初高中英语衔接教程 16页

67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.docChapter1EnglishSounds一、英语国际音标：元音共20个，其中单元音12个（分前元音、中元音、后元音），双元音8个（分合口双元音和集中双元音。）辅音共28个，清浊成对的音有20个。发清辅音时，声带不振动，发浊辅音和元音时声带振动，因而读得响亮。要求发音准确，并注意音标的书写不同于字母的书写。Exercise1.FillinthetablewithInternationalPhoneticsymbolsforEnglish根据表中提示填写英语国际音标:元音单元音前元音中元音后元音双元音合口双元音集中双元音辅音种类双唇爆破音舌尖齿龈爆破音舌后软颚爆破音唇齿摩擦音舌尖齿龈摩擦音舌尖齿背摩擦音舌尖齿龈后部摩擦音舌尖齿龈后部破擦音舌端齿龈后部破擦音舌端齿龈破擦音双唇鼻辅音舌端齿龈鼻辅音舌后软颚鼻辅音声门摩擦音舌端齿龈后部摩擦音边舌音舌前硬颚浊辅音舌后软颚圆唇音清浊二、音节和音节的划分：（1）单音节由一个元音（或再加上前后的辅音）构成。如：I[ai]；my[mai]；Mike[maik]（2）双音节由两个元音（或再加上前后的辅音）构成。如：hour[aJ-E]；answer[5B:n-sE]（3）多音节由三个或三个以上的音节构成。如：exercise[5e-ksE-saIz]（4）爆破辅音、摩擦音与边辅音、鼻辅音组成的无元音字母的音节发音也较响亮，可以自成音节，叫做成音节。常见的成音节有[-bl],[-pl],[-dl],[-tl]，[-sl],[-fl],[-vl]，[-sn],[-zn],[-fn],[-vn]，[-tn],[-dn]。如：ta-ble[5tei-bl];cou-ple[5kQ-pl];mid-dle[5mi-dl];lit-tle[5li-tl];ca-stle[5kB:-sl];ri-fle[5rai-fl];tra-vel[5trA-vl];li-sten[5li-sn];do-zen[5dQ-zn];se-ven[5se-vn];cot-ton[5kR-tn];sud-den[5sQ-dn]等等。（5）开音节和闭音节：元音字母后面没有辅音字母时，为绝对开音节；“元音字母＋辅音字母（r除外）＋默音e”结构为相对开音节；元音字母后面有辅音字母（发音）时为闭音节。如：I[aI]、no[nEJ]绝对开音节；note[nEJt]相对开音节；not[nRt]、desk[desk]、on[Rn]闭音节（6）两个音节之间只有一个辅音字母（r除外），如前面的是开音节，该辅音字母属于后面；如前面是闭音节，该辅音字母属于前面。如：me-ter[5mi:t[]米，公尺；la-ter[5leit[]以后；stu-dent[5stju:dEnt]学生；stud-y[5stQdI]学习（7）两个音节间有两个辅音字母（r除外），则分别属于前后两个音节。如：prac-tice[5prAk-tIs]实践；num-ber[5nQm-b[]数字（8）两个音节相邻处是rr时，一个r属于前面，另一个r属于后面，前边按重读闭音节规律发音。如：marry[5mArI]结婚；相邻处如果是“元音字母＋r＋其他辅音字母”时，r属于前面，按重读-r音节规律发音。如：farther[5fB:TE]较远的；相邻处是“元音字母＋r＋元音字母”时，r属于前面。如：during[5djuErIN]在……期间（9）辅音字母组合不能分开，必须划在一个音节内。如：neigh-bour[5nei-b[]邻居；fa-ther[5fB:-T[]父亲（10）书写移行规则：①要按音节移，连字符“-”位于行末（如picture）；②单个字母的音节不能单独留在上行末（如unit）或单独移至下行首（如city）；③有连字符的在连字符处断开（如picture-book）：上行：…pic-…u-…cit-…picture-下行：ture…nit…y…book…正确错误错误正确Exercise2．Dividethefollowingwordsintosyllables给下列单词划分音节：Model:research—re|search;someone—some|one-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.dochonestloyalhandsomearguesolutionclassicalmirrorhammercompasssurvivedesertedfeelingairplaneparachuteadventureformalerrorbathroomtowellandladypronouncerepeatmajoritytonguegovernmentsituationinternationalorganizationcommunicateindependent三、重读和轻读：一个词读得最强的部分叫做重音，在英语中每一个双音节及多音节词都有一个读得特别响亮的音节，叫做重读音节。不强的部分叫做轻音。多音节词可以有程度不等的重音，介于强弱之间的音叫做次重音。“5”为重音符号，表示重读音节；“7”为次重音符号，表示次重读音节；轻读音节不作记号。英语单词的重读一般规律如下：1、单音节词的重音：单音节词单独念时都要重读。单音节词本身就是重读音节，所以无须标出重音符号。如：he[hi:],good[gud],learn[l[:n]。2、双音节词的重音：双音节词一般都是在第一个音节上重读。如：letter[5le-t[]，study[5stQ-di]，sister[5sis-t[]，morning[5mR:n-iN]。例外的情况：1）重音在第二个音节上a)带有词头a-,be-,de-,re-,ad-,ap-,con-,dis-,in-,ex-等的词一般重音在第二个音节上。如：a-about，away，academy，agreement，announcement，attractive，award，amount，acceptad-advance，advice，address，adventure，adaptap-appear，apply，appointment，apologizebe-begin，before，believe，because，behavecon-consist，concern，consider，continue，containde-decide，defend，deceive，depend，defeat，degree，deserted，desire，dessert，determine，devotedis-discuss，displease，disabled，disagreeex-explain，expose，except，exchange，excitement，exhibition，experience，expressin-include，indeed，independent，intelligence，international，interrupt，introducere-report，research，resource，rebuild，replace，repeat，remind，represent，respond，restoreb)含有后缀-self和-selves的复合词。如：myself[mai5self]，himself[him5self]，yourselves[jR:5self],themselves[T[m5selvz]。2）有些双音节词两个音节都重读。a)中国地名。如：Beijing[5bei5dViN]，Shanghai[5FBN5hai]b)以前缀re-(再、重新)构成的双音节词。如：rewrite[5ri:5rait]，retell[5ri:5tel]c)一些复合词。如：inside[5in5said]，upstairs[5Qp5stZ[z]d)数词13—19。如：thirteen[5W[:5ti:n]，nineteen[5nain5ti:n]3、多音节词的重音：1）多音节词的重音一般落在倒数第三个音节上。有五个音节以上的词则从重读音节数起（不算重读音节），倒数第二个音节为次重读音节。如：hospital[5hRs-pi-tl]，experiment[iks-5pe-ri-m[nt]，university[7ju:-ni-5v[:-si-ti]，possibility[7pR-s[-5bi-li-ti]，nationality[7nA-F[-5nA-li-ti]，opportunity[7R-p[-5tju:-li-ti]2）词尾有-ic、-tion或-sion的词，在该词尾前一个音节上重读。如：translation[trAns-5lei-F[n]；scientific[sai-[n-5ti-fik]；decision[di-5si-V[n]4、区别词类的重读：有些词虽然拼法相同，但往往由于重音不同而引起词性的变化。一般规律是，名词和形容词重音落在第一个音节上，动词重音落在第二个音节（词根）上。1）拼法相同，重音不同，词性不同。如：increase[5inkri:s]n.增加[in5kri:z]v.