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一、冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法1指一类人或事,相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.有个男孩在等你。3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事—Hello,couldIspeaktoMr.Smith?—Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisn't______Mr.Smithhere.A.不填 B.a C.the D.oneThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.(活雷锋)6用于固定词组中acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.9用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success(抽象名词)→asuccess(具体化)成功的人或事afailure失败的人或事 ashame 带来耻辱的人或事apity 可惜或遗憾的事 amust必需必备的事agoodknowledgeof精通掌握某一方面的知识II.定冠词的用法1表示某一类人或物InmanyplacesinChina,___bicycleisstill___popularmeansoftransportation.A.a;the B./;a C.the;a D.the;the2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于演奏乐器playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”(对比上文的不定冠词用法5)—Couldyoutellmethewayto____Johnsons,please?—Sorry,wedon’thave____Johnsonhereinthevillage.A.the;the B.the;a C./;the D.the;/7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代inthe1990’s(二十世纪九十年代)11用于表示度量单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.不用冠词(又名零冠词)的用法1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./ Whosepurseisthis?3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5表示球类,棋类等运动的名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6与by连用表示交通方式的名词前Wewentrightroundtothewestcoastby______seainsteadofdrivingacross______continent.\nA.the;the B.不填;the C.the;不填 D.不填;不填7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.二、名词和主谓一致I.名词的种类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词特别注意名词类别的相互转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换例 句意 义名词性质①Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.②Thetreesarenowinflower花儿个体名词开花抽象名词①Youthisbeautiful.②Heisayouthoftwenty青春抽象名词年轻人个体名词①Theyhaveachievedremarkablesuccessintheirwork.②—HowabouttheChristmaseveningparty? —Ishouldsayitwasasuccess.成功抽象名词成功的事个体名词物质名词与个体名词的相互转换例 句意 义名词性质①Ironisakindofmetal.②Pleaselendmeyouriron.铁物质名词熨斗个体名词①Hebrokeapieceofglass.②Hebrokeaglass.玻璃物质名词玻璃杯个体名词①Iboughtachickenthismorning②Pleasehelpyourselftosomechicken小鸡个体名词鸡肉物质名词抽象名词与个体名词的转换具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词(如:have等)连用,表示某一次短暂的动作①—I’dlike______informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.—Well,youcouldhave____wordwiththemanager.HemightbehelpfulA.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a②Theysentus wordofthelatesthappenings.消息(抽象名词)A.a B.an C./ D.the③Couldwehave wordbeforeyougotothemeeting?话(个体名词)A.a B.an C./ D.the类例:haveadream/arest/asmoke/aswim/atrip/awash/adiscussion/alooktakeawalk/abath makeanadvance(进步)/makeanearlystart(早点出发)/makeadecision/makeachange/giveacryofpain(发出痛苦的叫声)/giveatry表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分①Manypeopleagreethat___knowledgeofEnglishisamustin____internationaltradetoday.A.a, / B.the,an C.the,the D./,theaknowledgeoftruth(知道实际情况)giveafullerknowledgeofChina(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)haveaknowledgeofshorthand(有速记的知识)\n②Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhave______atschool.A.thehappiesttime B.amorehappiertime C.muchhappiesttime D.amuchhappiertime③ ismoney. A.Thetime B.Atime C.Time D.Times抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰①Oh,John._____yougaveme!A.Howapleasantsurprise B.HowpleasantsurpriseC.Whatapleasantsurprise D.Whatpleasantsurprise②Shelookedup whenIshouted.A.inasurprise B.inthesurprise C.insurprise D.insomesurprise其它例子:Thegiftcameasacompletesurprisetome.Wehavehadsomeunpleasantsurprise③Itis_____workofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.A.sounusual B.suchunusual C.suchanunusual D.soanunusualII.名词的数规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es(参看有关语法书)。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,请看下表规 则例 词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.主谓一致规则情 况举 例语 法 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语,动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm. TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes. Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall.由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。whatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks. \n一 致 原 则WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every或morethana(an)/one,manya(an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,anyno,every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。.LucyandLilyaretwinsThewriterandartisthascome.Everystudentandeveryteachisintheclassroom.Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesit.Noboyandnogirllikesit.Eachofushasanewbook. Iseveryoneheretoday?Somebodyisspeakinginclass. Everythingaroundusismatter若noneof后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。Noneofthesugarwasleft. Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.在定语从句里,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesontheblackboard.Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard.Heisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致ItisIwhoamgoingtothecinematonight.Itiswewhoaregoingtothecinematonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数形式;如果它指的集体的成员,其谓语动词用复数形式Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild. Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.Hisfamilyhasmovedtothesouth.(他的一家)HisfamilyarewatchingTV.(他的家人)Classfourisonthethirdfloor.(四班)ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.(四班的学生)由alotof/lotsof/plentyof/aheapof/heapsof/therestof/themajorityof+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom. Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.50percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.此外,还有anumberof+复数名词有类似的用法(用复数),但thenumberof+复数名词的数就得依number而定(用单数)。Anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmerpickapples.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred.在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致Therecomesthebus. Onthewallaremanypictures.Suchistheresult. Sucharethefacts.Betweenthetwohillsstandsamonument.逻 辑 意 义What,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。Whichisyourbag? Whichareyourbags?AreanyofyougoodatEnglish? Hasanyofyougotapen?Allcanbedonehasbeendone. Allisgoingwell.Allhavebeentakenout. AllhavegonetoBeijing.\n 一 致 原 则表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework..Twentypoundsistoodear.如强调这类词的复数意义,则谓语动词要用复数形式Fortykilosofwaterareusedeveryday.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。TheUnitedStatesissmallerthanChina.“TheArabianNights”isaninterestingstory-book.表数量的短语“oneandahalf”后面接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.一些学科名词是以-ics结尾,如:mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等。都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。Idon’tthinkphysicsiseasytostudy.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors(剪刀)等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the)pairof等量词修饰时(clothes被asuitof修饰)谓语动词用单数。Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis. “定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一类人动词用复数;若表示某一类东西时,动词用单数。Theoldaretakengoodcareofthere.Thebeautifulgivespleasuretoall.就近/远一致原则当两个主语由eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,whetheror连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends. Neitherhenortheyarewhollyright.Neithertheynorheiswhollyright. Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?therebe句型中be动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致,即就近一致。Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.Thereisadeskandtwochairsintheroom.主语后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,besides,alongwith,including,inadditionto等引起的短语,谓语动词要跟主语一致,即就远一致。Mr.Green,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina.Awomanwithababywasonthebus.NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground.She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.ThegirlsaswellastheboyhavelearnedtospeakJapanese.Nooneexceptmyteachersknowsanythingaboutit. 三、代词I.代词可以分为以下八大类1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them形容词性物主代词my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性物主代词mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs2反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves3指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some4疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever5关系代词/连接代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as6不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittleother/another,all/both,neither/either7相互代词eachother,oneanotherII.不定代词用法注意点\n类 别区 别例 句one,some,any和itone可以泛指人或者事(东西),其复数为ones①We’vebeenlookingatthehousesbuthaven’tfound___welikeyet.A.one B.ones C.it D.them②Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems—infactfarmoreserious_______thanmobilephonesdo.A.one B.ones C.it D.thosesome可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等—Yourcoffeesmellsgreat! —It’sfromMexico.Wouldyoulike________?A.it B.some C.this D.1ittlesome和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个①Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine. Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.②—WhichofthethreewaysshallItaketothevillage? —________wayasyouplease.A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Eitherone指同类中的一个,it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。—Thereisstillacopyofthebookinthelibrary.Willyougoandborrow ?—No,I’dratherbuy inthebookstore.A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;itsome多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句①There’s________cookingoilinthehouse.Wouldyougotothecornerstoreandget________. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.alittle,some D.alittle,any②Wehadthreesetsofgardentoolsandweseemedtohavenousefor________.A.none B.either C.any D.each③Hedoesn’thave_________furnitureinhisroom--justanolddesk.A.any B.many C.some D.mucheach和everyeach强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上①Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary.Each(ofus)hasadictionary.=Weeachhaveadictionary.②Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.none和nono等于notany,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以①Thereisnowaterinthebottle.②Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.③Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.other和anotherother泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个,复数为theothers①Bothsideshaveaccused ofbreakingthecontract.A.another B.theother C.neither D.each②Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或①Wehadapicniclasttermanditwasalotoffun,solet’shave______onethismonth.A.theother B.some C.another D.other②Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.\n事”③Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.either和neither前者意思为:两者都(两者中任何一方都);后者意思为:两者都①—Doyouwantteaorcoffee? —______, Ireallydon'tmind.A.none B.neither C.either D.all②ItwashardforhimtolearnEnglishinafamily,inwhich_____oftheparentsspokethelanguage.A.none B.neither C.both D.each四、形容词和副词I.形容词1.形容词的位置:形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况下后置1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等作定语时后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith7enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置,但修饰形容词或副词时要后置______totakehisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.(NMET2000)A.Braveenoughstudents B.Enoughbreavestudents C.Studentsbraveenough D.Studentsenoughbrave注意:多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序熟记口诀就可以顺利解题:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠。规则:限定语(The、A)+描绘性形容词+size(小)+shape(形状)+age(年龄、时间)+color(颜色)+origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+purpose(目的)+名词。▲This________girlisLinda’scousin.(05北京卷)A.prettylittleSpanish B.Spanishlittlepretty C.Spanishprettylittle D.littleprettySpanish2.复合形容词的构成1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-year3.形容词(短语)作伴随状语Ashelookedatthegoat,itrolledover,dead.当他看着山羊的时候,山羊翻了个身,死了。Afraidofdifficulties,theyprefertotaketheeasyroad.由于害怕困难,他们宁愿走好走的路。II.副词的分类:1时间副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地点副词here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,8关系副词when,where,why\nratherIII.形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。项 目例 句同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…Sheisastallashermother.Iamnotas/sogoodaplayerasyouare.双方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级(+than)”的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。Thispictureismorebeautifulthanthatone.Ihaveneverseensuchamoreinterestingfilm(thanthisone).表示一方不及另一方时,用“less+原级+than”的结构表示Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake用比较级来表达最高级的意思Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。(意为:我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。)倍数的表达表达法一:Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,lengthetc.)ofB.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(高)/这座新楼比那座旧楼大(高)三倍。表达法二:Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。表达法三:Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上,两倍可以用twice或double.注意:1.可以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal;2.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect,superior,junior等。 五、动词和短语动词知识网络动词的分类行为动词(实义动词)①及物动词(带宾语):study,develop;②不及物动词(不带宾语)work,swim,go,come③状态动词(相对静止)contain,exist,own,prefer,belong④动作动词:延续性(work,stay);非延续性(marry,go,come)连系动词(汉语中没有这种词类)助动词(与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语)be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall情态动词can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点动词+副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类\n Pleaseturneverylightinthehouseoff.请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。(及物)Harryturnedupafterthepartywheneveryonehadleft.晚会后,人们都已离去,哈里出现了。(不及物)注意:①如果宾语较长,就应避免把副词同动词分开Sheturnedoffallthelightswhichhadbeenlefton.她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词,只能放在动词和副词之间Shegavethemaway.她送掉了它们。③同一动词和不同副词搭配时,意义上有很大的差异ringback回电话 ringoff挂断电话 ringup打电话putaway放好 puton穿,上演 putup挂起,举起。④不同动词和同一副词搭配时,在意义上有很大的差异breakout发生,爆炸 carryout进行,开展 goout熄灭handout分发 letout放出 lookout当心sellout卖完 setout出发, takeout取出workout算出 动词+介词(及物)I'mlookingformyglasses.我在找我的眼镜。注意:①当它跟宾语时,不能把介词放在宾语后面。②同一动词和不同介词搭配时,意义上有很大的差异。lookafter照料,lookat看,lookfor寻找动词+副词+介词Ilookforwardtoseeingyousoon.我盼望不久就见到你。注:“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”,这三种搭配都是及物的,如变成被动语态,不可漏掉介词。Inthiswaybothgrainandvegetablecanbewelllookedafter.(不能漏掉after)这样一来,粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。考点聚焦及解题点拨(单个动词)同义词近义词辨析从三个方面考虑:词的恰切含义、搭配(与介词、名词或非谓语动词的搭配)和用法(是及物动词还是不及物动词)系动词的用法状态系动词be持续系动词keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest表象系动词seem,appear感官/感觉系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel变化系动词become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come终止系动词prove,turnout解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意,然后是分析句子结构,由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词,最后确定所要填入的答案。