayisSunday.Ourteachershouldbeathome.2.can’t与mustn’tcan’t多表示“没能力”或否定的推测“不可能”,也可表示“不可以,不允许”等含义;而mustn’t表达“禁止,不允许”含义时更常用,而且语气更强。如Hecan’tbethatfoolish.Studentsmustn’tsmoke.3.“情态动词+havedone”用法区别情态动词+完成式用法例句musthavedone表示对过去已经发生的行为进行推测,意为“想必/准是/一定做了某事”。Thelightswereout.Theymusthavebeenasleep.canhavedonecannothavedone表示对过去发生的的行为的怀疑和不肯定,通常用在否定句和疑问句中。Hecannothaveforgottenit.couldhavedone用于肯定句,表示“可能已经……”,还表示过去没有实现的可能性“本来可以……”。Youcouldhavedonebetter,butyouweretoocareless.may/might表示对过去已发生行为的推测,“Shemighthavecaught\nhavedone也许已经……”;也表示“本来可能……”,但实际上没有发生的事;还表示“本来应该或可以做某事”。acold.Youmighthavegivenhimmorehelp,thoughyouwerebusy.should/oughttohavedone用于肯定句时,表示“本该做某事”,而实际上未做;用于否定句时,表示“不该做的事反而做了”。Youshouldhavecometothemeetingearlier.Youshouldn’thavetoldherthetruth.need/needn’thavedone肯定式表示“本来有必要做某事”,否定式表示“做了本来不必去做的事”。didn’tneedtodo表示“没必要做某事”。Youneedn’thavetakenataxihere,foritwasveryneartomyhouse.hadbetterhavedone意为“当时最好做了某时”,否定式表示相反的含义。You’dbetternothavescoldedher.wouldratherhavedone表示“当时宁愿做了某事”,否定式表示相反的含义,两者都表示“后悔”之意。Iwouldratherhavetakenheradvice.虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。其通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。一.虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法表示与现在、过去和将来的事实相反,主句和从句的动词变化规则见下:所述情况从句主句if+主语+主语+would/could/might/should+\n与现在事实相反动词过去式(be动词用were)动词原形与过去事实相反if+主语+动词过去完成式主语+would/could/might/should+have+过去分词与将来事实相反if+主语+动词过去式if+主语+wereto+动词原形if+主语+should+动词原形主语+would/could/might/should+动词原形如Ifmybrotherwerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldhavepassedtheexam.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.二、一些特殊的虚拟条件句1、错综时间条件句:有些条件句中,从句表示的动作与主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致,这类句子称为错综条件句。这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。eg:Ifyouhadtakenheradvice,youwouldn’tbeinsuchatroublenow.(从句动作发生的时间是过去,主句动作发生的时间是现在。)2、含蓄条件句:是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其他手段来暗示虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有:介词或介词短语有butfor,butthat,without,incaseof,undermorefavourablecondition等。eg:ButfortheleadershipoftheParty,wecouldnotbelivingahappylifetoday.\n连词有sothat,unless,incase,supposing,lest,provided(倘若……),forfearthat(惟恐),inorderthat,onconditionthat,ifonly(要是……就好了)等。eg:Shelistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.=Ifshelistenedcarefully,shemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.通过上下文及内在含义,句中往往有but,otherwise,unfortunately等类似转折词。eg:Ithoughtthechildrenwouldbesleepingwhenwereturnedhome,buttheywerestillawake.形容词及其比较级。eg:Amorecarefulpersonwouldnothavemadesomanymistakes.3、情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。eg:Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.二.虚拟语气的常用句型1.Itis(high/aout)time(that)…后的定语从句中常用动词的过去式,或should+动词原形。此句型表示“现在该……”,用来表示提议。如Itishightimewestartedout.It’sabouttimewebegan/shouldbeginourdiscussion.2.I’dratherthat+主语+did…(对现在的虚拟)+haddone(对过去的虚拟)如I’drathertheydidn’thearofthenews.I’drathereverythinghadn’thappenedinthepast.3.Iwishthat(clause)+用动词的一般过去式(did)来表示对现在情况的虚拟/用动词的过去完成式(had+done)来表示对过去情况的虚拟/用would+do表示对将来的主观愿望。如IwishIwereabirdandcouldflyfreelyinthe\nsky.4.如果条件从句中有were/had/should,可以把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。如WereIyou(=IfIwereyou),Iwouldnotdoit.HadIthetime(=IfIhadthetime),Iwouldgo.Shouldyouchangeyourmind(=Ifyoushouldchangeyourmind),noonewouldblameyou.5.表建议、愿望、命令等词后的宾语从句常用should+动词原形构成虚拟语气。常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有:一个坚持:insist;两个命令:order,command;三个建议:suggest,advise,propose;四个要求:demand,require,ask,desire易错误区:当suggest作“暗示、表明”讲,insist作“坚持说”讲,即坚持事实是怎样时,后边that从句不用虚拟语气。如Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.Thelookonhisfacesuggestedthathewasangry.6.在表“建议、命令、要求、主张”的名词后的同位语从句或表语从句中,谓语动词习惯用(should)+do(动词原形),其中should可省略。其名词有:advice,suggestion,motion,order,command,direction,instruction,demand,requirement,request,proposition,arrangement,desire等。如Mysuggestionisthatyou(should)tryanothermeans.(表语从句)Ordercamethatthearmy(should)reachnexttownbeforedark.(同位语从句)It’srequiredthatallthestudents(should)gotoschoolonfoot.(主语从句)7.在It+adj.(表示“有必要、必须的、重要的”)+that主语从句中,谓语动词习惯用(should)+do(动词原形),其中should可省略。如It’snecessary/important/naturalthatwe(should)cleantheroom\neveryday.8.在Itis/wasapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)+that从句中,谓语动词习惯用shoulddo,should可省略。如Itwasapity/ashame/nowonderthatourteamshouldlosethegame.9.asif(though)引导的表语从句或方式状语从句中,其动词形式的判断要看它与主句谓语动词在时间上的先后。如果从句动词与主句动词同时进行,从句的动词形式用did/were;如果从句动词先于主句动词发生,从句动词用haddone;如果从句动词后于主句动词发生,用would/could/might+do。如Heloolsasif/thoughhewereanartist.Hetalksasifhehadreallybeentotheheaven.10.有should/need/could/would(not)+havedone表示的虚拟。如Theflowersarealldead,Ishouldhavewateredthem.(事实上我没给花浇水)Youneedn’thavewaitedforhim,hewouldnotcome.(事实上你等了他)Heshouldn’thavecheatedintheexam,howregrettedhefeelsnow.(事实上他在考试中舞弊了)高中英语语法系统讲解之十名词性从句一.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其引导词有从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。从属连词that、if(whether)。that无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略;if(whether)虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分。连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语或定语。连接副词when,where,why,how有词义,在从句中担任成分(状语)。Whetherhewillcomeout(主语从句)isunknownItisunknownwhetherhewillcomeoutornot(主语从句)\nIdon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeout(宾语从句)Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeout(表语从句)Thequestionwhetherhewillcomeoutornotisnotsettled(同位语从句).1.主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。由从属连词引导:如Thattheearthturnsaroundthesunisknowntoall.Whetheritistrueremainsaquestion.It’snotsureifhewillsucceed.易错误区:if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾,而whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首,也可放在句尾。