高中英语语态详解 练习 4页

英语语态一、语态概述 语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语间的关系。英语动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动词的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：ManypeoplespeakEnglish.Englishisspokenbymanypeople.二、被动语态的构成被动语态由"助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词"构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时am/is/are+P.P.DotheyspeakFrench?一般过去时was/were+p.p.Thehunterkilledatiger.一般将来时shall/willbe+p.p.Ishallmakeaplan.现在进行时am/is/are+being+p.p.Theseworkersarebuildinganewbridge.过去进行时was/were+being+p.p.Theywerediscussingtheplanatthattime.现在完成时have/has+been+p.p.ShehaslearnedmanyEnglishwords.过去完成时had+been+p.p.Theyhadsolvedtheproblem.过去将来时wouldbe+p.p.was/weregoingtobe+p.p.Theyweregoingtoputonaplaythenextweek.情态动词can/may/must/should+be+p.p.YoumustanswerthequestioninEnglish.三、被动语态的用法1.不知道或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，要用被动语态。例如：（1）Hiswatchwasstolenyesterday.（2）ThiscarismadeinJapan.2、当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。　Theroomhasn'tbeencleanedyet.房间还没有打扫。　Thetigerwaskilledbyhim.老虎被他杀死了。3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：　Thewindowwasblownbywind.窗户被风吹开了。　Thewholevillagehasbeenwashedawaybytheflood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。4、表示客观的说明常用"Itis+过去分词."句型。　ItissaidthatLucyhasgoneabroad.据说露茜已经出国了。　Itisbelievedthatheisaspy.(=Heisbelievedtobeaspy.)大家相信他是个间谍。　其它常见的"Itis+过去分词+that"句型还有　Itisreportedthat…据报道4\n　Itissaidthat…据说Itishopedthat…大家希望Itiswellknownthat…众所周知Asinknowntoallthat….　Itisbelievedthat…大家相信　Itissuggestedthat…有人建议四、疑难问题1、有些动词如：tell,pay,send,give,buy,show,offer,lend,leave,make,hand,throw,teach等，可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。主动：Jacktoldusthetruth.　被动：WeweretoldthetruthbyJack.ThetruthwastoldtousbyJack.主动：Motherboughtmeanewcoat.被动：Iwasboughtanewcoatbymother.Anewcoatwasboughtformebymother.2、在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.3、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1)英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。　Thiskindofclothwasheswell.Thesebookssellverywell.Thecardrivesfast.　　注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。　　Thedoorwon'tlock．这门关不上。（主语的情况、属性，表示“门出问题了”）Thedoorwon'tbelocked．（不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因）Thesentencereadsclearly.Thesentenceisreadclearly.2)表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,turnout等以主动形式表示被动意义。Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.Howdothenewspaperscomeout?这些报纸是如何出版的呢？3)表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,smell,sound,taste,look,prove等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。　Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.Theflowersmellssweet.Thisdishtastesgood.4、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义。　　在某些句型中可用doing和todo表被动意义。1)在need，want，require等少数表示“需要”的动词后，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。Thehouseneedsrepairing（toberepaired）．这房子需要修理。Theseplantswantwateringeveryday.Thissentenceneedsexplaining(tobeexplained).2)形容词worth后面跟动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；4\nInall,thebookisworthreading.Thismightbeworththinkingabout.而worthy后接动词不定式的被动形式或ofbeingdone。　　Thebookisveryworthytoberead/ofbeingread．1)不定式用于某些动词（如have,havegot,get,want,need等）的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，则要用主动形式表示被动含义。Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon．Iwantsomethingtodrink.Iwanttogetsomethingtoread.【注】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则要用被动。Ihavesomethingtotype.我有些东西要打。（指自己打字）Ihavesomethingtobetyped.我有些东西要打。（指请人打字）2)某些“be+形容词＋todo”结构中，常用主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.Yourwritingisimpossibletoread.Doyouthinkthewaterissafetodrink?3)在too…to…和…enoughtodosth的结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。Thisbookistooexpensive(forme)tobuy.Theseboxesarenotstrongenoughtouseasaplatform.4)在therebe…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。Thereisnotimetolose（tobelost）．（用tolose可看成forustolose；用tobelost，谁losttime不明确。）Thereistoomuchworktodo.Thereisnothingtosee.5)toblame,torent用作表语时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。　Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?Thehouseistorent.五、专项练习1.Thehouse_____myparents.A.isbelongtoB.belongtoC.belongstoD.isbelongedto2.Greatchanges_____inourprovince.Manytallbuildings_______.A.havebeentakenplace,havebeensetupB.havetakenplace,havebeensetupC.havebeentakenplace,havesetupD.weretakenplace,weresetup3.Wecan'tusethebridgenow,becauseit______.A.hasbeenrepairedB.isrepairingC.isrepairedD.isbeingrepaired4.They______dayandnight.A.aremadeworkB.aremadetoworkC.madetobeworkedD.aremakingtowork5.When______thePeople'sRepublicofChina_____?A.was,foundB.was,foundedC.did,foundD.does,found6.Assoonaswegottotheairport,wefoundthattheplane______.A.hadalreadytakenoffB.alreadytookoffC.wasalreadytakingoffD.wasalreadytakenoff7.WhenLiMinghurriedhome,hefoundthathismother____already____tohospital.A.has;beensentBhad;sentChas;sentDhad;beensent8.IwanttobuythatkindofclothbecauseI______thecloth______well.4\nA.havetold;washesB.havebeentold;washesC.wastold;washedD.havebeentold;iswashed1.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed_____.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch2.Bytheendoflastyear，anothernewgymnasium________inBeijing.A.wouldbecompletedB.wasbeingcompletedC.hasbeencompletedD.hadbeencompleted3.Ifeelitisyourhusbandwho________forthespoiledchild.A.istoblameB.isgoingtoblameC.istobeblameD.shouldblame4.Ifcitynoises________fromincreasing，people________shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;willhavetoB.arenotkept;havetoC.donotkeep;willhavetoD.donotkeep;haveto5.Youcan’tmoveinrightnow.Thehouse________.A.haspaintedB.ispaintedC.isbeingpaintedD.ispainting6.DoIhavetotakethismedicine?It________soterrible.A.tastesB.istastingC.istastedD.hastasted7.Afriendofminereturnedtohishouseafteraholidayonlytofindit________.A.tobebrokenB.hadbrokenintoC.wasbrokenD.hadbeenbrokeninto8..Theybelievedthatbyusingcomputerstheproductionoftheirfactory________.A.willgreatlyincreaseB.wouldgreatlyincreaseC.wouldbeincreasedgreatlyD.willhavebeengreatlyincreased9.—Doyoulikethenewpen?—Yes，it________verywell.A.iswrittenB.iswritingC.writesD.wrote10.Thenotice________“Nosmoking.”A.iswroteB.readsC.writesD.isread11.Goodcaremust________babiesparticularlywhiletheyareill.A.takeB.takeofC.betakenD.betakenof12.Visitors________nottotouchtheexhibits.A.willrequestB.arerequestedC.arerequestingD.request13.They________asnowstormontheirwayhome.A.caughtinB.hadcaughtC.werecaughtD.werecaughtin14.Thewar________in1937.A.wasbrokenoutB.hadbeenbrokenoutC.hasbrokenoutD.brokeout15.Heorderedthatthebooks______atonce.A.wouldbeprintedB.wouldprintC.beprintedD.print16.—Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?—Excellent!It’sworth____asecondtime.A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread17.Thispageneeded___again.A.beingcheckedB.checkedC.tocheckD.tobechecked4