特别关注:gohungry,cometrue,turnwriter接双宾语的动词givesb.sth=givesth.tosb buysb.sth.=buysth.forsb但是我们只能说:suggeststh.tosb. explainsth.tosb. readsth.tosb.短语动词的辨析熟记常考的短语动词的意义容易被我们忽视的知识点sell,write,wash,wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义happen,occur,takeplace,breakout,comeout,belongto等无被动形式 \n 六、动词的时态和语态1.常用常考的动词时态和用法:(以do为例)名称构成用法一般现在时do/does,(连系动词is/am/are)1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言,目前的特征、状态、能力等。2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。I’llgothereafterIfinishmywork.Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwon’tgothere.3.在以here,there开头的句子里,go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。Theregoesthebell.铃响了。Therecomesthebus.汽车来了。Hereshecomes.她来了。一般过去时did,(连系动词was/were)表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况,或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。现在进行时is/am/aredoing1.表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。SheisleavingforBeijing.她要去北京。Heisworkingasateachertomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。MyfatheriscomingtoseemethisSaturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.代替一般现在时,描绘更加生动。TheChangjiangRiverisflowingintotheeast.长江江水滚滚向东流。Thesunisrisingintheeast.太阳从东方冉冉升起。过去进行时was/weredoing1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示)Hewaspreparinghislecturealldayyesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行TheywerestillworkingwhenIleft.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生IwaswritingwhilehewaswatchingTV.4.表示过去将来动作Hesaidshewasarrivingthenextday.现在完成时has/havedone1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,说话时已完成的动作。Ihavefinishedthereport./Shehascleandtheroom.2.表示从过去开始,待续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“for...”,“since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。\nHehaslearnedEnglishforsixyears.Theyhaveworkedheresincetheyleftcollege.3.表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/hasbeento”,表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/hasgoneto”。—WhereisLiHua?-Hehasgonetothereading-room.—SheknowsalotaboutShanghai.-Shehasbeenthere.4.短暂动词(即瞬间动词),join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,breakout等,在完成时态中,其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说:Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears.要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用①“ago法”Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.②“延续法”Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.③“since法”Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.过去完成时haddone1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。Hehadshutthedoorbeforethedogcameup.Everythinghadbeenallrightuptillthismorning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至还要继续下去。Attheageoften,hehadlearned500Englishwords.Hehadbeenillforaweekwhenwelearnedaboutit.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。Wehadexpectedthatyouwouldbeabletowinthematch.将来完成时will/shallhavedone用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和by短语,when,before引起的时间状语连用。WewillhavefinishedseniorBook2bytheendofthisterm.现在完成进行时has/havebeendoing用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作。Hehasbeendoingthemathsproblemssince8:00.过去完成进行时hadbeendoing表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,还将继续下去。一般将来时will/shalldois/am/aregoingtodois/am/are(about)todo一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况(详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较)过去将来时would/shoulddowas/weregoingtodowas/were(about)todo1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态HetoldmehewouldgotoBeijing.他告诉我他将去北京。Iwastoldthathewasgoingtoreturnhome.\n有人告诉我他准备回家。2.woulddo(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常Hewouldsitsilentforhours.他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较 将来时用 法例 句1be+doing进行时表将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?2beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.3beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.4一般现在时表将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.3.容易混淆的时态比较项 目区 别例 句一般过去时与现在完成时的比较现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果Wehaven’theardfromJaneforalongtime.Whatdoyousuppose_______toher?A.washappening B.happens C.hashappened D.happened说明:说话者强调Jane目前的状况.Mr.Lee,who________asacarpenterforover10years,isnowaveryfamousstatesmaninthiscountry.A.hasworked B.hadworked C.worked D.works(只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在)一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态Hello,I____youwereinLondon.Howlong_________here?A.don’tknow;wereyou B.hadn’tknown;areyouC.haven’tknown;are D.didn’tknow;haveyoubeen说明:didn’tknow强调见面前不知道Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较着重表示动作的结果时,用现在完成时Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。(知道那本书的内容)着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则用现在完成进行时—Hi,Tracy,youlooktired. —Iamtired.I_______thelivingroomallday.A.painted B.hadpainted C.havebeenpainting D.havepainted说明:强调动作从过去到现在的延续现在进行时与过去进行时的比较现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作Idon’treallyworkhere.I____untilthenewsecretary_______.A.justhelpout;comes B.havejusthelpedout;willcomeC.amjusthelpingout;comes D.willjusthelpout;hascome说明:指目前一段时间正在发生的动作,until引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作—Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing! —Oh,I’mterriblysorry._______. A.I’mnotnoticing. B.Iwasn’tnoticing. \nC.Ihaven’tnoticed. D.Idon’tnotice.说明:对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.一般过去时与过去进行时的比较一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态Tom________intothehousewhennoone___________.A.slipped;wasnoticing B.hadslipped;noticed C.slipped;hadnoticed D.wasslipping;noticed说明:slip和notice为同时发生的动作,因此B、C为错误选项,slipped指过去有结果的动作(他溜进去了),whennoonewasnoticing指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况(没有人注意)。过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作.He______abookaboutChinalastyear,butIdon’tknowifhe______it.A.wrote;hasfinished B.waswriting;hasfinishedC.waswriting;hadfinished D.wrote;willfinish说明:正确选项为B.从Idon’tknowifhehasfinishedit.推断,他去年一直在写。II.动词的被动语态 常用被动语态构 成 常用被动语态构 成1一般现在时am/is/aredone6过去进行时was/werebeingdone2一般过去时was/weredone7现在完成时have/hasbeendone3一般将来时shall/willbedone8过去完成时hadbeendone4过去将来时should/wouldbedone9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeendone5现在进行时am/is/arebeingdone10含有情态动词的can/must/maybedone注 意 事 项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer. Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示:Itisbelievedthat… Itisgenerallyconsideredthat… Itissaidthat… Itiswellknownthat… Itmustbepointedoutthat… Itissupposedthat… Itisreportedthat… Itmustbeadmittedthat… Itishopedthat…被动语态的句型1.常见句式是:主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者):HewasscoldedbytheEnglishteacher.2.主语+get+过去分词+其它成分:Theboygotdrownedlastsummer./Shegotfiredbecauseofherfaults.使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者”3.带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可以是间接宾语。Shelentmeabike.®被动:①Iwaslentabike(byher).②Abikewaslenttome(byher).4.情态动词+be+过去分词:Thisproblemmustbeworkedoutinhalfanhour.5.双重被动式:主语+被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分Thesemagazinesarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereading-room.Themurdererwasorderedtobeshot.下面主动形式常表示被动意义1.不及物动词与状语连用,用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是:cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。Thisknifecutswell.这把刀好切。 Thesebookssellwell.这些书好卖。Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meatwon’tkeeplonginsuchhotweather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。Theclothwasheswell.这种布好洗。\n2.一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout等。Theapplestastegood. Theflowersmellswonderful.Thenewsproved/turnedouttrue. Cottonfeelssoft.不可变为被动语态的几种情况1.IteachmyselfFrench.不可变为MyselfistaughtFrench.因为反身代词不可作主语。2.Wehelpeachother/oneanother.不可变为Eachother/Oneanotherishelpedbyus.因为相互代词不可作主语。3.Helostheart.不可变为Heartwaslostbyhim.因为象loseheart,makeaface,keepsilence,loseinthought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式,不能用被动式。4.Shetookpartinthesportsmeet.不能变为Thesportsmeetwastakenpartinbyher.因为象takepartin,belongto,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢Muchattentionmustbepaidtoyourhandwriting.特别注意以下句子的结构:EveryminutemustbemadefulluseoftostudyEnglsih.下面词或短语没有被动态:leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等 七、非谓语动词非谓语动词的语法功能所能充当的成分主语表语宾语宾语补足语定语状语V-ing形式现在分词 △ △△△动名词△△△ △ 不定式(todo)△△△△△△过去分词(done) △ △△△注:现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分generallyspeaking一般说来;franklyspeaking坦白地说;judgingfrom/by...根据……来判断;considering.../taking...intoconsideration考虑到……;totellyouthetruth说实话;seeing...考虑到……;supposing假设,如果;providing如果;given考虑到,鉴于;providedthat如果非谓语动词的形式变化非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式todotobedoneforsb.todosth.或ofsb.todosth.在“to”前加not或never进行式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成式tobedoing/完成进行式tohavebeendoing/动名词一般式doingbeingdonesb.或sb’sdoing作主语要用sb’sdoing在前加not特别注意复合结构的否定式: sb’snotdoingsb’snothavingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone现在分词与动名词变化形式相同 在前加not\n在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个:一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词;二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。一、谓语与非谓语的比较非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如:他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是Hewillcomevisityou,而是Hewillcometovisityou.这里就用了不定式tovisit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。例:Tomsatunderatreeandseeinghisfriend, upinnotime.A.tostand B.standing C.stood D.wouldstand分析:stood是与sat并列的谓语。非谓语语法功能的比较 做宾语的非谓语动词比较情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resistfeellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto两者都可以意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)need,want,require(主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)意义相反stoptodo停止手中所做的事,去做另一件事 stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regrettodo(指动作尚未发生)remember/forget/regretdoing(指动作已经发生)goontodo(接着做另外一件事)goondoing(接着做同一件事)trytodo(设法,努力去做,尽力)trydoing(试试去做,看有何结果)meantodo(打算做,企图做)meandoing(意思是,意味着)can’thelp(to)do(不能帮忙做)can’thelpdoing(忍不住要做)beconsideredtohavedone被认为已经做了consider…tobe认为是considerdoing考虑做某事非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别分 类常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例 句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系,强调动作将发生或已经完成 Iaskedtobesenttothecountryside.Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make现在分词notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主谓关系,强调动作正在进行,尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.过去分词动宾关系,动作已经完成,多强调状态Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别分 类区 别例 句不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.\nIhaven’tdecidedwhichhoteltostayat.(介词at不能丢)动名词通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的主谓关系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成或只表示状态注意:thebridgetobebuilt将建造的桥, thebridgebeingbuilt正在建造的桥,thebridgebuilt已经建好的桥 八、情态动词和虚拟语气情态动词I.情态动词基本用法情态动词用 法否定式疑问式简答式can能力(体力,智力,技能)允许或许可(口语中常用)可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中)cannot/cannot/can’tdoCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’tdomay可以(问句中表示请求)可能,或许(表推测)祝愿(用于倒装句中)maynotdoMay…do…? Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmightnotdoMight…do…?Yes,…mightNo,…mightnot.must必须,应该(表主观要求)肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)mustnot/mustn’tdoMust…do…? to.Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’thavehaveto只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态和人称的变化)don’thavetodoDo…havetodo…?Yes,…do. No,…don’t.oughtto应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should)oughtnotto/oughtn’ttodoOught…todo…?Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shallnot/shan’tdoShall…do…?Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t.should应当,应该(表义务责任)本该(含有责备意味)shouldnot/shouldn’tdoShould…do…? will意愿,决心请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉willnot/won’tdoWill/Would…do…?Yes,…will. No,…won’t.wouldwouldnot/wouldn’tdodare敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)darenot/daren’tdoDare…do…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need需要,必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)neednot/needn’tdoNeed…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.usedto过去常常(现在已不再)usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttododidn’tusetodoUsed…todo…?Did…usetodo…?Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t.Yes,…did. \nNo,…didn’t.II.情态动词的重点知识表示“能力、许可”的can和may表示能力的情态动词用can/couldAcomputer_____thinkforitself;itmustbetoldwhattodo.A.can’t B.mustn’t C.maynot D.mightnot表示许可时用may/might,can/could都可以,但在问句中用could…?或might…?以使口气委婉客气,其回答一定要用can或may,以使回答口气明确(must表示一定,必须,mustn’t表示禁止,不许可)。①—CouldIcallyou byyourfirstname? —Yes,you______A.will B.could C.may D.might②Johnny,you_____playwiththeknife,you_____hurtyourself.A.won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/mayC.shouldn’t/must D.can’t/shouldn’t在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力,而要用was/wereableto。Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone_____getout.A.hadto B.would C.could D.wasableto表示“推断、判断”的canmay,must在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。Peter______comewithustonight,butheisn’tverysureyet.A.must B.may C.can D.will而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性:Maryisinpoorhealth.Shecanbeillatanytimes.在否定句中只能用can和may。所以can’t时用以代替mustn’t,语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。Michael______beapoliceman,forhe’smuchtooshort.A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may在疑问句只能用can,不能用may和must。Hemaybeverybusynow. Canhebeverybusynow?Hemustbeverybusynow. Canhebeverybusynow?needneed作为情态动词只有一种形式,只用于否定句和疑问句。 daredare作为情态动词用时有两种形式:dare和dared两个词形,除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外,还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。Ifhedarecome,Iwillkickhimout. Idon’tknowwhetherhedaresay.注意:Hedoesn’tdare(to)answerthequestion.(否定句)Doesshedare(to)enterthedarkroom?(疑问句)shall用于第一人称:征求对方的意见。Whatshallwedothisevening?用于第二、三人称:警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。Youshallfailifyoudon’tworkharder.警告HeshallhavethebookwhenIfinishreading.允诺Heshallbepunished.威胁should劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。Youshould(oughtto)gotoclassrightaway. Ishould(oughtto)helphimbecauseheisintrouble.will/would请求、建议,would比will委婉客气。Wouldyoupassmethebook?表示意志、愿望和决心。Iwillneverdothatagain. Theyaskedusifwewoulddothatagainwould可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。DuringthevacationhewouldvisitmeeveryweekThewoundwouldnotheal.(伤口老是不能愈合)would表示估计或猜想。Itwouldbeabouttenwhenhelefthome. Whatwouldshebedoingthere?情态动词+havedone的用法could+havedone:本可以做而实际上未能做。Youcouldhavedonebetter,butyoudidn’ttryyourbest.cannot+havedone:表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。