增加perfect[5p[:fikt]adj.完美的[p[5fikt]v.使完美rebel[5reb[l]adj.反叛的[ri5bel]v.反叛2）拼法相同，重音不同，词性词义都不同。如：subject[5sQbdVikt]n.学科[sQb5dVekt]v.使隶属object[5RbdVikt]n.物体[[b5dVekt]v.反对refuse[5refju:s]n.垃圾[ri5fju:z]v.拒绝5、复合形容词的重读：复合形容词多由形容词+形容词、形容词+分词、副词、分词、副词+形容词构成。这些词通常保留两个重音。如：dark-blue[5dB:k5blu:]，good-looking[5gud5lukiN]，over-busy[5[uv[5bizi]6、复合词的重读与自由组合词的重读：自由组合的两个单词都重读，构成复合词写在一起后，就只有一个重音，而且词义完全不同。如：blackboard[5blAk5bR:d]黑色的板子blackboard[5blAkbR:d]黑板greenhouse[5gri:n5haus]绿色的房子greenhouse[5gri:nhaus]温室-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.docgreenroom[5gri:n5ru:m]绿色的房间greenroom[5gri:nru:m]演员休息室bluebottle[5blu:5bRtl]蓝色的瓶子bluebottle[5blu:bRtl]绿色大苍蝇Exercise3.Markthestress标出重音位置：spiritinventorfrightenappearancegraduationdecorateideabehindgenerositybamboodisplayundergroundexcitedman-madeuniversitydownloadforeverrewardingrebuildconversation四、重读开音节和重读闭音节：由“（辅音字母+）元音字母+辅音字母+不发音的‘e’”组成的重读音节叫做相对开音节；由“（辅音字母+）元音字母”组成的重读音节叫做绝对开音节；由“（辅音字母+）元音字母+辅音字母”组成的重读音节叫做闭音节。元音字母在开音节中一般读字母音(“u”有时还可读作[u:])，在重读闭音节中，“a”一般读作[A]，“e”读作[e]，“i”读作[i]，“o”读作[R]或[Q]，“u”读作[Q]，“y”读作[i]。元音字母a,e,i,o,u,y（在辅音字母后面）在重读开音节中的读音规律见下表：元音字母读音例词aeiCanadian,native,patient,labour,salesman,translate,population,nature,liberation特殊[e]any,many;[Z[]Mary,Parent,various,carry;[R:]water;[A]haveei:fever,recycle,metre,Chinese,complete,even,evening,recently,scene,secret,eveiaisilence,design,provide,bicycle,library,exciting,quiteigive,livei:machine,magazine,police,techniqueo[urobot,lonely,program,only,clothes,October,socialist,motor,oceanu:move,improve,whose,lose,proveQabove,come,some,none,government,cover特殊[u]woman;[i]women;[wQ]one,onceuu:ruler,conclude,revolutionju:pupil,usually,stupid不发音guess,guard,guest,league特殊[e]bury;[i]busy;[ju[]duringyaibye,Hyde,my,sky,why元音字母a,e,i,o,u在重读闭音节中的读音规律见下表：元音字母读音例词aAan,at,back,cat,fan,has,apple,carrot,factory,Japan,madam,manager,SaturdayB:dance,chance,example,rather,answer,basket,after,path,grasp,task,fast,past,glass,pass,cast,class,grass,master,advance,commandRwant,what,watch,wash,quantity,quarrel,wander,wallet特殊[A]mass;[ei]dangerouseefresh,envelope,develop,respect,message,umbrella,sentence,president,televisioniiprison,living,children,official,village,scientificaibehind,blind,find,kind,wild,例外：wind[i]n.[ai]v.oRsolid,common,poverty,biology,probably,comrade,laboratory,long,lock,oppositeQmonth,thorough,dozen,government,wonderful,stomach,London[uboth,post,old,scold,hold,soldier,golduQugly,struggle,interrupt,suddenly,construction,pulseusugar,full,pull,put,push-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.doc元音字母在非重读音节中的读音规律见下表：[iaeoaeiyagainChinaEnglandmadamwomanAmericaAustraliabananaJapanesebrokenchildrendifferentlicenseopenproblemstudento’clockcarrotpolicetodaywelcometomorroworangevillagebasketbecausebeginbusinesschickenelevenexcusehundredticketartistEnglishbuildingmusicofficevisitbusinessfamilyminibusanycitycountryearlyfactoryfiftyfriendlyheavyhungry元音字母组合在单词中的读音规律见下表：读音字母组合例词[er,or,ou,our,ure轻读after,brother,cleaner,driver,exercise,flower,letter,number,ruler,forget,thorough,poisonous,curious,serious,labour,honour,neighbour,colour,figure,picture[:ear,er,ir,or,urearly,learn,search,heard,earth,her,hers,certainly,bird,first,girl,shirt,skirt,thirsty,third,work,worker,word,nurse,turn,Thursday,surface[uoa,ou,owboat,goat,coat,though,although,shoulder,soul,grow,know,row,throw,bowl[uldoldold,cold,told,soldaiighhigh,light,rightai[ireadmire,tireaildildchild,但children[ild]aindindfind,kindauou,owabout,blouse,count,house,mouth,out,round,trousers,brown,down,how,now,flower,特殊：knowledge[R]B:al不在词首half,calmB:ar/areare,arm,artist,car,far,farm,hard,garden,market,partyeeaheavy,bread,measure,ahead,weather,sweater,pleasure,meant,dealt,head,health,breakfast,sweatereiai,ay,ei,eyagain,straight,train,away,day,may,play,say,stay,eight,eighteenth,eighty,hey,greyiay轻读Monday,weekdayi:ea,ee,eo,iecheap,clean,each,easy,eat,leave,meal,meat,read,sea,tea,teach,team,feet,meet,sleep,week,wheel,