高中英语语法 42页

名词性从句\n在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的定义:\nThathewaslateagainmadethebossangry.JohnaskedherwhenshewasleavingforLondon.Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeheretomorrow.Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.主语宾语表语同位语注：从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后.\n一．主语从句为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.ThatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguageisafact.Whetherthemeetingwillbeheldhasn’tbeendecided.Whoeverleavestheofficeshouldtellme.Howthishappenedisstillaquestion.主语从句就是在复合句中作主语的名词性从句。\na.It+be+形容词+that-从句Itisnecessarythat…有必要……Itisimportantthat…重要的是……Itisobviousthat…很明显……b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句Itisbelievedthat…人们相信……Itisknowntoallthat…从所周知……Ithasbeendecidedthat…已决定……用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：\nc.It+be+名词+that-从句Itiscommonknowledgethat………是常识Itisasurprisethat…令人惊奇的是……Itisafactthat…事实是……d.It+不及物动词+that-分句Itappearsthat…似乎……Ithappensthat…碰巧……Itseemsthat…我突然想起……\n二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略),例如：Iheardthatbejoinedthearmy.Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.\n4)it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可作形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾。由连词and连接的两个或两个以上由that引导的宾语从句中,只有第一个that可省略.Hetoldme（that）hewouldcomeandthathewouldcomeontime.主+谓+it+宾补+that从句(真宾)的句型Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.that也不省略.\n2.作介词的宾语：Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.1)That引导的宾语从句一般不能作介词的宾语.exceptthat…除了…inthat…在…这一点上;因为…butthat…(与前面的否定词对应)(无…)而不…;(…的话)必定…HardlyadaygoesbybutthatIthinkofher.Itneverrainsbut(that)itpours.\n3)作sure,certain,glad等表示情感的形容词的宾语Wearesurethathewillsucceed.MyfatherisgladthatIhavesucceedintheexam.\n否定转移2)将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。Itdoesn'tseemthattheyknowwheretogo.Itdoesn'tappearthatwe'llhaveasunnydaytomorrow.将think,believe,suppose,expect,guess,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。Idon'tthinkIknowyou.我想我并不认识你。Idon’tbelievehewillcome.我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。Ihopeyouweren‘till.我想你没有生病吧。\n三．表语从句表语从句放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”.接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishitintwodays.2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Thefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.\n正:Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisthattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.或:Hewaslatethismorning.Thatwasbecausetherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.注：Thereasonisthat…This/it/that/isbecause…等句型.Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisbecausethattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.\n四．同位语从句1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，例如：2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时不紧跟在它名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.3)Thequestionwhyhedidn’tgotoschoolcomeupatthemeeting.HegotthenewsfromMarythatshewouldn’tcome.\n同位语从句和定语从句的区别:同位语从句前面的名词常见的有:idea,fact,news,belief,thought,doubt,suggestion,proof,message,order,conclusion,desire,theory,truth,word等.两者都用来修饰名词，但功能上有所不同：定语从句用来说明名词（或代词）的性质和特征；而同位语从句是用来说明名词所表示的具体内容。1)Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.2)WeheardthenewsthatwasbroadcastyesterdaybyBBCwasexciting.3)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcamehere.4)Doyouhaveanyideawhentheywillarrive?\n连接词可分为四类：1.连接词：that,(不充当从句的任何成分）只有宾语从句中的that可省略。2.连接代词：whether/ifif只能引导宾语从句3.连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.(在从句中充当主语,宾语,表语等)4.连接副词：when,where,how,why(在从句中充当状语)1)引导名词性从句的连接词\n名词性从句五大常考考点\n考点1：连接词：A.that与what的区别that只起连接作用，无意义，在从句中不充当任何成分what既有连接作用，又要在从句中作成分（主语，宾语，表语）(…的东西;物;话;时间;地点;数目等不同概念)\n1.____hesaiditmadeusangry.2.___hesaidatthemeetingmadeusangry.3.Amoderncityhasbeensetupin_____wasawastelandtenyearsago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where\n1.Afterfivehours’drive,theyreachedwastheplacethey’dbeendreamingof.2.Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetatwasadangerousspeed.3.Thewayhediditwasdifferentfromwewereusedto.4.___________theearthisroundisknowntousall.5.Fathermadeapromise______ifIpassedtheexaminationhewouldbuymeacomputer.whatwhatwhatThatthat\nwhatwhichwhichB:what(什么)/which(表选择,哪一个)1.---Doyouknow___MrBlack’saddressis?---HemayliveatNo.18orNo.19ofBridgeStreet.I’mnotsureof_________.2.Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother,doesitmatter_______itwas?