由连接代词引导:如Whatweneedismorepractice.Whichteamwillwinthechampionshipisuncertain.由连接副词引导:如Wherethemeetingwillbeheldhasn’tbeendecided.Whenhewillreturnisthemostimportantquestion.由it作形式主语的几种情况:A.It+系动词+名词+that从句常用名词:afact“事实”;anhonour“荣耀”;commonsense“常识”;awonder“奇迹”;goodnews;ashame“遗憾,耻辱”;apity“遗憾”;nowonder“难怪”。如Itisnowonderthathe’smadesomuchprogress.Itisapitythatyoudidn’tattendthelectureyesterday.B.It+系动词+形容词+that从句\n常用形容词:natural,strange,obvious,important,clear,certain,likely,wrong,necessary,unlikely,right。如Itislikelythattherewillbeaheavyraintomorrow.Itisstrangethatyoushouldlikehim.C.It+不及物动词+that从句常见不及物动词:seem,happen,appear,seem。如IthappenedtomethatIhadbeenawaywhenshecalled.Itseemsthatyoudidn’tlikeher.D.It+be+过去分词+that从句常用过去分词:reported,decided,suggested,said,announced,told,heard,hoped,thought,advised,ordered,remembered,considered,workedout。如Itissaidthatheisstudyingabroad.温馨提示:Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural+that从句中,从句常用:“should+动词原形”,其中should可省略。如Itisnecessarythatonemastertheskillsofoperatingcomputers.It+be+suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required+that从句中,从句常用“should+动词原形”,其中should可省略。如Itwassuggestedtheystarttheprojectthenextmonth.2.宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。由从属连词引导:如Ithink(that)watchingTVtoomuchisbadforpeople’shealth.Iwonderifyoucandomeafavour.由连接代词引导:如Iwonderwhathashappenedtohim.Heaskedmewhosehandwritingwasthebestintheclass.由连接副词引导:如Iwonderwhysherefusedmyinvitation.\nCanyoutellmewherethenearestpostofficeis?介词后的宾语从句:如Tomisaniceboy,exceptthatheissometimeslateforschool.Itdependsonwhetherthemanagerwillagreetotheplanornot.非谓语动词后的宾语从句:如Realizingthatitwasjustadifferenceincustom,theforeignersmiledandsaidnothing.温馨提示:宾语从句的时态呼应:当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况而使用不同时态;当主句动词是过去时,从句则用相应的过去时态形式,当从句表示的是客观真理、自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。宾语从句的否定转移:在think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式,即将从句中的否定形式转移到主句中。如Wedon’tthinkyouarehere.Idon’tbelievehewilldoso.。这类句子后若带有附加疑问句,应用肯定形式来反问,反问部分主语应和从句一致。如:Idon’tbelieveshehasfinishedthejob,hasshe?动词find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语时,须用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。如Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.有些动词,如hate,like,dislike,appreciate等后跟when或if引导的宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it。如Ihateitwhentheytalkwhittheirmouthsfulloffood.同时有些短语,如seeto,counton,dependon,relyon等后跟that引导的宾语从句时,其前需要加it。如Wouldyouseetoitthatthechildrengetahotmealaftertheirswim?3.表语从句一般位于主句中的系动词之后,常用that,whether,asif/though,what,how,when,where,why等引导。\n以that引导的表语从句,that无词意,且通常不能省略,但在口语或非正式文体中可省略。如:Thecauseisthatthetemperatureofwaterislowerthanneeded.以whether引导的表语从句不可用if替代。Thequestioniswhetherheisabletodoitalone.由连接代词引导:代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。如ThisiswhatIaminterestedin.由连接副词引导:副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。如Thatwaswherewecampedlasttime.Thequestionishowwecandotheworkbetter.由连词because,asif,asthough等引导:以asif/though引导的表语从句通常位于系动词look,seem,feel等之后,从句有陈述和虚拟两种语气,若所表达的意思是真实的,就用陈述语气;若表述与客观事实相反的假设,则用虚拟语气。如Itseemsasifitisgoingtosnow.ItlooksasifhewereaJapanese.4.同位语从句同位语从句用于某些抽象名词之后,说明名词的具体内容,这些名词有fact,hope,desire,thought,suggestion,idea,news,problem,possibility,truth,decision,rule,evidence,conclusion,opinion,feeling等,对前面的名词起补充作用。由从属连词that,whether引导:如Ididn’treceivethenewsthatthemeetinghadbeenputoff.Thequestionwhetherweneedmoretimetodotheworkhasnotbeendiscussed.Thefactthatyouhaven’tenoughtimetodotheworkissimplyunbelievable.由连接代词引导:如Youcanhavenoideawhathesaid.由连接副词引导:如Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.\n温馨提示:同位语从句中特别要注意:表示建议、命令、要求等的名词(如suggestion,proposal,advice,order,request)等后接同位语从句时,从句通常使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”。如:Thatismysuggestionthatwe(should)trytocutbackonproductionandreducetheamountofthingswemakeandbuy.、同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句不同于定语从句,前者通常放在fact,hope,desire等抽象名词后面对名词加以补充说明,二者之间是同位关系;后者对名词加以限制,二者之间是修饰与被修饰的关系:Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadoverthewholeschool.Wemustfacethefactthatwehadspentallthemoney.(同位语从句)TheletterthatIreceivedwasfrommyfather.(定语从句)高中英语语法系统讲解之十一状语从句状语从句在句中作状语,修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等,有时修饰整个主句。状语从句放在主句之前时,常用逗号分开;放在主句之后,一般不用逗号。状语从句按其意义和作用分为时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等9种。1.时间状语从句时间状语从句可放在句首、句中或句尾。常用when,while,as,after,before,since,until,once,assoonas,theminute/moment“一……就……”,hardly…when,nosooner…than“刚……就……”等连接词引导。连词when,while,as都表示“当……的时候”\n,但是when引导的从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生;用as,while时则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。如WhileIwasreading,hecamein.Ashewalkedalongthestreet,hesanghappily.但当从句表示“随时间推移”时,只能用连词as,不能用when或while。如Astimegoeson,IliketospeakEnglishmoreandmore.从属连词assoonas,immediately,directly,themoment,theminute,nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…,once引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生,意为“一……就……”,从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。如Onceyourememberit,you’llneverforgetit.ThemomentIheardthevoice,Iknewfatherwascoming.Nosoonerhadwearrivedatthestationthanthetrainleft.温馨提示:assoonas,themoment引导的从句表示“一……就……”;nosooner…than…,hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。如AssoonasIfinishthework,I’llgotoseeyou.HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenIheardaloudnoise.till,until(not…until/till…)“直到……才”连词用法动词意义例句till/until主句和从句都用肯定式。主句的动词为连续性动词。一直到……为止I’llstayheretill/untiltherainstops.not…till/until主句用否定式,从句用肯定式。主句的动词为非连续性动词。直到……才Hedidn’tgohometill/untilhefinishedhishomework.\n温馨提示:till不可以置于句首,而until可以置于句首。如UntilyoutoldmeIhadnoideaofit.如果将“notuntil…”结构放在句首,那么主句要写成倒装句。