people,believe,piece,特殊：quiet[ai[]i[ear,eer,ereear,clear,dear,hear,near,tear(泪水),year,pioneer,sneer,hereQoutrouble,southern,touch,country,cousin,enough,youngR:al不在词首,au,oor,or,ore,ou,ourball,call,small,talk,tall,wall,daughter,door,floor,or,for,forty,morning,short,sport,before,ought,thought,four,your,yours,特殊：cough[R]R:lal在词首almost,always,already,although,altogether,also,特殊：all[R:]Rioi,oynoise,boy,toyuoo,oulbook,cook,foot,good,look,football,goodness,could,would,shouldu:oo,oubroom,food,moon,soon,too,zoo,school,afternoon,noodle,youth,you,wound,through,route,groupZ[air,are,ear,ere,eirair,chair,hair,glare,hare,stare,pear,wear,tear(撕、扯),there,where,their,theirs特殊eaOceania[i5ei],reality[i5A],theatre[i[],really[i[],ocean[[],beautiful(不发音)-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.doc辅音字母和字母组合在单词中的读音规律见下表：字母读音例词字母读音例词bbback,table,bringwwwash,would,swimckcard,catch,closexxtaxi,excuse,expensivesface,city,certainlyyjyeah,year,yo-yoddday,bread,handzzzero,zoo,sizefffar,often,fridgechtFcatch,French,eachggget,glass,greatckkback,chicken,quickdVbridge,orange,vegetabledrdrdraw,children,hundredhhhat,hear,highdsdzcards,hands,friendsjdVjob,juice,jumpgh-bright,high,daughterkkkilo,kind,weekknnknife,knowlllake,learn,lotngN(g)sing,shopping,dumpling,Englishlbottle,full,mealphfphone,photommmatch,meat,teamshFshort,shop,fishnnnurse,fun,turnthWthirsty,throw,Thursdayppplace,open,helpfulTbrother,other,withqkquick,question,quiettrtrtrain,travel,treerrread,rice,robottswhtsbaskets,fruits,marketssssave,basket,chesswwhen,why,whitezclose,Tuesday,exercisehwho,whosetttake,meeting,eatwrrwrite,wrongExercise4.Writeoutthepronunciationoftheboldletter(s)inthefollowingwords写出下列词中黑体字母的读音:makethesericehomeexcuserulepotatoheIsostudentbycanwellbeginshopmummy五、辅音连缀：辅音连缀是英语特有的一种语言现象。在朗读辅音连缀时，一定要求做到：①不在辅音之间添加元音[E]；②不吞没辅音连缀中的任何一个辅音。例如有些同学不是将next[nekst]中的[k]吞掉，读成[nest]，就是将[s]吞掉而读成[nekt]。正确的读音应是将三个辅音都读出来，既不加元音，也不吞辅音。Exercise5.Readthefollowingsoundsandwords朗读下列音标和单词：[pl-][bl-][kl-][gl-][sl-][fl-][br-][kr-][gr-][fr-][sk-][sm-][sp-][st-][tw-][sw-][kw-][Wr-]blackclassflagglassploughslowbrainscreenskysmallspystonetwelveswimquarter六、不完全爆破：爆破音的发音过程有三个步骤，即成阻、持阻和除阻。所谓不完全爆破，就是前一爆破音的除阻被省略而发出第二个爆破音。以上练习中含有五种条件：两个爆破音相邻；爆破音与破擦音相邻；爆破音与摩擦音相邻；爆破音与鼻音相邻；爆破音与边舌音相邻。Exercise6.Readthefollowingwordsandsentences朗读下列词句：1)sitdown［5si(t)5daun］Ican’tcome.［ai5kB:n(t)5kQm］actor［5A(k)t[］blackboard［5blA(k)bC:d］2)sweetdream［5swi:(t)5dri:m］It’snottrue.［its5nC(t)5tru:］picture［5pi(k)tFE］object［5C(b)dVi(k)t］3)oldfriend［5[ul(d)5frend］I’mnotsure.［aim5nC(t)Fu[］breakfast［5bre(k)f[st］outside［5au(t)said］4)goodnight［5gu(d)5nait］Don'tthankme.［5d[un(t)5WAN(k)mi］kindness［5kain(d)nis］grandmother［5grAn(d)mQT[］5)aboutLi［[5bau(t)5li］Idon'tlikeit.［ai5d[un(t)laikit］-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.doc七、音的同化：音的同化就是两音相邻而互相影响，使邻音变为相同或相似的音，或者变成一个新音素。主要有三种情况：前音受相邻后音影响而变化，如下例1）；后音受相邻前音影响而变化，如下例2）；前音与相邻后音相互影响，产生第三个音素，如下例3）。同化既可发生在同一词或复合词内，也可以发生在句子中相邻的两个词之间，这是因为说话时我们不是以单词作单位，而是以短语或句子作单位的。Exercise7.Readthefollowingwords朗读下列词语：1)newspaper［5nju:z5peip[——5nju:speip[］Doesshe?［5dQzFi:——5dQVFi:］2)speed［5spi:d——5sbi:d］3)［t］+［j］——［tF］：Didn'tyou?［5didntFju:］［d］+［j］——［dV］：Couldyou?［ku5dVju:］八、连读：在连贯讲话或朗读一个意思紧密相关的词组时（即意群），如果碰到前词以辅音结尾而后词以元音起首，那么这个辅音和这个元音就要连在一起读，如下例1）；如果前一个词以元音结尾而后一个词以元音开头，这两个元音可连读，如下例2）；当前一个词的末尾有字母r或re而后一个词以元音开头时，字母r可读出来与后一个词的元音连读；如下例3）；有时词尾没有r或re，但以［[］，［[u］，［B:］，［C:］结尾，可加上［r］音与元音开头的后一个词连读；如下例4）。注意：连读现象只发生于同一意群当中。Exercise8.Readthefollowingsentences朗读下列句子：1)Havealookatit.［5hAv⌣[5luk⌣[t⌣it］Notatall.［5nCt⌣[t⌣5C:l］2)Wemusttryagain.［wimQs(t)5trai⌣[5gein］Theyaredeeplyinterestedinit.［Tei⌣[5di:pli⌣5intristid⌣in⌣it］3)Thereareaboutsixtystudentsinourclass.[TZ[r⌣[r⌣[5baut5siksti5sdju:dnts⌣in⌣au[5klB:s]Iboughtapairofshoes.[ai5bC:t⌣[5pZ[r⌣[v5Fu:z]4)Goaway.［5g[ur⌣[5wei］Whataboutyourideaofit?［5wCt⌣[5bautju[r⌣ai5di[r⌣[v⌣it］九、意群和停顿：在讲话时，为了使意思表达得更清楚，同时也为了换气，需要在一句之末或有时在一句之中稍作停顿。一个较长的句子常可以按意思和结构划分为若干组词，每一组词称为一个意群。一个意群必须一口气说完，不可分割成更小的单位。