\nC.whether与if的区别a.whether可引导所有的名词性从句，但if只能引导宾语从句即：在引导宾语从句中两者可互换b.whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语，而if则不能，如：I’mnotinterestedinwhetherthey’llgoornot.C.whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用，而if则不能，如：Ididn’tknowwhethertolaughortocry.e.Whether…ornot句型中只能用whether3)whoever,whatever,whichever等词可以引导名词从句,但nomatterwho,nomatterwhat等不能.d.动词discuss后不用if\n用if或whether填空1.Idon’tknow_________I’llbefreetomorrow.2.Itseemedasifhewasindifferent(漠然)__hecouldnotgetintoalifeboat.3.Thequestionis___thisbookisworthwriting.4.Itdependson______wewillhaveenoughmoney.5.______theycandoitmatterslittletous.whether/ifwhetherifwhetherwhether\nD.what,whatever,who,whoever1._________wassaidheremustbekeptsecret.2._______weneedismoretime.3._______madethelongdistancecalltohimisnotimportant.4._________breaksthelawwillbepunished.WhateverWhatWhoWhoeverwhatever:anythingthatwhoever:anyonewhoWhoever,whatever等引导的名词性从句不含有疑问意义，相当于名词后加一个定语从句，而who,what等引导的名词性从句都含有疑问意义。\nE.wh-ever既可引导名词性从句又可引导让步状语从句nomatterwh-只引导让步状丛句E.wh-ever与nomatterwh-Sarahhopestobecomeafriendof____sharesherinterests.A.anyoneB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwho\n考点2：it作形式主语,形式宾语的用法@it作形式主语Thathemadesuchamistakeisapity.Whetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmatter.Itisapitythat…Itdoesn’tmatterwhether…Hewasadmittedtoafamousuniversity,___wasobviousthathissituationhadgonebeyondhisparents’expectations.A.whatB.itC.asD.andit\n在itis+形容词/名词+that…1)表示动作重要性的形容词和名词,其后的that从句用(should)+动词原形Itisimportant/necessary/essential/…that…Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that...2)表示对已知的或已提到的事作出判断和反应的形容词和名词,其后的从句用(should)+动原Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)that...Itisstrange/astonishing/naturalthat…\nb.it作形式宾语(1)make/find/feel/consider/thinkit+adj/n+that…/todo…(2)it指代后面从句所叙述的内容，常用于这些动词后:like/dislike/love/hate/appreciate/+it,it后常直接跟if或when从句Ihateitwhenpeoplelaughatthedisabled.(3)dependonitthat…对…不疑;指望…4)See(toit)that…务必…留意…\n1.Ilike___intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.A.thisB.thatC.itD.one2.Youmaydependon____thatyouparentswillhelpyouwheneveryouneedit.A.themB.yourselfC.itD.me\n考点3语序问题1.Thephotographswillshowyou____．A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike\n2.Youcanhardlyimagine______whenheheardthenews.A.howhewasexcitedB.howwasheexcitedC.howexcitedhewasD.hewashowexcited★\n3.Heasked____foraviolinA.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid★在名词性从句中,除了关联词要提到句首之外,一律要用陈述句语序★\n4.Whattimedoyouthink__?willBestycomehereB.BestywillcomehereC.isBestycominghereD.canBestygethere★疑问词+doyouthink\suggest\believesuppose…+陈述语序\nHeasked_____.whatwaswrongwithmewhat’swrongwithmewhatwrongwaswithmewhatwrongiswithme2.Mymotherasked_____me.A.whatwasthewrongB.whatthematterwasC.whatmatterwasD.whatwasthematterwhatisthematterwhatiswrong\n考点4同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句一般跟在名词fact,news,promise,truth,belief,thought,idea,answer,information,knowledge,doubt,hope,law,opinion,plan,suggestion后面,用以说明或解释前面的名词的内容.定语从句：对先行词起修饰限制作用\nThenewsthatshepassedtheexamexcitedherparents.Thenewsthatweknowfromherexcitedallofus.解释说明；that在从句中不充当成分但是不能省。修饰限定；that在从句中有成分、作宾语时可以省。同位语从句定语从句\n1.Thesuggestionthatheshouldnotgothereisofgreatvalue.2.Thesuggestionthathemadeisofgreatvalue.3.Thefactthathewonthefirstplacecan’tbedenied.4.Thefactthathetoldmeexcitedme.同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句\n注:在havenoidea之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.Ihavenoideawherehehasgone.Ihavenoideawhenhedidit.Ihavenoideawhathedid.\n1.在order，suggest（建议），demand，request，advise，insist(坚持应该)等所接的宾语从句中用should型虚拟语气。should常省略。2.在order，suggestion等名词后同位语从句，表语从句中用should型虚拟语气，可省略should3.在asif，asthough引导的表语从句中，在必要的情况下应用过去式虚拟语气。考点5虚拟语气问题\n4.在itis+形容词/名词+that主语从句(should)+do”,常用的句型有：（1）Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that...（2）Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)that...（3）Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that...4)Itisstrangethat…\n5.wish后，从句中的时态在原本的时态上退一步，即wishthat…过去时…(跟现在相反)would+v.(跟将来相反)haddone(跟过去相反)IwishthatI____thatfilmstaryesterday.AsawB.hadseenCwouldseeDhasseenwouldrantherthatsbdidsth\sbhaddoneB\n1）Whenwillhecomeisnotknown.2）Thequestionifhe’llattendthemeetingisessential.3）Itisclearyourwerewrong.4）Doyouknowwhatisit?5）Thisiswheredidheoncework.6）Wediscussedifweshouldclosetheshop.7）Hedoesnotknowiftovisittheoldman.8）Iaminterestedinifhewillgoabroadornot.9）Nomatterwholeavestheroomlastshouldturnoffthelights.TorF