Hecannothavebeentothattown.can+主语+haveCanhehavegotthebook?\ndone:表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定(用在疑问句中)。might(may)+havedone:对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。Hemaynothavefinishedthework.Ifwehadtakentheotherroad,wemighthavearrivedearlier.must+havedone:对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。其否定式为:cannothavedone。Youmusthaveseenthefilm.Youcannothaveseenthefilm.needn’t+havedone:本来不必要做的而实际上又做了。Youneedn’thavewateredtheflowers,foritisgoingtorain.注意:didn’tneedto(haveto)do:没有必要做而实际上也没有做Ididn’tneedtocleanthewindows.Mysisterdidit2hoursago.should(oughtto)+havedone:本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。Youshouldhavestartedearlier,butyoudidn’t.Sheshouldn’thavetakenawaymymeasuringtape,forIworkedtouseit.注意:Heshouldhavefinishedtheworkbynow.(表推测)虚拟语气类 别用 法例 句If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词:过去式(be用were)主句动词:should/would/could/might+doIfhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.与过去事实相反从句动词:had+done主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+doneIfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.与将来事实相反从句动词:过去式/should+动词原形/were+todo主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.省略if的虚拟条件句将虚拟条件从句中的were,had,should放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装①Shouldhecome,tellhimtoringmeup.②WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoit.③HadIbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.混合虚拟条件句不同时间的虚拟:各遵守各的规则①Ifhehadlistenedtome,hewouldnotbeintroublenow.②Ifhehadtoldmeyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow.③IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetoherbirthdayparty.虚拟与陈述的混合:各遵守各的规则①Hecouldhavepassedtheexam,buthewasn’tcarefulenough.②Youshouldhavecomeearlier.Thebusleftamomentago.含蓄虚拟条件句butfor+名词表示虚拟条件句子或主句中的谓语动词的形式视具体情况而定。这是考查考生应变能力的最佳试题。---Butforyourtimelywarning,we______intogreattrouble.---Youknowwe’refriends.A.wouldget B.musthavegot C.wouldhavegot D.can’thavegotwithout+名词表示虚拟条件Withouttheairtoholdsomeofthesun'sheat,theearthatnightwouldbefreezingcold.动词不定式表示虚拟条件Itwouldbeonlypartlyrighttofollowinthisway.如果用这种方式,仅仅对了一半。现在分词表示虚拟条件Havingknownintime,wemighthavepreventedtheaccident.要是及时得知的话,我们也许能阻止这场事故。过去分词表示虚拟条件Givenmoreattention,thetreecouldhavegrownbetter.如果多留心的话,这树本来可以长的更好。副词otherwise表示虚拟条件Iwastoobusyatthattime.Otherwise,Iwouldhavecalled\nyou.我当时太忙,否则我就给你打电话了。连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件He_____fatterbutheeatstoolittle.A.wouldbecome B.wouldhavebecome C.mustbecome D.musthavebecome其它状语从句asif/asthough引导的状语从句中动词用did或had+done或would/could/might+do。注意:asif/asthough引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气:当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时:Itsoundsasifitisraining.听起来像是在下雨。Hetalksasifheisdrunk.从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。①与现在事实相反Hetalksasifheknewwhereshewas.②与过去事实相反HetalksaboutRomeasifhehadbeentherebefore.③与将来事实相反Heopenedhismouthasifhewouldsaysomething.inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+doTurnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.宾语从句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+doHesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和should/would+do表示与现在,过去和将来情况相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.IwishIwouldhavegonetoShanghailastmonth.主语从句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中,谓语动词用should+doItisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+doIt’shightimethatweleft/shouldleave.wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!九、句子的种类按用途分种 类类 型例 句陈述句肯定句Weloveourmotherland.我们热爱祖国。否定句Theydon’tgotoworkonSundays.他们星期日不上班。疑问句一般疑问句Areyouaworker?你是个工人吗? Haven’tyouseenthefilm? 你没看过这部电影吗?特殊疑问句Whoistheman?这人是谁?WhendoyouwatchTV?你什么时间看电视?Whataretheydoingnow?他们现在正在干什么?选择疑问句Doyouwantteaorcoffee?Eitherwilldo.你要茶水还是要咖啡?哪种都行。DoeshelearnJapaneseorFrench?HelearnsFrench.他学日语还是学法语?他学法语。反意疑问句Theyaregoingtotheairport,aren’tthey?他们要去机场,是吗?Youhaven’tfinishedyourhomework,haveyou?你没做完作业,是吗?祈使句肯定句Besuretogetthereateight.务必八点钟到那儿。否定句Don’tworry.I’llhelpyouout.别担心,我会帮助你的。感叹句what+名词Whatgreatchangeswehavehadtheseyears!这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!Whatafinedayitis!多好的天气呀!how+形容词或副词Howbraveheis!他多么勇敢呀!\nHowhardtheyareworking!他们工作多努力呀!how+句子Howtimeflies!时间过得多么快呀!How+adj.+a(an)+n.=Whata(an)+adj.+nHowniceaboy(heis)!=Whataniceboy(heis)!多好的孩子啊!按结构分种类类型例句简单句主+谓Theydisappeared.他们消失了。主+谓+宾Helikesswimming.他喜欢游泳。Wehelpeachother.我们互相帮助。主+谓+间宾+直接宾Itoldmyfriendthegoodnews.我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。Theysentusatelegram.他们给我们拍了电报。主+谓+宾+宾补TheynamedtheboyJack.他们给孩子起名叫杰克。Iwanteverythingreadybyeighto’clock.我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。主+系+表Sheisauniversitystudent.她是一名大学生。Hehasbecomeapilot.他已成为一名飞行员。并列句并列关系and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,both…and,not…but,Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做,要么我请其他人来做。 Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework. 汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。 Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough. 不是他们完不成任务,而是任务太重了。 转折关系but,while(而,尽管)nevertheless(然而;不过)John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球,但他昨天没打。选择关系or,otherwiseorelse,either…orWemusthurry,orwe’llmissthetrain.我们必须快点,否则会赶不上火车。 EitheryoucometomyplaceorIgotoyours.或者你到我这儿来,或者我到你那去。因果关系for,so,thus,therefore,andsoWehadbetterstayathome,foritwasraining.我们最好呆在家里,因为天正在下雨。Hedidn’tworkhard,thereforehefailedintheexamination.他学习不努力,因此这次考试不及格。复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体,从句是全句的一个成分,不能独立。从句有:名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句)状语从句定语从句(详细请看以下各节罗列的内容) 十、名词性从句种类关联词例 句说 明主 语 从 句连词thatThathewillcomeandhelpyouiscertain.他来帮助你是确实无疑的。that在引导主语从句时不可省去whetherWhetherthereislifeonthemoonisaninterestingquestion.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。连接代词whowhatWhathewantstotellusisnotclear.他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 \nwhichwhateverWhowillwinthematchisstillunknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。主语从句放在句首,句子常显得笨重,因此一般连接副词whenwherewhyhowItisknowntoushowhebecameawriter.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。把它移到句子后面,前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。宾语从句陈述意义 that Ibelieve(that)heishonest.我相信他是忠诚的。Wemustneverthink(that)wearegoodineverythingwhileothersaregoodinnothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。疑问意义ifwhetherIwonderwhetherhewillcomeornot.我想知道他来还是不来。Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。Idon’tknowif(whether)itisinteresting.我不知道它是否有意思。Hedoesn’tcareifitisn’tafineday.他不在乎天气是否好。whether常与ornot连用,不能用if代替。作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。从句是否定句时一般用if引导。特殊疑问意义who,whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whicheverPleasetellmewhatyouwant.请告诉我你需要什么?Shealwaysthinksof howshecanworkwell.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。注1 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,将从句后置。Wemustmakeitclearthatanyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。注2think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句,要将从句中的否定形式,移到主句中。Wedon’tthinkyouareright.我们认为你不对。Idon’tbelievehewilldoso.我相信他不会这样做的。表语从句连词thatwhetherasifTheproblemis(that)theycan’tgethereearlyenough.问题是他们不能很早到达这里。Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.看起来天要下雨。在非正式的文体中that可以省去 表语从句位于主句系动词之后连接代词whowhatwhichThat’sjustwhatIwant.这正是我想要的。Thequestioniswho(whichofyou)willbethenextspeaker.问题是谁(你们哪一位)接着发言。连接副词whenwherewhyhowThisiswhereourproblemlies.