意群与意群之间可以停顿，但并非必须如此，一个意群在语调上自成一个小单位，至少包含一个重读音节，而且不在句尾的意群也要用一定的语调（或升，或降）读出。Exercise9.Readthefollowingpassages朗读下列段落（“/”表示划分句中的意群，“//”表示句末的停顿）：Chuck/learnsalotabouthimself/whenheisalone/ontheisland.//Herealizes/thathehasn’tbeenaverygoodfriend/becausehehasalwaysbeenthinkingabouthimself.//Duringhisfiveyearsontheisland,/Chucklearns/howtobeagoodfriendtoWilson.//EventhoughWilsonisjustavolleyball,/hebecomesfondofhim.//Hetalkstohim/andtreatshimasafriend.//Chucklearns/thatweneedfriendstosharehappinessandsorrow,/andthatitisimportant/tohavesomeonetocareabout.//Healsolearns/thatheshouldhavecaredmoreabouthisfriends.//WhenhemakesfriendswithWilson,/heunderstands/thatfriendshipisaboutfeelings/andthatwemustgiveasmuchaswetake.//Avolleyball/iscertainlyanunusualfriend.//Mostofourfriends/arehumanbeings,/butwealsomakefriendswithanimalsandeventhings.//Forexample,/manyofus/havepets,/andweall/havefavouriteobjects/suchasaluckypenoradiary.//ThelessonwecanlearnfromChuck/andalltheotherswhohaveunusualfriends/is/thatfriendsareteachers.//Friendship/helpsusunderstandwhoweare,/whyweneedeachother/andwhatwecandoforeachother.//十、升调和降调：调是指语调，语调就是说话时调门的上升或下降、声音的高亢或低沉，即语句的升调、降调和平调。英语的基本语调有三种：升调、降调和平调。一般情况下，陈述句与特殊疑问句句末读降调，一般疑问句句末读升调，句中的实词读平调；选择疑问句的选择部分前升后降；并列成分前面所有的项读升调，最后一项读降调；客气的语气用升调。-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.docExercise10.Readthefollowingincorrecttones用正确的语调朗读下列内容：Where’sthenearestpostoffice,↗please?↗Sorry,Idon’t↘know.Isthereabookshopnear↗here?Yes,there↘is.WhichbusdoI↘need?Ithinkyouneedanumber↘7bus.IthinkI’llstay↗homeanddosome↘reading.Thereare→seven↘daysina↘week.Theyare↗Sunday,↗Monday,↗Tuesday,↗Wednesday,↗Tr4hursday,↗Fridayand↘Saturday.十一、句子重音：一般来说，在句子中通常重读的有：名词、形容词、数词、副词、动词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问词等；通常轻读的有：冠词、系动词、助动词、人称代词、关系代词、连词、介词等。如：Sothe5two5young5brothers5worked5hardat5that5time.因此那年轻的兄弟俩在那时工作得很努力。连冠数形名动副介代名一般不重读的虚词被强调时可变为重读。重复上句中的内容时，一般需重读的常变得不再重读。节奏对句子重音的影响A、有两个重音的词，由于受节奏的影响，失去一个重音。如：5fif5teen;fif5teen5books;5Bei5jing;5Beijing5duck;5reach5Beijing;5man-5made;5man-made5satellite;5Chi5nese;5Chinese5languageB、受节奏的影响，单词有时重读，有时不重读。如：a5good5comrade;a5verygood5comrade;He5turnedoffthe5light.He5turnedit5off.C、语速越快，重音越少。如：5Thatis5just5whatI'vebeen5wantingfora5long5time.当这句话读快了就成为：Thatis5justwhatI'vebeen5wantingfora5longtime.附：英语国际音标表：元音单元音前元音中元音后元音i:IeA\:[QB:CC:Ju:双元音合口双元音集中双元音eIEJaIaJCIIEeEJE辅音种类双唇爆破音舌尖齿龈爆破音舌后软颚爆破音唇齿摩擦音舌尖齿龈摩擦音舌尖齿背摩擦音舌尖齿龈后部摩擦音舌尖齿龈后部破擦音舌端齿龈后部破擦音舌端齿龈破擦音双唇鼻辅音舌端齿龈鼻辅音舌后软颚鼻辅音声门摩擦音舌端齿龈后部摩擦音边舌音舌前硬颚浊辅音舌后软颚圆唇音清ptkfsWFtFtrtsmnNhrljw浊bd^vzTVdVdrdz-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.docChapter2SuffixSpelling英语中有一部分单词在组句成文的过程中，要根据人称、数、格、时态、语态、语气、句法作用等变化，在这部分单词后加一个或一组字母来表示，即后缀。主要后缀有名词复数后缀-(e)s，形容词和副词的比较级后缀-er、最高级后缀-est，动词一般现在时的第三人称单数形式后缀-(e)s、过去式和过去分词后缀-ed、现在分词后缀-ing，副词后缀-ly等；它们既有共同之处，又有各自的特点，现分类试以说明。1、以“辅音字母＋默音e”结尾的单词：（1）在加以元音字母开头的后缀时，-e常去掉。如：live＋ing→living；large＋er→larger；fame＋ous→famous；love＋ed＋loved；note＋able→notable；active＋ity→activity但有些单词例外，直接加后缀：dye＋ing→dyeing（为区别于die＋ing＋dying）；live＋able→likeable（也可likable）以字母组合-ee结尾的词，在加以“元音字母e”开头的后缀（如：-er,-est,-ed等）时，要少加一个字母“e”；加“e以外的元音字母”开头的后缀（如：-ing,-able等）时，要直接加。如：free＋er/est/ed→freer/freest/freed；free＋ing＋freeing；agree＋ed→agreed；agree＋able＋agreeable以-ce或-ge结尾的词，在加以a,o,u开头的后缀时，-e要保留（其原因是在e,I,y前e读[s]，g读[dV]；在a,o,u前c读[k]，g读[g]；保留-e可避免发音上的混乱）。如：courage＋ous→courageous；notice＋able→noticeable。但以-ce结尾的词在加-ous时，变-e为-i。如：space＋ous→spacious。（2）在加以辅音字母开头的后缀时，-e须保留。如：make＋s＋makes；hope＋ful→hopeful；nice＋ly→nicely；late＋ness→lateness以-ue结尾的词加后缀时，-e要去掉。如：true＋ly→truly；argue＋ment→argument。但有些词例外：judge＋ment→judgement（或judgment）以-le结尾的词加-ly时，变-e为-y即可。如：simple＋ly→simply2、以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的单词：（1）在加-s和-th后缀时，-y要变成-ie。如：study＋s→studies；sixty＋th→sixtieth。但人名除外。如：Mary＋s＋Marys（2）在加以-i开头的后缀时，-y一般不变。如：try＋ing→trying；baby＋ish→babyish（3）在加其他后缀时，-y一般要变为-i。如：easy＋er→easier；hurry＋ed→hurried；happy＋est→happiest；marry＋age→marriage；study＋ous→studious；happy＋ly→happily。