高中英语时态讲义(print) 7页

高中英语时态讲义一、一般现在时⒈表示客观事实或普遍真理（不受时态限制）Thegeographyteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.Waterboilsat100℃.⒉表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用，sometimes/often/usually/always/now/never/seldom/everymorning/onceamonth…Wealwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.⒊表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong、seem等。如：Iknowwhatyoumean.Smithownsacarandahouse.⒋在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表示“意愿”，但不表示时态。Tomorrowweshallgoforanoutingunlessitrains.Ifyouwillacceptmyinvitationandcometoourparty,myfamilywillbepleased.⒌少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。TheTVplaybeginsat8:20am.TomorrowisWednesday.练习:1.Hewillstopshowingoff,ifnonotice_____ofhim.A.istakenB.willbetakenC.takesD.hastaken2.I_____ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play3.Theplane_____at7:00p.m.,soIhavetobeattheairportby6:40atthelatest.A.hasleftB.istoleaveC.willhaveleftD.leaves4.Whenhewasalive,theoldscientistusedtosaythatknowledge____frompracticeandhegainedhisexperiencebydoingalotofpracticalwork.A.wascomingB.hadcomeC.comesD.wouldcome5.Everyfewyears,thecoalworkers_____theirlungsX-rayedtoensuretheirhealh.A.arehavingB.haveC.havehadD.hadhad二、一般过去时⒈一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式，其中时间状语有yesterday,lastnight,theotherday,twomonthsago,in1985,then,justnow,when,after,assoonas。如：Imetherinthestreetyesterday.Ithoughtthefilmwouldbeinteresting,butitisn’t.⒉如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去式。如：7\nHetoldmehereadaninterestingnovellastnight.⒊表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but,and,when,assoonas,immediately,themoment,theminute。Themomentshecamein,shetoldmewhathadhappenedtoher.Heboughtawatchbutlostit.4.谈到已死人的情况时e.g.LeiFengwasagreatcommunistfighter.练习:6.I’vefinallyfinishedmypaperandit_____meanentiremonth.A.takesB.tookC.wastakenD.hadtaken7.IknowMrBrown；we_____toeachotherataninternationalconference.A.areintroducedB.havebeenintroducedC.wereintroducedD.hadbeenintroduced三、一般将来时⒈表示未来的动作或状态常用will/shall+动词（常与表示将来的时间状语连用如tonight,tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextweek,inthreehours,twodayslater等）。Tomwillhaveabikeofhisownnextweek.⒉表示一种趋向或习惯动作。We’lldiewithoutairorwater.⒊表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。⒋begoingto与will/shall,betodo,beabouttodo的用法及区别：★begoingto第一，表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；第二表示有某事发生的预兆如Itisgoingtorain；shall/willdo表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。★begoingto表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：Ifitisfine,we’llgofishing.(正确)Ifitisfine,wearegoingtogofishing.(错误)★beabouttodo:1)表示即将发生的动作，在时间上指最近的将来，强调时间的紧迫性。如：Weareabouttostart.我们就要出发了。Thenewschoolyearisabouttobegin.新学年开学在即。2)在含有beabouttodo的句子中，不能再加时间状语。如：Wrong:Themedicalteamisabouttostartimmediately.Right:Themedicalteamisabouttostart.医疗队就要出发了。★betodosth.表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。Ameetingistobeheldat3:00o’clockthisafternoon.计划、安排Youaretobebackby10o’clock.命令Suchbooksaretobefoundinthelibrary.可能性练习：8.Thetrafficinourcityisalreadygoodandit_____evenbetter.A.getsB.gotC.hasgotD.isgetting9.—Tom,didMr.Lijoinyouinyourdiscussion?—No,he_____,buthehappenedtohavefallenill.7\nA.wouldliketoB.willC.wastohaveD.wasgoingtojoin10.Thetrain_____atthepresentspeeduntilitreachesthefootofthemountainataboutnineo’clocktonight.A.wentB.isgoingC.goesD.willbegoing11.—Sorry,Iforgettoposttheletterforyou.—Nevermind,_____itmyselftonight.A.I’mgoingtopostB.I’vedecidedtopostC.I’llpostD.I’dratherpost12.Allbutone_____takepartintheconference＿＿tomorrow.A.isgoingto；thatistotakeplaceB.aregoingto；thatisabouttotakeplaceC.aregoingto；thatistobetakenplaceD.aregoingto；whichistobeheld13.—Lookattheblackclouds.It____soon.—Sure.Ifonlywe____out.A.israining；didn’tcomeB.istorain；won’tstartC.willrain；haven’tstartedD.isgoingtorain；hadn’tcome四、现在进行时表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时。—look!Theyareplaybasketball!Itisrainingnow.HeisteachingEnglishandlearningChinese.2．一个长动作作为短动作发生的背景Assheisreadingabook,Jackfallsasleep.3．表示动作的未完性、暂时性。—Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?—Notyet.Theroomsarebeingpainted.（未完性）Don’tworry!Itisjustbeingabnormalforawhile.Heisbeingfriendly.他只是一时友好。4．表示计划、安排要做的事，go,come,leave,start,arrive,give,return等。IamleavingBeijingsoon.Myparentsareseeingmeoffattheairport.5．表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，代替现在时，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always,continually,constantly等连用。Howareyoufeelingtoday?你今天感觉怎样？（显得亲切）Heisdoingwellinhislessons.他的功课很好。（赞扬）Heisalwaysthinkingofothersfirst.（赞赏）Youarealwaysboasting.你老爱吹牛。（厌烦）★下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need。（B）表示存在状态的动词：appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,belongto,dependon。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look。练习：14.—Itissaidthatanothernewcarfactory_____now.7\n—Yeah.It_____oneandahalfyears.A.isbuilding；takesB.isbeingbuilt；willtakeC.isbuilt；willtakeD.isbeingbuilt；takes15.Theywon’tbuynewclothesbecausethey＿＿moneytobuyacolorTVset.A.saveB.aresavingC.hassavedD.weresaving16.Thetrafficinourcityisalreadygoodandit_____evenbetter.A.getsB.gotC.hasgotD.isgetting17.I’vewonaholidayfortwotoFlorida.I_____mymum.A.takeB.amtakingC.havetakenD.willhavetaken18.Ididn’tlikeAuntLucy,who_____withoutwarningandbringinguspresents.A.alwaysturnedupB.hasalwaysturnedupC.wasalwaysturningupD.wasalwaysturnedup19.IusedtodrinkalotofteabutthesedaysI_______coffee.A.preferB.preferredC.havepreferredD.ampreferring五、过去进行时⒈过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作。—Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayevening?—Iwashelpingmyfatherfixinghiscomputer.⒉某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。⑴while引导时间状语从句叙述过去的动作时，从句常用过去进行时。e.g.IreadamagazinewhileIwaswaitingforthebus.⑵when用作并列连词，意为“这时”，连接两分句时，第一句多用过去进行时。e.g.Iwasreadinganewspaperwhenhecamein.★一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：一般过去时：强调过去某一时间开始或完成的动作。过去进行时：强调过去某一时间正在进行的动作。试区别下面两句：Wewerebuildingareservoirlastwinter.去年冬天我们在修建一座水库。（可能尚未建成）Webuiltareservoirlastwinter.去年冬天我们修建了一座水库。（已经建成）练习：20.—HasJackfinishedhishomeworkyet?—Ihavenoidea；he_____itthismorning.A.wasdoingB.hadbeendoingC.hasdoneD.did21.—Didhenoticeyouentertheroom?—Idon’tthinkso.He_____totheradiowithhiseyesshut.A.listenedB.waslisteningC.haslistenedD.hadlistened22.—Canyougivemetherightanswer?—Sorry,I_____.Wouldyourepeatthatquestion?A.hadn’tlistenedB.haven’tlistenedC.don’tlistenD.wasn’tlistening23.He_____anovelwhenIcamein.AreadBhavereadCwasreadingDwerereading六、现在完成时1，一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：lately,recently,inthelast/pastfewdays/years（在过去的这几天/年里），sincethen,7\nuptonow,sofar（至今）等。Inthepastfewyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.2，一个发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语有already,just（刚刚），yet（已经），never,before等。Already用在肯定句中，yet用在否定句和疑问句中；already用在句中，yet用在句末。Ihavealreadyseenthefilm.(=Iknowthefilmnow.)Ihaven’tseenthefilmyet.Havetheyarrivedyet？3，This/It/Thatisthe+序数词/only/best/most+time+(that)+sb.have/hasdone,“这是某人第几次做某事”。ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavecomehere.4，现在完成时用在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来完成时。IwillnotbelieveyouunlessIhaveseenitwithmyowneyes.5，Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句，since从句用一般过去时，“自从……以来已经有多久了”。Itis/hasbeen10yearssincewemetlast.6，瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词一般不用完成时态，也不可以接表示一段时间的状语，若要接，需要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词的否定可用完成时，也可接表示一段时间的状语。×HehascometoBeijingsincelastyear.√HehaslivedinBeijingsincelastyear.×Hehasjoinedthearmyfor3years.√Hehasservedinthearmyfor3years.√Hejoinedthearmy3yearsago.√Hehasbeenasoldierfor3years.√Itis3yearssincehejoinedthearmy.★常见的瞬间动词有：come,go,getto/reach/arriveat,leave,buy,sell,open,close,getup,join/takepartin,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,become/turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hearfrom,marry,break,lose,jump等。