如Notuntilwepointedouttheirfaulttothemdidtheyrealizeit.everytime,eachtime,nexttime等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当……,每次……,下次……”。如Every/EachtimeIwasintrouble,hewouldcometohelpmeout.Nexttimeyoucome,doremembertobringyoursonhere.2.条件状语从句从句可置于句首或句尾,有时还可放在主语和谓语之间。常用的引导词有if,unless,aslongas,solongas,provided,suppose/supposing,oncondition(that)等。如ImaynotcomeseeyourecentlyunlessIcancompletetheprojectaheadoftime.Wecansurelyattainourgoalaslongasweareunitedasone.温馨提示:条件状语从句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句。真实条件句:假设的情况有可能发生的条件句叫真实条件句,用陈述语气。如Hewillnotleaveunlessitisfinetomorrow.I’llwritetoyourparentsifyou’relateagain.非真实条件句:假设的情况完全是一种假设或发生的可能性不大的条件句叫非真实条件句,用虚拟语气。如Ifitwerenotrainingnow,Iwouldnotbestayingathome.3.原因状语从句由从属连词because,as,since,for,nowthat“既然”等引导。如Don’tscampyourworkbecauseyouarepressedfortime.Astheweatherwasfine,Iopenedallthewindows.Sincewelivenearthesea,wecanoftengoswimming.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.\nNowthatyouhaveknownthetruth,Ineedn’tkeepitsecret.温馨提示:because引导的最主要、最直接而且不为人知的原因,语气最强。回答用why提问的句子只能用because引导。其引导的从句可放在主句之前或之后。如Youshouldn’tgetangryjustbecausesomepeoplespeakillofyou.as引导的是较为明显的原因,语气较because弱,常常位于主句之前。如Ashedidn’tknowmuchEnglish,heoftentookadictionarywithhim.since引导的是明摆着的、大家都知道的事实,也常位于主句之前。如Sincealotofpeoplemakemistakesinlife,you’dbettergivehimachance.for引导的是一种推测或附加说明,语气最弱,总是位于主语之后,且常用逗号与主句隔开。如Wemuststartearly,forwehavealongwaytogo.4.让步状语从句常有though,although,evenif/though,as,however,whatever,nomatter,whether…or…等从属连词引导。如Thoughitwasverycold,shewentoutwithoutanovercoat.Iwon’tmindevenif/thoughhedoesn’tcome.Youngasheis,heknowsalot.Howevertiredyouare,youmustfinishtheworkintime.Whatever/Nomatterwhatyoudo,doitwell.Whetheritshinesorrains,Iwillgotomorrowmorning.温馨提示:由although(though,as)引导的让步从句,主句不能用but。由as引导的让步状语从句,须将作标语的形容词、名词(前不用冠词)、表示程度的副词(如much)或动词原形放在句首,构成部分倒装句式。如Childasheis,heknowsmuchabouthisfamily.MuchasIloveher,Iwon’tmarryher.Tryashemight,hefailedasecondtime.5.目的状语从句常用的引导词有sothat,inorderthat,lest,incase,forfear等。\nWeshoulddoourutmostinorderthatwemaybeabletooverfulfillthetask.You’dbetterleaveyourphonenumbersothatIcancallyoubeforeIcomenexttime.温馨提示:表示肯定----sothat,inorderthat意为“为了使……发生(目的是……,为的是……)”;表示否定----lest,incase,forfear意为“为了使……不发生(以免,以防)”如Hetookhisumbrellawithhimlestitshouldrain.I’llkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldchangeyourmind.6.结果状语从句常用sothat,so…that,such…that等引导。如Ididn’ttoearly,sothatIdidn’tgetagoodseat.Guilinissobeautifulacitythatthousandsofvisitorscometovisititeachyear.HehasmadesuchgreatprogressinEnglishthatIcan’thelpadmiringhim.温馨提示:such为形容词,其后接名词词组,通常有三种形式:such+a(n)(+adj.)+可数名词单数;such(+adj.)+可数名词复数;such(+adj.)+不可数名词。如suchagoodteacher,suchusefulbooks,suchfineweatherso为副词,其后接形容词或副词,如sofast,sonice等,但是若名词前有many,much,few,little修饰时,则用so不用such,如somanystudents,solittlemoney等。如Itwassohotadaythatwecouldn’tsleep.Itwassuchahotdaythatwecouldn’tsleep.7.方式状语从句常用as,justas,asif,asthough等引导,放在主句之后。asif和asthough引导一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句中陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。如Shedidtheworkasshewastold.\nDojustasyoulike.Hespokeasifhehadbeentherehimself.温馨提示:asif和asthough从句可用省略形式,后面接不定式、分词、形容词或介词短语。如Shestoodatthedoorasif(shewas)waitingforsomeone.Theboylookedasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.8.比较状语从句常用as…as,than,notso…as…,themore…,themore…等词引导。从句部分常是省略句。如Iknowyoubetterthanhedoes.Themorewecandoforyou,thehappierwewillbe.Heisnotas/sotallasyou(are).Idon’tgetupas/soearlyasyou(do).当as或than引导的从句的主语为人称代词时,可以用主格,也可以用宾格。如HeisastallasI/(me).HeistallerthanI/(me).9.地点状语从句常用where,wherever,everywhere,nowhere等引导。可置于句首、句中或句尾。Makemarkswhereyouhavequestions.Youcangoanywhereyoulike.温馨提示:where引导的状语从句与where引导的定语从句的区别在于前者修饰整个句子,而后者修饰名词。如Weshallgowhereworkingconditionsaredifficult.(状语从句)Weshallgotheplacewhereworkingconditionsaredifficult.(定语从句)10.状语从句的省略原则:如果从句中的主语与主句中的主语一致,就可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分或全部省略。若从句中的主语与主句的主语一致,同时从句中又含有系动词be,则通常省去从句的主语和系动词be而保留其余部分。如While(shewas)veryyoung,shebegantostudyEnglish.\n若从句主语是it,动词是系动词be,则通常省去主语it及系动词be而保留其余部分。如Everythingwentonletterthan(ithadbeen)expected.若从句中部分内容与主句中的部分内容相同,可将从句中的此部分内容省略。如Shehasnomoney.If(shehas)any,shewillgiveus.高中英语语法系统讲解之十二主谓一致主谓一致指的是句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上应保持一致,通常指的主谓一致是主语和谓语在单数和复数上的一致性。一.主谓一致的三个原则1.语法一致原则主语单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式,即主语是单数,谓语用单数;主语是复数,谓语用复数。如Thenumberoferrorsissurprising.Twostudentsarewaitingforyouinyouroffice.2.意义一致原则主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数;主语形式为复数,但意义上为单数,谓语动词用单数。如Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives.Thenewswasverysurprising.形复意单的单词有news,works(工厂),means和以ics结尾的学科名词politics,physics,economics等。3.就近原则谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近它的词语,主要体现在由or,either…or,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso等连接的主语及therebe…句型中。如NeitheryounorIamwrong.Thereisapen,fivepencilsandtwopencilboxesonthetable.二、谓语动词用单数形式的情况\n1、单个的不可数名词、单数名词(尽管后面跟着with,togetherwith,alongwith,like,including,aswellas,inadditionto,ratherthan,but,except,morethan等连接的短语)作主语时,谓语动词用单数式。如:Thenewsisgoingaboutquicklyinthesmalltown.Awomanwithtwochildrenhascome.HelenaswellasIiseagertoseetheperformance.YouratherthanIaregoingtogocamping.2、one,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,oneof,every,everyone,everybody,each,either,neither等用作主语或修饰主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:Everyonewishesforhappiness.Neitheransweriscorrect.3、动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句作主语时,谓语用单数形式。如:ReadingaloudisagoodwayoflearningEnglish.Togiveyouahandwhenyouareintroubleismypleasure.Whethertheplanispracticalremainstobeproved.4、表示一个国家、组织、事件、作品等的专有名词以及以s结尾的学科名称作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:IthinkMathematicsisaninterestingsubject.OneThousandAndOneNightsiswell-knownallovertheworld.5、and所连接的两个单数名词作主语,指同一人、同一件事或同一概念时,其谓语动词用单数。