但有些单词例外：shy＋ly→shyly3、以“元音字母＋y”结尾的单词，直接加后缀。如：boy＋s→boys；say＋ing→saying；grey＋er→greyer；play＋ed→played；enjoy＋ment→enjoyment。但有些词例外：gay＋ly→gaily；day＋ly→daily4、以-ie结尾的单词，加-ing时变-ie为-y。如：lie＋ing→lying；die＋ing→dying5、以“重读闭音节（包括重读r音节）＋单个辅音字母（x除外）”结尾的单词，在加以元音字母开头的后缀时，该辅音字母要双写。如：big＋er→bigger；hot＋est→hottest；sit＋ing→sitting；drop＋ed→dropped；reger＋ing→referring；in＋er→inner如果该音节不重读，则不双写。如：visit＋ing→visiting。但以-l结尾的双音节词及少数其他词，在英国英语中常双写，而在美国英语中则常不双写。如：equal＋ed→equal(l)ed；travel＋ing→travel(l)ing；worship＋er→worship(p)er如果该音节并非闭音节，如由ow,ea等字母组合构成的音节，则不双写。如：slow＋er→slower；beat＋ing→beating末尾不是单个辅音字母，或末尾是x时不双写。如：back＋ed→backed；box＋ing→boxing以-c结尾的词，加后缀-ed，-ing，-er时，要先加k（以使其不致错读为[s]）。如：picnic＋ed→picnicked双写规则可使读者从形变后的派生词上看出原形的词尾有无默音。如：hopping来自hop（跳），而hoping来自hope（希望）；starring来自star（用星装饰），而staring来自stare（盯着瞧）。6、加-es的名词和动词：（1）以咝音[s][z][tF][dV][F][V]结尾的词，要加-es[Iz]；如已有默音-e，就只加-s[Iz]。如：box[-s]→boxes；dish[-F]→dishes；watch[-tF]→watches；face[-s]→faces[-Iz]咝音多由s,x,sh,ch发出，但如这些字母不发咝音时，则不加-es。如：stomach[-k]→stomachs（2）以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的词，要加-es[-z]。如：go→goes；do→does；hero→heroes；potato→potatoes以“元音字母＋o”结尾的词，直接加-s。如：radio→radios；zoo→zoos以-o结尾的外来词或缩写词，一般加-s。如：piano→pianos；photo→photos（3）部分以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数时要将-f或-fe变为v再加-es。如：knife→knives；wife→wives。常见的有：leaves树叶；selves自己；halves半；lives生命；thieves强盗；wolves狼。但少数以-f结尾的词直接加-s：roofs屋顶；proofs证据；chiefs首领；gulfs海湾；beliefs相信；serfs农奴。handkerchief（手帕）二者皆可。（记忆：海湾边，屋顶上，首领农奴两相望，谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上。）另外还有briefs摘要、cliffs悬崖、safes保险箱等，变化也相同。-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.docChapter3Calligraphy英语书写要领：横平竖直弧圆，满格右倾平行，大写小写分清，词距标点匀称。样例：Aquickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog.Aquickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog.Aquickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog.Aquickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog.Aquickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog.AQUICKBROWNFOXJUMPSOVERTHELAZYDOG.练习：-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.docChapter4TeachingLanguageforEnglishClassI.上课（Beginningaclass）1.Let’sstartnow.／Let’s begin our class／lesson.2.Stand up,please.3.Sit down,Pease.Ⅱ.问候（Greeting）4.Hello,boys and girls／children.5.Good morning,class／everyone／everybody／children／boys and girls.6.Good afternoon,class／everyone／everybody／children／boys and girls.7.How are you today？Ⅲ.考勤（Checking attendance）8.Who’s on duty today？／Who’s helping this morning／today？9.Is everyone／everybody here／present？10.Is anyone away？／Is anybody away？11.Is anyone absent？／Is anybody absent？12.Who’s absent？／Who’s away？13.Where is he／she？14.Try to be on time.／Don’t be late next time.15.Go back to your seat,please.16.What day is it today？17.What’s the date today？18.What’s the weather like today？19.What’s it like outside？Ⅳ.宣布（Announcing）20.Let’s start working.／Let’s begin／start a new lesson.／Let’s begin／start our lesson.21.First,let’s review／do some review.22.What did we learn in the last lesson？23.Who can tell／remember what we did in the last lesson／ yesterday？24.Now we’re going to do something new／different.／Now let’s learn something new.25.We have some now words／sentences.Ⅴ.提起注意（Directing attention）26.Ready？／Are you ready？27.Did you get there？／Do you understand？28.Is that clear？29.Any volunteers？30.Do you know what to do？31.Be quiet,please.／Quiet/Silent/Silence,please.-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.doc32.Listen,please.33.Listen carefully,please.34.Listen to the tape recorder／the recording.35.Look carefully,please.36.Look over here.37.Watch carefully.38.Are your watching？39.Please look at the blackboard／picture／map…40.Pay attention to your spelling／pronunciation.Ⅵ.课堂活动（Classroom activities）41.Start！／Start now./Ready?Go!42.Everybody together.／All together.43.Practise in a group.