练习：24、Helefthisoffice3hoursago.He__________________fromhisofficefor3hours.It____________3hourssincehelefthisoffice.25、Hehasbeendeadfor4years.He_________________ago.Itis__________________hedied.26.Goodheavens!Thereyouare!We_____anxiousaboutyou,andwe_____youbackthroughoutthenight.A.are；expectB.were；hadexpectedC.havebeen；wereexpectingD.are；wereexpecting27.Whenyouarehome,giveacalltoletmeknowyou____safely.A.arearrivingB.havearrivedC.hadarrivedD.willarrive28.—IsTomstillsmoking?—No.BynextSaturdayhe____forawholemonthwithoutsmokingasinglecigarette.7\nA.willgoB.willhavegoneC.willhavebeenD.hasbeengoing七、过去完成时⒈在by、bytheend、bythetime、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：Bytheendoflastyear,wehadproduced20,000cars.Thetrainhadleftbeforewereachedthestation.⒉表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用hadhoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped/planned…+tohavedone。e.g.Wehadhopedtomeetyouattheairport,but…=Ihopedtohavemetyouattheairport,but…⒊在when和before引导的时间状语从句中Hesaidhisfirstteacherhaddiedatleast10yearsbefore.XiaoHualeftschool3yearsago.Whenwegottothecinema,theyhadsoldouttheticketsalready.4.在直接引语变为间接引语时，宾语从句中若是过去时或现在完成时，则一般要用过去完成时，这时通常与already/yet/still/hardly/scarcely/never等。HesaidhehadneverbeentoLondon.他说他从没去过伦敦。5.表示“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly/Nosooner/Scarcelyhad+主语+过去分词+when/than/before+一般过去时。Wehadnosoonerbeenseatedthanthebusstarted.=Nosoonerhadwebeenseatedthanthebusstarted.6.在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。Afterhe(had)lefttheroom,thebosscamein.Wearrivedhomebeforeitsnowed.7.Itwas/hadbeen+一段时间+since从句，since从句用过去完成时，“自从……以来已经有多久了”。Itwas/hadbeentenyearssincewehadhadsuchawonderfultime.练习：29.—We＿＿thatyouwouldfixtheTVsetthisweek.—I’msorry.I＿＿to,butI’vebeentoobusy.A.hadexpected；hadintendedB.areexpecting；hadintendedC.expect；intendD.expected；intend30.JohnandI_____friendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butwe_____eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.A.hadbeen；havemetB.havebeen；havemetC.hadbeen；hadmetD.havebeen；hadmet31.Thevegetablesdidn’ttasteverygood.They____toolong.A.hadbeencookedB.werecookedC.hadcookedD.cooked32.She_____totheofficethanshegotdowntowritingthereport.A.hasnosoonergotB.hadhardlygotC.nosoonergotD.hadnosoonergot33.Shestaredatthepainting,wonderingwhereshe____it.AsawBhasseenCseedshadseen八、现在完成进行时1.7\n现在完成进行时主要用于：表示过去开始的某一动作一直持续到现在，以至延伸到将来，它强调动作延续时间之长久。e.g.I'vebeenwritinganarticle.我一直在写一篇文章。（还在写）cf.I'vewrittenanarticle.我写了一篇文章。（已写完）Ithasbeenrainingthesedays.这些天一直在下雨。2.在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如：Thestudentshavebeenpreparingfortheexam.（还在进行）学生们一直在准备考试。Thestudentshavepreparedfortheexam.（已经结束）学生们为考试作了准备。练习：34.MrLi__________swimmingfor3hours,andhisson_________anhourago.A.hasbeen,startedB.havestarted,hasstartedC.started,startedD.hasstarted,hasstarted35.---Howlong_________you________stamps?---Sincetwoyearsago.A.have,collectB.have,beencollectingC.did,collectD.are,collecting36.Theboy___________TVallthemorning.A.haswatchedB.hadwatchedC.hasbeenwatchingD.watched37.—WasthedrivingpleasantwhenyouwenttoMexicolastsummer?—No,it____forfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.A.wasrainingB.hadbeenrainingC.wouldberainingD.rained九、过去将来时1.过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。例如：Ididn’tknowifhewouldcome.我不知道他是否会来。Theyneverknewthatpopulationwouldbecomeabigproblem.他们从来都不知道人口问题将会成为一个大问题。Shedidn’ttellmewhereshewouldgo.她没有告诉我她要去哪儿。BettysaidshewouldvisittheGreatWallnextSaturday.贝蒂说下周六她要去参观长城。2.有woulddo/was,weregoingto/come，go，leave，arrive，start等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时Hesaidhewouldcometoseeme.Shesaidshewasgoingtostartoffatonce.Hesaidthetrainwasleavingatsixthenextmorning.3.条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如：Ididn’tknowwhenshewouldcome，butwhenshecameIwouldletyouknow.TheteachersaidthatitwouldbeverydifficulttomakeprogressifIdidn’tworkhard.练习：38-Theplaneisleavingrightnow,butJimhasn'tarrivedyet. -Well,hesaidhe_____hereontime. Acame Bwouldcome Ccanbe Dwillbe39.LiMingsaidhe_____happyifBrian_____toChinanextmonth. Aas;come  Bwas;wouldcome  Cwouldbe;came  Dwillbe;come40.Jennysaidshe_____herholidayinChina. Aspent Bwouldspent Cwasgoingtospend  Dwouldspend7