这就是我们的问题所在。Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometothemeeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。同Thenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallover\n位语从句由连词that引导,不担任成分,也可有when,how,where等引导。theworld.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.我不知道他什么时候回来。ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot.他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容,常用的名词如:fact,news,idea,hope,thought,question,order,fear,doubt,word,proof,belief,story等。特别注意what的双重功能:①Whatwasonceregardedasimpossiblehasnowbecomeareality.(what为“所……的事”,相当于“thethingthat…;allthat…;everythingthat…”)②After________seemedaverylongtime,Iopenedmyeyeandfoundmyselfinbed.(MET'93)A.what B.when C.that D.which(what相当于“thetimethat”,表示“……时间”)③Heisnotwhathewasafewyearsago.WhoisitthathasmadeFredwhatheisnow?(what表示“……的人”,相当于“thepersonthat…”)④WhatisnowtheNorthSaharaDesertwasonceacivilizedworld.(what表示“……的地方”,相当于“theplacethat…”)⑤Ourincomeisnowdoublewhatitwastenyearsago(what表示“……的数目”,相当于“theamount/numberthat…”) 十一、状语从句种类从属连词例 句说 明时间状从WhenwheneverWhenIcameintotheroom,hewaswritingaletter.当我进屋时,他正在写信。Weshallgotherewheneverwearefree.我们什么时间有空,我们就去那里。when指的是“某一具体的时间”whenever指的是“在任何时间”whenIwaswalkingalongthestreetwhensuddenlysomeonepattedmeontheshoulderfrombehind.我正在街上走着,这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般位于句末。whileWhileitwasraining,theywentout.天下雨的时候,他们出去了。Istayedwhilehewasaway.他不在的时候我在。while指“在某一段时间里”,“在…期间”,while引导的动作必须是持续性的asHehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.他赶快回家,不时地一边走一边向后看。as引导持续性动作,强调主句和从句的动作同时发生beforeBeapupilbeforeyoubecomeateacher.先做学生,再做先生。 afterHearrivedafterthegamestarted.比赛开始后,他到了。 tillWewaitedtill(until)hecameback.我们一直等到他回来。如主句动词是持续性动作,常用肯定式,表示“直到…为止”untilShedidn’tstopworkinguntileleveno’clock.她到11点钟才停止工作。Untilhehadpassedoutofsight,shestoodthere.如主句动词是瞬间动词,常用否定式,表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调,一般用until\n她站在那里看着,直到看不见他的身影。since assoonasGreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinasince1978.自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。AssoonasIarriveinShanghai,I’llwritetoyou.我一到上海就给你写信。状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开,如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号。hardly…when nosooner…thanIhadhardlygothomewhenitbegantorain.我刚一到家,就下雨了。=HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.Nosoonerhadwegottothestationthanthetrainleft.我们刚到车站,火车就走了。Hardlyhadwebegunwhenweweretoldtostop.我们刚开始就被叫停。hardly…when和nosooner…than的意义相当于assoonas,但只表示过去发生的事情,主句为过去完成时,从句为过去时,如hardly或nosooner位于句首时语气强,而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装everytime,bythetime,themoment等EverytimeItravelledbyboat,Igotseasick.我每次乘船都晕船。ThemomentIheardthesong,Ifeltcheerful.我一听到这首歌,就感到很愉快。Nexttimeyoucome,you’llseehim.下次你来的时候,就会见到他。在时间状语从句中,不能用将来时或过去将来时,而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时地点状从where whereverWherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者,事竟成。Wherethereiswaterthereislife.哪里有水,哪里就有生命。Youarefreetogowhereveryoulike.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。Whereveryougo,youmustobeythelaw.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。where与wherever意义基本相同,但后者语气较强,多用于书面语原因状从becauseIcamebacklateyesterdaybecauseIwasonduty.昨天我回来晚了,因为我值班。because用来回答why的问题,语气最强sinceSinceeveryoneishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.既然大家都到了,我们开始开会。since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首asAshedidn’tknowmuchEnglish,helookedupthewordinthedictionary.由于他英语懂得不多,他在字典中查阅这个单词。从句常放在句首,说明原因,主句说明结果,常用于口语中。nowthat,seeingthatNow(that)theweatherhasclearedup,wecanstartourjourney.鉴于天气已经晴朗,我们可以启程了。Seeing(that)hewasbadlyill,wesentforthedoctor.鉴于他病情严重,我们派人去请医生去了。seeing(that),nowthat和since,as意义相似,他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思,that可以省去目的状从 that sothat inorderthat lest=forfearthatIshallwritedownyourtelephonenumberthatImaynotforget.我要把你的电话号码记下来,以免忘记。We’lltellyouthetruthsothatyoucanjudgeforyourself.我把真实情况告诉你,使你能自己作出判断。Theyworkedharderthanusualinorderthattheycouldfinishtheworkaheadoftime.他们比往常更加努力工作,为了能提前完成工作。目的状语从句中常用情态动词may(might)can(could),should等放在动词之前,从句往往放在主句之后,主从句之间不用任何标点符号\nPutonmoreclotheslest(=forfearthat)youshouldcatchcold.多穿点衣服,以免感冒。结果状从sothat so…thatWeturneduptheradio,sothateveryoneheardthenews.我们把收音机的音量放大,大家都听到了新闻。Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn’tsayaword.他十分激动,以致一句话都说不出来。sothat前有逗号为结果状语从句so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词such…thatHegavesuchimportantreasonsthathewasexcused.他说出了这么重要的理由,得到大家的谅解。Itissuchaninterestingnovelthatallofuswanttoreadit.Itissointerestinganovelthatallofuswanttoreadit.这是一本十分有趣的书,大家都想看。such…that的such后面跟名词,如果名词是单数就要用sucha/an…that还可以转换用so…that,语气较强条件状从 if unless as/solongasincasesofarasDifficultiesarenothingifwearenotafraidofthem.如果我们不怕困难,困难就算不了什么了。Weshallgotheretomorrowunlessitrains.除非下雨,我们明天就去那里。=Weshallgotheretomorrowifitdoesn’train.So/Aslongasyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.只要你努力工作,你就一定能成功。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.万一我忘了,请提醒我一下。SofarasIknow,thebookwillbepublishednextmonth.据我所知,那本书下月出版。unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式。unless和if…not同义,unless是书面语,if…not是口语,通常二者可以换用条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时方式状从as asif…asthoughDrawacatasItaughtyou.按照我教你的画一只猫。Doasyouaretold.按照人家告诉你做的去做。Shelooksasifsheisill.看上去她好象是生病了。Heactedasif(though)nothinghadhappened.他的行动就好象什么也没有发生。Theytreattheblackboyasif(though)hewereananimal.他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。此处as译为:按照或正如asif或asthough的意义和用法基本一样。从句中可以用现在时表示可能符合事实,也可以用虚拟语气让步状从 althoughthoughAlthough(Though)hewasoversixty,(yet)hebegantolearnFrench.虽然他六十多岁了,但仍开始学习法语。Wewerenottiredthough(although)wehadworkedallday.虽然我们干了一天活,但并不累。在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”(but)但可以与yet或still连用。though/although意义相同,用法基本一样,前者通俗,口语化,后者正式多放主句的前面evenif,eventhoughI’llgoevenif(though)itrainstomorrow.即使明天下雨,我也要去。evenif和eventhough的意思为“即使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味,多用于书面语中asChildasheis,heknowsalot.虽然他是一个孩子,但他懂得很多。Coldasitis,(=Thoughitiscold,)thechildrenplayoutdoors.虽然天气冷,但孩子们仍在户外玩。as引出的状语从句多用于书面语,它比用though或although引导的从句,语气强,更有表现力,从句常放在句首,语序部分倒装。nomatter(who,whatDoitnomatterwhatotherssay.不管别人怎么说,尽管干。nomatter……与\nwhen,wherewhich,how…)Nomatterhowbusyhewas,hestudiedEnglisheveryday.不管他多忙,他都每天坚持学习英语。Nomatterwhotakesupthematterforme,Ishallbeverygrateful.不管谁为我处理这件事,我都将非常感激。who-ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一样,nomatter……引导的从句可是以位于主句前或主句后 wh+ever(whateverwhoever,wheneverwhichever,however)Whateverhappens/mayhappen,weshallnotloseheart.无论发生什么,我们都不要失去信心。Whoevercomes,hewillbewelcome.无论谁来,都会受到欢迎。 比较状从as…as,notso/as…asthesame…assuch…asMaryisasoldasmysister.玛利和我姐姐一样大。Hedoesn’trunso(as)fastasJack(does).他不如杰克跑得那样快。Hisbookisthesameasmine.他的书和我的一样。HenryisnotsuchagoodworkerasPeter.享利这个工人不如彼得那样好。连词表示同程度级的比较,肯定句用as…as否定句可用notas…as或notso…as…than…Shehasmadegreaterprogressthisyearthanshedidlastyear.她今年比去年进步更大。HeboughtfewerbooksthanI(did).他买的书比我买的少。 themore…themore…Themoreyouread,thebetteryouunderstand.你看的书越多,你懂得的就越多。Themoreticketsyousell,themoremoneyyouwillget.你卖的票越多,你的收入也越多。Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.你工作越努力,你取得的进步就越大。Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。Thewarmer,thebetter.越暖和越好。