／Practise in groups／In groups,please.44.Get into groups of three／four…45.Every body find a partner／friend.46.In pairs,please.47.One at a time.／Let’s do it one by one.48.Now you,please.／Your turn（Students name）.49.Next,please.Now you do the same,please.50.Let’s act.／Let’s act out／do the dialogue.51.Who wants to be A？52.Practise the dialogue,please.53.Now Tom will be A,and the other half will be B.54.Please take（play）the part of…55.Whose turn is it？56.It’s your turn.57.Wait your turn,please.58.Stand inline.／Line up.59.One by one.／One at a time,please.60.In twos.／In pairs.61.Don’t speak out.62.Turn around.Ⅶ.请求（Request）63.Could you please try it again？64.Could you please try the next one？65.Will you please help me？Ⅷ.鼓励（Encouraging）66.Can you try/Canyouhaveatry？67.Try,please.68.Try your best.／Do your best.69.Think it over and try again.70.Don’t be afraid／shy.-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.docⅨ.指令（Issuing a command）7.Say／Read after me,please.72.Follow me,please.73.Do what Ido.74.Repeat,please.／Repeat after me.75.Once more,please.／One more time,please.76.Come here,please.77.Please come to the front.／Come up and write on the blackboard／chalkboard.78.Come and write it on the blackboard.79.Please go back to your seat.80.In English,please.81.Put your hand up,please.Raise your hand,please.82.Put your hands down,please.／Hands down,please.83.Say it／Write it in Chinese／English.84.Please take out your books.85.Please open your books at page…／Find page…／Turn to Page…86.Please answer the question／questions.／Please answer my question(s).87.Please read this letter／word／sentence out loud.／Please readout this letter／word／sentence.88.Please stop now.／Stop now,please.／Stop here,please.89.Clean up your desk／the classroom,please.90.It’s clean-up time.／Tidy up your desk／the classroom.91.Put your things away.／Clean off your desk.／Pick up the scraps.92.Clean the blackboard.93.Plug in the tape-recorder,please.94.Put the tape-recorder away.95.Put the tapein its box／cassette.96.Listen and repeat.97.Look and listen.98.Repeat after me.99.Follow the words.100.Fast.／Quickly！／Be quick,please.101.Hurry！／Hurry up,please.102.Slow down,please.103.Slowly.104.Bring me some chalk,please.Ⅹ.禁止和警告（Prohibition and warning）105.Stop talking.／Stop talking now,please.106.Don’t talk.／Everybody quiet,please.107.Don’t be silly.108.Settle down.Ⅺ.评价109.Good,thank you.-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.doc110.Good／Very good.／Good job.／Good work.／Good example.111.A good answer.／Nice work.112.Excellent.／Great！／Well done.／Very good.／I like the way you…113.That’s interesting！114.Don’t worry about It.／No problem.115.OK！／That’s OK.116.I don’t think so.117.That’s not quite right,any other answers？／That’s close／That’s almost right.118.Not quite,can anyone help him／her？／Try again.119.A good try.Ⅻ.布置作业（Setting homework）120.For today’s homework…121.Practise after class.／Practise at home.122.Say it out loud,before you write it down.123.Copy／Print／Write each word twice.124.Remember（Memorize）these words／sentences.125.Learn these words／these sentences／this text by heart.126.Do your homework.／Do the next lesson.／Do the new work.ⅩⅢ.下课（Dismissing the class）127.Hand in your workbooks,please.128.Time is up.129.The bell is ringing.130.There’s the bell.131.There goes the bell.132.Let’s stop here.133.That’s all for today.134.Class is over.135.Good bye.／Bye.／See you next time.