如:Thisbreadandbutteristoothick.Yourcolleagueandformercollegefriendiscomingtoourhometomorrow.6、表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、体积等”的词语作主语时,通常作为整体来看待,谓语动词用单数。如:Twentyyearsisalongtimeinone’slife.Tenmilesistoolongadistanceforanoldmantowalkonfoot.\n7、morethanone和manya后接可数名词单数,谓语用单数式。如:Morethanonemanhasbeendismissed.Manyayoungpersonwantstobeapopstar.8、and连接的两个名词分别是every,each,no等修饰,谓语动词常用单数形式。如:Everyboyand(every)girlhasshowngreatinterestinthefieldtrip.Eachman,(each)womanand(each)childhasthesameright.9、不定代词each作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,但要注意区别:当each作主语的同位语时,谓语动词用复数式。如:Eachofusenjoyssuchanactivity.Ifweeachsave$5aweek,we’lldoitintenweeks.10、专有名词,如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语,形式上即使是复数,谓语动词也要用单数。如TheUnitedStatesisinNorthAmerica.TheNewYorkTimeshasawidecirculation.二、谓语动词用复数形式的情况1、有and连接的并列主语及both,few,afew,several,many,agreatmany,anumberof等修饰的可数名词复数,后面谓语动词用复数式。如:FewpeopleknowheandIwereclassmateswhenwewereatcollege.Agreatmanypeoplehavecometoseetheexhibition.2、集体名词police,cattle,folk/folks只能看作复数名词,作主语时,谓语要用复数形式。如:Thepolicehavesurroundedthebuilding.3、不可数名词前面加上表示单位的词进行计量,单位词是复数时,谓语用复数式。如:Threemilliontonsofcoalwereexportedthatyear.4、当表示民族的形容词与冠词连用作主语时,谓语用复数式。如:TheChinesearebraveandhardworking.5、oneortwo后接复数名词,谓语用复数。如:AttheendofMr.Li’sclass,oneortwoquestionsareoftenleftfor\nustothinkabout.ThereareoneortwothingsIwanttotalkoverwithyou.三、谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数的情况1、单数与复数同形的名词means,sheep,fish,deer,species,series等作主语时,谓语动词的数随其含义而定。如:Everypossiblemeanshasbeentried.Arethereanymeansofgettingthereearlier?2、集体名词family,population,audience,public,staff,team,band,group,crowd等作主语时,如将其看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数;如强调其中的个体,谓语动词用复数。如:Thefamilyisthebasicunitofoursociety.Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.3、在“oneof+复数名词+定语从句”中,如果定语从句的先行词是复数名词,定语从句中的谓语动词用复数形式;但在“theonlyoneof+复数名词+定语从句”中,定语从句的先行词是theonlyone,从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。如:ThisisoneofthemostdifficultquestionsthathavebeenaskedandSallyistheonlyoneofthegirlwhoisabletoanswerit.4、两个作主语的名词或代词有or,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso等连接时,谓语动词要和后一个名词或代词保持一致。如果是疑问式则以前面的主语为准,即就近原则。如:EitheryouorIamwrong.EitherIoryouarewrong.AmeitherIoryouwrong?5、all,most,some,rest,none等不定代词或表示数量的短语alotof,lotsof,plentyof,halfof,partof及分数、百分数等与名词连用作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数。如指的是复数概念,谓语动词用复数,如指的是单数概念,谓语动词用单数。如:Allisrightandallarepresent.\nLotsofdamagewascausedbythefire.One-thirdofpeoplepresentarewomen.About30percentofthepupilswereabsentthatday.Nearly70%ofthefundwassuppliedbytheGovernment.6、“the+形容词”作主语时,通常指一类人,谓语用复数。但也可指个别或抽象概念(thetrue,thegood,thebeautiful,theright,thewrong,thefalse),此时谓语用单数。如:Theoldaremorelikelytocatchcoldthantheyoung.Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthegood,andthegoodisnotalwaysthetrue.7、what引导名词从句作主语时,谓语动词依据意义一致的原则,按所指代的内容确定谓语动词的单复数。如:Whatiseasytosomepeopleisoftendifficulttoothers.Whatwe’veboughtarejustsomehouseholdsupplies.8、由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句做主语时,谓语动词用复数;由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句,谓语动词用单数。如:Whenthemeetingwillbeginandwhowillattendhavenotbeendecidedyet.Whenandwherethemeetingwillbeginhasnotbeendecided.9、akindof,apairof等加名词时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。“复数名词+ofthiskind”作主语时,谓语用复数。如:Apairofnewglassesisquiteexpensive.Thiskindofmenisdangerous.→Menofthiskindaredangerous.10、“aquantityof+不可数名词”后用单数式,“quantitiesof+不可数名词”后用复数式。如:Largequantitiesofmoneyhavebeenspentonherclothes.11.由themajorityof+名词作主语时,位于动词视名词的单复数形式而定。\n如Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.Themajirityofcriminalsarenon-violent.12.therest(of…),theremaining,onehalf(of…),all(of),part(of…)等词或短语作主语和它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语,其谓语动词应根据主语所表达的单复数而定。如Thefirstpartofthevacationwasfrustrating,buttherestofitwasexciting.PartoftheforeignteachersinourschoolarefromCanada.12.当“几分之几(百分之几)+of+名词”结构作主语时,一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。如Twothirdsofthetaskshavebeencompleted.20%ofthepeopleinthecityobjecttothepriceforrunningwatergoingup.13.oneandahalf+复数名词作主语,谓语一般用单数。如Oneandahalfapplesisagoodmealforthechild.高中英语语法系统讲解之十三省略、倒装和强调省略为了使句子结构更加紧密或为了避免重复,而将前面或后面已经出现过的词语省略,或因习惯上的用法而省略部分词语,这样所形成的句子叫省略句。一.简单句中的省略1.省略主语在祈使句或某些习惯性的用法中常省略主语。如(You)Closethedooratonce.(It)Soundsfinetome.2.省略主语和谓语的一部分在表示建议的问句、比较状语从句、感叹句和therebe句型中常省略。如What(doyouthink)aboutacupoftea?HespeaksEnglishaswellas\nyou(do).Whata(good)girl(sheis)!(Isthere)anythingelsotobuy?3.省略宾语、表语这种省略常见于对话的答语中。如---Whichofthetwoisbetter?---It’shardtotell(it).Heishard-workingandsoishissister(hard-working).4.名词所有格后名词的省略名词所有格修饰的名词有上下文已出现或表示店铺、住宅、教堂等地点时常省略。如TheseareJohn’sbooksandthoseareMary’s(books).Athermother’s(house)shepassedmanyhappydays.5.冠词的省略在某些固定短语thenextday(morning,week,year…)中,有时为了使语气紧凑,定冠词the常可以省略;在副词的最高级前面定冠词常可以省略;另外在某些独立结构中和as引导的让步状语从句中,常可省略冠词。如Wewenttothefarmtohelpthefarmerswiththeharvest(the)nextday.Hesings(the)bestintheclass.Childassheis,sheknowsalot.6.介词的省略一些动词搭配构成的短语,如prevent/stopsb(from)doing,havetrouble/difficulty/problems(in)doing,spendtime(in)doing等中的介词常可以省略。如Treescanpreventtheearth(from)beingwashedaway.Canyoustophim(from)goingswimmingintheriver?Ihavesomedifficulty(in)answeringthequestion.7.动词不定式中的省略如果不定式所表示的内容在上文中已经出现,为了避免重复,常常把不定式里的动词及其后续部分省略,只保留to。如---Willyougowithme?---Well,I’dlike\nto(gowithyou).动词不定式省略的八种情况:有些动词,如believe,find,think,feel,consider,imagine,prove等后作宾补的结构tobe+n./adj.中的tobe可以省略。如Iconsiderhim(tobe)lazy.Hismotherfoundhim(tobe)acleverboy.