themore…themore意思为越…越…,通常的语序为从句在前主句在后,这两个the都是表示程度的副词,用在比较级的形容词或副词前面 十二、定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例 句备 注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人或物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人或物主语,宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语,宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人或物主语,宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语一般不省略\n关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.that与which,who,whom的用法区别情 况用法说明例 句只用that的情况1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4.先行词既指人又指物时5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时6.句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows. 2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout. 3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。3.先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。 1.Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy. 2.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking. 3.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as、which和that的区别从句区 别例 句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.thesame...as和thesame...thatthesame...as指同类事物thesame...that指原物That’sthesametoolasIusedlastweek.(同类工具,不是同一把)That’sthesametoolthatIusedlastweek.那就是我上周用过的工具。注意:theway做先行词时,定语从句可由that,inwhich引导或不用引导词。IV.定语从句与其它从句(句型)的区别类 别区 别例 句定语从句与并列句定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于:并列句有像and,but,so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接,这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。①MrLihasthreedaughters,noneof_____isanengineer.②MrLihasthreedaughters,butnoneof_____isadancer.从结构上看,①小题是定语从句,故填whom;②小题有并列连词but,是并列句,故填代词them。定语从句与状语从句定语从句的前面有名词作先行词,而状语从句没有先行词。Thisistheplacewhereweusedtoliveafewyearsago.这是几年前我们居住的地方。(定语从句,先行词为theplace)Let’sgowherewecanfindabetterjob.我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。(地点状语从句)Doyouknowthetimewhentheclassisover?\n定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词,只能放在先行词的后面,而状语从句说明动作发生的情况,并且可以放在主句的前面。你知道下课的时间吗?(定语从句)Itwasalreadyfiveo’clockwhentheclasswasover.=Whentheclasswasover,itwasalreadyfiveo’clock.当下课时己经是5点了。(时间状语从句)When,where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词+which”的结构来替换,在引导状语从句时却不行。Thisisthefactoryinwhich(where)hisfatheronceworked.这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。(定语从句)Putbackthebookwhereitwas.把书放回原处。(状语从句)定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分,因此去掉它则从句成分不完整;而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分,去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。(as用作动词like的宾语,它引导的是定语从句)Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.它是一本如此有趣的书,我们大家都喜欢它。(that不充当句子成分,故它引导的是结果状语从句)定语从句与同位语从句定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词,对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用,与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释,是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。Thenewsthatshehadpassedtheexammadeherparentsveryhappy.她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。(同位语从句)此句中的同位语从句Thenewsthatshehadpassedtheexam可以改写成表语从句:Thenewsisthathepassedtheexam.Thenewsthathetoldusinterestedallofus.他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。(定语从句)Thenewsthathetoldus是定语从句,此句不能改写为:Thenewsisthathetold us.定语从句与强调句强调句的结构为“Itis/was+被强调部分+that+从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分,当被强调部分是人时,还可用who代替that。这一句型中,一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替that。①ItisonthemorningofMay1st_____ImetLiangWeiattheairport.②Itisthefactory_____MrWangworks.从结构上看:①小题是强调句,故填that。②小题则是定语从句,用上述方法转换便知thefactory前差个介词in,故填where。 十三、强调句强调的类别说 明例 句Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)…为了强调句子的某一成分(通常是主语、宾语或状语),常用强调结构:Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)…原始句:LastnightIsawafilmintheYouthPalace.强调主语:ItwasIthat(or:who)sawafilmintheYouthPalacelastnight.强调宾语:ItwasafimlthatIsawintheYouthPalacelastnight.强调地点状语:ItwasintheYouthPalacethatIsawafilmlastnight.\n表示强调的it在这种结构的句子中作主句的主语。强调时间状语:ItwaslastnightthatIsawafilmintheYouthPalace.一般讲,原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态,用Itis…that(who)…;如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态,则用Itwas…that(who)…。注意点①在强调主语时,that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的ItisIwhoamateacher.②即使被强调的主语是复数,主句中的谓语动词也用单数Itistheywhooftenhelpmewithmylessons.③在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时,不要用when,where,why或how,而用thatItwasbecausehermotherwasillthatshedidn'tgowithus.④在强调not…until结构中由until短语(或从句)表示的时间状语时,要用固定的强调句型Itis(was)notuntil...that...。that从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。Myfatherdidn'tcomehomeuntil12o'clocklastnight.Itwasnotuntil12o'clocklastnightthatmyfathercamehome.⑤在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时,主句要用一般疑问句的语序:把is/was提到it前面。DidthishappeninBeijing?WasitinBeijingthatthishappened?⑥特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调,其强调结构是“被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+is/was+it+that/who+其它部分?"Wherewereyouborn?Wherewasitthatyouwereborn?⑦not…until…句型的强调句[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K]句型为:Itis/wasnotuntil+被强调部分+that+其它部分原始句:Hedidn’tgotobeduntil/tillhiswifecameback.强调句:Itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathewenttobed.此句型只用until,不用till。但如果不是强调句型,till,until可通用;因为句型中Itis/wasnot…已经是否定句了,that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。谓语动词的强调Itis/was…that…结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/does或did。Dositdown.务必请坐。Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.上周他确实给你写了信。Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.过马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊!此种强调只用do/does和did,没有别的形式;过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形。 十四、省略句类别具体内容例句词名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略TheseareJohn'sbooksandthoseareMary's(books).\n 法 上 的 省 略①如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现,则可以省略。②名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时,这些名词也常常省略。这些是约翰的书,那些是玛丽的书。atthedoctor's在诊所 atMr.Green's在格林先生家tomyuncle's到我叔叔家 atthebarber's在理发店冠词的省略①为了避免重复②在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。③在某些独立主格结构中。④在as引导的让步状语从句中,当作表语的单数名词提前时,不定冠词要省略。①Thelightningflashedandthundercrashed.电闪雷鸣。(thunder前省略了定冠词the)②Shesingsbestintheclass.她在班上唱歌唱得最好。③Ourteachercamein,bookinhand.(=Ourteachercamein,withabookinhishand.)我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。④Childasheis,heknowsalot.虽然他还是一个孩子,却懂得很多介词的省略①both后常跟of短语,其后可以接名词复数形式,也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时,介词of可以省略,但接代词宾格时,of不能省略。②在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中,一段时间前的介词for可以省略。③和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词,consider...(as)...,prevent/stop...(from)doing...,havetrouble/difficulty...(in)doing...,spend...(in/on)doing...等中的介词可以省略。①Both(of)thefilmswereinteresting.这两部电影都很有趣。Sheinvitedbothofustoherbirthdayparty.她邀请我们俩去参加她的生日派对。②Theseshoesarewornout.Theyhavelasted(for)alongtime.这双鞋穿破了,已经穿了很长一段时间了。③Treescanpreventtheearth(from)beingwashedaway.树能阻止泥土被冲走。Canyoustophim(from)goingswimmingintheriver?你能阻止他下河洗澡吗?Ihavesomedifficulty(in)answeringthequestion.回答这个问题我有点困难。①有些动词,believe,find,think,feel,consider,imagine,prove等后作宾补的结构。tobe+n./adj.中的tobe可以省略。②感官动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice等以及使役动词let,make,have后作宾补的动词不定式,其中的不定式符号to要省略,但变为被动结构时,to必须保留。③在cannotbut,cannotchoosebut,cannothelpbut之后的动词不定式一般不带to;but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do,does,did,done时,也不带to,否则要带to。 ④在并列结构中为了避免重复。 ⑤在why,whynot引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。⑥①Iconsiderhim(tobe)lazy.我认为他懒。Hismotherfoundhim(tobe)acleverboy.