-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.docChapter5IrregularVerbs1、原形、过去式、过去分词同形:bet                   bet（betted）       bet（betted）    打赌burst                burst                    burst                  爆发cast                cast                     cast                    掷、抛cost                cost                   cost                   值、花费cut                   cut                       cut                       切、割hit                    hit                        hit                        打hurt                  hurt                     hurt                     损伤let                    let                        let                        让put                   put                       put                       放read                  read[red]             read[red]              读rid                    rid                       rid                       使…摆脱set                    set                       set                       安放shut                  shut                     shut                     关spit                   spit(spat)              spit(spat)             吐（唾沫）split                  split                     split                    分裂spread              spread                  spread                 展开thrust               thrust                   thrust                   刺、插入2、原形与过去分词同形:become           became             become             成为、变come              came                  come                来overcome        overcame         overcome              克服run                   ran                       run                      跑3、动词的过去式和过去分词同形:bend                 bent                     bent                   弯曲buy                  bought                 bough                  买bring                brought                brought                带来catch                caught                  caught                  提dig                   dug                     dug                      挖feed                  fed                       fed                       喂feel                   felt                       felt                       觉得fight                 fought                  fought                  战斗find                  found                   found                   发现flee                   fled                      fled                      逃走get                   got                       got(gotten)           得到hang                 hung                    hung                  悬挂have(has)          had                      had                      有hear                  heard                   heard                   听见hold                  held                     held                     持、盛-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.dockeep                 kept                     kept                     保持kneel                knelt                     knelt                      跪lay                    laid                      laid                      放置lead                  led                       led                       领导lean                  leant(leaned)        leant(leaned)        倚、靠leave                 left                       left                       离开lend                  lent                      lent                      借出light                  lit(lighted)             lit(lighted)            点燃lose                  lost                      lost                      丢失make                made                    made                    制造mean                meant                   meant                   意味meet                 met                      met                      碰见pay                   paid                     paid                     付出say                   said                      said                      说sell                   sold                     sold                     卖shine                shone                   shone                   发光shoot                shot                     shot                     射击sit                      sat                       sat                       坐sleep                 slept                     slept                     睡slide                 slid                      slid                      滑动smell                smelt(smelled)       smelt(smelled)       闻、嗅speed                sped(speeded)       sped(speeded)     急行、加速spell                 spelt                     spelt                     拼写spend               