当不定式在某些动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时,不定式常省略。常见动词有wish,warn,invite,allow,ask,force,forbid,permit,persuade,order等。如Whydidn’thecomeearlier?Hewastoldto(comeearly).Shedidn’tcome,thoughwehadinvitedherto(come).在cannotbut,cannotchoosebut,cannothelpbut之后的动词不定式一般不带to;but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do,does,did,done时,也不带to,否则要带to。如Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.Hehasnochoicebuttoacceptthefact.当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时,常可省略,常见动词有afford,agree,expect,forger,wish,want,refuse,remember,pretend,manage,know,hope等。如Iwouldliketodoitforyou,butIdon’tknowhowto(doitforyou).Nothinghaseverstoppedhimfromsleepingwhenhewantsto(sleep).感官动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice等以及使役动词let,make,have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略,但变为被动结构时,to必须保留。如Theymadetheboygotobedearly.----Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.\n注意:help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略,也可以保留。当不定式在形容词afraid,anxious,eager,glad,happy,ready,willing等后作状语时,to后的内容常承前省略。如---Willyoujoinusinthegame?---I’llbegladto(joinyouinthegame).Youcan’tforcehimtoanswerthequestionifhe’snotreadyto(answerthequestion).不定式在chance,courage,time等名词后作定语时可省略,此时to也常省去。如Ihaven’treadthebook,butIwishIwouldhavetime(toreadthebook).温馨提示:如承前省略的不定式内容含有be或作助动词用的have,to后要保留be或have。如---Areyouastudent?---No,butIusedtobe.Johndidn’tcome,butheoughttohave.当不定式在begoingto,beableto,haveto,oughtto,usedto后作复合谓语时,不定式符号后的内容可省略。如Ididn’twanttowaitforhimbutIhadto(waitforhim).Theydonotvisittheirparentsasmuchastheyoughtto(visittheirparents).二.并列句中的省略1.如果后面分句中的谓语动词有与前面相同的部分,则省略谓语动词相同的成分。如Bobhasdonehishomework,butTomhasn’t(donehishomework).2.主语相同,而谓语不同,则可以省略主语。如Hegaveupsmokingforawhile,but(he)soonreturnedtohisoldways.3.主语相同,谓语也相同,则二者都可以省略。如Shewaspoorbut(shewas)honest.HissuggestionmadeJohnhappy,but(hissuggestionmade)Maryangry.三.复合句中的省略1.名词性从句中的省略\nwh-特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,若有与前面主句重复的内容,则可将重复内容省略,而只保留特殊疑问词wh-。如Someonehasusedmybike,butIdon’tknowwho(hasusedit).Hewillcomeback,buthedoesn’tknowwhen(hewillcomeback).Hehasgone,butnooneknowswhere(hehasgone).Youareunhappy.Canyoutellmewhy(you’reunhappy)?在某些表虚拟语气的名词性从句中,从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。如Itisimportantthatwe(should)speaktotheoldpolitely.在I’mafraid,Ithink,Ibelieve,Ihope,Iguess等作答句时,后面跟“so”与“not”分别表示肯定和否定,宾语从句可省去。如---Doyouthinkitwillrain?---Ihopenot(thatitwillnotrain).注意:Idon’thopeso.(×)---Doyoubelieveourteamwillwin?---Iguessso.2.定语从句中的省略在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which,who(whom)常可以省略。如Theman(who/whom)IsawiscalledSmith.Whereisthebook(which)Iboughtthismorning?有些定语从句,在不引起歧义的情况下,可省略一些成分,变为“介词+关系代词+不定式”形式,从而使语句更加简洁。如Iwastryingtofindaplaceinwhichtolayallthesebooks.上句的完整形式是:IwastryingtofindaplaceinwhichIcouldlayallthesebooks.温馨提示:在这种句子里主句的主语必须与不定式的主语一致,否则不可改为省略式定语从句。如Iwastryingtofindaplaceinwhichmybrothercouldlive.不能改为Iwastryingtofindaplaceinwhichtolive.而IwastryingtofindaplaceinwhichIcouldlive.可以改为Iwastrying\ntofindaplaceinwhichtolive.在限制性定语从句中“起”表语作用的关系代词可以省略。如Hestilltalksliketheman(who)hewastenyearsago.Sheisnolongerthesweetgirl(that)shewasbefore.关系代词在限制性定语从句中作主语且定语从句为“therebe”句型时可以省略。如Milkisthebestfood(that)thereisforbabies.Wemustmakebetteruseofthetime(that)thereisleftforus.3.状语从句中的省略当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略从句中的主语和系动词be。A.在as,before,until,once,when,while等引导的时间状语从句中。如While(Iwas)waiting,Iwasreadingsomemagazines.B.在though,although等引导的让步状语从句中。如Though(theywere)tired,theywentonworking.C.在if,unless(=if…not)等引导的条件状语从句中。如Youshouldn’tcometohispartyunless(youwere)invited.D.在as,asif,asthough引导的让步状语从句中。如Hedidas(hehadbeen)told.Hepausedasif(hewas)expectinghertospeak.E.在as(so)…as…,than引导的比较状语从句中。如Iknowyoucandobetterthanhe(cando).Thiscardoesn’trunasfastasthatone(does).当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略,此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容词的结构。如Unless(itis)necessary,you’dbetternotrefertothedictionary.另外,还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可用if+so/not省略句式。如Getupearlytomorrow,ifnot(youdon’tgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.\nHemaynotbeathomethen,ifso(heisnotathome),leavehimanote.倒装英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前,这种语序叫做倒装语序。倒装的原因:一是语法结构的需要(如某些疑问句);一是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和完全倒装。一.部分倒装部分倒装是把谓语的一部分(通常是助动词、情态动词)放在主语之前。如NevershallIforgettheday.Onlyinthiswaycanwefinishthework.下列情况需要使用部分倒装:1.在一般疑问句和特殊疑问句中。如Doesheplaytheguitarwell?Whatareyoudoing?2.as作“尽管”讲,引导让步状语从句时,要采用倒装语序,把表语、状语(一般是程度副词)或动词原形提到句首,主谓顺序不变。如Heroasheis,hestillhasshortcomings.MuchasIlikeit,I’llnotbuyit.Tryashemight,hefailedcompletely.注意:though引导的让步状语从句也可以采用这种倒装句式,但although引导的让步状语从句不能倒装。将名词提前时,省去名词前的冠词。3.only后接副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时。如OnlythendidIrealizethatIwaswrong.Onlyinthiswaycanyouimproveyourpronunciation.4.含有否定意义的副词,如never,hardly,seldom,little,nowhere,notonce,ontaword,scarely,barely等放在句首时。如Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.HardlyhadIarrivedwhenIhadanewproblemtodealwith.\n5.省略了if的条件句中,were,had或should可提到句首构成部分倒装(虚拟语气)。如WereInotsobusy,Ishouldgowithyou.Hadhebeenhereyesterday,hewouldhavecometowatchthefootballmatch.6.so在句首,表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人或物,其句型是:so+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语。如HehasbeentoBeijing,sohaveI.Isawthefilmlastweek,sodidshe.温馨提示:对前面所说的情况作一肯定,前后两句的主语指的是同一个人或物时,主谓不倒装,其句型是:so+主语+be/have/助动词/情态动词。如---Youlooktired.---SoIdo.Istayeduptoolatelastnight.7.在“so…that”句型中,当so+形容词/副词放在句首时,则so所在的分句主谓要倒装。如Sointerestingwasthebookthathecouldn’thelpreadingitinclass.SofastdoestheboyrunthatIcan’tcatchupwithhim.8.用于nosooner…than…和hardly…when…句型中。