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英语的时态\n一、一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语:every…,sometimes, at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.Hecyclestoworkeveryday.2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.Waterboilsat100centigradedegrees.\n3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall. 骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如:Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Idon'twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比较:NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况。\n知识扩展:一般现在时表将来1)下列动词:come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3)在时间或条件句中。WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.4)在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后。Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.\n二、一般过去时的用法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?IsawTominthestreetyesterday.IboughtthisTVsetinBeijinglastyear.2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.Healwayswenttoworkbybus.Heusedtoactlikethat.\n3)用过去时表示现在,表示语气委婉礼貌。(1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如:Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwantedtoaskyouaboutthat.Didyouwanttospeaktomenow?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.(2)情态动词could,would,例如:Couldyoulendmeyourbike?4)用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。IfIwereabird,IwouldflytoBeijing.Ifhewereherenow,wecouldturntohimforhelp.\n注意比较下列句型:◎Itistimeforsb.todosth “到……时间了;该……了”,例如:Itistimeforyoutogotobed. 你该睡觉了。◎Itistimesb.didsth.“时间已迟了;早该……了”,例如:Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了。◎would(had)rathersb.didsth. 表示“宁愿某人做某事”,例如:I'dratheryoucametomorrow.一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife. (含义:她已不在人间。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife. (含义:她现在还活着)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)\n三、一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst?Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto+不定式,表示将来。a.主语的意图,即将做某事或打算做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.计划,安排要发生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.c.有迹象要发生的事Lookatthedarkclouds;thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.\n4)beaboutto+不定式,意为马上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意:beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。☆begoingto/will的用法之比较:用于条件句时,begoingto表将来,will表意愿。例如:Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.☆beto和begoingto的用法之比较:beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而begoingto则表示主观的打算或计划。例如:Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)I'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)\n四、现在进行时1.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:Wearewaitingforyou.2.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)SheislearningpianounderMr.Smith.3.表示渐变的动词有:get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。Theleavesareturningred.It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.4.与always,constantly,forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。Youarealwayschangingyourmind.\n知识扩展:不用进行时的动词1)事实状态的动词。如:have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continueIhavetwobrothers.Thishousebelongstomysister.2)心理状态的动词。如:know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hateIneedyourhelp.Helovesherverymuch.3)瞬间动词。如:accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.Iacceptyouradvice.4)系动词。如:seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turnYouseemalittletired.\n五、过去进行时1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语有:thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while例句:Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.\n典型例题1)Mary___adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.made B.ismaking C.wasmaking D.makes答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。2)Asshe___thenewspaper,Granny___asleep.A.read;wasfalling B.wasreading;fellC.wasreading;wasfalling D.read;fell答案B.句中的as=when,while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fallsick。\n1.—Look!Howwonderfulmycaris!Oh,Jack.Whatareyouthinkingabout?Don’tyoulikeit?—I’msorryI______anyremarkaboutitintime.Icertainlythinkit’ssmart.A.wasn’tmaking B.don’tmakeC.won’tmake D.didn’tmake2.TofindthestreetwhereIlivedinmychildhoodisnoeasytaskbecausethecity______sorapidlyalltheseyears.A.ischanging B.haschangedC.willhavechanged D.willchange3.He______quitewell,buthehasn’thadtimetoswimsincethissummer.A.willswim B.haveswum C.swam D.swims4.Jimmysaidthathewouldcometopickmeup,buthe____bynow.A.hasn’tturnedup B.doesn’tturnupC.won’tturnup D.hadn’tturnedup\n5.I’mterriblysorryforbeinglate,butI_____thewrongbus.A.catch B.hadcaught C.caught D.catching7.Thetruth,sir,isthattheoldman_______acrosstheroadwhenmycarhithim.A.wastowalk B.hadbeenwalkingC.walked D.waswalking8.Ireallydon’tthinkRosewillbeupset,butIwillgoandseeherincaseshe_____.A.is B.does C.willbe D.hasbeen9.Thecomputersmadebyourcompanysellbest,butseveralyearsagonoonecouldhaveimaginedtheroleinthemarketsthatthey_________.A.wereplaying B.weretoplayC.hadplayed D.played\n10.—Kateisinhospital.—Oh,really?I_______.________visither.A.didn’tknow;I’llgoand B.don’tknow;I’llgoandC.don’tknow;I’mgoingto D.didn’tknow;I’mgoingto11.—Where_______theguidebook?Ican’tseeitanywhere.—I_______itrighthere,butnowit’sgone.A.didyouput;haveput B.hadyouput;haveputC.haveyouput;put D.wereyouputting;put14.—Doyouliveinthiscity?—No,we______itforholidays.A.justvisit B.justvisited C.arejustvisiting D.havevisited15.—Howistheoldmannow?—Sorry,he______thoughtheydidalltheycouldtosavehim.A.wasdead B.haddied C.hasbeendead D.died\n16.Thelakewillbefurtherpollutedunlesssomemeasures______.A.willbetaken B.aretaken C.weretaken D.hadbeentaken17.I’mafraiditwillbetwomonths______.A.whenIcomeback B.whenI’llcomebackC.beforeIcomeback D.beforeI’llcomeback18.Theworkers_____busilywhenthebosscametolookforsomethinghe______intheoffice.A.hadworked,hadleft B.wereworking;hadleftC.working;hadleft D.hadworked;left21.Thenotice______“Nosmoking”.A.istold B.reads C.tells D.isread\n六、现在完成时1.