spent                    spent                    花费stand                stood                   stood                   站stick                 stuck                   stuck                   粘贴strike                struck                struck(stricken)    击sweep               swept                   swept                   扫teach                taught                  taught                  教tell                    told                      told                      告诉think                 thought                thought                想、认为understand       understood           understood           懂win                  won                     won                     赢4、原形i，过去式a，过去分词u:begin                began                   begun                   开始drink                drank                   drunk                   喝ring                  rang                     rung                     响shrink               shrank                  shrunk                 收缩sing                  sang                     sung                       唱sink                  sank                     sunk                        下沉swim                swam                   swum                  游泳5、动词词尾w-w-wn（fly的原形除外）:-16-\n67b7cccc8238a47fe862b6637b2de262.docblow                 blew                blown                  吹draw                drew                      drawn                  拉fly(例外)          flew                     flown                   飞grow                grew                       grown                  生长know                knew                   known                 知道sew                  sewed                  sown(sewed)       缝show             showed(例外)       shown(showed)   出示throw               threw                   thrown                 抛6、过去分词n结尾:beat                  beat                     beaten                  打bite                   bit                        bitten(bit)             咬break                broke                   broken                 打破choose              chose                  chosen                 选择drive                 drove                   driven                  驾驶eat                    ate                       eaten                    吃fall                   fell                       fallen                    下落forbid               forbad                  forbidden              禁止forget               forgot                  forgotten              忘记freeze               froze                    frozen                  冻结give                  gave                     given                    给hide                  hid                       hidden                  躲藏rise                   rose                     ridden                  升起shake                shook                   shaken                 摇动speak                spoke                   spoken                 讲steal                 stole                     stolen                   偷take                  took                     taken                    拿走wake                woke                   waken                  醒weave               wove                   woven                  织write                wrote                   written                 写7、-ear，-ore，-orn:bear                  bore                     born                     出生swear               swore                  sworn                  发誓tear                  tore                      torn                     撕wear                 wore                      worn                    穿8、其它情况:do                    did                       done                      做go                    went                      gone                       走、去lie                     lay                       lain                      躺see                   saw                     seen                     看见be(am/is/are)    was(were)          been                     是-16-