该句型中的nosooner和hardly位于句首时,它们所在的句子一般使用过去完成时的倒装句。如Nosoonerhadhegottohisofficethanhegotdowntowork.Hardlyhadwestartedwhenitbegantorain.9.含有no的词组出现在句首时,如atnotime,bynomeans,innoway等句子采用部分倒装。如BynomeanswillIgiveup.10.neither,nor放在句首,表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人或物,其句型是:neither/nor+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语。如Ididn’tgotothecinema,nordidhe.Heseldomgoestothecinema,nordoI.11.Notuntil位于句首作状语,它所在的句子的谓语动词用倒装,如果句子是主从复合句,主句要用倒装。如NotuntilyesterdaydidIknowhewasgoingtocomehere.\nNotuntilyoutoldmedidIrealizeIwaswrong.12.用于某些表示祝愿的句子。如Mayyousucceed!Longlivethepeople!Mayyouallbehappy!二.全部倒装全部倒装就是整个谓语部分放在主语之前。如Infrontofthehousestandsatree.Herecomesthebus.下列情况需要使用全部倒装1、用于therebe句型。eg:Therearemanystudentsintheclassroom.2、用于here,there,now,then等副词开头的句子里面表示强调。eg:Herecomesthebus.注意:代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。eg:Nowcomesourturn.3、当句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时,也常引起全部倒装。eg:Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.4、表语置于句首时,倒装结构采用“表语+连系动词+主语”的结构。形容词+连系动词+主语:eg:PresentatthemeetingwereDoctorLi,DoctorSuandmanyotherguests.过去分词+连系动词+主语:eg:Gonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheyliked.介词+连系动词+主语:eg:AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowerscandlesandtoys.5、为了保持句子结构平衡,或为了强调表语或状语,或为了使上下文结构紧凑。eg:Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.强调一.强调句型要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语、状语、宾语),可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是“Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分”\n。如果强调的部分是人,可用who代替that。如ImetTominthestreetyesterday.ItwasIwhometTominthestreetyesterday.(强调主语)ItwasTomthatImetinthestreetyesterday.(强调宾语)Itwasinthestreetthat(不用where)ImetTomyesterday.(强调地点状语)Itwasyesterdaythat(不用when)ImetTominthestreet.(强调时间状语)1.时态的运用强调句中的时态要依原句的时态来确定。即原句为过去的某种时态,则强调句中的be动词就用过去时;若原句为现在的某种时态,强调句就用be的现在时态。如ItwasbecauseIwascaughtinthetrafficthatIcamelate.(was与came时态保持一致)ItisTomwholovesfootballmost.(is与loves时态保持一致)2.人称和数的运用被强调的部分如果是句子的主语,that/who之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与句子的主语保持一致。如ItisIthat/whoamyourfriendthatwillcometohelpyou.3、判断一个句子是否是强调句型的方法:如果将句中的Itis/was…that/who/whom…去掉,仍能还原为一个完整的句子,那么此句就是强调句。否则,就是其他句型结构。请比较:Itwas1999whenhecamebackfromtheUnitedStates.(定语从句)Itwasin1999thathecamebackfromtheUnitedStates.(强调句型)二、强调句型的几种较为复杂的结构形式1、被强调部分为状语从句。eg:ItwaswhenTomwaselevenyearsoldthathistalentforwritingbecameobvious.\n2、被强调部分含有定语从句。eg:ItwasonJuly4th,1975whenhewasbornthathisfatherdied.3、not…until结构用于强调句型。not…until作为被强调部分,起结构是:Itis/was+notuntil…+that+其他部分。eg:Itwasnotuntilhisfathercamebackthathewenttobed.4、强调句型的一般疑问句结构:Is/Wasit+被强调部分+that+其他部分。eg:Wasitlastyearthathiscousinjoinedthearmy?5、强调句型的特殊疑问句结构:疑问词(被强调部分)+is/was+it+that+其他部分。eg:Whenwasitthattheaccidenthappened?Wherewasitthatyourlostyourwallet?6.强调句型与定语从句、同位语从句、Itis…since/before/when…句型的区别:如Itwasatthreeo’clockthatwecamebackhome.(强调句型)Itwasthreeo’clockwhenwecanebackhome.我们回家时是三点(定语从句)Itwasthreedaysbeforeheleft.他过了三天就走了(before引导的时间状语从句)It’sthreeyearssincewelastmet.(since引导的状语从句)Itisafactthathehaslostthegamebyonescore.(同位语从句)二.do/does/did+动词原形如果句子中没有助动词,在肯定句中可以用do表示强调,一般译为“务必,一定、确实”,这种强调结构只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种,只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调,没有疑问和否定形式。如ShedoescomefromAmerica.Shedidtellmeaboutheraddress,butIforgotallaboutit.Dobecarefulnexttime,please.\n高中英语语法系统讲解之十四疑问句、祈使句和感叹句疑问句疑问句用来提出问题,句末须用问号。分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句和选择疑问句。一.一般疑问句一般疑问句用来询问一件事情或一个情况是否属实,需要用肯定词Yes或否定词No来回答。一般疑问句的特点1.如果陈述句中有情态动词、助动词和be动词,把它们提到主语前,形成一般疑问语序;如果句中没有这样的词,则要借助于助动词do/did/does提到句首。2.一般疑问句,需要首先用Yes或No回答。3.一般疑问句的否定式通常把be,have或情态动词和not的简略式n’t一起放在句首。如HaveyouanyEnglishbooks?Haveyouconsideredourplan?Aren’tyousatisfiedwiththeresult?DoeshespeakEnglish?温馨提示:对一般疑问句进行肯定回答,除了可以用Yes之外,还可以用下列同义语:Certainly,Ofcourse,Pleasedo,Quiteso,Exactly,Quiteright,Ithinkso,Yes,ifyoulike,Byallmeans等。英语用否定句形式提问时,仍可把它视为肯定句形式的问句来回答。但译成汉语时,差别很大。如---Haven’tyoubeentotheUnitedStates?---Yes,Ihave.---No,Ihaven’t.二.特殊疑问句特殊疑问句是用来对句子某一部分提问的疑问句,以疑问词开头,句末通常用降调。这时句中主语、谓语仍按一般疑问句结构的特点,需要部分倒装;但当主语是疑问代词或受疑问词修饰时,主语、谓语则不倒装。\n特殊疑问句的特点1.疑问词位于句首。2.句序:疑问词+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语+谓语部分……。3.回答时,应直接回答所问之事。如Whoareyoulookingfor?Withwhomdidyouworklastyear?What’sthereasonforyourbeinglate?Whohasreadthenovel?温馨提示:如果特殊疑问句中插入以一般疑问句形式出现的插入语,则特殊疑问句本身的主、谓语仍用陈述语序,不倒装,该种疑问句形式也叫双重疑问句。如Whatdoyouthinkshouldbedonenext?(doyouthink是插入语,whatshouldbedone是正常语序)名词性从句用疑问词引导时,其后面的主、谓不用倒装。如Whenwe’llhaveameetinghasnotbeendecidedyet.(主语从句中we’llhave为正常语序)用特殊疑问句表惊奇、愤怒等感情色彩,可用它的强调形式,在疑问词后加ever,onearth,intheworld等。如Whyonearthwasshesonervous?why开头的否定疑问句常表建议或请求。如Whydon’tyoutrythisoneon?三.反意疑问句反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句,对陈述句说的事实或观点提出疑问。反意疑问句由两部分构成:前面是陈述部分,后面是简短的疑问部分。一般情况下,如果前面的陈述部分用肯定形式,后面的疑问部分则用否定性是;反之,亦然。反意疑问句的特点1.疑问部分的主语与陈述部分的主语要保持一致。其谓语在人称、时态和数上与前面保持一致。2.反意疑问句用Yes或No回答。3.事实是肯定的就用Yes(翻译为“不”),事实是否定的则用No(翻译为“\n是的”)。如---Shehasn’tgonetobed,hasshe?---Yes,shehas.---No,shehasn’t.温馨提示:当陈述部分的主语是everybody,everyone,someone,noone,nobody,somebody等合成词或词组时,反意疑问句部分的主语往往用they;而当陈述部分的主语为this,that,everything,nothing,something等时,反意疑问句部分的主语用it。如Somebodycalledonhisyesterday,didn’tthey?Everythingisallright,isn’tit?当陈述部分包含never,no,seldom,hardly,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。如Heishardly15yearsold,ishe?当陈述部分的位于含有be动词、情态动词或助动词时,疑问部分仍用这些词,而其谓语是行为动词时,疑问部分用助动词do的相应形式。如Yourfathercanspeaktwoforeignlanguage,can’the?Shedoesn’tlikecoffeewithsugar,doesshe?当陈述部分有dare或need时,若dare和need是实义动词,疑问部分的谓语用do的适当形式;若dare和need为情态动词,疑问部分用dare或need构成。如Youdaren’tgothere,dareyou?Weneedtodoit,don’twe?前句的谓语是therebe,后面的疑问部分也用bethere的相应形式。如---Thereisaradioonthetable,isn’tthere?---Yes,thereis.前句的谓语动词为haveto/hadto时,其疑问部分的谓语动词通常用do的适当形式。