他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。②Theymadetheboygotobedearly.他们强迫这个男孩早睡。Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.这个男孩被迫早睡。注:help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可保留。 ③Wehavenothingtodonowbutwait.我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。Hehasnochoicebuttoacceptthefact.除了接受这个事实他别无选择。④I'mreallypuzzledwhattothinkorsay.我真不知道该怎么想,怎么说才好。但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时,则后一个to不能省。Icamenottoscoldbuttopraiseyou.我来不是责备你,而是赞美你。⑤Whytalksomuchaboutit?为什么大谈这个事呢?Whynottryitagain?为什么不再试一试呢?⑥Theymaygoiftheywishto(go).如果他们想去,他们就可以去。\n动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略,主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词,为了避免重复,句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形,而保留不定式符号to。 Don'tgotillItellyouto.直到我告诉你去,你才可以去。在一些动词afford,agree,expect,forget,mean,pretend,remember,want,refuse,hope,wish,wouldlike(love),try等后跟动词不定式作宾语,不定式中的to可以承前(后)省略。—Willyougotothecinemawithme?你愿和我一起去看电影吗?—Well,I'dliketo(gowithyou).我愿意。Iwoulddoitforyou,butIdon'tknowhowto(doitforyou).我想为你做这事,但我又不知如何做。在某些形容词,afraid,glad,willing,happy,eager等后承前省略动词原形,只保留不定式符号to。—Willyoujoinusinthegame?你愿和我们一起做这个游戏吗?—Sure,I'llbegladto(joinyouinthegame).当然,我愿意。有些动词,tell,ask,allow,expect,force,invite,permit,persuade,order,warn,wish,wouldlike,forbid等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时,不定式承前省略动词原形,保留动词不定式符号to。Hedidn'tcome,thoughwehadinvitedhimto(come).尽管我们邀请他来,他却没来。注:承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be,则要保留be或have。—Areyouateacher?你是老师吗?—No,butIusedtobe(ateacher).不,我以前是。句 法 上 简单句中的省略①感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。②在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。①Whatahotday(itis)!多热的天啊!Howwonderful!多妙啊!②—(Willyou)Haveasmoke?你抽烟吗?—No.Thanks.不,谢谢了。(Isthere)Anythingelsetosay?还有别的要说吗?\n 的 省 略并列句中的省略①如果主语不同,而谓语动词中的一部分相同,则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。②主语相同,谓语动词也相同,则二者都可以省略。③主语相同,而谓语不同,则可以省略主语。④在并列复合句中,如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时,这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。①JohnmusthavebeenplayingfootballandMary(musthavebeen)doingherhomework.约翰一定在踢球,而玛丽一定在做作业。②HissuggestionsmadeJohnhappy,but(hissuggestionsmade)Maryangry.他的建议使约翰高兴,却使玛丽很生气。③OldMcDonaldgaveupsmokingforawhile,but(he)soonreturnedtohisoldways.老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟,可很快又抽上了。④Jackwillsingattheparty,butIknowJohnwon't(singattheparty).杰克将在晚会上唱歌,但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱歌。复合句中的省略▲名词性从句中的省略①复合句中的省略▲名词性从句中的省略①Someonehasusedmybike,butIdon'tknowwho(hasusedit).作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同,则what从句可以省略谓语,甚至主语 ②有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。③在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。▲定语从句中的省略①在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which,who(whom)常可以省略。 ②关系副词when,where,why以及that在thetime(day,morning,afternoon,evening,night,week,month,year等)when,theplace(desk,table,room,spot,house,town,country,school等)where,thereasonwhy,thewaythat结构中引导限制性定语从句时,在非正式场合下,可以省略关系副词when,where,why,that。▲状语从句中的省略当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致,或状语从句中的主语是it,并且又含有be动词时,常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。①在as,before,till,once,when,while等引导的时间状语从句中。②在though,although,等引导的让步状语从句中。③在if,unless(=if...not)等引导的条件状语从句中。 ④在as,asif,asthough引导的让步状语从句中。 ⑤在as(so)...as...,than引导的比较状语从句中。有人用了我的自行车,但我不知道是谁。Hehasgone,butnooneknowswhere(hehasgone).他走了,但没人知道他去哪儿了。②(I'm)SorryI'vekeptyouwaitingsolong.对不起,让你久等了。③It'simportantthatwe(should)speaktotheoldpolitely.我们对老人说话要有礼貌,这很重要。 ▲定语从句中的省略①Theman(who/whom)IsawiscalledSmith.我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。Whereisthebook(which)Iboughtthismorning?今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿?②Ishallneverforgettheday(when)wefirstmet.我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。Thereason(why)hecamesoearlyishisownaffair.他来这么早是他自己的事。Theway(that)youansweredthequestionswasadmirable.你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。 ▲状语从句中的省略 ①While(Iwas)waiting,Iwasreadingsomemagazines.我一边看杂志,一边等。②Though(theywere)tired,theywentonworking.虽然他们累了,但他们仍继续工作。③Youshouldn'tcometohispartyunless(youwere)invited.除非你被邀请,否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。④Hedidas(hehadbeen)told.他按照被告知的那样去做了。Hepausedasif(hewas)expectinghertospeak.他停下来,好像是在期待她说话。⑤Hedidas(hehadbeen)told.他按照被告知的那样去做了。Hepausedasif(hewas)expectinghertospeak.他停下来,好像是在期待她说话。Iknowyoucandobetterthanhe(cando).我知道你能比他做得更好。Thiscardoesn'trunasfastasthatone(does).这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。 十五、倒装句类 型情 况例 句部分倒装句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。NotaworddidIsaytohim.\n(部分倒装是把be动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没有这些词,要在主语之前加助动词do/does/did等,而把原来的谓语动词变成原形放在主语之后。)这类词或短语主要有never,neither,nor,little,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,nosooner,notonly,innoway,atnotime,few,not,no等NeverhaveIfoundhimsohappy.LittledoeshecareaboutwhatIsaid.Ican’tswim.Neithercanhe.Nosoonerhadhegonetobedthanhefellasleep.Hardly/Scarcelyhadhegonetobedwhenhefellasleep.only+状语放在句首,要部分倒装Onlybythismeansisitpossibletoexplainit.(介词短语)OnlythendidIrealizetheimportanceofmath.(副词)Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1918washeabletogethappilybacktowork.(从句)注意:如果only后面不是状语,则不用倒装。OnlyWangLingknowsthis.so或so引导的短语放在句首,要部分倒装Isawthefilm,sodidshe.Soloudlydidhespeakthatevenpeopleinthenextroomcouldhearhim.“Notonly+分句,butalso+分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装“Notonly+分句,butalso+分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装NotonlydoesJohnloveChinese,heisalsogoodatspeakingit.但notonly...butalso...连接主语时,不倒装。Notonlythemotherbutalsothechildrenaresick.Notuntil放在句首,从句不倒装,主句倒装Notuntillastweekdidtheyfindthelostbike.(简单句)Notuntilmysonhadenteredtheuniversitydidherealizetheimportanceoftime.(复合句)as/though引导的让步状语从句Proudasthesenoblesare,he’safraidtoseeme.Tiredashewas,hekeptonrunning.Tiredthoughhewas,hekeptonrunning.=Thoughhewastired,hekeptonrunningChildasheis,heknowsalot.(注意:child前没有冠词a)在以often,well,manyatime,nowandagain等方式或频度副词(短语)开头的句子中,要用部分倒装结构ManyatimehasJohngivenmegoodadvice.Oftenhavewemadethattest.在虚拟结构中,条件从句的谓语含有were,had和should这三个词是,可省去if,将这些词移至主语之前。HadItime(=IfIhadtime),Iwouldgoandhelpyou.WereIyou(=IfIwereyou),Iwouldgoabroad.Shouldhecome(=Ifheshouldcome),tellhimtoringmeup.用于某些表示祝愿的句子里Mayyousucceed!完全倒装Therebe结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有:exist,seem,happen,appear,live,rise,stand等Therestoodadogbeforehim.Thereexistdifferentopinionsonthisquestion.“Here,There,Now,Then+come(或be等)+主语”结构说明:本句型中there是副词,应重读,强调地点。而前一句型中的there是引导词,本身没意义Herecomestheoldlady!Thencamethehourwehadbeenlookingforwardto.Therecomesthebus.Nowcomesyourturn.除了then引导的句子用过去式以外,其余的均用一般现在时,表示一种生动的描述。其次,如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。Hereyouare.Thereshecomes.表示方向的副词out,in,up,IncameMrWhite.\ndown等置于句首,要用全部倒装。Upwentthearrowintotheair.Awaywenttheboy.表示地点的介词短语(如onthewall,underthetree,infrontofthehouse,inthemiddleoftheroom等)放在句首时,要全部倒装Onthetopofthehillstandsapinetree.Infrontoftheclassroomisaplayground.Theyarrivedatahouse,infrontofwhichsatanoldman.其它形式的完全倒装PresentatthemeetingwasMr.Green,aheadmaster.(形容词短语)Suchwasthestoryhetoldme.(代词)Eastofthecityliesanewrailway.(副词短语)Firsttobecompletedwastheseven-storeyteachingbuilding.(不定式短语)Gonearethedayswhenmyheartwasyoungandgay.(过去分词)Lyingonthefloorwasaboyaged15.(现在分词短语)用于某些表示祝愿的句子里LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!