现在完成时的构成:助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词注:has用于第三人称单数,have用于其他所有人称。2.现在完成时的用法:(1)现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just,already,before,yet,never,ever等状语连用。例如:①Ihaveneverheardofthatbefore.②Haveyoueverriddenahorse?③Shehasalreadyfinishedthework.④Haveyoumilkedthecowyet?Yes,Ihavedonethatalready.⑤I’vejustlostmysciencebook.有时没有时间状语;多是一般疑问句。\n(2)现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的一段时间的状语连用。如:for和since,以及sofar,now,today,thisweek(month,year)等。①Ihaven’tseenherthesedays.②ShehaslearntEnglishfor3years.③Theyhavelivedheresince1990.④WhathashappenedtotheUSAinthelast350years?注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的短语连用。\n(3)现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,例如:I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,we’llgotothepark.(4)havebeen(to)和havegone(to)的区别:★have/hasbeen(to)表示“曾经去过”某地,说话时此人很可能不在那里,已经回来。侧重指经历。★have/hasgone(to)表示某人“已经去了”某地,说话时此人在那里,或可能在路上,反正不在这里。试比较:HehasbeentoBeijing.他曾去过北京。(人已回来,可能在这儿)HehasgonetoBeijing.他已经去了北京。(人已走,不在这儿)。\n一般过去时与现在完成时之比较1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。◎一般过去时的时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,…ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具体的时间状语。◎共同的时间状语有:thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,once,before,already,recently,lately等。◎现在完成时的时间状语有:for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,等不确定的时间状语。\n请大家认真分析比较下列各例句:Isawthisfilmyesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。)Ihaveseenthisfilm.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)ShehasreturnedfromParis.(她已从巴黎回来了。)Shereturnedyesterday.(她是昨天回来了。)HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.(三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)注意:句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday,lastweek,in1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。例如:(错)Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.(对)Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.\n延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别:延续动词表示经验、经历;瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)I'veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till/until从句的差异:延续动词用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……”;瞬间动词用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”。Hedidn'tcomebackuntilteno'clock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntilteno'clock.他一直睡到10点。\n典型例题:1.Youdon'tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.A.hadmet B.havemet C.met D.meet答案B;首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。2.---I'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeen B.hadbeen C.was D.willbe答案A;等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。\n七、过去完成时的用法1、概念:表示过去的过去。-----------|----------------|--------------------|---->那时以前 那时 现在其结构是:had+过去分词2、过去完成时的用法:(1)过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态;句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.(2)过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。Beforeheslept,hehadworkedfor12hours.\n(3)在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.(4)在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.(5)表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.(6)过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.\n用一般过去时代替完成时1)两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but等连词时,多用一般过去时。Whenshesawthemouse,shescreamed.MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.2)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3)叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.\n时间现在过去那时所预见的情况八、一般过去将来时一、基本概念:过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态,即立足于过去某时,从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。1)Hesaidhismotherwouldbuyabikeforhim2)Mybrothertoldmehewouldn’tbelieveJackanymore.3)Woulditbeallrightifheknewhisillness?\n二、基本形式:would/should+动词原形(其中would用于各种人称,should常用于第一人称)。例如:Theyweresuretheywouldwinthefinalvictory.他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。Hedidn'texpectthatweshould(would)allbethere.他没想到我们都在那里。上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语wouldwin和should(would)be分别与其主句谓语weresure和didn'texpect相对应。\n三、过去将来时的一些其它表达形式:1.was/were+goingto+动词原形Hesaidhewasgoingtotry.他说他准备试试。2.was/were+to+动词原形TheysaidtherailwaywastobeopenedtotrafficonMayDay.他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。3.was/wereabout+动词原形Wewereabouttogooutwhenitbegantorain.我们正要出去天(突然)下起雨来。4.过去进行时(一般多为动作概念较强的动词,如go,come,leave,start,open,begin等)也可用于表示将来。Ididn'tknowwhentheywerecomingagain.我不知道他们什么时候再来。\n四、用法注意点:1.在时间和条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如:Hesaidhewouldcometoseeyouwhenhehadtime.他说他有时间就来看望你。2.“would+动词原形”可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时,不管什么人称,都可用would。Whenhewasachildhewouldgetupearly.他年幼时,总是很早起床。考例精练:1.Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe____officesoon.(MET93)A.leavesB.wouldleaveC.leftD.hadleft2.—Alice,whydidn'tyoucomeyesterday?—I____,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.(NMET97)A.hadB.wouldC.wasgoingtoD.did\n1.Theoldman_____twodaysafterhehadbeensenttohospital.A.diedB.woulddieC.haddiedD.hasdied2.OldMcDonaldgaveupsmokingforawhile,butsoon______tohisoldways.A.returnedB.returnsC.wasreturningD.hadreturned3.I_____myson_____adoctor,buthewasn’tgoodenoughatscience.A.hoped;wouldbecomeB.hadhoped;wouldbecomeC.hadhoped;willbecomeD.hope;willbecome4.I_____totakeagoodholidaythisyear,butIwasn’tabletogetaway.A.hopeB.havehopedC.hadhopedD.hoped5.Helen_____herkeyintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusband_____home.A.hasleft;comesB.left;hadcomeC.hadleft;cameD.hadleft;wouldcome