如Wehavetogetupatfourtomorrow,don’twe?\nTheyhadtoleaveearly,didn’tthey?陈述部分出现含有否定前缀或后缀的词时,疑问部分仍用否定形式。如Heisunfitforhisoffice,isn’the?前句的谓语动词是oughtto,则疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/oughtn’t代替。如Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?Heoughttobepunished,oughtn’the?含有情态动词must的句子表示推测,作“想必”解时,疑问部分要根据must后面结构的时态来确定,不可用mustn’t。若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用aren’t(isn’t)或don’t(doesn’t)+主语。如Youmustbetired,aren’tyou?Hemustlivehere,doesn’the?前句谓语动词是“musthave+过去分词”时,若前后强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn’t(或wasn’t/weren’t)+主语;若前后强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语用haven’t(hasn’t)+主语。如Hemusthavemetheryesterday,didn’the?Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haven’tyou?若陈述部分是“I(don’t)think/believe/suppose/expect+宾语从句”,疑问部分的主语和谓语要与宾语从句保持一致。如Ibelieveyou’remeteachotherbefore,haven’tyou?Isupposeyou’rewaitingforyourfriend,aren’tyou?易错误区:同样是动词think,believe,suppose,expect,但主语不是“I”,而是其他人称,后面疑问部分的主语和谓语与主句保持一致。如Youdon’tthinkheishonest,doyou?Hethinksyou’rethebestpersontodothejob,doesn’the?\n四.选择疑问句选择疑问句提供两种或两种以上情况,供对方选择,其结构可用一般疑问句,也可用特殊疑问句,在提供的情况之间用连词or,前者用升调,后者用降调,回答说要求用比较完整的句子。选择疑问句的特点1.用or连接询问的两部分。2.不用Yes或No来回答。如---IsSusanstillatschool,orhassheleft(school)?---Sheisstillatschool.---Wasthepeachripeorgreen?---Itwasabitgreen.祈使句祈使句表请求、命令、建议、邀请、警告、许诺、禁止、叮嘱、祝愿等,谓语动词用原形,主语you通常省略,否定形式是在动词原形前加don’t。句末用叹号或句号。1.表请求:如Handmethebook,please.2.表命令:如Standupatonce.Fillinthisform.3.表建议:如Let’sstayheretillthestormhaspassed.4.表邀请:如Comeinandsitdown.Helpyourselftosomefruits.5.表警告:如Hurryup,oryouwillbelate.Dothatagainandyou’llbeintrouble.6.表许诺:如HelpwithmyluggageandI’llgiveyousomecandies.7.表禁止:如Don’ttouchtheexhibits.Don’tletanyonecomeintotheroom.8.表叮嘱:如Besuretogettherebeforetime.Takecarenottocatchacold.9.表祝愿:如Haveapleasantjourney.\n温馨提示:祈使句的主语多为不言而喻的you,一般不出现。但若是要强调主语,或表示急噪、厌烦、不高兴、愤怒等感情色彩或表示向谁请求或发出命令,祈使句可有主语,除you外可以用不定代词one,someone,somebody,everybody,everyone或名词。A.当说话人强调主语或上级对下级,长者对年轻人或小孩讲话时。如Youtakecarewhenyoucrosstheroad.B.当说话人有急噪、厌烦、不高兴、愤怒等感情色彩时。如Comehere,you!(放句尾,表示轻视、傲视)C.当说话人必须指明不同的事要求不同的人去做时。如Youcleanthewindows,andyou(anotherman)mopthefloor.祈使句的否定结构一般在谓语动词前加donot或用don’t(口语中),有时也可用never,若祈使句有主语,否定词用don’t或never要置于主语之前,不可用donot。如Don’treachsidewayswhilestandingonaladder.Don’tanyonemakenoise!Don’tyoueverforgetit!祈使句的简略回答,肯定或否定形式常用will或won’t。如---Don’tforgettoclosethedoor.---No.Iwon’t.---Writetomewhenyougethome.---Iwill.祈使句的反意疑问句一般只用肯定式;如果祈使句为肯定式,疑问部分有时可用否定式,肯定形式在语气上更委婉客气。如果祈使句为否定式,疑问部分只能用肯定式。如Passmethebook,willyou/won’tyou?Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom,willyou?感叹句\n感叹句用来表示强烈的感情,常用what和how引出强调部分并放在句首(what修饰名词,how修饰形容词、副词)。1.What引导的感叹句What+a/an(+adj.)+单数名词+主语+谓语!如Whatabeautifulpictureitis!What(+adj.)+不可数名词+主语+谓语!如Whatterribleweatherwemet!What(+adj.)+复数名词+主语+谓语!如Whatterriblemistakestheyhavemade!2.How引导的感叹句How+adj.+主语+谓语!如Howexcitinghefeltwhenheheardthegoodnews!How+adj.+a(an)+可数单数名词……!如Howbeautifulagirl!How+many/much/few/little+名词+主语+谓语!如Howmanybookstheyhave!高中英语语法系统讲解之五动词和动词短语动词一.动词的分类方法1.根据词汇意义可将动词分为以下两类:状态动词:be,love,think,stay,remain,stand,sit,lie等动作动词:work,stay,sleep,arrive,finish,lend,open等温馨提示:动作动词又可分为延续性动词(动作可以持续一段时间)与非延续性动词(表示短暂的动作,不能持续)。2.根据动词的语法功能,动词的分类情况如下:行为动词work,study,swim等\n系动词be,seem,become等助动词do,have,shall,will等情态动词can,may,must等温馨提示:其中行为动词可根据其后是否带宾语,将其分成及物动词与不及物动词两类。有时同一动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。二.动词的语法功能及基本用法动词在句中起两种作用,即:作谓语和非谓语。动词作谓语,必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致,具有表示时态、语态、语气等方面的语法特征。Shesingsverywell.ShewantstolearnEnglishwell.Seeingisbelieving.We’rethinkingofmakinganewplanforthenextterm.三.连系动词的用法1.状态系动词只有be一词。如Heisateacher.2.持续系动词继续保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand。如Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.Thismatterrestsamystery.3.表像系动词“看起来像”,主要有seem,appear,look。如Helooksverytired.Heseems(tobe)verysad.4.感官系动词feel,smell,sound,taste。如Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.Thisflowersmellsverysweet.5.变化系动词become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run。如Hebecamemadafterthat.Hegrewrichwithinashorttime.6.终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turnout,表达“证实,变成”之意。如Therumorprovedfalse.Thesearchproveddifficult.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.\n四.助动词英语中助动词主要有be,do,have三个,它们的功能主要是帮助句中的谓语动词构成时态、语态、否定、疑问等形式。1.助动词be的用法助动词be主要用来构成进行时和被动语态,即:Theyaresinginghappily.A.be+现在分词构成进行时态。如Thewallispaintedblue.B.be+及物动词的过去分词构成被动语态。如2.助动词do的用法助动词do主要用来构成否定句、疑问句句式,或对谓语动词进行强调。如DoyoufeellikegoingtothepartyonFridaynight?(形成疑问句)Airdoesweighsomething,andyoucanproveit.(加强语气)3.助动词have的用法A.构成完成时态(have+v.–ed形式)如Shehasn’tboughtanewpairofshoessince1996.B.构成完成进行时态。如Hehasbeenworkinginthisfactoryfortwentyyears.4.助动词shall(should)和will(would)的用法助动词shall(should)和will(would)构成一般(过去)将来时态shall(should)/will(would)+v.。如Willtheyhaveanythingtodotonight?Thesecretarysaidthatthetalkwouldbeginateighto’clock.五.情态动词的用法(参见情态动词和虚拟语气部分)六.及物动词和不及物动词1.不及物动词:本身意义完整,后面不需要接宾语,无被动语态。如Therainstopped.Whathappenedyesterday?2.及物动词:后面必须接宾语,有的后面接一个宾语,有的可以接两个宾语。A.单宾语。如He’sreadingamagazine.\nB.双宾语。如MrZhangteachsusEnglish.C.复合宾语:在接一个宾语的同时再接一个补语。如Weoftenhearhimsinginthepark.七.延续性动词和非延续性动词1.延续性动词延续性动词表示行为或过程能持久地继续下去或能产生持久的影响。这类动词有:contain,have,hold,lie,live,make,sit,rain,sleep,stand,study,wait,wear,work等。此外,还有表示状态、感情、思维等的动词,如believe,consider,hate,hope,know,like,love,respect,think,understand,wish等也属延续性动词。如Thisbookhasbeenputonthedeskforaweek.(×)Thisbookhasbeenlyingonthedeskforaweek.(√)Menputonsuitswhentheyattendmeetings.(×)Menwearsuitswhentheyattendmeetings.(√)2.非延续性动词非延续性动词表示行为或过程是短暂的或瞬间完成的。这类动词有:add,admit,answer,arrive,ask,attack,begin,break,bring,buy,catch,close,come,die,discover,fall,do,leave,open,puton,sell,start,stay,stop,return,takeoff等。如Whendidsheknowmye-mailaddress?(×)Whendidshegettoknowmye-mailaddress?(√)动词短语动词短语指英语中有相当多的动词常和其他词类一起连用,构成一个固定词组,可看成一个整体,同一般实义动词一样使用。常见的动词短语的构成:1.动词+副词:breakout,carryon,putforward,giveup2.动词+介词:lookafter,carefor,breakthrough,lookthrough\n3.动词+副词+介词:lookdownupon,putupwith,doawaywith,breakawayfrom4.动词+名词+介词:takecareof,payattentionto,putanendto,giveriseto5.be+形容词+介词:befondof,befamiliarwith,besuitablefor,beusedto6.动词+名词:havealook,haveatry,makeanappointment,takeplace7.动词+宾语+介词+名词:set…inoperation,take/put…intoaccount/consideration,turn…toadvantage8.动词+宾语+介词+宾语:make…into…,combine…with…,free…from…,protect…from…九.高考高频动词短语1.break词组:breakawayfrom,breakdown,breakinto,breakoff“中断,折断,突然停止”,breakout,breakthrough,breakup“打碎;分开”,breakwith“破除,和……决裂”2.bring词组:bringabout“引起;造成”,bringdown,bringforward(=putforward),bring…intooperation,bringout“显示出来;出版,生产”,bringup“提出;教育;培养;呕吐”3.call词组:callin,callon,callout,callfor,callback“回电话”,callup“令人想起,给……打电话”,calloff“取消”,callat“访问(某地)”4.come词组:comeabout,comeacross=comeon/upon,comealong,comeat,comeback,comebacktolife/oneself,comebacktoone’smind,comedown,comefrom,comein,comeintobeing,comeintoeffect/force,comeintopower/office,comeintouse,comeon,comeout“\n出版,(花)开,出来;结果是;褪色,消失”,comeover,cometo,cometoknow,cometoschool,cometrue,comeup“走近;(从土中)发芽;被提出”5.cut词组:cutacross,cutback“削减;终止”,cutdown“削减;减少”,cutin“插嘴,打断;加塞”,cutoff“切断;中断,隔绝”,cutout“删掉;戒掉”,cutshort“中断,打断;缩短”,cutthrough“穿过,穿透”,cutup“切碎,使难过”6.do词组:doafavourforsb,doagooddeed,doawaywith,dogoodto,doharmto,doone’sbest,doone’shomework/lessons,dosomecleaning/cooking/shopping/washing…,doup“头发向上梳挽,收拾;整理”,dowellin,dowith,dowithout…“没有……也行”7.give词组:giveaway,givebirthto,giveback,givesbahand,givein,giveoff“发出,放出(液体/气体/气味)”,giveout“分发;用完,耗尽”,givesbaring(phone/call),giveup,giveaconcert,giveatalk,givelessonsto…,givesbsomeadveceon…,givesbtrouble,givetherighttime,giveone’stimeto…,giveashoutofsurprise,givepermission8.get词组:getalongwith,getaway(from…),getback,getdown“降下;下来;取下;吞下,使沮丧”,getdownonone’sknees,getdownto(doing)sth,getholdof,getin,getinaword“插话”,getinone’sway“挡路”,getintouchwith,getinto,getintotrouble,getoff,geton,getinwellwith…,getout,getoutof,getover,getreadyfor,getridof,getthrough,getto,gettoknow,gettogether,getup,getusedto(doing)sth9.go词组:goafter/for,goagainst,goallout,goat/for,gobackto,gobad,goaheadwith,goahead,goby,godown,goinfor,goon,goout,goover,gothrough,gofishing,goshopping,go\nswimming,gowith,gohome,gooutforawalk,gotosleep,gotocollege,gotohospital,gotoschool/work,gotobed,gotothecinema,gowell“进行得好”10.have词组:haveabreak,haveacold,haveagoodlaughover,haveagoodtime,havealetterfrom,havealook,haveatabletennismatch,haveameeting,havearest,haveaswim,havearest,haveawordwithsb,havewordswithsb,havelunch,haveone’shaircut,havenochoicebutto…,havenoneof“不理会”,havesbdoing…,havesbdo…,havesomething/nothingtodowith…,haveon,havemedicine,havesports11.hold词组:holdup“举起……展示;支撑,继续下去;阻挡,使停顿;拦截,抢劫”,holdback“踌躇不前,抑制,阻碍,隐瞒”,holdon“(电话)别挂,等一等,坚持下去”,holdonto“抓住不放,抓牢”,holdone’sbreath,holdout“坚持抵抗,维持,够用,伸出,提出”,holdto=stickto,catchholdof,getholdof,keep/loseholdof,takeholdof12.keep词组:keepadiary“记日记”,keepachild“抚养孩子”,keepback,keepbusydoingsth,keepintouchwith,keep(on)doing,keepfit,keep…from,keep…inmind“记住”,keepone’sword/promise,keepoffthegrass“勿踏草地”,keepasecret,keepout“不得如内”,keep…out“挡住,留在外面”,keepsilent,keepthechange“不用找(零)了”,keepup,keepupwith,keepwatch13.look词组:look(a)round,lookabout“向四周观望”,lookafter,lookahead“向前看,为未来打算”,lookat,lookaway(from…),lookback,lookbehind,lookdown,lookdownon/upon,lookfor,lookforwardto,lookinto,looklike…,lookon,lookon/upon…as…,lookout,lookover,looksbupanddown,lookthrough,lookup,lookupto\n14.make词组:makeacall,makeachoice,makeadecision,makeadiscovery,makeadivefor…,makeaface,makeafire,makeagoodeffort,makeajourney/trip,makeajoke,makealiving,makeamistake,makeanoise,makeaplanfor…,makeapromise,makearecord,makearoundtrip“(乘车、船、飞机等)往返旅行”,makeasentence,makeaspeech,makeastudy,makeasuggestion,makeananswer,makeanapologyto,makeanexperiment,makeenemies“树敌”,makefrendswithsb,makefunof,makenodifference“无关重要,没有影响”,makeone’sway,makeout,makepeace,makepreparationsfor…,makeprogress,makerepairs,makeroomfor,makesense,makesureof,makesure/certain,maketea,makethebed,makethebest/mostof,makeup,makeupfor…,makeupof,makeupone’smind,makeuseof,make…from…,make…into…,make…of…,make…toone.smeasure.15.put词组:putaside“储蓄;把……放在一边”,putaway,putanendto,putback“把(钟)拨慢;推迟;阻碍”,putdown“扑灭,平息,镇压;放下”,putforward,putinto,putoff,puton,putonweight,putout,putsbtobed“打发某人睡觉”,putsbtothetroubleof,putup,putupwith,putone’sheartinto16.run词组:runafter,runacross,runaway,rundown“撞倒,耗尽”,runat,runover“看一遍”,runoff17.send词组:sendout,sendup,sendoff/away,sendfor,sendin“递送”18.set词组:setback“耽搁”,setforth“起程”,setout,setto“起劲地干起来”,besetin…,setaboutdoing,setadiamondinaring“在戒指上镶上钻石”,setoff,setouttodo,set…doing“使……开始做”,setup,setfire(to),setsbfree,setanexampletosb19.take词组:takeAforB“把A认为是B”,take(anactive)partin,take\nalookat…,takeamessagefor…,takeapicnic,takeapicture/photo,takeaseat,takeanexam,takeaim(at…),takeaway,takeback,takecare,takecareof,takedown,takegreattroubletodosth,takein,takeinterestin,takeiteasy,takemedicine“吃药”,takenotes,takeoff“脱下;带走;营救;(飞机)起飞;取消;减价”,takeon“雇用,招收,开始从事,呈现,具有”,takeonanewlook“呈现一派新面貌”,takeone’splace,takeone’stemperature,takeone’sturn,takeout,takeover,takephotos,takeplace,takepridein…,takesthbymistake,taketheplaceof,takethesideof,taketurns,takeup,take…as…,take…forexample,take…forgranted20.turn词组:turnattentionto“把注意力转向”,turn…into…,turnout(tobe),turnaway“走开;把脸转过去;把……打发走”,turnone’sbackon,turnout“生产;驱逐;翻转”,turnon,turnoff,turninto,turnin“转身进入;拐入;交出;上床睡觉;归还”,turndown“关小,调低;拒绝”,turnsb’sbloodcold“使毛骨悚然”,turnagainst,byturns“轮流,交替”,taketurns,ontheturn“正在转变中”,turnback“(使)折回;(使)往回走”,turnaround/round,inturn,turnup,turnto,turnover